Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Finland – Social condition – History'

Os registros medievais acerca das mulheres comumente reforçam uma idéia negativa do gênero feminino, delimitando seu espaço de ação ao privado e indicando o casamento como sua função primordial. Acreditamos, porém, que sem um cotejamento com os instrumentos de ação formais disponibilizados pelas mulheres, a aceitação tácita dos postulados oriundos da ética cristã para o conhecimento da condição social feminina leva-nos a uma compreensão não mais que parcial dos papéis desempenhados no conjunto social. Desta feita, para conhecermos a condição social das mulheres de 16 vilas e cidades da região da Estremadura portuguesa, no século XV, recorremos a documentos oficiais para descobrir os direitos postos a sua disposição pela legislação portuguesa. A análise da documentação leva-nos a inferir que a mulher, detentora de uma identidade jurídica identificada na legislação do reino, encontrava nos dispositivos legais enunciados pelo poder real os meios necessários para garantir a manutenção de seu direito à propriedade, bem como a certa liberdade para dispor de seus bens.
The medieval records about women usually strengthen the negative concept of the gender, restraining then to the domestic space and indicating the marriage as their main function. We believe, however, that the tacit acceptance of the postulates from the Christian ethic for the comprehension of women\'s social condition without analyzing the instruments they had would lead us to an understanding no more than partial of the rolls they played. Therefore, in our research we seek women in the XV century in 16 villages and towns from the Portuguese Estremadura, to find women in the public spaces we turned to official manuscript documents from Portuguese archives, to find their rights, to the royal legislation. The analysis of the documentation indicates that the women with a juridical identity could find in the legal devices the means to assure the maintenance of their right to properties as well as a certain freedom to administrate their possessions.

L'adolescent ne peut se construire socialement qu'en sortant de l'histoire dans laquelle l'adulte l'a inscrit, pour se créer sa propre histoire. Mais sortir de l'histoire de l'Autre ne veut pas dire s'en défaire totalement, car nous n'échappons pas au poids de l'héritage. Il s'agit de s'approprier certains aspects de cette histoire héritée et d’en rejeter d'autres pour laisser la place à de nouveaux emprunts et appropriations qui ne peuvent s'actualiser que dans la relation à l'Autre. La construction de soi passe donc inévitablement par des tracés de frontières sociales toujours renégociées et concrétisées par la création et l'appropriation d'usages sociaux.Cette thèse a pour but d'analyser comment ces processus de construction identitaire se manifestent dans et par la construction de nouveaux usages ou par la réappropriation d’usages existants. Elle aura pour terrain d'observation les pratiques sociales en usage dans le rap français, musique d'adolescents par excellence, non seulement parce qu'écoutée, mais aussi et surtout parce que construite par des adolescents (généralement, on entre dans le rap en début d’adolescence).Il s'agira d’abord de montrer comment l’identité du rap français s’est construite, à la croisée d’histoires présentes et passées, en mettant en évidence la manière dont le rapport dialectique au principe de la personne impose à ces jeunes la construction de frontières particulières qui font d'eux ces rappeurs particuliers, par opposition aux non-rappeurs, mais aussi aux rappeurs non français, américains par exemple. Ensuite, il s’agira de comprendre pourquoi un certain type d’adolescents a fait le choix d’adhérer au monde du rap, et comment les pratiques rapologiques conditionnent la manière dont leur identité sociale se construit
In his identity building process, an adolescent has to establish a separation from family history in order to start building up his own. However, separating oneself from the Other’s history does not mean getting rid of it definitively, as nobody can escape the weight of social inheritance. It is mainly a question of appropriating some aspects of the inherited past while rejecting others to allow for new borrowings and appropriations, which is possible only through contact with others. Therefore, the construction of oneself clearly depends on the definition of social boundaries which are repeatedly negotiated and which find their expression in the creation and the appropriation of new social practices.The aim of this thesis is to analyse the identity construction process and especially the construction of new social practices – or the re-appropriation of existing ones – which formalise it. This will be done by observing some of those social practices which are typical of French rap as a kind of music mainly prized by adolescents: it is not only listened to but also practised by adolescents (they usually get into rap music at the very beginning of their teenage years).The first task will be to show that the identity of French rap is the result of multiple interferences between past and present cultures. The purpose is to highlight the force of the dialectical relationship which is central to the construction of the social being. Particular attention will be paid to this dialectical relationship as a key factor of the way these young people define themselves as a specific group of rappers, in contrast to those who do not belong to the rap world, but also in contrast to foreign rappers, such as American ones. Then, the objective will be to explain why certain teenagers have decided to be part of the rap world and how the rap practices determine their identity formation process

La thèse a pour objet l'émancipation des femmes issues de l'immigration. Elle propose d'évaluer les effets de la migration et de l'accès au marché du travail sur l'émancipation des filles de migrantes d'origine marocaine en Belgique francophone.

L'étude tente d'abord de mettre en lumière le rôle des femmes immigrées dans l'histoire de la Belgique en le ré-articulant à l'histoire sociale, l'histoire des femmes et l'histoire de l'immigration. Ensuite, elle montre que l'approche dominante des travaux sur les migrations ne prend pas en compte la dimension du genre, ce qui a pour conséquence de masquer la différenciation des expériences migratoires selon le sexe. Enfin, elle replace l'analyse du statut des femmes immigrées et de leurs descendantes dans la complexité des rapports sociaux de sexe, de race et de classe afin de mieux rendre compte des réalités concrètes et de sortir du simplisme des approches culturalistes.

La thèse développe une analyse des politiques d'intégration (politiques éducative, de l'emploi et de lutte contre les discriminations) visant l'émancipation des immigrées et en évalue l'impact sur les filles de migrant-es d'origine marocaine. Elle présente enfin les trajectoires individuelles des filles de migrant.es marocain.es et examine les facteurs individuels et collectifs favorisant leur émancipation.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, Orientation sociologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

During the Cold War, Norway was a member of NATO, Sweden was neutral but depended on Western support in the event of a crisis, while Finland's foreign policy priority was to win and retain the Soviet Union's confidence. The purpose of the thesis is to study whether the three small states' different foreign policy choices had consequences for the ways in which the Soviet Union and the USA were depicted in school textbooks for history, geography, and social sciences in the period 1930 to 2004. To this end, a theory derived from small states' strategies to maintain their independence was applied to textbook production.

The study demonstrates that there was a link between small state foreign policy and textbooks' accounts of the USA and Soviet Union. Swedish and Norwegian textbooks portray international conflicts from a legalistic perspective, taking the part of small states exposed to superpower aggression such as Vietnam and Afghanistan. In Finnish textbooks, however, an interest in defending small state's rights yielded to the need to demonstrate their goodwill towards the Soviet Union, which was described in far less critical terms than in Swedish and Norwegian textbooks. In time, in the name of neutrality, depictions of the USA also became increasingly uncritical.

All three Nordic states had government authorities charged with inspecting and approving school textbooks. Foreign policy's chief influence on textbooks was not effected by direct oversight, however; instead, it was established indirectly by means of the social climate, which determined what was considered politically correct in the three countries, and it was to this that the textbooks' authors adapted their work.

Textbooks are often said to be conservative and slow to change, but the thesis shows that in parts they were politically sensitive, rapidly adapting to changes in what society held to be politically correct.

In the old university of Turku there were written about 4 400 theses. About 1100 of them havefound their way to Linköping in Sweden. This paper describes these theses, new variants whichwere found and some characteristics of their provenance. They are compared with the largebibliography over theses from Turku by Vallinkoski. A couple of theses with completeinformation which have not been available since 1827 were found. Several new variants werefound and together with the known variants they have increased our knowledge about use oftheses by students. Different variants could be designed to thank people at the Academy and inTurku, to thank people at home in Sweden who have contributed to the costsome studies andvery often to the bishop of the students home-diocese. There are even examples of wbichdifferent variants were printed for different dioceses.Theses from time before 1713 are quite few, about 150. They seem to have come to the libraryby private persons, mostly by priests who studied in Turku. No signs of other forms of distributioncan be seen.There are many more theses from the period 1722-1827. The collection is anonymous withhundreds of theses which never have been opened. This and other facts indicate amassdistribution. The author presumes that this massdistribution is connected with the exchangeof publications that started in Sweden in the 1740s initiated by the Uppsala university.

Abstract In recent years in Finland suicide has been discussed in the context of mental health problems. Together with psychiatric disorders, suicide has been seen as a result of adverse social conditions. Occasionally suicide has even been seen as a public health problem. This interpretation has been justified by Finland’s internationally high suicide rates. The inclusion of suicide in medical and psychiatric discussions as well as the production of scientific data on suicide through medical research have resulted in the widely accepted view of suicide as a medical problem. This thesis examines the history of Finnish medical suicide research and the production of psychiatric knowledge on suicide. Finnish suicide research dates back to the middle of the 19th century, when the conception of suicide as a scientific problem arrived in Finland from Continental Europe and the UK. Suicide remained a crime in the Finnish Penal Code until the early 1890s, but the idea of suicide as a medical, rather than moral, legal or theological issue gradually began to gain ground already in the early 19th century. By decriminalizing suicide the Grand Duchy of Finland followed the example set by the Western European countries. The early Finnish suicide research was linked to the French and the English debates on suicide. The emerging European medical conception of suicide was based on social beliefs, psychiatric discussions and early sociological theories rooted in statistical data. As part of the institutional and intellectual development of psychiatry, Finnish suicide research arrived at a new phase after the Second World War. The conception of suicide as an expression of national character or a product of racial characteristics gave way to a new conceptualization based on psychoanalytically oriented psychiatric research. In the 1970s, social psychiatric research began to look for the social determinants behind the suicide rates. This, in turn, prepared the ground for a nationwide suicide prevention project launched in the late 1980s. This thesis aims to shed light on the historical background of this project. The primary source material consists of documents related to Finnish medical suicide research and the discussion about suicide in medical journals in Finland from 1864 to 1985
Tiivistelmä Itsemurhasta on Suomessa viime vuosina ja vuosikymmeninä puhuttu mielenterveyden ongelmien yhteydessä. Psykiatristen häiriöiden ohella itsemurhat on nähty yhteiskunnallisten olosuhteiden sairastuttavan vaikutuksen tuloksena. Ajoittain itsemurhista on puhuttu jopa kansanterveysongelmana. Tulkintaa on perusteltu viittaamalla kansainvälisesti ja varsinkin länsimaihin verrattuna korkeisiin itsemurhalukuihin. Pelkkiin lukuihin katsominen ei kuitenkaan riitä jonkin ilmiön leimaamiseen terveysongelmaksi. Tulkinnan syntyminen on edellyttänyt lääketieteellisen tutkimuksen kautta syntynyttä tietoa sekä itsemurhailmiön kytkemistä osaksi lääketieteellistä ja psykiatrista keskustelua. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan suomalaisen lääketieteellisen itsemurhatutkimuksen historiaa ja itsemurhia koskevan tiedon tuottamista. Suomalaisen itsemurhatutkimuksen juuret ulottuvat 1800-luvun puoleen väliin, jolloin käsitykset itsemurhasta tieteellisenä ongelmana rantautuivat Suomeen Manner-Euroopasta ja Isosta-Britanniasta. Tulkinta itsemurhasta pikemminkin lääketieteellistä kuin moraalista, juridista tai teologista käsittelyä edellyttävänä ilmiönä alkoi voittaa alaa 1800-luvun kuluessa. Dekriminalisoidessaan itsemurhan 1890-luvulla Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta seurasi Länsi-Euroopan maiden esimerkkiä. Varhainen suomalainen itsemurhatutkimus oli kytköksissä 1800-luvun ranskalaiseen ja englantilaiseen psykiatriseen tutkimukseen, yhteiskunnallisiin teorioihin ja väestötilastotietoihin nojaaviin käsityksiin. Osana psykiatrian institutionaalista ja tieteenhistoriallista kehitystä suomalainen itsemurhatutkimus astui toisen maailmansodan jälkeen uuteen vaiheeseen. Käsitykset itsemurhasta kansanluonteen tai rodullisten piirteiden ilmaisuna väistyivät, kun psykoanalyyttisesti orientoitunut tutkimus alkoi etsiä itsemurhan tiedostamattomia psyykkisiä syitä. 1970-luvulla psykiatrinen itsemurhatutkimus suuntautui yksilön mielen ohella yhteiskunnallisiin taustatekijöihin osana sosiaalipsykiatrista tutkimusta. Näin luotiin pohjaa 1980-luvun lopulla käynnistetylle valtakunnalliselle itsemurhien ehkäisyhankkeelle, jonka tieteenhistoriallista taustaa tämä tutkimus valottaa. Tämän tutkimuksen keskeisimmän lähdeaineiston muodostavat suomalaiset lääketieteellisestä näkökulmasta laaditut itsemurhatutkimukset ja itsemurhia käsitelleet tutkimusartikkelit vuosivälillä 1864–1985

The purpose of this study is to identify similarities and differences in preparations by Sweden and Finland to ensure food supply in a crisis. Previous research consisting of separate studies have showed a decreased ability to ensure food supply in crisis in Sweden, and an increased ability in Finland. In a time of raising awareness, changing security concerns and political will, the contribution of this study is to simultaneously investigate the two countries and provide an understanding of the historical- and present approaches. By using comparative case study as method and applying International relations theory, a broader understanding of the different approaches by otherwise similar countries is achieved. The approaches of Sweden can be explained by using realist, neorealist, liberal and neoliberal theories while Finland’s approach best can be explained by realist and neorealist theories. The study is relevant for the field of humanitarian action and conflict since it provides an understanding of the countries contingency plans regarding food. Threat assessments from both countries identifies man-made conflicts such as terrorism, cyber-attacks, use of military force and war to have the possibility to create disruptions in the normal cycles of the society and those of surrounding countries. If these threats were to occur, basic needs must be met, one being food supply.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2010.
Title from PDF (viewed 2009-12-30). Department of History. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references and appendices. Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center.

This dissertation investigates what the early modern donation system in Sweden reveals about the Crown’s expectations of the social group that served the state, and what these individuals expected from the Crown. The author shows how the Crown used donations of land rents to remunerate and reward individuals in its service. In 1680 the donation system was abolished and the Crown reclaimed everything that had been alienated. It was not until 1723 that the proprietors could address a specially appointed parliamentary commission (which ended in 1748) and challenge the Crown’s repossession. The deeds of donation and ratification, most issued during the period 1604 to 1680, as well as petitions submitted to the commission constitute the sources used in the investigation. A petition from the recipient usually preceded remunerations and the deeds drawn up by the Crown often refer to these letters. Petitioners accordingly referred to arguments used by the administration in Stockholm. This makes it possible, by direct and indirect methods, to study how both parties sought to change and influence the imagined compact between Crown and families in its service. The negotiation between the parties, studied over such a lengthy period, helps identify tendencies in the way the relation between state and its servants was changing. The thesis shows that there was a clear gender aspect to the process through which state formation happened. Even though most recipients were male, the deeds included his wife and children. Service and fidelity to the Crown was expected also from the descendants of the recipient. Accordingly, the Crown had both liabilities and duties to fulfil to the recipients family. We could say that in the eye of the Crown its servants were a family. The author also argues that the Crown used the donations to create and favour an informal fifth estate and how this policy influenced the shared ideas in society on merits versus ancestry. In the end of the period, however, the imagined compact was changing. The emerging state came with new claims to authority and the need to separate the Crown from its subjects at various levels (legal, political). As the compact became less personal family members were no longer included and women could no longer negotiate from their position within the family.

La situation de la femme est souvent mal perçue à travers le monde. Beaucoup d'entre elles sont opprimées même dans les pays les plus développés. Cela proviendrait essentiellement du machisme. Dans tous les pays, le manque d'éducation, l'appartenance à une religion et les fortes traditions ancestrales font des hommes de vrais machos. Ils ont du mal à faire la part des choses et traitent la femme comme une vulgaire domestique. Dans de nombreux pays, cette situation n'évolue pas et incite les femmes à se débrouiller par leurs propres moyens. Le féminisme les a aidées à lutter contre ces atrocités et à reprendre confiance en elles. Il a eu un fort impact sur la condition des femmes dans le monde et nous verrons ce qu'il leur a apporté. Beaucoup de femmes furent séduites par ce courant qui voulait redonner à la femme sa vraie valeur et sa position dans la société. Aujourd'hui, l'image de la femme est beaucoup mieux perçue.Mais ces dernières se heurtent toujours à de terribles inégalités, que ce soit dans le monde du travail, de la politique ou dans la vie de tous les jours. Aujourd'hui, la femme européenne étudie beaucoup plus et a accès à des postes beaucoup plus qualifiés, mais malgré tout, elle se heurte à de terribles inégalités en ce qui concerne le salaire, ou à un manque d'évolution dans leurs postes. Aujourd'hui, l'Europe affirme se ranger du côté de la cause des femmes, mais qu'en est-il réellement ? La femme latino-américaine a dû batailler ferme pour changer son image. Ce continent est réputé pour son machisme et naître femme est un combat quotidien. Mais qu'est-ce que le féminisme a apporté réellement sur ce continent où l'homme fait sa loi ? A Cuba, le féminisme existe depuis longtemps, mais le triomphe de la Révolution a changé beaucoup de choses en l'incorporant à la société. Nous verrons que tous ces changements ont bouleversé leur vie de famille et leurs conditions de vie.

A finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX la provincia de Vizcaya despuntó en el contexto internacional como importe centro extractor de mineral de hierro y como relevante foco productor siderometalúrgico. Las explotaciones mineras se adueñaron de los Montes de Triano y las fábricas conquistaron las márgenes del Río Nervión, arrastrando tras de sí una densa marea humana. Alojar a esa población se convirtió en una cuestión de primer orden. Paralelamente, las instituciones estatales desbordadas por problemas similares en otros puntos de la geografía española, idearon y pusieron en práctica un complejo engranaje administrativo para erigir las primeras viviendas sociales.
Así, las denominadas Casas Baratas fueron la respuesta oficial a la insuficiencia de vivienda obrera y Vizcaya fue una de las provincias donde mayor desarrollo tuvieron este tipo de propuestas constructivas. De este modo, la presente investigación comienza indagando sobre el origen de la problemática en Bilbao y la Cuenca del Bajo Nervión, para después repasar las medidas adoptadas por el Estado y la Diputación de Vizcaya en esta materia. Hecho esto, se da paso a un concienzudo repaso de las características principales de la edificación de Casas Baratas en toda la provincia de Vizcaya, descendiendo, posteriormente, a la realidad de Bilbao, Baracaldo, Sestao, Portugalete, Guecho y Erandio, haciendo hincapié en las inquietudes locales.
El estudio finaliza con un ejercicio comparativo con las Casas Baratas de Barcelona, Sabadell y Tarrasa, estableciéndose similitudes y divergencias con el foco industrial más importante del momento en el panorama nacional.
At the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th Biscay was internationally considered an outstanding centre of iron extraction and a remarkable iron and steel production point. Mines took over the Triano mountains and factories conquered the Nervion river banks carrying a huge wave of population with them. Housing all these people became a prime objective. Likewise, Spanish institutions, overwhelmed by similar problems in other areas of the country, devised and put into practice a complex administrative mechanism to build the first state-subsidized houses.
Thus, the so called Cheap Houses were the official answer to the working-class housing shortage and Biscay was one of the regions with a greater development of this kind of building solutions. This research begins with the investigation of the origin and source of the problem in Bilbao and in the Nervion river basin, to later go over the measures adopted by the government and by the provincial council in this matter. Having done this, there is a thorough review of the most relevant features of the Cheap Houses building system all over Biscay, to move then to the reality of life in Bilbao Barakaldo, Sestao, Portugalete, Geucho and Erandio, putting special emphasis on the local concerns.
The research ends with a comparative study of the Cheap Houses built in Biscay in contrast to those built in Barcelona, Sabadell and Tarrasa, establishing similarities and differences with the most important industrial centre in that moment in Spain.

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Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
This dissertation has as theme to study the issue of the relationship: language, history, identify social condition and take as objective analysis Vidas Secas from Graciliano Ramos, produced in the configuration of small stories in 1937 and published in 1938 as a novel. It is therefore a search to the study of the Portuguese language in use in Brazil in the 30 s with regard to the historical a social mark that manifest as expressive features in the novel we have selected. Our research is based on the Linguistics Historiography, in the perspectives identified by Konrad Koerner, because, among others aspects, contemplates the relationship that Linguistics establishes with the history for observation of the language Accordingly, the research aims to examine the sample selected as, in the twentieth century, the language in use in Brazil tells portrayal of the man, assuring him an identity socio-historical-linguistics at the same time as identifying in size internal document, the social-cultural condition of the native Brazilian man from northeastern of backwoods. Vidas Secas is taken as a document not only to be inserted in a historical context-cultural, but also contains information by linguistic, political and social of a time. A decade of 30, in the history of Brazil, can be considered critical from political a social point of view, because there is an ideological tension between socialists and reactionary of the dictatorship Vargas. Thus, the tragedy of Fabiano and his family, in Vidas Secas , expressed, in fact, the moving fatality of Brazilian society since then
Esta dissertação tem como tema o estudo da relação língua, história, identidade e condição social tomando como objetivo de análise o romance Vidas Secas de Graciliano Ramos, produzido na configuração de pequenos contos de 1937 e publicado em 1938 como romance. Refere-se, por conseguinte, uma pesquisa que visa ao estudo da língua portuguesa em uso no Brasil na década de 30 no que se refere às marcas histórico sociais manifestadas como recursos expressivos no romance selecionados. Nossa pesquisa fundamenta-se na Historiografia Lingüística, nas perspectivas apontadas por Konrad koerner, pois, entre outros aspectos, contempla as relações que a Lingüística estabelece com a História para observação da língua. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa objetiva examinar na amostra selecionada como, no século XX, a língua em uso no Brasil dá conta de retratar o homem garantindo-lhe uma identidade sócio-histórico-lingüística ao mesmo tempo em que permite identificar, na dimensão interna do documento, a condição sociocultural do homem brasileiro do sertão nordestino. Vidas Secas é tomado como documento não somente por estar inserido num contexto histórico-cultural, mas também por conter informações lingüísticas, políticas e sociais de uma época. A década de 30, na História do Brasil, pode ser considerada crítica do ponto de vista político e social, pois há uma tensão ideológica entre socialistas e reacionaristas da ditadura Vargas. Assim sendo, o drama de Fabiano e sua família, em Vidas Secas, expressa, na verdade, a comovente fatalidade da sociedade brasileira de então

Orientador: Rubem Murilo Leão Rego
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: A presente tese de doutorado propõe a análise dos romances que configuram o chamado "Ciclo de Porto Alegre" em que Érico Veríssimo enfoca as relações sociais no Rio Grande pós-1945. Assim, a pretensão é a de analisar nos sete livros que compõem tal ciclo a herança da tradição patriarcal e os resquícios do iberismo na vida daqueles que apesar de terem pertencido à oligarquia gaúcha, tentam encontrar um novo espaço na sociedade que se urbaniza e se despersonaliza com a revolução burguesa brasileira
Abstract: The present thesis offers the analysis of the novels that shape the known "Ciclo de Porto Alegre" (Porto Alegre cycle) on which Érico Veríssimo focuses the social relations in Rio Grande post-1945. Thus, the intention is to analyze on the seven books that compose such cycle the inheritance of patriarchal tradition and the remains of Iberianism on the lives of those who, despite of been part of the Gaúcha oligarchy, have been trying to occupy a new space in the urbanized society that depersonalizes with the bourgeois revolution
Doutorado
Sociologia
Doutora em Sociologia

Today humankind is facing numerous sustainability challenges that require us to question CO2 intensive practices like those present in the transport and energy sector. To meet those challenges, many countries have adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving such targets requires an understanding of the wider socio-technical context of transitions. The aim of this licentiate thesis is therefore to analyse such socio-technical transitions towards low-emission futures enabled by the electrification of passenger cars and high voltage grid development. A combination of different transitions theories (for ex. Multi-level perspective and Technological innovation systems) and institutional theory has been used. To reach the aim paper I analyses the climate impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and policy measures to achieve a breakthrough scenario for EVs. The results show that a mixture of short and long term policies are needed that take into account the technology development stage and behavioural aspects of EV adopters. Paper II addresses the need to include the high voltage transmission grid and its planning procedures as a central part of debates on transitions. Therefore the opportunities, challenges and reasons for conflict in the established regime are studied. The results show that in order to achieve a sustainable grid development regime, it is necessary to spend time on achieving legitimacy and social sustainability. The third paper uses semi-structured expert interviews and focuses on innovation dynamics for EV adoption. By focusing on dynamics instead of single policy measures, it is possible to grasp interactions within a niche, but also in between a niche, regime and landscape. The results show that strong initial technology legitimacy was needed to start substantial innovation dynamics. This could be further strengthened with a strong and broad coalition of actors. Both those factors led, if present, to an improved variety and match of policy instruments. As such this thesis has shown that transitions are not just about technology or policy instruments as such but about the dynamics and processes needed to enable them. This can be relevant in other transitions that otherwise may underestimate the importance of these components.

QC 20170512

Norstrat

Defence date: 7 November 2016
Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis, EUI (Supervisor); Professor Pauli Kettunen, University of Helsinki (External Supervisor); Professor Luca Molà, EUI; Professor Lionel Bently, University of Cambridge
In the late nineteenth century, the Grand Duchy of Finland benefited from its backward position in the peripheral corner of Europe; its export markets expanded, career opportunities were sought abroad, and foreign ideas and technology were translated and appropriated. At the same time, the identity of the young nation state as a part of the Russian Empire was being put together by its educated elite, whose national projects would react to foreign developments and amalgamate with the expertise acquired abroad. This included the reconciliation of private, collective and state interests over natural resources and intangible ideas. This thesis explores and adds to the scattered knowledge of four areas of intangible and material ownership in the country: inventions and literary works, trees and wild berries (allemansrätt, public access to nature). The thesis aims to understand how ownership, in general, became defined and how these specific property rights were produced as part of the peripheral dynamics in the Grand Duchy. The study analyses the political processes around the key legislative reforms in which the existing structures of ownership became challenged and reshaped. The thesis argues that the peripheral perception related to the economic and intellectual context was central to conceptualising "property". It allowed comparative reflection and learning from abroad, but the spatio-temporal relation served also to frame and guide the property reforms according to the interests of the political factions, for instance, by emphasising the particular or universal aspects of the reform. In general, a pragmatic, liberal line of thinking which favoured domestic interests permeated the reforms. The rhetoric of the sanctity of private property was commonly used, but in a way that incorporated the interests of the public; differences in the concept of property pertained especially to the role of the public and the way in which the common interest was seen to manifest itself.

Defense date: 08/12/2010
Examining Board: Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (EUI) - supervisor Dr. Antti Häkkinen (University of Helsinki) Prof. Antonella Romano (EUI) Prof. Leo Lucassen (Leiden University)
The study concerns two minority groups, the Finnish Roma and the Swedish Travellers, and their changing relationship with the ‘peasants’ - ie. the mainstream sedentary population - in a period of economic modernization and nation-state building. Leaning on a wide array of qualitative material, the research forms an analysis of interethnic relations, with a particular focus on micro-level interaction, conflicts and boundary drawing. As a socio-historical research, it aims to broaden a topic which has conventionally been approached from political and cultural perspectives. Contrasting with an ‘isolation thesis’ implicit in much of the previous literature, the study found that the Roma and Traveller populations were in the research period tied into constant interaction with the sedentary rural population. Yet, close everyday interaction and established networks co-existed with extremely strong ethnic differentiation, upheld from both sides of the divide. This was clear in relation to those transgressing the ethnic boundary, be it through inter-ethnic matrimony, being raised as a foster children, ‘settling down’, etc. Despite constant re-adaptations, the Swedish Travellers and particularly Finnish Roma seem to have lost much of previous occupational diversity during the research period. Upheavals and social stratification in the rural society wiped out old niches and the established local positions connected to this. A process of marginalization was reinforced by local vagrancy- and social control. These followed a circular logic, which continuously pushed out those already seen as illegitimate and unwanted. Local authorities acted as powerful boundary enforcers, dramatically reducing the options of those labelled as ‘Gypsies’ or ‘Tartars’. The rise of nationalist framework problematized the position of the Roma and the Travellers further. The emergence of ‘print capitalism’ was accompanied by the public stigmatization of the latter as deviants and degenerates. In the local level, the ‘Gypsy’ and ‘Tattare’ ‘questions’ were entwined with power struggles and class tensions, with freeholding peasants particularly eager to exclude Roma and Travellers, both on national and local level. While the empirical focus of the thesis is on the Finnish case, comparison with Sweden points to the intertwining of social separation and cultural differentiation. In both cases, the interlocking of social-, ethnic- and ‘racial’ differentiation, together with status of illegitimacy, produced what could be called ‘enforced ethnicity’.