Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Finland in literature'

This study is a literary critical examination of the portrayal of woman in prose and drama, with reference to the themes of political and artistic rebirth which preoccupied writers in Finland and Russia at the turn of the century. The study falls into three sections, each of which represents an aspect of woman's metaphysical condition and for which I have used the categories Action, Voice,a nd Visibility. The first section assesses writers' approach to the issues raised by the woman question, and describes the cultivation of an ideal of politically active, nationally loyal womanhood in the image of the Madonna. The second section demonstrates that woman's silence, a dominant feature of her characterization, signifies both the danger of revolution and the prescription for her social integration. It also includes an analysis of the opportunities and consequences of self-expression for female characters and writers. The third section deals with the view of woman as an embodiment of artistic impulse, especially her idealization as muse, and addresses the issue of pornography in the representation of the female form. The comparison between the two literatures explores the respective national ambitions as well as the concept of the 'new woman'. The image of woman is influenced by contemporary theory of her nature and social function. The literatures contrast most notably in the relationship of the Madonna-like saviour to the political hero, and of the muse to the artist. In Russia, the historic mission of nation and artist is imbued with universal and eternal significance. In Finland, it relates to the immediate, localized ambitions of national selfdetermination. Woman is shown to have a central place in both countries in the process of political and artistic renewal. However, the ideal of womanhood plays upon preconceptions of femininity which preclude the notion of woman's equality and independence at the root of feminist thought. The limitations on woman's existence are observable in the elements of silence and pornography which affect her characterization, erasing her subjective identity and promoting her objectification.

This master’s thesis considers the differences between the minority literature from Friesland, a province in the northwest of the Netherlands, and that of the Swedish-speaking part of Finland. The author of this paper tries to draw attention to the literatures of those minorities, which often are not well-known outside their own regions. The main issue discussed in this paper is: How is minority culture problematized in the novels de fûke (1966) by the Frisian author Rink van der Velde and Där vi en gång gått (2006) by the Finland-Swedish author Kjell Westö? The Frisian population in the Netherlands is considered by many as a very old people, because famous writers of the Roman Empire, such as Pliny the Elder, wrote specifically about their region and its people. Despite this, the Frisian language has been in a peripheral situation for many centuries. The Swedish minority in Finland, on the contrary, is much younger. Finland gained autonomy in 1809 and before that time the region currently known as Finland, was the eastern part of the Kingdom of Sweden. This meant that Swedish was the predominant language until that year. Later on Finnish became the main language in Finland. However, both the Frisian and the Finland-Swedish literature were not established before the nineteenth century. This changed partially as a result of ideas of the Romanticism, but also because of historical reasons. By analyzing the previously mentioned novels, Oetze Deelstra shows how the minorities in both countries fare in opposite situations. The Swedish-speaking population has often been, and continues to be, examined as upper-class. On the other hand, in Frisia should a very old countryside culture has been preserved. Those ideas have been important in forming the images of both minorities. A noticeable distinction is that the Frisian literature is defined by language, while the Finland-Swedish literature is characterized by political and ideological arguments.
Dizze masterskripsje rjochtet him op de ferskillen tusken de literatuer fan Fryslân en dy fan de Sweedsktalige minderheid yn Finlân. De skriuwer fan dit wurk besiket op dy wize mear omtinken te freegjen foar de literatuer fan dizze minderheden, dy’t faak net sa bekend is bûten de eigen regio. De fraach dy’t sintraal stiet is: Op hokker wize wurdt stal jûn oan minderhedeproblematyk yn de romans de fûke (1966) fan de Fryske skriuwer Rink van der Velde en Där vi en gång gått (2006) fan de Finlânsweedske skriuwer Kjell Westö? Faak wurde de Friezen beskôge as in âld folk. Mooglik komt dat trochdat se al neamd wurde soene troch ferneamde skriuwers fan it Romeinske Ryk, lyk as Plinius de Aldere. Dochs hat it Frysk iuwenlang in net al te wichtige rol spile yn Fryslân en dêrbûten. De Sweedske minderheid yn Finlân is lykwols folle jonger. Finlân is pas sûnt 1809 autonoom en foar dy tiid wie dat wat wy hjoed-de-dei Finlân neame, it eastlike diel fan it Sweedske Ryk. Dat betsjut ek dat it Sweedsk oant doe ta de oerhearskjende taal wie. Letter waard it Finsk de wichtichste taal yn Finlân. Sawol de Fryske as de Finlânsweedske literatuer wiene lykwols net fêstige foar de njoggentjinde iuw. Dat feroaret pas yn de Romantyk, foar in diel fanwege de idealen út dy tiid, mar ek om politike redenen. Troch de earderneamde romans te analysearjen, lit Oetze Deelstra sjen hoe’t de minderheden fan beide lannen eins yn tsjinstelde situaasjes operearje. De Sweedsktalige befolking fan Finlân is faak, en wurdt no noch hieltyd, besjoen as de boppeklasse. Yn Fryslân soe oan ’e oare kant in iuwenâlde lanboutradysje bewarre bleaun wêze. Dizze opfettings hawwe wichtich west foar de byldfoarming fan beide minderheden. In opfallend ferskil is dat de Fryske literatuer fan de eigen taal út definiearre wurdt, wylst de Finlânsweedske literatuer karakterisearre wurdt troch politike en ideologyske útgongspunten.

This study is a postcolonial literary analysis of Miika Nousiainen’s novel Hallonbåtsflyktingen from 2007. The aim is to analyse how Sweden and Finland, along with the Swedish and Finnish characters, are portrayed in the novel. Through a close norm-critical reading and with postcolonial theory as a basis, the content and characters in the novel have been analysed. The result shows that the Finnish characters are portrayed in stereotyped patterns and described in general forms. A dichotomy of “us” and “the others” is created in the novel. The Finnish characters and Finnish culture are described negatively and constantly contrasted with positive descriptions of Sweden and Swedes. If literature teaching in school gives pupils knowledge and skills in postcolonial reading of literature, they may learn to identify and analyse negative portrayals. This might makes it possible to break down their assumptions and prejudices, and instead they become critical individuals who act in a global context. By comparing how different nationalities and cultures are presented, pupils can potentially begin to reflect on themselves and their picture of the Other.

The subject of this dissertation is the Finland-Swedish author Gunnar Björling (1887-1960) and his journey towards Modernism. The principle thesis of this dissertation, the idea that Björling’s distinctive language cannot be understood without an underlying modernistic current, is outlined in Chapter I. It also discusses the idea that Modernism cannot be reduced to a matter of style, but encompasses particular values, ideological stances and practical matters, such as the forming of alliances, writing manifestos and publishing journals. Chapter II examines how and why Björling came to be regarded as a modernist. A strongly contributing factor was Björling’s language, which from the very first violated prevailing ideas on acceptable forms of expression. The fact that he published his first book through the modernist publishing firm Daimon, and contributed to its journal Ultra, further confirmed his modernistic placing. Chapter III focuses on Björling’s unpublished juvenilia from the 1910’s. The young Björling wrote traditional rhyming verse but was also influenced by writings of a more symbolistic and modern character. The chapter concludes with a study of bizarrerierna, Björling’s dream notes, originally written during the 1910’s but first published in 1928. With their bold enjambments and highly compressed form, these notes came to influence the continued development of his lyrical imagery. Chapter IV deals with his debut Vilande dag (Resting day) (1922) and its symbolistically coloured language problematic. Björling struggled to find a language that would convey his experience of the limitlessness of being, a language striving to transcend words, leaving space for silence. This struggle for the right words continues in the later Korset och löftet (The cross and the promise) (1925) and Chapter V demonstrates how this is connected with the quest for God. In the wake of German Expressionism and Dadaism, Björling adopts a more disjointed syntax and a bolder and more dissonant lyrical imagery. There also occurs a thematic expansion, giving greater prominence to the daily life of the metropolis, a life transformed by media. In accordance with modernistic patterns, Björling chose to end his book with a theoretical epilogue, which is a distinctive collation of life philosophy, anti-clericalism, passionate religiousness, moral-philosophical discussions and aesthetic expositions.

Akseli Gallen-Kallela is often discussed as the national painter of Finland, as one who helped define Finnishness when Finland was still a colonized area of Russia. However, his trip to Africa from 1909-1911 shows where Gallen-Kallela acts as a pictorial colonizer himself, not only sympathizing with the Africans but representing them through a European cosmopolitan lens, as purer and closer to nature, but still inferior. The assumptions inherent in his representations of Africa reveal that Gallen-Kallela is not only a colonized subject but a colonizer of his own country.

This dissertation aims to locate and draw out resonances of impressionism in Swedish and Finland-Swedish prose at the end of the nineteenth century, a field hitherto overlooked in the critical debate on literary impressionism. Through the initial examination of the use of the term in an international context comprising the Scandinavian scene, the aim is to show the many alternative accesses to literary impressionism. By focusing on three landmark discussions on the theme in the Nordic countries of the late nineteenth-century (Herman Bang, the Kristiania Bohème, August Strindberg) the inclusive, wide-ranging Scandinavian understanding of the relationship between impressionism and literature is introduced. Accordingly, the texts thereafter chosen for closer scrutiny are intended to disclose this extensive interpretation of impressionist writing: Helena Westermarck’s short story Aftonstämning (Evening Mood) from 1890 is read as an example of interart transposition, i.e., as a piece of prose adopting a theme, as well as the compositional aesthetics, of painterly impressionism; Stella Kleve’s novels and short stories are instead seen as indicative of the narrative modes of a literary impressionism drawing on theatrical representation, as in Bang’s impressionist poetics, but also present textual features such as the ‘metonymic mode’ and ‘delayed decoding’, elements central to the international approach to impressionist prose. The concluding analysis of fictional impressionists in the prose of authors such as Gustaf af Geijerstam, Mathilda Roos, and Georg Nordensvan advances a many-sided portrait of the impressionist painter while remaining true to this study’s pluralistic approach to literary impressionism by including a discussion of K. A. Tavaststjerna’s Impressionisten (The Impressionist) from 1892, whose protagonist is not an artist but a hypersensitive, impressionable subject. This last section also investigates how fiction is used to convey a critical discussion of the means and methods of painterly impressionism, as well as the function of the use of the visual arts in the texts.

Abstract This research seeks to answer the following questions: In which contexts are Finnish undergraduate university students taught to evaluate research literature? What kind of teaching is given? What kind of evaluation criteria are the students encouraged to use? The theoretical framework is based on Tony Becher's model of the cognitive and social features of academic disciplines and the differences among them, which he presented in his book Academic Tribes and Territories in 1989. Accordingly, the study examines what are the major features of the disciplines in question and analyses whether these features explain the way evaluation is taught. The study is based on a qualitative approach. The empirical material was gathered by interviewing 18 university lecturers and 14 students from the universities of Helsinki and Tampere in spring 2001. The interviewees represented Physics (University of Helsinki), Medicine, Social Policy and Social Work and Literary Studies. In addition, a content analysis of ten Finnish master's thesis handbooks published between 1995–2003 was carried out. Medicine demonstrated the most extensive and planned approach to the teaching of evaluation. In other disciplines, teaching was dependent on the interest of the individual lecturers. In Material Physics and in Applied Physics, students had to carry out extensive analysis and evaluation of articles. Some article analysis was carried out also in Social Policy and Social Work and Literary Studies. The evaluation criteria for the literature were most explicit in Physics and Medicine. In Physics, lecturers advised students to focus on approach, experimental methods and results, in Medicine on approach, research methodology, material and the strength of the evidence. In Social Policy and Social Work, methodology and different schools of thought played a significant role in evaluation. Schools of thought were also important in Literary Studies. In the different disciplines, the views on the criteria predicting the quality of publications varied
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa etsitään vastauksia seuraaviin kysymyksiin: Missä yhteyksissä tieteellisen kirjallisuuden arviointia opetetaan perustutkintokoulutuksessa suomalaisessa yliopistossa? Millä tavoin opetusta annetaan? Millaisia kirjallisuuden arvioinnin kriteerejä kehotetaan käyttämään? Tutkimuksen teoreettinen kehys on monitieteinen. Keskeisin aines on Tony Becherin kirjassaan Academic tribes and territories (1989) esittämä malli tieteenalojen kognitiivisista ja sosiaalisista piirteistä ja niiden eroavuuksista. Tämän mukaisesti selvitetään, mitkä ovat tarkasteltujen tieteenalojen keskeiset ominaisuudet ja selittävätkö nämä ominaisuudet arvioinnin ohjauksen luonnetta ja tieteenalakohtaisia eroja. Lähestymistapa on laadullinen. Empiirinen aineisto koottiin haastattelemalla 18 yliopisto-opettajaa ja 14 opiskelijaa Helsingin ja Tampereen yliopistoissa keväällä 2001. Haastatellut edustivat fysiikkaa (Helsingin yliopisto), lääketiedettä, sosiaalipolitiikkaa ja sosiaalityötä sekä kirjallisuudentutkimusta. Haastatteluja täydensi sisällönanalyysi kymmenestä suomenkielisestä tutkielmanteon oppaasta, jotka olivat ilmestyneet vuosina 1995–2003. Tampereen yliopiston lääketieteellisessä tiedekunnassa oli käytössä ongelmaperustainen opetusmenetelmä, muilla aloilla annettiin perinteistä luentoihin, harjoituksiin ja kirjallisuuden tenttimiseen painottunutta opetusta. Yhteisesti suunniteltua ja laajinta tieteellisen kirjallisuuden arvioinnin opetus oli lääketieteessä. Muilla tieteenaloilla ohjaus perustui yksittäisten opettajien harrastuneisuuteen. Materiaalifysiikassa ja sovelletussa fysiikassa opiskelijat harjoittelivat arviointia analysoimalla runsaasti artikkeleita. Jossain määrin artikkelien analysointia esiintyi myös sosiaalitieteissä ja kirjallisuudentutkimuksessa. Kirjallisuuden arviointikriteerit olivat selkeimmät fysiikassa ja lääketieteessä. Opettajat kehottivat opiskelijoita kiinnittämään fysiikassa huomiota menetelmään, koeasetelmaan ja tuloksiin, lääketieteessä tutkimusasetelmaan, menetelmään, aineistoon ja näytön riittävyyteen. Sosiaalipolitiikassa ja sosiaalityössä evaluoinnin kannalta tärkeitä olivat tutkimusmenetelmät ja mihin tutkimusperinteeseen julkaisu kuului. Koulukunta oli tärkeä myös kirjallisuudentutkimuksessa. Käsitykset julkaisun laatua ennustavista kriteereistä vaihtelivat, kuitenkin esimerkiksi lehden tasoa pidettiin yleisesti laadun takeena. Käsitys käyttökelpoisen kirjallisuuden iästä vaihteli aloittain. Tutkimus osoittaa, että tieteenalojen peruspiirteet vaikuttivat arvioinnin ohjauksen luonteeseen ja arviointikriteereihin. Toisaalta on havaittavissa paikallisten perinteiden vaikutusta

This thesis investigates the representation of social reality that can be reflected by folk belief and the supernatural within mythic worlds created in epic poetry. Although the society, itself, can be regarded as the creator of its own myth, it may still be subjected to the impact of the synthesized mythic world, and this study seeks to address the roles of the society in the shaping of such mythic worlds. The research is inspired by an innovative approach, using James Macpherson’s Ossian (1760-63) and Elias Lönnrot’s Kalevala (1835-49) as epic models that benefit from mythical traditions. Through the examination and the comparison of these two epic collections, both of which seem to have a close association with social reformation and restructuring, the study explores the universality of human nature. It also reveals the extent mythic worlds may exhibit the ‘realities’ of their source-societies and how mythical tradition may become a reflection of a society’s transforming past modes of thinking. Moreover, the study devotes special attention to the influence of mythic heritage on national awakening and the construction of national identities. The research treats Macpherson as the re-inventor of Gaelic oral tradition with his Ossian, where he portrays a Romanticized image of a gallant past according to the norms of the eighteenth century. Therefore, the mythic world of the epic can be seen as a combination of an ancient heroic past and the aesthetic refinement of a polished age. In this framework, as the product of a society going through a transition period from traditional to modern, Ossian seems to reflect the society’s changing world-view, both celebrating, and mourning for a culture on the verge of extinction. Focusing on the Kalevala, the study analyzes its portrayal of Finnish folk belief. The Kalevala, like Ossian, is an attempt to recover ancient tradition, which seems to revolve around supernatural and divine elements, with hopes to establish a common social reality. It is an expression of Finnish language, belief and culture, whose production was prompted by the looming Finnish nationalism. Therefore, the evolving mode of thought represented in the mythic world of Kalevalaic poems, is expected and favoured by the society, enabling the epic to encourage a social reformation.

x, 197 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This dissertation investigates the cultural importance of the "monstrous Other" in postmodern literature, including novels from Sweden, Finland, and the United States. While the theoretical concept of "the Other" is in wide circulation in the humanities and social sciences, the concept has only recently been modified with the adjective "monstrous" to highlight a special case of the Other that plays an important role in the formation of human subjectivity. In order to better understand the representational legacy of the monstrous Other, I explore some of the principal venues in which it has appeared in western literature, philosophy, folklore, and politics. Using a Foucauldian archaeological approach in my literature survey allows me to trace the tradition of the monstrous Other in such sources as medieval bestiaries, the wild man motif in folklore and popular culture, and the medicalization of intersexual embodiment. In all cases, the monstrous Other is a complex phenomenon with broad implications for the politics of subjectivity and the future of social and political justice. Moreover, the monstrous Other poses significant challenges for the ongoing tenability of normative notions of the human, including such primary human traits as sexuality and a gendered, "natural" embodiment. Given the complexities of the monstrous Other and the ways in which it both upholds and intervenes in normative human identities, no single theoretical approach is adequate to the task of examining its functioning. Instead, the project calls for an approach that blends the methodologies of (post)psychoanalytic and queer theory while retaining a critical awareness of both the representational nature of subjectivity and its material effects. By employing both strains of theory, I am able to "read" the monstrous Other as both a necessary condition of subjectivity and a model of intersubjectivity that could provide an alternative to the positivism and binarism of normative subjectivity. The texts that I examine here reveal the ways in which postmodern reconfigurations of the monstrous Other challenge the (hetero)normativity of human subjectivity and its hierarchical forms of differentiation. My reading of these texts locates the possibilities for a hybridized, cyborgian existence beyond the outermost limits of positivistic, western subjectivity.
Committee in charge: Ellen Rees, Chairperson, German and Scandinavian; Daniel Wojcik, Member, English; Jenifer Presto, Member, Comparative Literature; Aletta Biersack, Outside Member, Anthropology

Abstract The aim of the study is to indicate the role of fiction in the institutionalisation and subsequent developments of the Finnish public library in view of the traditions of literary sociology and organisation studies. To indicate and open this connection, the study depicts the relationship of professional librarianship in the public library to the literary system, and scrutinises the options this cultural and historical connection could provide to both the public library and other agents of the literary system today and in the future. The public library acquires, stores, intermediates, and advances fiction, using methods developed as a kind of innovation, and spread from one country to another as a result of the institutional isomorphic change. The public library emerged in the 19th century to fulfil informational-educational aims, but it developed quickly into the library or the readers. In view of this study, the questions of book selection of fiction in particular became a challenge for the public libraries that had to make compromises demanded by their environments. Later, in the 1960s, the challenges related to fiction in public libraries became more typically social. The library’s functions and tasks started to widen, and fiction became only one type of material among others—though still one favoured by the users of the library. Within the public library too, as well as within the literary field, one still discussed the criteria of fiction selection in the 1980s. The role of the public library as a cultural agency further weakened in the 1990s, when new tasks based on the objectives of the information society were posed to the library. In light of this and in view of the modern hybrid library, fiction and all printed material started to seem old-fashioned. In the 2000s, one indeed started to build the public library as a modern service agency where the significance of the space was emphasised at the expense of the collection. The study indicates that by emphasising the particular role of the public library as an agent of the literary system, one perhaps could enrich the whole literary system and its concept as well as affect the legitimacy and sufficiency of the resources of small libraries especially
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on osoittaa kirjallisuussosiologisen ja organisaatiotutkimuksen tutkimusperinteitä hyödyntäen, minkälainen rooli kaunokirjallisuudella on erityisesti suomalaisen yleisen kirjaston institutionalisoitumisessa sekä myöhemmässä kehityksessä. Yhteyden osoittamiseksi ja avaamiseksi kuvaillaan yleisen kirjaston ja kirjastoammatillisuuden suhdetta kaunokirjalliseen järjestelmään, sekä tarkastellaan mahdollisuuksia, joita tämä kulttuurinen ja historiallinen sidos voi tarjota tänä päivänä ja tulevaisuudessa sekä yleiselle kirjastolle että kirjallisen järjestelmän muille toimijoille. Yleinen kirjasto hankkii, säilyttää, välittää ja edistää kaunokirjallisuutta käyttäen eräänlaisina innovaatioina kehittyneitä erityisiä menetelmiä, jotka ovat levinneet maasta toiseen yleisen kirjaston ja kirjastoammatillisuuden institutionaalisen samankaltaistumisen seurauksena. Yleinen kirjasto syntyi 1800-luvulla toteuttamaan tiedollis-sivistyksellisiä päämääriä, mutta nopeasti siitä kehittyi lukijoiden kirjasto. Tämän tutkimuksen näkökulmasta erityisesti kertomakirjallisuuden kirjavalinnan kysymyksistä tulikin yleiselle kirjastolle haaste, jossa jouduttiin tekemään toimintaympäristöstä johtuvia kompromisseja. Myöhemmin 1960-luvulla yleisen kirjaston kaunokirjallisuuteen liittyvät haasteet muuttuivat enemmän yhteiskunnallisiksi. Sen toimintoja ja tehtäväkenttää alettiin laajentaa, ja kaunokirjallisuudesta tuli kirjastossa vain yksi – tosin kirjastonkäyttäjien edelleen suosima – aineisto. Tosin sekä yleisen kirjaston sisällä että kirjallisella kentällä keskusteltiin vielä 1980-luvullakin kaunokirjallisen kokoelman valintakriteereistä. Yleisen kirjaston asema kulttuurilaitoksena heikkeni edelleen, kun 1990-luvulla kirjastolle asetettiin tietoyhteiskunnan tavoitteiden mukaisia uusia tehtäviä. Kaunokirjallisuus ja koko painettu kirjallisuus aineistona alkoivat tässä valossa ja modernin hybridikirjaston näkökulmasta näyttäytyä vanhanaikaisina. Yleisestä kirjastosta alettiinkin 2000-luvulla rakentaa modernia palvelulaitosta, jossa tilan merkitys korostui kokoelman kustannuksella. Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että korostamalla yleisen kirjaston erityislaatuista roolia kirjallisen järjestelmän toimijana voitaisiin rikastuttaa koko kirjallista järjestelmää ja sen käsitettä sekä mahdollisesti lisätä erityisesti pienten kirjastojen legitimiteettiä ja resurssien riittävyyttä

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A dissertação aborda as inter-conexões entre literatura, história, memória e formação nacional a partir da análise do épico finlandês Kalevala. O estudo abrange os aspectos românticos do registro dos poemas orais que hoje formam a epopéia, seu processo de publicação, suas conexões com a história factual da Finlândia, sua difusão pelo mundo na forma de traduções, bem como sua onipresença no universo de cultura de massa de seu país. Abordamos, ainda, os paralelos que podem ser traçados entre as obras que influenciaram a Kalevala e aquelas que o épico influenciou, de forma a constituir uma rede discursiva e aproximar o texto dos leitores brasileiros. Como aporte teórico no tocante ao Romantismo se fazem presentes as análises de Victor HUGO (2004) e Jacob GUINSBERG (2005), na reflexão entre literatura, história e memória temos como referência as obras de Eric HOBSBAWM (2002), Benedict ANDERSON (1989) e Maurice HALBWACHS (2006), além de diversos historiadores finlandeses.
The current dissertation discusses the inter connections between literature, history, memory and national formation from the perspective of the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala. The study covers the romantic aspects regarding the register of oral poems that nowadays form such epic, its publishing process, its connections with the factual history of Finland, its transposition to other languages, as well as its omnipresence in the national mass culture universe. We also cover the parallels that can be drawn between the works that influenced the Kalevala and those that the epic itself influenced. As theoric basis concerning the Romanticism there are the analysis of Victor HUGO (2004) and Jacob GUINSBURG (2005) and, as related to the considerations between literature, history and memory, we have as references the works of Eric HOBSBAWN (2002), Benedict ANDERSON (1989) and Maurice HALBWACHS (2006), apart from various Finnish historians.

Ce travail vise à observer les mécanismes à l'œuvre dans la canonisation des nouvelles finlandaises et estoniennes. L'auteur présente d'abord les travaux théoriques qui concernent le canon littéraire et les fréquents débats entourant cette notion. Il étudie ensuite le rôle des plus importantes instances canonisatrices (recensions, travaux critiques, prix littéraires, anthologies, traductions, institution scolaire et universitaire) en Finlande et en Estonie. Une attention particulière est accordée à la réception critique dans les revues littéraires des deux pays, et à la présentation qui est faite des classiques de la nouvelle dans les manuels de littérature.Des études de cas sont ensuite présentées : à partir d'exemples tirés d'écrivains ou de thèmes précis, l'auteur y met en lumière certains phénomènes caractéristiques de la canonisation, et diverses circonstances susceptibles de faciliter la canonisation des textes, ou au contraire d'y faire obstacle. Ces analyses débouchent sur des propositions de nouveaux outils théoriques pour l'étude diachronique des canons.

Abstract Historical novels are widely published and read in Finland. During the last few decades both Finnish and Finland-Swedish writers alike have addressed such incendiary topics as the Finnish Civil War and the events of the Second World War. The object of the present study is Lars Sund’s Siklax trilogy: Colorado Avenue (1991), Lanthandlerskans son (1997, ’Son of a Country Shopkeeper’) and Eriks bok (2003, ’Erik’s Book’). These novels can be defined as postmodern historical novels, relatively rare as a genre in Finland and even less studied. The impact of historical novels on readers’ attitudes may be strong, and as a result it is necessary to contemplate the ways in which history is reproduced and interpreted. The present study analyses the ways Sund’s novels represent the past, their relation to historiography and the historical novel as a genre, as well as their conception of history. The aim of the study is to demonstrate what kind of connection exists between narrative techniques and representations of the past. This study utilizes narratological, intertextual and contextual approaches. Cultural narratology integrates features from both classical and postclassical narratology, in consequence the novel’s narrative structures are examined as active forces that both reflect and influence the cultural discourses of a given period. During the research process, the narrative structure of Sund’s novels has been analysed as well as intertextual allusions to other texts and to other cultural and social discourses. The narrative structure of Sund’s historical novels suffices to raise epistemological questions about the achievability and reliability of historical knowledge. The occurrences of other media on the story and discourse level, such as descriptions of paintings and photographs and filmic narration, as well as numerous intertextual allusions, accentuate the polyphony of history and the subjectivity of historical conclusions. The present study connects Lars Sund’s historical novels with the international, Nordic and domestic tradition. Additionally, the analysis of the visual features of the novels connects the study with the abounding discussion on the relationship between word and image
Tiivistelmä Historiallisia romaaneja julkaistaan Suomessa runsaasti, ja laji on yhä lukijoiden suosiossa. Sekä suomen- että ruotsinkieliset kirjailijat ovat viime vuosikymmeninä käsitelleet maamme historian kipupisteitä, kuten kansalaissotaa ja toisen maailmansodan tapahtumia. Tutkimuksen kohteena on Lars Sundin Siklax-trilogia, jonka muodostavat romaanit Colorado Avenue 1991 (suom. Colorado Avenue 1992), Lanthandlerskans son 1997 (suom. Puodinpitäjän poika 1998) ja Eriks bok 2003 (suom. Erikin kirja 2004). Nämä teokset edustavat postmodernia historiallista romaania, jota Suomessa on kirjoitettu suhteellisen vähän ja tutkittu vielä vähemmän. Historiallisten romaanien vaikutus lukijan asenteisiin voi olla suuri, ja siksi on tarpeen pohtia myös niitä keinoja, joilla historiaa tuotetaan ja tulkitaan. Tutkimuksessa analysoidaan Sundin romaanien tapoja representoida mennyttä, historiankäsitystä sekä suhdetta historiankirjoitukseen ja historiallisen romaanin lajiin. Tavoitteena on selvittää, millainen yhteys kerrontatekniikoiden ja menneisyyden representaatioiden välillä on. Tutkimuksessa yhdistyvät narratologinen, intertekstuaalinen ja kontekstuaalinen tarkastelutapa. Analyysin kohteena ovat teosten kerrontarakenteet sekä viittaussuhteet toisiin teksteihin ja muihin kulttuurisiin ja yhteiskunnallisiin diskursseihin. Lähestymistapaa kuvaa parhaiten klassisen ja postklassisen narratologian piirteitä yhdistävä kulttuurisen narratologian käsite, jossa teoksen kerronnallisia rakenteita tutkitaan sekä aikakautensa kulttuurisia diskursseja heijastavana että niihin vaikuttavana aktiivisena voimana. Sundin historialliset romaanit nostavat jo rakenteellaan esiin epistemologisia kysymyksiä tiedon saavutettavuudesta ja luotettavuudesta. Muiden medioiden, kuten elokuva-, maalaus- ja valokuvataiteen, esiintyminen niin tarinan kuin kerronnan tasolla sekä lukuisat intertekstuaaliset viittaukset korostavat historian moniäänisyyttä ja tulkintojen subjektiivisuutta. Tutkimus osallistuu kuvan ja sanan vuorovaikutuksesta käytyyn vilkkaaseen keskusteluun ja kytkee Lars Sundin historialliset romaanit osaksi niin kansainvälistä, pohjoismaista kuin kotimaista traditiota
Abstrakt Historiska romaner publiceras det rikligt av i Finland och genren är fortfarande populär bland läsarna. Under de senaste decennierna har både finländska och finlandssvenska författare behandlat sådana nationella smärtpunkter som inbördeskriget, vinterkriget och fortsättningskriget. I denna avhandling forskas Lars Sunds Siklax-trilogi: Colorado Avenue (1991), Lanthandlerskans son (1997) och Eriks bok (2003). Dessa romaner representerar den postmoderna historiska romanen, som det till dags dato skrivits relativt litet om i Finland och ännu mindre forskats i. Historiska romaner konstruerar nationell identitet och deltar i den kulturella och politiska dialogen om det förflutna och nutiden. Deras inverkan på läsarens inställningar kan vara stark, och därför är det nödvändigt att reflektera på de medel med vilka historien produceras och uttolkas. I avhandlingen analyseras på vilket sätt det förflutna representeras i Sunds romaner; historieuppfattningen samt relationen till historieskrivningen och till den historiska romanen som genre. Syftet är att redogöra för hurdant förhållande det finns mellan berättarmetoder och representationer av det förgångna. I undersökningen förenas ett narratologiskt, intertextuellt och kontextuellt betraktelsesätt. Det gäller att analysera romanernas berättarstrukturer samt intertextuella referenser till andra texter och till andra kulturella och sociala diskurser. Betraktelsesättet skildras bäst med begreppet kulturell narratologi (cultural narratology), som förenar drag av den klassiska och postklassiska narratologin. Detta betyder att romanens narrativa strukturer granskas som en aktiv kraft, vilken både reflekterar tidens kulturella diskurser och påverkar dem. Själva konstruktionen av Sunds historiska romaner framför epistemologiska frågor om den historiska kunskapens åtkomlighet och pålitlighet. Andra mediers närvarande på historiens och på diskursens nivåer, så som beskrivningar av fotografier och målningar eller filmiskt berättande, och åtskilliga intertextuella hänvisningar, betonar historiens polyfoni och tolkningars subjektivitet. Undersökningen kopplar Lars Sunds historiska romaner till internationell, nordisk och finländsk tradition. Dessutom anknyter analysen av Sunds visuella material undersökningen till den livliga diskussionen om samspel mellan ord och bild

La presente investigación buscó analizar los aportes del liderazgo pedagógico a partir de la revisión de literatura de diecisiete artículos académicos. El objetivo general es analizar los aportes del liderazgo pedagógico del director de escuela, a partir de la revisión de investigaciones empíricas publicadas en el Reino Unido, Finlandia y Australia entre 2010 y 2019. Los objetivos específicos son los siguientes: i) Analizar el concepto de liderazgo pedagógico en las investigaciones empíricas sobre liderazgo pedagógico escolar, ii) Contrastar las funciones del director de escuela en las investigaciones empíricas sobre liderazgo pedagógico, en que aborden al director de escuela, e iii) Identificar las características del líder pedagógico en las investigaciones empíricas sobre liderazgo pedagógico escolar. Con respecto a la metodología, dada la naturaleza de la investigación, se optó por el enfoque cualitativo empleándose el método de revisión de la literatura. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos académicos en diversas bases de datos, identificando a los descriptores de búsqueda relacionados al tema de estudio. Se analizaron artículos académicos vigentes de las bases de datos ERIC, SAGE Journals, y Taylor & Francis Journals, a partir del año 2010 al 2019 en idioma inglés. En base a la mayor cantidad de artículos relevantes encontrados, se priorizaron aquellos del Reino Unido, Finlandia y Australia. La técnica seleccionada es el análisis de documentos. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes tenemos que no existe un concepto universal de este estilo de liderazgo, así mismo, las funciones del director se centran primordialmente en el alumno y su aprendizaje, dejando en segundo plano la gestión. Las características más importantes del líder pedagógico son; confianza, resolución de problemas, capacidad para escuchar, guiar y motivar.
Tesis

The work of Ian Hamilton Finlay spans a fifty-year career, numerous media (many invented by Finlay himself) and thousands of years of Western history. Yet despite its range, it is the product of a singular artistic vision. The object of this thesis is to provide a philosophical and aesthetic framework through which Finlay’s work can be read comprehensively. Centred on the notion of the ‘non-secular’ – a term coined by Finlay in response to bureaucratic, social and artistic antagonisms – it proposes that Finlay’s entire body of work can be read as a project towards realisation of ‘non-secular’ awareness. This comprises, firstly, a longing for an ‘essential’ language and absolute truths, and a respect and reverence for those aspects of culture which strove to, if not discover, then construct and have faith in those truths. It also comprises, secondly and as a consequence, reconciliation with the fact that these absolutes can never be fully realised in the practice of everyday living. This prompts further reconciliation with the limits of our comprehension of the universe and, in the last analysis, our own mortality. This reconciliation is ‘non-secular’ insofar as it does not dispel, but rather emphasises, the notion of a ‘beyond’ inherent to these limits, without defining that ‘beyond’. Using the metaphor of a navigator’s compass, the thesis defines the borders of the ‘non-secular’ through study of Finlay’s work, his correspondence, and his relationship with his contemporaries and critics. It gathers together, develops and responds to previous criticism on Finlay in order to present a unified reading of the poet’s oeuvre which, though it cannot hope to cover every aspect, suggests how his work might best be approached, navigated and read. To this end, the thesis also draws from a number of philosophers working in the continental, hermeneutic tradition, who present ways of thinking the ‘non-secular’ which complement Finlay’s project and, in some cases, directly influence it. As the title would suggest, though the thesis explores Finlay’s work in all media, its locus is Stonypath/Little Sparta, the poet’s family home and magnum opus. Here, the tensions between life and art which give rise to the ‘non-secular’ are at their most palpable. Despite Finlay’s reputation as a visual and plastic artist, this thesis opens with the premise that his work is best approached as poetry, beginning with an extended Introduction which shows how Stonypath/Little Sparta develops from modernist poetry. Coining and defining the term ‘topographical poetics’ to describe Finlay’s site-specific works, it then constructs a formal and methodological approach for reading these ‘poems’. Preliminary discussion of the ‘non-secular’ follows, leading into a four-chapter structure concerned with sketching out the limits of the ‘non-secular compass’. The compass consists of four poles – the Poetic, the Homely, the Modern and the Classical – corresponding to Chapters One through Four respectively. Each pole serves as an absolute point by which to consider the idea of the ‘non-secular’. The exception is the Homely, a pragmatic anchor from which develops the ‘non-secular’ in its reconciliatory aspect and, ultimately, provides the unique foundation for Finlay’s work. This ‘non-secular compass’ is presented as a critical paradigm for reading Finlay. With the work itself, it may also be used as an interpretative tool which opens up to fresh and vital reflections on our comparatively ‘secularised’ existences.

This thesis examines the Swedish speaking minority in the area of Finland. Because Finland had been a part of the Kingdom of Sweden for some centuries, the Swedish language had a dominant position in Finland for quite some time. The Swedish language kept its high prestige even during the period of the Russian rule that began in 1809. In the 2nd part of the 19th century the status of the Swedish language weakened to a large extent and today it is considered to be a minority language of Finland. The purpose of this thesis is in the first instance to define the term of identity and the specifics of minority identity. Subsequently I will focus on the the Swedish speaking minority in Finland, its self- concept, history and literature. In the last part of my thesis I will investigate the work of the Finland- Swedish writer Kjell Westö, in particular his depiction of his own Finland- Swedish identity. KEY WORDS: identity, minority groups, the Swedish speaking minority in Finland, Swedish literature in Finland, Kjell Westö

The movement towards developing existing education systems to be more inclusive can be seen worldwide. However, even in a country such as Finland where inclusive ideology has been promoted in national policies for a considerable time, there are existing needs for development that need to be examined. The aim of this systematic review was to examine these existing needs for development in primary schools in Finland. Inclusive education means the inclusion of all children. In this systematic review, the focus was on those children in risk of exclusion with special educational needs due to a disability. The results are analyzed by utilizing a framework inspired by the framework developed by Ainscow and Miles (2009). The results show that there are several needs for development especially related to systems and structures, and practice. Furthermore, more systematic actions are needed moving from policies to effective implementation of inclusive practices. Overall, inclusion is a complex concept and future research conducted with diverse groups of children of all ages is greatly needed.

This master's thesis deals with the topic of Sámi poetry. The main aim of this work was to examine the history and development of lyric poetry written in North Sámi in Finland. Apart from that I also tried to find certain attributes or trends common in Sámi poetry. In this thesis I used the encyclopedic method. In the first part of the thesis I examine the North Sámi yoik from a literary perspective. Yoik is often considered to be the foundation of Sámi literature and also in this work it has turned out to be very important for Sámi literary development. The influence of the yoik can be seen through the whole history of Sámi poetry. In the next chapters I introduce important poets and their work from the end of the 19th century to present. I focus mainly on authors originating from the Finnish side of Sámiland. In addition to that I present some important historical and social events that had an impact on literature. In the final chapter, I briefly deal with the situation in publishing and translating Sámi poetry. Because my knowledge of North Sámi is very limited, I analyzed all the literary works presented in this thesis with the help of Finnish or English translations. In spite of that I managed to find some common trends in Sámi poetry. Keywords: Finland, Sámi literature, poetry, yoik, Northern...

The thesis focuses on the translations of Czech literature in Finland, specifically on the person of eminent translator from Czech into Finnish, Kirsti Siraste. It describes the historical context of the second half of the 20th century when Siraste worked as an active translator, the ideology of the era which influenced the whole social climate, i. e. the translator's and publisher's work as well; and the position of Czech literature in Finland at that time. The thesis also maps the comprehensive situation of literary translation in Finland because Czech literature is a part of literary translation production as a whole. Another focus point of the thesis is the research of norms in literary translation and Finnish literary production as well. The last part of the thesis is a translatological analysis of one of Siraste's translations, specifically The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera. The analysis consists of a comparison of the Czech and the Finnish text focusing on political references, which might become a subject of (self-)censorship, and other realities in the text; and other integral parts of translatological analysis - characteristics of Milan Kundera as a writer, and his work, the Czech version of the novel as a whole, the translation in the context, and the reception of the...

Os fluxos migratórios das últimas décadas têm contribuído para que as comunidades de falantes de português se estabeleçam um pouco por todo o mundo, nomeadamente, nos países escandinavos. Um desses países de acolhimento, a Finlândia, tem desenvolvido esforços para a integração dos imigrantes que aí se estabelecem, designadamente, através da promoção de políticas de língua, que visam o ensino da língua de herança aos alunos em idade escolar. Tem sido neste contexto que as pequenas comunidades lusófonas, a viverem no país, têm podido facultar aos filhos, imigrantes de primeira e segunda gerações, acesso ao ensino formal da sua língua de herança, o português. Os sujeitos da nossa amostra fazem parte de uma dessas pequenas comunidades e residem em Tampere, na Finlândia, onde frequentam escolas cuja língua de ensino é o finlandês. O presente trabalho pretende, por um lado, dar conta da realidade sociocultural daqueles alunos de Português Língua Não-Materna, e, por outro, visa refletir sobre a aquisição/ aprendizagem da competência pragmática por parte destes sujeitos, falantes de herança, através da realização que fazem de atos ilocutórios diretivos – de pedido e de ordem –, bem como, sobre o grau de formalização das expressões de delicadeza que fazem. Por conseguinte, elaborámos uma Ficha Sociolinguística para recolha de dados referentes ao contexto familiar, sociocultural e linguístico dos alunos. Posteriormente, elaborámos e aplicámos um teste linguístico, de Tarefas de Elicitação do Discurso, com vista à recolha de dados para a construção de um corpus linguístico que nos permitisse desenvolver o presente estudo. A aplicação do teste linguístico e consequente tratamento dos dados recolhidos revelaram que as escolhas pragmáticas dos sujeitos são condicionadas pelo contexto sociocultural e linguístico em que estão imersos. Constatámos, igualmente, que a generalidade dos alunos recorre a duas estratégias de mitigação do discurso, pelo uso de duas expressões de delicadeza: a fórmula «se faz favor»/«por favor» e o verbo modal «poder».
Migration flows of recent decades have contributed to the establishment of the Portuguese-speaking communities all over the world, including in the Scandinavian countries. One of those countries, Finland, has been carrying on efforts for the integration of the immigrants that have settled in there, namely, through the promotion of language politics targeted at the teaching of heritage language to school-aged students. This has been the context in which the small Portuguese-speaking communities, living in the country, have been able to give their children, first and second generation immigrants, the chance to learn their heritage language, the Portuguese language, at school. The subjects of our study are part of one of those small communities and live in Tampere, Finland, where they attend schools where teaching is provided in Finnish. The present work aims, on one hand, to account for the sociocultural reality of those students of Portuguese as a Foreign Language. On the other hand, it intends to think about the acquisition/learning of the pragmatic competence by the subjects, heritage speakers, by analyzing their production of direct speech acts – of request and order – as well as, the degree of formulation of politeness expressions they perform. Therefore, we have prepared a sociolinguistic survey to collect data related to the family, the sociocultural and the linguistic environment of the students. Afterwards, we have prepared and applied a language test, a Discourse Completion Test, to collect data to build a linguistic corpus in order to develop the present study. By applying the test and working the data collected we realized that the students’ pragmatic choices are restrained by the sociocultural and linguistic context they are living in. We have also found out that most of the students uses discourse softener strategies, by using two politeness formulas: «please» and the modal verb «poder» (meaning either can or may).