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Journal articles on the topic 'Finland – History – 18th century'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Veremenko, Valentina, Vladimir Shaidurov, and Darya Melnikova. "Pages of Georg Magnus Sprengtporten’s daily life." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 6-1 (June 1, 2021): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202106statyi05.

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In the second half of the 18th - early 19th century some representatives of the Swedish nobility hatched plans for the creation of an independent Finland. One of them was Georg Magnus Sprengtporten, who joined the Russian Empire in 1786 and even became Governor-General of Finland (1808-1809). In the article about the daily life of a foreigner in the Russian service, the authors used both published materials and documents from various archives (GARF, RGIA, RGVIA).

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2

Heikkinen, Antero. "Promenades as the form of exercise among the gentlefolk in 18th and 19th century Finland." Scandinavian Journal of History 17, no. 2-3 (January 1992): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468759208579231.

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3

Shaidurov, Vladimir N., and Valentina A. Veremenko. "Swedish baron G.M. Sprengtporten in Russian service, 1786-1809." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 480–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-4-480-492.

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General of the Infantry Count G.M. Sprengtporten (1740-1819) is one of the less known historical figures of the last quarter of the 18th and of the early 19th century. As a Swedish citizen, he hatched plans to turn Finland into an independent state. In the mid-1780s he saw in Catherine II a potential ally who could implement his ideas. After accepting the invitation to enter Russian service, Sprengtporten did not blend either in the Highest Court or in the Russian army. Not having shown any significant military feats during the wars of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, he distinguished himself in the diplomatic and lawmaking field. An important event was his mission to Europe (1800-1801), which resulted in the return of more than six thousand Russian prisoners to Russia. The draft Regulations on the Establishment of the Main Administration in New Finland, developed by Sprengtporten with some changes made by Emperor Aleksander I, became the cornerstone of Finnish autonomy within the Russian Empire over the next century. Occupying for a short time the post of Governor General, he became a link between Finland and Russia. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comprehensive presentation of the Russian service of G.M. Sprengtporten. The article is written on the basis of published sources and unpublished documents from some central archives, which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

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BlÄuer, Auli, Janne Harjula, Maija Helamaa, Heli Lehto, and Kari Uotila. "Zooarchaeological evidence of large-scale cattle metapodial processing in the 18th century in the small town of Rauma, Finland." Post-Medieval Archaeology 53, no. 2 (May 4, 2019): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00794236.2019.1654737.

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5

ØSTERGÅRD, UFFE. "The history of Europe seen from the North." European Review 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000263.

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The Nordic or Scandinavian countries represent variations on general European patterns of state and nation-building and political culture. Denmark and Sweden rank among the oldest and most typical of nation-states together with France, Britain and Spain and should be studied with the same questions in mind. Today, however, a sort of trans-state common Nordic identity coexists with independent national identifications among the Scandinavians. Nordic unity is regarded as a viable alternative to European culture and integration by large numbers of the populations. There has never existed a ‘Scandinavian model’ worthy of the name ‘model’. Because of a series of changes in great power politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, the major conflicts in Europe were relocated away from Northern Europe. This resulted in a virtual ‘neutralization’ of the Scandinavian countries north of the Baltic Sea. Today, the much promoted ‘Nordic identity’ reveals itself only through the nation-states. The ‘Association for Nordic Unity’ (Foreningerne Norden) was set up in 1919 only after all five Nordic countries had achieved independent nationhood: Norway in 1905, Finland in 1917, and Iceland in 1918 (the latter only as home rule to be followed by independence in 1944). The very different roads to independent nationhood among the Nordic countries and the idea of a common Nordic identity can be traced back to its beginnings in the 19th century

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Räihä, Antti. "Lutheran Clergy in an Orthodox Empire. The Apppointment of Pastors in the Russo-Swedish Borderland in the 18th Century." Perichoresis 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2015-0010.

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Abstract The history of the parishioners’ right to participate in and influence the choice of local clergy in Sweden and Finland can be taken back as far as the late Medieval Times. The procedures for electing clergymen are described in historiography as a specifically Nordic feature and as creating the basis of local self-government. In this article the features of local self-government are studied in a context where the scope for action was being modified. The focus is on the parishioners’ possibilities and willingness to influence the appointment of pastors in the Lutheran parishes of the Russo-Swedish borderlands in the 18th century. At the same time, this article will offer the first comprehensive presentation of the procedures for electing pastors in the Consistory District of Fredrikshamn. The Treaty of Åbo, concluded between Sweden and Russia in 1743, ensured that the existing Swedish law, including the canon law of 1686, together with the old Swedish privileges and statutes, as well as the freedom to practise the Lutheran religion, remained in force in the area annexed into Russia. By analysing the actual process of appointing pastors, it is possible to discuss both the development of the local political culture and the interaction between the central power and the local society in the late Early Modern era.

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Рукавишников, Д. А., Е. Н. Васильева, and Н. А. Давыдова. "Pargolovskaya manor on the plans of 18th century: from peasant arable land to Shuvalovsky park." Известия СПбЛТА, no. 243 (June 8, 2023): 136–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2023.243.136-161.

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Статья посвящена малоизученному периоду в истории земель, принадлежавших Парголовской мызе, расположенной в северных окрестностях Санкт-Петербурга, на трассе старинной Выборгской дороги. Ранний период истории знаменитого подстоличного имения рассматривается в контексте общей истории освоения северо-восточного побережья Финского залива в первой половине XVIII века, тесно связанной со строительством здесь «сестрорецких заводов» и передачей последним в бессрочное пользование обширных лесныхугодий в соответствии с петровскими указами 1719 и 1720 годов. В статье изложены результаты архивно-библиографических и историко-ландшафтных изысканий, выполненных с привлечением значительного количества первоисточников, большая часть которых впервые введена в научный оборот. Среди уточненных данных - список владельцев Парголовской мызы в XVIII веке, который открывают лейб-медики царя Петра I Р.К. Арескин и Л.Л. Блюментрост, а также документально подтвержденная дата перехода имения в собственность рода Шуваловых, что является предметом давней дискуссии в среде петербургских историков и краеведов. Особое внимание в работе уделено неопубликованным ранее планам Парголовского имения 1747 года («План Мордвинова») и 1799-1804 года («Уменьшенный план Спорных и Безспорных частей» заводских лесов). Выявленные планы проанализированы и сопоставлены с известным планом Парголовской мызы графа А.П. Шувалова 1770 года («Планом Окунева»). Итогом работы стала попытка проследить закономерности изменения пространственно-территориальной организации Парголовского имения, претерпевшего на протяжении XVIII столетия трансформацию от скромной «экономической» усадьбы царских лейб-медиков, две трети которой составляли леса, приписанные к «сестрорецким заводам», до одного из наиболее респектабельных дворянских имений под Санкт-Петербургом. The article is devoted to a little-studied period in the history of the lands belonging to Pargolovskaya manor, located in the northern environs of St. Petersburg, on the route of the ancient Vyborg road. The early history of the famous manor is considered in the context of a general history of reclamation of the North-East coast of the Gulf of Finland in the first half of the 18th century which was closely connected with construction of the«Sestroretsk factories» and giving them vast forest lands for permanent use in accordance with the Tsar Peter the Great decrees of 1719 and 1720. The article presents the results of archival, bibliographic, historical and landscape research carried out with a considerable amount of primary sources, most of which have been researched for the first time. Among the new data is the list of owners of the Pargolovskaya manor in the 18th century, which was opened by R.K. Areskin and L.L. Blumentrost, the Tsar Peter the Great's personal physicians, and the documented date of transfer of the land estate to the Shuvalov family, which is a subject of much discussion among historians and local historians of St. Petersburg. Particular attention is paid to previously unpublished plans of the Pargolovsky estate of 1747 («Mordvinov's Plan») and 1799-1804 («A reduced plan of Disputable and Uncontested parts» of the factory forests). The revealed plans are analysed and comparedto the well-known plan of the Pargolovskaya manor of Count A.P. Shuvalov («Okunev's Plan») of 1770. The paper resulted in an attempt to trace the regularity of changes in territorial and spatial organization of the Pargolovsky estate, which throughout the 18th century underwent transformation from modest «economic» estate of the Tsar's personal physicians, two-thirds of which were forests assigned to the «Sestroretsk factories», to one of the most respectable noblemen's estates near St. Petersburg.

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8

Vogt, Michaela, and Annemarie Matthäus Augschöll Blasbichler. "«Educational research must penetrate the cultural construction of the nation … and leave the comfort zone of moralizing about the world». Interview with Daniel Tröhler." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 8, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.420.

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Daniel Tröhler is an international heavyweight in Educational Sciences who has published, edited, or co-edited over 50 books or Special Issues in Journals, more than 100 journal articles, and more than 150 book-chapters. His book «Languages of Education - Protestant Legacies, National Identities, and Global Aspirations»(Routledge, 2011) was translated into multiple languages and won the American Educational Research Association’s (AERA) Outstanding Book Award. Since 2017, Tröhler holds the professorship for «Foundations of Education»at the University of Vienna (Austria). Prior to that, he researched and taught at the University of Luxemburg (2008 – 2016) and the University of Zurich (Switzerland) (2002 – 2008) where he also completed his undergraduate degree, PhD degree, and habilitation. His research explores national histories of thought in the field of education and their institutional manifestation from the 18th century to the present. Through historical as well as comparative analysis of laws, textbooks, and curricula, he juxtapositions institutional histories and history of ideas and analyzes their regional, national, and transnational impact. Tröhler was also guest professor in Oulu (Finland), Granada (Spain), and is since 2018 visiting Professor in Oslo (Norway).

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9

Veelmaa, Marge. "Käsikirjaliste mustrivihikute tähtsus kangakudumise mustrite levimise ajaloos / The historical importance of weaving pattern books." Studia Vernacula 15 (December 31, 2023): 120–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sv.2023.15.120-150.

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The late 19th century can be considered a transformative period in the history of Estonian textile weaving, during which the weaving of art fabrics onso-called Finnish looms became increasingly widespread. From this period onwards, an increasing amount of Estonian women started to study weaving in Finland, and Finnish women were invited to Estonia to teach. The article describes, based on various surviving sources, the spread of weaving patterns in Estonia and the functioning of various weaving courses and schools during this time period. It also provides an overview of the weaving pattern books, which were prevalent in Estonia until the first decades of the 20th century, based on samples preserved in museums and private collections. Pattern looms, also known as countermarch looms, Finnish looms, and sometimes also “artisan weavers’ looms”, were expensive and seemed complicated to an average weaver. Therefore, by the end of the 19th century, these types of looms were not yet widely prevalent in Estonian peasant households. They only started to become common during the early years of the independent Republic of Estonia, and it was soon a matter of honor to have Finnish looms in the house. With the establishment of weaving schools and the spread of various courses in the late 19th century, new patterns from Europe reached Estonian households. Countermarch looms that arrived via Finland offered more opportunities for weaving different textile surfaces. Also, it was possible to weave wider fabrics on these looms compared to simple looms that had been used in farmsteads earlier. The development of weaving pattern books and textbooks in time shows how the spread of more complex looms into homes went hand in hand with the emergence and popularity of women’s handicraft schools. The industrial revolution that altered the previously established modes of production from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century did bring more affordable factory products to homes. The national awakening in turn created a situation where the promotion of handicrafts was back on the social agenda. The industrial revolution, new trade relations, and the intensification of cultural exchange with neighbouring countries provided Estonian women with the opportunity to improve their position in society. From the beginning of the 20th century, cultural and educational interactions that had begun at the end of the previous century between educated and progressive women and women’s organisations became even more frequent. Keywords: weaving on loom, women’s crafts, housekeeping education, weaving pattern books, textile artisans

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10

Gouzevitch, Irina, and Dimitri Gouzevitch. "The rise of the privilege system in Russia: from the ‘special favour’ to a ‘common legal act’ (17th-19th century)." Revista de la Academia 30 (November 24, 2020): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.25074/0196318.0.1765.

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In 2012, Russia will celebrate the two-hundredth anniversary of its first legislative act protecting the rights of inventor, the famous Manifesto of 1812. This event appears as highly emblematic because of a constantly growing role played in today’s Russian economy by the private enterprising. In this new situation, a claim for an adequate and well elaborated legislation protecting the private property, including intellectual one, naturally stimulates the public interest toward the historical inheritance. A best testimony of it is an increasing number of historical overviews, published in hard version and/or on line during a few last years. At the same time, the academic works in this field are still not numerous, and many aspects of the Russian patent law remain scarcely and insufficiently studied. In addition, even the existing historiography which includes, however, a series of important works, is mainly in Russian, with the only exception of Anneli Aer’s fundamental study Patents in Imperial Russia published in 1995 in Finland, in small number of exemplars, and thus, hardly accessible. as a result, the history of patent law in Russia still remains a kind of ‘white spot’ for the West-European readers. This particular condition incited the authors, who met this problematic while studying the inventive activity of foreign engineers on the Crown service during the 18th and 19th centuries, to tempt a short synthetic overview of the rise of privileges system in Russia, from its timid beginnings to the developed and highly regulated State legislation.

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Paikkala, Sirkka. "Suvun nimissä. Nimenannon käytännöt Sisä-Suomessa 1700-luvun alusta 1950-luvulle (In the Name of the Family. Naming Practices in Central Finland from the Beginning of the 18th to the mid-20th Century)." Scandinavian Economic History Review 58, no. 1 (March 2010): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585520903516445.

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12

Ihalainen, Pasi. "The Lutheran National Community in 18th Century Sweden and 21st Century Finland." Redescriptions: Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/r.9.1.6.

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13

Kotkas, Toomas. "Pardoning in Nineteenth-Century Finland." Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 2007, no. 10 (2007): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg10/152-168.

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14

Carroll, Jerome. "William James and 18th-century anthropology." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 3 (May 9, 2018): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.

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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.

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15

Normanskaja, Julia V. "How the classification of Mansi dialects was changed (on the material of the first Cyrillic books and dictionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries)." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 1 (2022): 126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/78/10.

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The first books and dictionaries written in Mansi dialects in the 18th and 19th centuries that were never described before have been found in the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg branch) and the National Library of Finland. This paper presents the data on six dialect features identified by L. Honti in seven 18th-century dictionaries and three 19th-century books. These archival sources show that the Proto-Mansi phonemes to be differentiated in the 19th century were usually realized by doublet archaic and innovative reflexes in the 18th century. Apparently, there were no clearly distinct dialect differences between the Northern and Western Mansi dialects in the 18th century. This situation changed in the middle of the 19th century when the Proto-Mansi *ā became o in all the Southern, Eastern, and Northern dialects under discussion. Proto-Mansi *i (*a according to the reconstruction proposed) has no doublets and is reflected as a in all the dialects. The reflexes of the Proto-Mansi *c and *š make it possible to differentiate the Eastern and, presumably, Northern and Southern subdialects of the Tobolsk province. The reflex χ- of the Proto-Mansi *k- before back vowels appears not only in the Northern and Eastern dialects but also in, presumably, the Southern dialects. Thus, the study shows that the vowel phonemes had practically no doublet reflexes in the 19th century and coincided in the four dialects examined. The consonant phonemes, on the other hand, make it possible to differentiate between the Southern, Northern, and Eastern dialects.

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Marker, Gary. "The Ambiguities of the 18th Century." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 2 (2001): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0094.

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Rjéoutski, Vladislav. "Key Concepts in 18th-Century Russia." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no. 2 (2020): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0014.

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Speck, W. A. "Will the Real 18th Century stand up?" Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (March 1991): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014011.

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Hewson, John. "An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.04hew.

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Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.

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20

Schalow, Paul, and C. Andrew Gerstle. "18th Century Japan: Culture and Society." Monumenta Nipponica 45, no. 3 (1990): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384912.

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21

Newby, Andrew G. "‘Black spots on the map of Europe’: Ireland and Finland as oppressed nationalities,c.1860–1910." Irish Historical Studies 41, no. 160 (November 2017): 180–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2017.31.

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AbstractIn late 1909, the liberal Russian newspaperBirzhevye Vedomostiexpressed the fear that Finland could become ‘Russia’s Ireland’. The implication was that by restricting the autonomy that Finland had enjoyed within the Russian Empire for much of the preceding century, Russian nationalists risked creating a chaotic, discontented eastern province, dangerously close to the imperial capital. The ‘Russia’s Ireland’ motif became so prominent in the following eight years – before Finnish independence in 1917 – as to become an international cliché. The discourse of imperial subjugation that existed in both Ireland and Finland in the first decade of the twentieth century has rather obscured the fact that, despite obvious superficial parallels, the nineteenth-century experiences of these nations differed considerably. Both Finland and Ireland were part of larger imperial systems in the nineteenth century, and national movements emerged in both countries that sought to develop political, economic and cultural autonomy. Finland became a sporadic model for diverse Irish national aspirations, but the analogy was rejected consistently, and often vigorously, by Finns in the nineteenth century. This article charts the development of the Finnish–Irish constitutional analogy from the middle of the nineteenth century to the eve of both nations’ independence. It demonstrates that despite the similarities in overall historical timelines, contemporaries perceived differences between the two cases.

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Markkola, Pirjo. "The Long History of Lutheranism in Scandinavia. From State Religion to the People’s Church." Perichoresis 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2015-0007.

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Abstract As the main religion of Finland, but also of entire Scandinavia, Lutheranism has a centuries-long history. Until 1809 Finland formed the eastern part of the Swedish Kingdom, from 1809 to 1917 it was a Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire, and in 1917 Finland gained independence. In the 1520s the Lutheran Reformation reached the Swedish realm and gradually Lutheranism was made the state religion in Sweden. In the 19th century the Emperor in Russia recognized the official Lutheran confession and the status of the Lutheran Church as a state church in Finland. In the 20th century Lutheran church leaders preferred to use the concept people’s church. The Lutheran Church is still the majority church. In the beginning of 2015, some 74 percent of all Finns were members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. In this issue of Perichoresis, Finnish historians interested in the role of church and Christian faith in society look at the religious history of Finland and Scandinavia. The articles are mainly organized in chronological order, starting from the early modern period and covering several centuries until the late 20th century and the building of the welfare state in Finland. This introductory article gives a brief overview of state-church relations in Finland and presents the overall theme of this issue focusing on Finnish Lutheranism. Our studies suggest that 16th and early 17th century Finland may not have been quite so devoutly Lutheran as is commonly claimed, and that late 20th century Finland may have been more Lutheran than is commonly realized.

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23

Upton, A. F. "Hungary and Finland in the 20th Century." English Historical Review 119, no. 480 (February 1, 2004): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/119.480.267.

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Upton, Anthony F., and Toivo Nygard. "Hired Labor in Seventeenth-Century Finland." American Historical Review 97, no. 3 (June 1992): 870. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2164853.

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25

Helgason, Jon. "Why ABC Matters: Lexicography and Literary History." Culture Unbound 2, no. 4 (November 4, 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.

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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.

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Vekerdi, József. "An 18th-century Transylvanian Gypsy Vocabulary." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no. 3 (September 2006): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.3.5.

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27

Simon, Jonathan. "A material perspective on 18th-century chemistry." Metascience 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9355-x.

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28

Weiller, Kenneth J., and Philip Mirowski. "Rates of interest in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90002-g.

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Božić Bogović, Dubravka, and Mihaela Komar. "Demographic Indicators in the Registers of Marriages of the 18th Century Parish of Miholjac." Review of Croatian history 16, no. 1 (August 1, 2020): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11340.

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This paper, using historical demography methods, as well as quantitative, analytical and descriptive methods, determines, analyses and interprets the demographic indicators contained in the registers of marriages of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac. In addition to identifying the corpus of the data contained in the registers of marriages, to be potentially used as indicators of certain demographic facts relating to the past of the population of the 18th century Donji Miholjac and its immediate surroundings, the paper also determines the annual, seasonal, monthly and daily distribution of marriages and examines the level of the impact which social, religious, cultural, and economic factors had on entering into marriage. The assumption that the population of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac did not enter the demographic transition phase, in other words that it exhibits characteristics specific to pre-transitional societies, is verified by determining the age of newlyweds when entering marriage and by analysing remarriages.

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Stimson, S. C. "Political and economic theory in the 18th century." History of the Human Sciences 21, no. 1 (February 2008): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526951080210010104.

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Medvedev, Yury. "Predecessors of the Declaration of Armed Neutrality. History and Modernity." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2021): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202112statyi76.

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The author examines the circumstances of the creation of treaties on free trade in the Baltic Sea in the middle of the 18th century, which became the prototype of the Declaration of Armed Neutrality of 1780. The article presents the historiography of the creation and authorship of the Declaration of Armed Neutrality. The author also expresses his point of view that the historical experience of Russia in neutralizing international sea routes to ensure the security of trade in the 18th century can be used in modern realities.

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Świtalska, Alicja. "IN BRIEF POLICE CITY HISTORY TO THE 18TH CENTURY." space&FORM 2018, no. 33 (March 30, 2018): 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2018.33.e-02.

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Pichugin, Pavel V. "History of Theological Seminary Library in Novgorod (18th century)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 12, 2011): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2011-0-6-94-99.

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Ratto, Adrián. "Voltaire, Diderot, and Russian History in the 18th Century." Eidos 36 (August 19, 2021): 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.36.194.03.

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En las primeras páginas de la Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, publicada entre 1759 y 1763, Voltaire presenta una serie de reflexiones acerca del método que se debería seguir al escribir un trabajo histórico y de las características que debería tener un historiador ideal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar en qué medida el texto se ajusta a la metodología que Voltaire se propone seguir. Se intenta mostrar que el autor se aleja por momentos de la misma, poniendo en riesgo el plan de la obra. Por otra parte, el artículo pone de relieve ciertas diferencias ideológicas y epistemológicas entre Voltaire y Diderot a propósito de la historia rusa, algo que puede resultar llamativo, en la medida en que sus textos son colocados, en general, bajo las mismas categorías historiográficas. En un plano más general, el texto arroja algunas luces acerca de la teoría de la historia en el siècle des Lumières.

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Gerstle, C. Andrew. "The Sense of History in 18th Century Jōruri Drama." Maske und Kothurn 35, no. 2-3 (September 1989): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/muk.1989.35.23.39.

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Popova, Ludmila. "The Vision of a Human in the History of the Concept of «Law»: Lexicographic and Functional Aspects." Philology & Human, no. 3 (September 9, 2022): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/filichel(2022)3-09.

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The vision of a person in the historical structure of the concept of «law» is considered on the basis of subject nominations in the lexical family «law» as the core of the concept. In the language of the 11th–19th centuries the thematic groups of nominations are singled out in lexicography as follows: subjects establishing laws; subjects implementing laws and subjects monitoring the implementation of laws; subjects aware of laws and interpreting them; subjects violating the law; household members in relation to the law. The predominantly religious nature of the nominations until the 18th century is noted. Since the 18th century a tendency to differentiation of religious and legal semantics was recorded as well as a decrease in the number religious nominations. In the 18th–19th centuries the dominance of nominations with legal semantics is revealed. The use of many nominations of the 18th century for the political-legal and religious realias of other nations is noted. A different scope of the nominations of subjects in relation to the law of the 18th–19th centuries is revealed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language, the tendency to transfer the nominations to non-religious spheres is confirmed.

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Su, Wen-yang, Hao-rong Lin, and Anastasia Kabachkova. "A review of the development history of exercise physiology." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 12-3 (December 1, 2022): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202212statyi92.

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This article attempts to organize the development history and course of exercise physiology. The authors take the initial enlightenment stage, the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century, the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and the 1920s to the 1940s as the time nodes.

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Paczkowski, Szymon. "Research on 18th Century Music in Poland. An Introduction." Musicology Today 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/muso-2016-0008.

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Abstract Research on 18th-century music has been one of the key areas of interest for musicologists ever since the beginnings of musicological studies in Poland. It initially developed along two distinct lines: general music history (with publications mostly in foreign languages) and local history (mostly in Polish). In the last three decades the dominant tendency among Polish researchers has been, however, to relate problems of 18th-century Polish musical culture to the political history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and more generally – to the political history of Central Europe at large. The most important subjects taken up in research on 18th-century music include: the musical cultures of the royal court in 18th-century Warsaw (primarily in the works of Alina Żórawska-Witkowska) as well as Polish aristocratic residences (e.g. studies by Szymon Paczkowski and Irena Bieńkowska), the ecclesiastical and monastic circles (publications by Alina Mądry, Paweł Podejko, Remigiusz Pośpiech and Tomasz Jeż); problems of musical style (texts by Szymon Paczkowski); research on sources containing music by European composers (e.g. by Johann Adolf Hasse); the musical culture of cities (of Gdańsk, first and foremost); studies concerning the transfer of music and music-related materials, the musical centres and peripheries, etc.

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Penttinen, Antti, Elena Moltchanova, and Ilkka Nummela. "Bayesian modeling of the evolution of male height in 18th century Finland from incomplete data." Economics & Human Biology 11, no. 4 (December 2013): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2013.06.002.

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Bratchikova, Nadezhda Stanislavovna. "THE FINNISH MODEL OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL SPHERES OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 18th CENTURY." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-2-293-303.

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The article deals with the structure of multilingual cultural and educational spheres of Finland in the first half of the XVIII century. The study identifies specific features of the Enlightenment society model. These features originated due to the subordination of Finland to the Kingdom of Sweden, multilingualism in society, common faith and political immaturity of the population. In the description of the social and cultural spheres of Finnish society, the economic situation of each region was taken into account. The study is based on the legislative acts, which regulated the style of life in the society, and life activity of the leading socio-political figures and clerics, who actively tried to arouse the sympathy of those in power to the Finnish people. The article analyses the activity of such supporters of Finnish culture and language as, for example, J. Gezelius the Younger, G. Tuderus, A. Lizelius, priests of the Akrenius family. The paper examines their contribution to the formation of Finnish identity and Finnish culture as a whole. In essence, the work of these very priests and public figures was the forerunner of the fennophilic movement. D. Juslenius is considered to be the father of the movement. The proposed study pays particular attention to the development of the school system in Finland. To establish the Lutheran faith and strengthen the institution of state power, the following actions were made. The state sought to develop a public education system in order to increase the competence of officials and clergy and teach the population literacy. The article describes the difficulties encountered in the implementation of the program to educate the population. The multilingualism of the society at that time was as follows. The majority spoke only Finnish, intellectuals spoke Latin and Swedish, while traders and industrialists communicated in German and other Western European languages. In the first half of the 18th century, the Swedish language became widely used inside the academic community. The reasons for such a transition are presented in the article. The author of the study concludes that during the period under review the language didn’t play a key role in the union of the nation. The main contributors were Lutheran faith and devotion to the Swedish king.

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Rutten, Gijsbert. "‘Lowthian’ Linguistics across the North Sea." Historiographia Linguistica 39, no. 1 (March 22, 2012): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.39.1.04rut.

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Summary This paper focuses on Dutch grammar-writing in the 18th century so as to put the linguistic works of Robert Lowth (1710–1787) in an international, comparative perspective. It demonstrates that certain characteristics of the “Lowthian” approach to grammar and of 18th-century English linguistics in general are parallelled by similar developments in the history of Dutch linguistics. The transition from normative grammar to prescriptive grammar which characterises the English late 18th century has a counterpart in the Dutch development from ‘civil’ to national grammar. Lowth’s recognition of different stylistic levels with corresponding levels of grammatical acceptability has a Dutch counterpart as well. The transition towards prescriptivism and the relevance of different stylistic levels are closely connected, which is exemplified by a case study on the treatment of adnominal inflection in 18th-century grammars of Dutch.

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Rainio-Niemi, Johanna. "Managing fragile democracy: Constitutionalist ethos and constrained democracy in Finland." Journal of Modern European History 17, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 519–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419880658.

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This article examines the role that the constitution and the deep-seated, cultural respect for constitutional and administrative stability have played in Finland. The text examines this tradition in a long historical perspective stretching from the nineteenth-century administrative and cultural ‘defence’ battles to the militant legalist protection of the constitutional stability in the 1930s, and, finally, analyses the slow but determined turn towards a more distinctively ‘Nordic’, more integrative and inclusive, model of managing the fragilities within modern democracy. The article argues that Finland of the early twentieth century presents an exceptionally early case of militant and defensive democracy, and, moreover, one that demonstrates the role of the long-term politico-cultural traditions in the adoption of features of militant democracy in a society. This distinctively defensive, and at times, militant constitutionalist ethos has served to protect democracy at many critical moments in the history of twentieth-century Finland. Yet, the protection has often been secondary to the main priority, namely, the maintenance of the stability of the existing constitutional order. This attitude has marked the notions and practices of modern democracy throughout the twentieth century in Finland.

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Lempiäinen, Terttu. "Botanical Exploration by the Academy of Turku (Finland) in the 17th Century (to the Beginning of the 18th Century)." Botanical Journal of Scotland 46, no. 4 (January 1994): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13594869409441766.

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Patroeva, Natal'ia V., and Aleksandr A. Lebedev. "Book review: Feofan Prokopovich. Ten books on rhetorical art / translated by G. A. Stratanovsky; text preparation by S. I. Nikolaev; text eds by E. V. Markasova, S. I. Nikolaev; comments by E. V. Markasova; scientific editorial translation by E. V. Vvedenskaya. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Alliance-Archeo Publ., 2020. 288 p." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 63 (2022): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-63-348-353.

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The monograph is a commented translation of the most important monument of Russian aesthetic thought of the first quarter of the 18th century — “Rhetoric” by Feofan Prokopovich. The translation was made by the classical philologist G. A. Stratanovsky (1901–1986) in the mid-1960s. The introduction of a previously unknown Russian translation of a rhetorical treatise into the scientific circulation will give a new impetus to the study of Russian literature of the 18th century, and will also make it possible to enrich the ideas of philologists about the study of Russian rhetoric in the Soviet period. The publication is addressed to philologists and historians of all specializations, teachers of the Russian language and literature, specialists in the history of rhetoric, the history of linguistic doctrines, the history of literary ties in the 18th century.

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Shore, Heather. "Print Culture, Crime and Justice in 18th-Century London." Social History 41, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1112987.

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Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko, and Stepan Zakharkevich. "Gypsies: from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.

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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in Siberia, many of them settled in cities and engaged in trade and crafts. The present paper approaches the issues of the ethnic-dispersive Gypsies community setup in Siberia, the basis of which was laid by Belarusian Gypsies. The paper is written mainly based on archive material, introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

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Hacijeva, Ulvia Sh. "ABOUT THE CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE HISTORICAL SOURCE (Review on the article: Hakobyan H.E., Khapizov Sh.M. “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries // History, archeology and ethnography of the Caucasus. Vol. 16. No. 1. 2020. P. 76-84)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 16, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch163830-841.

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This publication is a response to the article by H.E. Hakobyan and Sh.M. Khapizov “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries”. The information given in the article refers exclusively to ethno-political events in the South Caucasus at the end of the 18th century, which does not allow us to evaluate the work of Odznetsi as “an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries.” The authors consider this source outside the historical geography of the region of the 18th century, when a number of khanates and sultanates existed in the eastern part of the South Caucasus, headed until the beginning of the 19th century Azerbaijani Turkic dynasties, and the territory of historical Armenia was the region of Ottoman Turkey in Anatolia.

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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. "Invention and the State in 18th-Century France." Technology and Culture 32, no. 4 (October 1991): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.

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Høst-Madsen, Lene. "An 18th-century timber wharf in Copenhagen Harbour." Post-Medieval Archaeology 40, no. 2 (September 2006): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581306x160107.

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Blanco, Mónica. "Thomas Simpson: Weaving fluxions in 18th-century London." Historia Mathematica 41, no. 1 (February 2014): 38–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2013.07.001.

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