Academic literature on the topic 'Fine wine instrument'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fine wine instrument"
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Danner, Lukas, Trent E. Johnson, Renata Ristic, Herbert L. Meiselman, and Susan E. P. Bastian. "Consumption Context Effects on Fine Wine Consumer Segments’ Liking and Emotions." Foods 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9121798.
Full textAbstract:
Wine consumer lifestyle segmentation has been widely studied; however, most studies have solely utilised online surveys. This work investigated the impact of context on wine consumer segments’ liking and emotions while consuming wines in different environments. Two studies were conducted with regular wine consumers segmented based on their fine wine behaviour using the Fine Wine Instrument. Study 1 (n = 122) investigated the effects of wine variety and product information, and Study 2 (n = 346) the effects of wine quality and consumption context, on hedonic and emotional responses of the segments. Within both studies, three segments were identified and named: Wine Enthusiasts, Aspirants and No Frills. The Wine Enthusiast segment generally liked the wines more and perceived more intense positive emotions when consuming wine compared to the No Frills segment, with the Aspirant’s likes and emotion intensities ranging in between. Wine Enthusiasts were more discriminative of their preferred wines and reported stronger positive emotions when tasting higher quality (Study 1) and more complex (Study 2) wines. The consistent results across the two studies showed for the first time that consumer segments, based on lifestyle segmentation, differ in their hedonic and emotional responses towards wine when actually tasting wines, demonstrating that the Fine Wine Instrument has practical implications and can identify wine consumers displaying different wine consumption behaviours.
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Johnson, Trent E., and Susan E. P. Bastian. "A fine wine instrument – an alternative for segmenting the Australian wine market." International Journal of Wine Business Research 27, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 182–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwbr-04-2014-0020.
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Purpose – The purpose of the study was to devise an instrument, labelled the Fine Wine Instrument (FWI), to measure the fine wine behaviour of respondents and then use that base to segment the consumer sample. The behaviour of those respondents who scored highly on the FWI was examined in detail. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey collected quantitative information from a convenience sample of Australian wine consumers (n = 1,017). Using the FWI as the segmentation base, cluster analysis identified three segments of consumers, denoted “Wine Enthusiasts”, “Aspirants” and “No Frills” wine drinkers, and their respective wine-related behaviours were examined. Findings – The Wine Enthusiasts’ segment consumed more wine, spent more money on wine and were more knowledgeable about wine than the other two segments. The demographics of the Wine Enthusiasts’ segment indicated that the members were not consistent with the conventional view of wine connoisseurs, as many were under the age of 35. Their lifetime value to the wine industry was highlighted along with potential targeting strategies. Some structural elements of the Australian domestic wine market were also noted. Practical implications – A segmentation base of a wine market is presented, which the authors argue provides a more sophisticated analysis than other commonly used segmentation bases. Originality/value – This study was the first to segment the Australian market using the recently developed FWI. The study provides the latest information on this market and deeper consumer insights that may permit better business-to-consumer engagement.
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Verdonk, Naomi, Renata Ristic, Julie A. Culbert, Karma Pearce, and Kerry L. Wilkinson. "Investigating Australian Consumers’ Perceptions of and Preferences for Different Styles of Sparkling Wine Using the Fine Wine Instrument." Foods 10, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030488.
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This study investigated consumer preferences for different styles of sparkling wine and the influence of wine style and occasion on sparkling wine purchasing and consumption behavior. Australian consumers (n = 203) completed an online survey and blind tasting of representative styles of commercial sparkling wines, including Champagne. Wine sensory profiles were determined by descriptive analysis using a trained panel (n = 12) and consumers were segmented into ‘No Frills’, ‘Aspirant’ and ‘Enthusiast’ clusters using the Fine Wine Instrument. Consumer perceptions, preferences and liking were measured using 9-point hedonic scales and compared via statistical analysis. Consumers anticipated liking Champagne and sparkling white wine the most, and Moscato and Prosecco the least, but on tasting, could only readily identify the Moscato and sparkling red wines, as the most contrasting wine styles. As such, liking scores for the Champagne and sparkling white wine were significantly lower based on tasting (median scores were 6.0, compared with 9.0 and 8.0 for survey responses, respectively). Consumers’ preconceived expectations of different sparkling wine styles clearly influenced purchasing and consumption behavior. Aspirants and Enthusiasts were more likely to spend more per bottle for Champagne and sparkling white wine, and consumption of these sparkling wines was most frequently associated with celebratory occasions, such as anniversaries, birthdays, Christmas, New Year and weddings.
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Verdonk, Naomi, Renata Ristic, Julie Culbert, Karma Pearce, and Kerry Wilkinson. "Understanding Australian Wine Consumers’ Preferences for Different Sparkling Wine Styles." Beverages 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages6010014.
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This study investigated the perceptions and preferences of Australian wine consumers towards different styles of sparkling wine, including French Champagne and Australian sparkling white, red and rosé wine, Moscato and Prosecco. An online survey of 1027 regular sparkling wine consumers captured demographic information, sparkling wine perceptions and preferences, and typical spending and consumption patterns. Consumers were segmented into three distinct clusters (‘No Frills’, ‘Aspirants’ and ‘Enthusiasts’) using the Fine Wine Instrument model. The majority of No Frills consumers were female and typically consumed sparkling wine once per month. Almost 55% of Aspirants were male with a household income of more than AU$75,000. Enthusiast consumers were also predominantly male and well educated, and 64% were under the age of 35 years. Sparkling white wine and Champagne were generally the preferred styles for each consumer group, followed by Moscato and sparkling rosé wine. Interestingly, Moscato scored favorably with both No Frills and Enthusiast segments. Almost 25% of respondents indicated that they were not familiar with Prosecco, while sparkling red wine was perceived similarly by male and female consumers. The findings from this study can be used by sparkling wine producers to better target their products and marketing to the specific needs and expectations of consumers within different segments of the Australian domestic market.
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Mezei, Laura V., Trent E. Johnson, Steven Goodman, Cassandra Collins, and Susan E. P. Bastian. "Meeting the demands of climate change: Australian consumer acceptance and sensory profiling of red wines produced from non-traditional red grape varieties." OENO One 55, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4571.
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To endure the challenge of climate change, the Australian wine industry could adopt new wine grape varieties more tolerant of these pending conditions. The aims of this study were to (i) generate sensory profiles and (ii) gain knowledge about Australian wine consumers’ liking of Australian and international wines made from selected drought-resistant, red wine grape varieties not traditionally grown in Australia but better suited for a changing Australian climate. A Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) sensory panel (n = 43) profiled 24 commercial red wines made from 9 purportedly drought-tolerant red grape varieties, plus a single example of an Australian Cabernet-Sauvignon, Grenache and Shiraz wine. A subset of 10 wines was subjected to preference trials with Australian red wine consumers (n = 113) and underwent basic chemical composition measures. Consumers liked all 10 wines, scoring them greater than 5.7 on a 9-point Likert scale. The Fine Wine Instrument (FWI) identified 3 consumer segments (Wine Enthusiasts (WE); Aspirants (ASP) and No Frills (NF)). WE liked the 2 Touriga Nacional and Nero d’Avola wines significantly more than the NF consumers and the Graciano significantly more than the ASP. Correlation tests determined that the WE segment liked wines with aromas of vanilla, sweet taste, jammy, confectionary, vanilla and woody flavours and a non-fruit after taste, and the attributes responsible for the ASP segment's liking of the wines were red colour, jammy and toasty/smoky aromas, jammy and savoury flavours and alcohol mouthfeel and non-fruity aftertaste. NF consumers liked wines with aromas of vanilla, confectionary, jammy and red fruit flavours; smooth mouthfeel and a fruity aftertaste, but disliked wines displaying aromas of cooked vegetables and savoury, bitter taste, flavours of cooked vegetables, forest floor, green pepper and herbaceous, and rough mouthfeel. WE liked wines reminiscent of Cabernet-Sauvignon, Grenache and Shiraz while the ASP and NF consumers had preferences leaning towards wines similar in style to a Shiraz and Grenache, respectively. These findings indicate to wine producers the potential of these new wines in the current Australian market and the possibility that increasing future cultivation of these varieties as a response to climate change might lead to a more sustainable wine industry in the future.
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KOOPMAN, TON. "EDITORIAL." Eighteenth Century Music 16, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570618000313.
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It was as a boy of twelve or thirteen that I played the harpsichord for the first time. My early experiences of ensemble playing with the instrument took place with my contemporaries, but primarily with my Dutch teacher at secondary school and his wife, Mr and Mrs Meijer. Both were amateur recorder players, and as a young amateur harpsichordist I would accompany them. At first I would diligently play the realized basso-continuo parts, such as the ones often found in twentieth-century editions. Sometimes it was clear that one could make changes to what was in the realizations, informed by one's own insights, but my insights were not formed at that stage and I did not know where to begin. Very soon I found these realized parts boring. One day, while drinking a glass of wine (one of my first), Mr Meijer asked me, ‘Have you noticed that under the realized part, there are often figures noted down? Do you dare to play from them?’. After many wrong chords, but in the company of kind people who had also made mistakes themselves, I began to understand the system of figures a little. We played together every Saturday, and very soon I found it more pleasant to play without the chordal realizations. Then one fine Saturday afternoon, I sat down at the harpsichord to find that Mr or Mrs Meijer had taped over the right hand of the realized continuo part with an empty staff! There was no more escaping it now: I was dragged back to the bass line and the figures. After many further Saturday afternoon sessions, the results became more acceptable.
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Kwak, Seung Jun, Jae Il Cho, and Eun Chul Choi. "Fine Dust is Coming Again: The Effect of Air Pollution on Health Using Seasonal Weather Patterns." Korean Data Analysis Society 24, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 1625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2022.24.5.1625.
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Air pollution, especially fine dust(PM10) and ultra-fine dust(PM2.5), adversely affects people’s health status. However, measuring its effect has been an ongoing debate in health economics and related fields. Air pollution levels are highly correlated to economic conditions (firms produce more during the economic boom increasing the air pollution levels and vice-versa during the recession), which affect individual decisions on medical expenditure and avoidance behavior. In this light, our study uses seasonal weather patterns (i.e., wind direction and wind speed) as instruments to measure and analyze the causal effect of air pollution(PM10 and PM2.5) on mortality. Instruments are robust and valid as seasonal wind patterns are known to affect the air pollution level while they are orthogonal to people's health. Our panel fixed instrumental variable regression results show the clear adverse effect of PM10 and PM2.5 on the number of deaths, especially the deaths caused by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Moreover, we also have found that the effect of PM2.5 is more detrimental to health than PM10.
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Hansen, Uwe J. "Materials in Musical Instruments: Romance of Art and Science." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 3 (March 1995): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400044353.
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A few years ago, I surprised my wife by asking for a guitar for Christmas. Our budget was limited in those days, so I started at the low-cost end and remember being disappointed with the tone quality of the guitar we purchased. Even with my poorly trained ear, I could tell the difference between a $50 guitar and a $100 instrument. The jump from $100 to $200 was also easily detectable. I could even make out the difference in tone quality between a $200 and a $500 guitar. One hand-crafted instrument with a $1000 price tag had a lovely tone. However, the limitations of my ear made it difficult to detect significant improvement in tone quality beyond that stage. At any rate, I realized that an instrument manufacturer would clearly not waste precious select woods on a “cigar-box” instrument. Since then, while trying to unlock the secrets of fine tone quality, the importance of materials in crafting fine musical instruments has become apparent during my investigations of various musical instruments in the laboratory.
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Niklas, Britta, Karl Storchmann, and Nick Vink. "Fairtrade Wine Price Dispersion in the United Kingdom." Journal of Wine Economics 12, no. 4 (November 2017): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jwe.2017.48.
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AbstractThis paper analyzes wine price dispersion in the United Kingdom. In particular, we are interested in examining whether Fairtrade wines are different from non-Fairtrade wines. Because Fairtrade wines serve an additional social purpose, one may think that consumers search less aggressively for the outlet with the lowest price, thus allowing for a larger price dispersion than for regular wines. We draw on data for about seven thousand wines from South Africa, Fairtrade and non-Fairtrade, sold in the United Kingdom between 2007 and 2012. In a first step, we run a hedonic regression model explaining the wine prices using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) Instrumental Variable (IV) approaches. In the next step, we regress the squared residuals from the first step on a Fairtrade 0-1 dummy-variable. When using the squared residuals from the OLS model, we find that Fairtrade is a negative determinant of price dispersion. Therefore, Fairtrade wines exhibit a significant lower price dispersion than the comparison group. When using the squared residuals from the IV model, we find mixed results and suspect the presence of a substantial bias due to weak instruments. Finally, in order to avoid IV pitfalls, we ran Fairtrade and Non-Fairtrade wines in separate equations. We find support for the OLS results, i.e., Fairtrade wines appear to exhibit lower price dispersion than their non-Fairtrade counterparts. Whether this is due to consumer search is a priori unclear. (JEL Classifications: L31, L81, Q11)
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Frota, Luciana Maria Arcanjo, Bernardo Almeida Aguiar, Maria Gerusa Brito Aragão, and Bruno Carvalho de Vasconcelos. "Removal of Separated Endodontic K-File with the Aid of Hypodermic Needle and Cyanoacrylate." Case Reports in Dentistry 2016 (2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3970743.
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A wide range of accidents might happen during the treatment of the root canal system, where the instrument separation is one of the most unpleasant occurrences. Several techniques have been developed to facilitate the removal of the fragments; however, they generally require specific devices that not always are available to the clinician. The aim of this case report is to present a simple alternative technique to remove from the root canals manual instruments fractured during the treatment. The case has its outline based on a 31-year-old patient who sought the clinic to have her maxillary first left premolar rehabilitated. The clinic and radiographic examinations revealed the need of endodontic retreatment and the presence of a fragment of a K-file instrument localized at the apical third of the palatine canal. The retreatment was initiated by the removal of the obturation materials followed by several unsuccessful attempts to take out the fractured instrument. Hence, it was chosen to perform the fragment removal using a hypodermic needle and cyanoacrylate adhesive. The fragment easily came out, which reinforces the technique adopted as a safe, simple, and low cost mean to solve the problem of fractured instruments using only items already present in the endodontic arsenal.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fine wine instrument"
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Dobler, Jeremy Todd. "Novel Alternating Frequency Doppler Lidar Instrument for Wind Measurements in the Lower Troposphere." Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1358%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Amort, Joseph Scott. "Sans fin sans (endlessness): for guitar, seven wind instruments and double bass." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/12470.
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sans fin sans (endlessness) is a fifteen-minute musical composition scored for solo guitar, seven wind instruments (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, trumpet, horn, trombone) and double bass. Although the work is in one continuous movement, it consists of seven distinct sections, each constructed from fragmented pieces of a precomposed originating structure. Influenced by the prose of Samuel Beckett, sans fin sans is an exploration of non-linear time and the Deleuzian notion of art as abstract machine.
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Verdonk, Naomi. "Bursting the Bubble: Understanding Australian Consumer Preferences for Sparkling Wine Styles." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/131785.
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This research investigated Australian consumers’ preferences for Australian sparkling wine
styles. Firstly, focus group thematic analysis examines consumer opinions concerning different
sparkling wine styles, in addition to discussion about the importance of country of origin,
occasion, price, and sensory attributes as purchase drivers (Chapter 2). Findings suggest
producers could benefit from marketing a range of sparkling wines to cater to different tastes,
occasions and gift purchases. Results also confirm the importance of marketers pursuing
opportunities to obtain and promote favourable expert reviews for their sparkling wines, and
of identifying and promoting regional distinctiveness.
Chapters 3 and 4 investigate the influence of wine involvement and knowledge, on consumer
preferences for Australian sparkling white (made via carbonation, Charmat, transfer and
Méthode Traditionelle), sparkling rosé, sparkling red, Moscato and Prosecco compared to
French Champagne. Consumers were segmented into three distinct clusters (‘No Frills’,
‘Aspirants’ and ‘Enthusiasts’) using the Fine Wine Instrument (FWI). Chapter 3 found that the
majority of No Frills consumers were female and typically consumed sparkling wine once per
month. Almost 55% of Aspirants were male with a household income of more than AU$75,000.
Enthusiast consumers were also predominantly male and well educated, and 64% were under
the age of 35 years. Sparkling white wine and Champagne were generally the preferred styles
for each consumer group, followed by Moscato and sparkling rosé wine. Interestingly, Moscato
scored favourably with both No Frills and Enthusiast segments. Almost 25% of respondents
indicated they were not familiar with Prosecco, while sparkling red wine was perceived
similarly by male and female consumers.
Furthermore, Chapter 4 provides a detailed examination of the results from descriptive analysis
of representative wine samples using a trained panel; an online survey where participants were
segmented into FWI clusters; and blind wine tasting preference testing. Consumer perceptions,
preferences and liking were measured using 9-point hedonic scales and compared via statistical
analysis. Consumers anticipated liking Champagne and sparkling white wine the most, and
Moscato and Prosecco the least, but on tasting, could only readily identify the Moscato and
sparkling red wines, i.e. the most contrasting wine styles. As such, liking scores for the
Champagne and sparkling white wine were significantly lower based on tasting scores (median
scores were 6.0, compared with 9.0 and 8.0 for survey responses, respectively). These results suggest consumers’ pre-conceived expectations of different sparkling wine styles clearly
influence their purchasing and consumption behaviour. Aspirants and Enthusiasts were more
likely to pay a higher price per bottle for Champagne and sparkling white wine than other
sparkling wine styles, and consumption of these sparkling wines was most frequently
associated with celebratory occasions such as anniversaries, birthdays, Christmas, New Year
and weddings.
This insight will be used to identify and evaluate sparkling wine styles and/or marketing
strategies which might influence consumers’ purchasing decisions in favour of Australian
sparkling wine. This will in turn, enable the Australian wine industry to capture a greater
proportion of sparkling wine sales within existing and emerging markets internationally,
thereby delivering economic benefits to sparkling wine producers.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, 2021
Books on the topic "Fine wine instrument"
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: Uncontrolled impact with terrain, Fine Airlines Flight 101, Douglas DC-8-61, N27UA, Miami, Florida, August 7, 1997. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1998.
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Board, United States National Transportation Safety. Aircraft accident report: Zantop International Airlines, Inc., Lockheed L-188A Electra, Chalkhill, Pennsylvania, May 30, 1984. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1985.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: Piper PA-23-150, N2185P and Pan American World Airways Boeing 727-235, N4743, Tampa, Florida, November 6, 1986. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1987.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: United Airlines flight 663, Boeing 727-222, N7647U, Denver, Colorado, May 31, 1984. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1985.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: In-flight icing encounter and loss of control, Simmons Airlines, d.b.a. American Eagle flight 4184, Avions de Transport Regional (ATR) model 72-212, N401AM, Roselawn, Indiana, October 31, 1994. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1996.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: Runway departure following landing, American Airlines flight 102, McDonnell Douglas CD-10-30, N139AA, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas, April 14, 1993. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1994.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: Runway departure during attempted takeoff, Tower Air Flight 41, Boeing 747-136, N605FF, JFK International Airport, New York, December 10, 1995. Washington, D.C: National Transportation Safety Board, 1996.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: Galaxy Airlines, Inc., Lockheed Electra-L-188C, N5532, Reno, Nevada, January 21, 1985. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1986.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: Midair collision of Skywest Airlines Swearingen Metro II, N163SW, and Mooney M20, N6485U, Kearns, Utah, January 15, 1987. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1988.
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United States. National Transportation Safety Board. Aircraft accident report: US Air, Inc., flight 183, McDonnell Douglas DC9-31, N964VJ, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Detroit, Michigan, June 13, 1984. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fine wine instrument"
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Robinson, Michael A. "Missing in Faction." In Dangerous Instrument, 168–91. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197611555.003.0007.
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Abstract This summation captures the key findings of the book’s empirical chapters, discusses exacerbating forces on continued military politicization, and offers a variety of policy recommendations for civilian and military leaders to address the challenge of politicization into the future. Due to the interconnected nature of politicization behaviors, increasingly extreme party position-taking, and reduced areas of political consensus, the military will find it increasingly hard to stay out of partisan political waters. However, military leaders will benefit from internal education on the non-partisan norm and combating political extremism and external efforts to make the organization’s values of fairness, discipline, and objectivity well known to the public. Responsible media engagement, concerted organizational reforms, and a society-wide effort to reconstruct and enforce the military’s non-partisan norms provide additional ways to repair the civil-military relationship.
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Valero, Mario M., Amanda Makowiecki, Alan Brewer, Craig B. Clements, Neil P. Lareau, Adam K. Kochanski, and Edward Strobach. "The California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE): Developing Validation Data Sets for Coupled Fire-Atmosphere Simulations." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 388–93. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_62.
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The California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE) is a 6-week study of wildfire behavior and its response to spatially and temporally evolving wind fields in California, USA. It is the result of a partnership between the Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL) at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Wildfire Interdisciplinary Research Center (WIRC) at San Jose State University (SJSU) and University of Nevada, Reno. A Twin Otter aircraft will be instrumented and flown over landscape-scale wildfires in California between August 14 and September 30, 2022. Onboard instrumentation includes (i) a scanning Doppler lidar system capable of measuring vertical profiles of 3D wind speed and turbulence, (ii) a multispectral infrared imaging system designed to remotely sense fire behavior, (iii) NightFox fire radiative power sensors (iv) AIMMS probe to measure flight-level winds, temperature, and water vapor content, and (v) Chemistry instruments to sample flight level NOX , NOY, O3, CO and GHG. Airborne measurements will be complemented with ground-based mobile scanning radars and lidars, which will be positioned around the fire to characterize the spatial structure and internal dynamics of the smoke plume. This combination of sensors will provide a unique opportunity to characterize landscape-scale wildfire behavior, fire weather and fire atmospheric chemistry in a synchronized manner. We expect that the datasets resulting from this experiment will have a broad applicability in fundamental fire dynamics studies, fire model validation exercises and the calibration of spaceborne remote sensing fire observations.
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Weise, David R., Timothy J. Johnson, Tanya L. Myers, Wei Min Hao, Stephen Baker, and Javier Palarea-Albaladejo. "A comparison of two methods to measure pyrolysis gases in a wind tunnel and in prescribed burns." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 483–87. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_74.
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Pyrolysis products from wildland fuels are typically measured under tightly controlled conditions using fuels which have been processed to remove water content and physical shape. Different instruments can be used to identify and quantify the composition of these gases. Measurement of pyrolysis gases under conditions typical of wildland fires has seldom occurred. We used FTIR spectroscopy and GC/FID analysis to measure pyrolysis gases produced in wind tunnel experiments and small prescribed burns in longleaf pine needle fuel beds with live shrubs. Use of compositional data techniques on the 8 common gases measured by both methods showed that the compositions were affected by the measurement method and interaction between method and location was significant.
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Townsend, Peter. "Musical Changes Driven by Technology." In The Evolution of Music through Culture and Science, 103–20. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848400.003.0007.
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This chapter explores how science and technology has revolutionized the sounds produced by different instruments. The main examples here are for the violin family and wind instruments. Some changes do not significantly alter the visual appearance, but allow different types of performance, more power, changes in tone, and totally new instruments (e.g. the saxophone). This has had an immense influence on composition, to exploit these new sounds, and of course an equally major swing in fashion from the audiences and players. Understanding of the science has been a key factor in the developments. Change is not always popular, and for example many players of early musical compositions believe they should be played with original sounding instruments and pitch. Unfortunately, the majority of audiences are now so accustomed to the new sounds that they find the earlier ones difficult to appreciate.
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Ross, Andrew. "Introduction: By the Time I Got to Phoenix." In Bird on Fire. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199828265.003.0006.
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For those who prefer history chopped up into neat slices, John McCain’s modest concession speech on the lawn of the Arizona Biltmore on November 5, 2008, seemed like a clean cut of the knife. With the economy in a nosedive, it was not just the end of a presidential campaign. The neoliberal era seemed to be over—its reigning troika of deregulation, marketization, and privatization cast into disgrace, along with its most recent fiscal vehicles such as debt leveraging and speculation in finance and land. Nowhere was the devastation more visible than in McCain’s hometown. Phoenix had flown highest in the race to profit from the housing bubble, and it had fallen the furthest. Footage of the metro region’s outer-ring subdivisions reclaimed by sage grass, tumbleweed, and geckos was as evocative of the bubble’s savage aftermath as photographs of the Dust Bowl’s windblown soil had been of the Great Depression. Had Arizona’s senior senator not owned a condo nearby, he would have stayed in the hotel’s Goldwater presidential suite (every president since Hoover has slept at the Biltmore), stirring up associations with the Phoenix politician whose 1964 run for the White House pioneered the modern conservative temper of evangelizing against the power of government. Regarded locally as a carpetbagger when he first ran for Congress in 1982, McCain benefited from his wife Cindy’s family connections to take over Barry Goldwater’s senate seat four years later, but his people-pleasing style found little favor over the years among the Goldwater faithful. On that night, at least, there was no dearth of commentators willing to see McCain’s concession speech as heralding the end of the Sunbelt’s long hold on national politics, an arc that originated in the postwar eff ort of Goldwater’s circle at the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce to remake Arizona’s decrepit GOP into an instrument of growth for growth’s sake.
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Chan, Weng C., and Peter D. White. "Basic procedures." In Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199637256.003.0007.
Full textAbstract:
A number of excellent descriptions of the techniques related to peptide chain assembly have already been published. These processes are also described in the operator manuals supplied by the peptide synthesis instrument manufacturers. Accordingly, the treatment of the subject presented here has been kept brief in order to provide more space in this volume for those topics not covered in detail in other publications of this type. The protocols have been written as they would be carried out using a manual peptide synthesis vessel. Whilst it is appreciated that most scientists preparing peptides will be using automated peptide synthesizers, it is not possible, given the wide variation in operating procedures, to describe how such methods may be applied to individual instruments. Particular emphasis has been given here to those operations which are typically carried out off-instrument, such as first residue attachment and peptide-resin cleavage. The operations described in this chapter can be carried out in a purpose-built peptide synthesis vessel or in a sintered glass funnel fitted with a three-way stopcock. The operation of the system is extremely simple: solvents are added from the top of the vessel, ensuring any resin adhering to the sides is rinsed down into the resin bed; the resin bed is agitated by setting the tap to position 1 to allow flow of nitrogen to the reaction vessel; solvents and reagents are removed by setting the tap to position 2 to connect the vessel to the vacuum. The use of such vessels has previously been described in detail. Peptide synthesis resins are extremely fragile and the beads, if wrongly handled, can easily fracture, leading to the generation of fines which can block reaction vessel filter-frits and solvent lines. It is particularly important that the correct method is used for mixing the resin and soluble reactants. Polystyrene-based supports are best agitated by bubbling an inert gas through the resin bed, or by shaking or vortexing the reaction vessel. Whilst all of these approaches are employed in commercial synthesizers, gas-bubbling and shaking are the most appropriate for use in manual synthesis.
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Smith, Eric C. "“Comforts and mercies, losses and crosses”." In Oliver Hart and the Rise of Baptist America, 199–221. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197506325.003.0010.
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The first half of the 1770s was a major transitional period for Oliver Hart. Many of the most important figures in his life, including his hero, George Whitefield, and his wife, Sarah, died. (Sarah’s death provides an opportunity to reflect on the role of women in the colonial Baptist South and on the attraction they found to the Baptist faith.) At the same time, important new figures were assuming a larger role in his life, including his understudy Edmund Botsford and the promising young Separate Baptist preacher Richard Furman. Hart struggled in the domestic sphere during the period of his widowhood, contending especially with his unruly son, John, away at Rhode Island College. He was relieved to find a new wife in Anne Marie Sealy Grimball, a member of the Charleston Baptist Church in whose conversion Hart had been instrumental some years before.
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"Using Computational Text Analysis to Explore Open-Ended Survey Question Responses." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 148–80. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8563-3.ch007.
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To capture a broader range of data than close-ended questions (often defined and delimited by the survey instrument designer), open-ended questions, such as text-based elicitations (and file-upload options for still imagery, audio, video, and other contents) are becoming more common because of the wide availability of computational text analysis, both within online survey tools and in external software applications. These computational text analysis tools—some online, some offline—make it easier to capture reproducible insights with qualitative data. This chapter explores some analytical capabilities, in matrix queries, theme extraction (topic modeling), sentiment analysis, cluster analysis (concept mapping), network text structures, qualitative cross-tabulation analysis, manual coding to automated coding, linguistic analysis, psychometrics, stylometry, network analysis, and others, as applied to open-ended questions from online surveys (and combined with human close reading).
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Hai-Jew, Shalin. "Using Computational Text Analysis to Explore Open-Ended Survey Question Responses." In Research Anthology on Implementing Sentiment Analysis Across Multiple Disciplines, 342–66. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6303-1.ch019.
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To capture a broader range of data than close-ended questions (often defined and delimited by the survey instrument designer), open-ended questions, such as text-based elicitations (and file-upload options for still imagery, audio, video, and other contents) are becoming more common because of the wide availability of computational text analysis, both within online survey tools and in external software applications. These computational text analysis tools—some online, some offline—make it easier to capture reproducible insights with qualitative data. This chapter explores some analytical capabilities, in matrix queries, theme extraction (topic modeling), sentiment analysis, cluster analysis (concept mapping), network text structures, qualitative cross-tabulation analysis, manual coding to automated coding, linguistic analysis, psychometrics, stylometry, network analysis, and others, as applied to open-ended questions from online surveys (and combined with human close reading).
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Koehler, Matthew J., Tae Seob Shin, and Punya Mishra. "How Do We Measure TPACK? Let Me Count the Ways." In Educational Technology, Teacher Knowledge, and Classroom Impact, 16–31. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60960-750-0.ch002.
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In this chapter we reviewed a wide range of approaches to measure Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). We identified recent empirical studies that utilized TPACK assessments and determined whether they should be included in our analysis using a set of criteria. We then conducted a study-level analysis focusing on empirical studies that met our initial search criteria. In addition, we conducted a measurement-level analysis focusing on individual measures. Based on our measurement-level analysis, we categorized a total of 141 instruments into five types (i.e., self-report measures, open-end questionnaires, performance assessments, interviews, and observations) and investigated how each measure addressed the issues of validity and reliability. We concluded our review by discussing limitations and implications of our study.
Conference papers on the topic "Fine wine instrument"
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Young, Frederick. "Five valve compensating brass wind instrument." In 160th Meeting Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3555181.
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Tournemenne, Robin, Jean-François Petiot, Bastien Talgorn, and Michael Kokkolaras. "Brass Instruments Design Using Physics-Based Sound Simulation Models and Surrogate-Assisted Derivative-Free Optimization." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59532.
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This paper presents a method for design optimization of brass wind instruments. The shape of a trumpet’s bore is optimized to improve intonation using a physics-based sound simulation model. This physics-based model consists of an acoustic model of the resonator (input impedance), a mechanical model of the excitator (the lips of a virtual musician) and a model of the coupling between the excitator and the resonator. The harmonic balance technique allows the computation of sounds in a permanent regime, representative of the shape of the resonator according to control parameters of the virtual musician. An optimization problem is formulated, in which the objective function to be minimized is the overall quality of the intonation of the different notes played by the instrument (deviation from the equal-tempered scale). The design variables are the physical dimensions of the resonator. Given the computationally expensive function evaluation and the unavailability of gradients, a surrogate-assisted optimization framework is implemented using the mesh adaptive direct search algorithm (MADS). Surrogate models are used both to obtain promising candidates in the search step of MADS and to rank-order additional candidates generated by the poll step of MADS. The physics-based model is then used to determine the next design iterate. Two examples (with two and five design optimization variables, respectively) are presented to demonstrate the approach. Results show that significant improvement of intonation can be achieved at reasonable computational cost. The implementation of this method for computer-aided instrument design is discussed, considering different objective functions or constraints based on intonation but also on the timbre of the instrument.
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Feldkamp, Martin, Thomas Quercetti, and Frank Wille. "Outcomes of Three Large Scale Fire Reference Tests Conducted in BAM Fire Test Facility." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21245.
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Abstract Packages for the transport of high-level radioactive material are designed to withstand severe accidents. Hypothetical severe accident conditions are defined in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials. One of these accident conditions is the thermal test, mainly consisting of a 30 minute fully engulfing 800°C pool fire or an equally severe fire test. The heat fluxes into the package depend substantially on the fire characteristics and the surface temperature of the package. Fire tests can be performed at BAM on a propane gas fire test facility. In order to investigate the heat fluxes over a wide range of surface temperatures in this test facility a fire reference package was designed for multiple use. The package represented the outer geometry of a specific transport cask for radioactive waste. The fire reference package is a closed steel sheet cylinder with a wall thickness of 10 mm, a length of 1500 mm and a diameter of 1050 mm. The package was instrumented with thermocouples and filled with heat resistant insulation material. Three open-air fire tests were performed in the BAM propane gas fire test facility. The flames exposure time period varied slightly for the fire tests. The wind direction as well as the wind speed were measured and changed between and during the tests. Test stand parameters such as wind shield location and propane gas volume flow were chosen constant for the three tests. The locally measured fire reference package steel sheet temperatures were used for the calculation of heat fluxes as function of time and surface temperature. The measured temperatures allowed further calculations. In a first approach effective fire characteristics of the propane gas fire, including the flame temperature, the fire convection coefficient and a radiation exchange coefficient mathematically describing the determined average heat flux over the surface temperature were calculated.
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Sahin, Izzet, I.-Lun Chen, Lesley M. Wright, Je-Chin Han, Hongzhou Xu, and Michael Fox. "Heat Transfer in Rotating, Trailing Edge, Converging Channels With Full and Partial Height Strip-Fins." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-58877.
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Abstract A wide variety of pin-fins have been used to enhance heat transfer in internal cooling channels. However, due to their large blockage in the flow direction, they result in an undesirable high pressure drop. This experimental study aims to reduce pressure drop while increasing the heat transfer surface area by utilizing strip-fins in converging internal cooling channels. The channel is designed with a trapezoidal cross-section, converges in both transverse and longitudinal directions, and is also skewed β = 120° with respect to the direction of rotation in order to model a trailing edge cooling channel. Only the leading and trailing surfaces of the channel are instrumented, and each surface is divided into eighteen isolated copper plates to measure the regionally averaged heat transfer coefficient. Utilizing pressure taps at the inlet and outlet of the channel, the pressure drop is obtained. Three staggered arrays of strip-fins are investigated: one full height configuration and two partial fin height arrangements (Sz = 2mm and 1mm). In all cases, the strip fins are 2mm wide (W) and 10mm long (Lf) in the flow direction. The fins are spaced such that Sy/Lf = 1 in the streamwise direction. However, due to the convergence the spanwise spacing Sx/W, was varied from 8 to 6.2 along the channel. The rotation number of the channel varied up to 0.21 by ranging the inlet Reynolds number from 10,000 to 40,000 and rotation speed from 0 to 300rpm. It is found that the full height strip-fin channel results in a more non-uniform spanwise heat transfer distribution than the partial height strip-fin channel. Both trailing and leading surface heat transfer coefficients are enhanced under rotation conditions. The 2mm height partial strip-fin channel provided the best thermal performance, and it is comparable to the performance of the converging channels with partial length circular pins. The strip-fin channel can be a design option when the pressure drop penalty is a major concern.
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Abdelaziz, S., L. Esteveny, P. Renaud, B. Bayle, and M. de Mathelin. "Design and Optimization of a Novel MRI Compatible Wire-Driven Robot for Prostate Cryoablation." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48092.
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Giving assistance to radiologists during percutaneous procedures under MRI is currently a great challenge for roboticists: the limited space inside the scanner and the presence of an intense magnetic field introduce strong design constraints. In this paper, we present a novel robotic assistance for prostate cryotherapy under MRI guidance. An MR-compatible wire-driven mechanism with embedded sensors is proposed to optimize the device compactness. To this end, a design methodology of wire-driven manipulators is first introduced and applied in our context. This design methodology is achieved in two steps, using an algorithm that optimizes the available wrench set and a numerical approach based on interval analysis for results validation. In order to develop a fine control of the device, an original instrumented structure is proposed that allows the evaluation of the tensions in the cables. The synthesis approach of the instrumented structure is presented before introducing the prototype of the device.
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Kitto, Kathleen L. "Using Violin “Engineering” to Create Innovative Lecture Demonstrations to Actively Engage Materials Science Students." In ASME 2005 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2005-84945.
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An introductory Materials Engineering course can be challenging for students since in that course it is often the first time where students must integrate their knowledge of mathematics, chemistry and physics to solve a wide variety of complex and, at times, abstract problems. Finding new methods to teach the course content in order to more actively engage students is equally challenging for instructors. Two years ago, students at Western Washington University began to study part of the course content in materials engineering within the less abstract framework of acoustic/materials signatures of stringed musical instruments (particularly, violin “engineering”). Students can be actively engaged in this subject by posing a rather simple question. Why does a violin or guitar sound the way it does? Trying to answer that very question with materials science (and geometry) in class is a new way instructors may use in their course to more actively engage their students in materials science. This paper describes the use of violin “engineering” to create innovative lecture demonstrations and presentations illustrating acoustic and materials signatures as course supplements for any basic materials engineering course. These demonstrations require only the use of a laptop computer, the academic version of the Adobe Audition® software package (or equivalent), an inexpensive condenser type microphone, an inexpensive student stringed instrument (violin or guitar), and aluminum and wood vibrating plates. The paper gives the exact specifications for the various components needed to create these new lecture and/or lab demonstrations. The approach is innovative in that it takes a fundamental (and expensive) methodology normally used in the acoustic research of violins and other stringed instruments and translates it into a format that is not only affordable, but has also shown promise in our materials course to be a practical tool to actively engage students in materials science. Initial assessment data shows that the students are indeed more engaged in the course and there is measurable improvement in classical test question scores. Also, many students in the class have chosen to complete their research papers required for the class in these subjects; others have volunteered to work on undergraduate research projects investigating the materials signature of stringed instruments and new materials for such instruments. Geometry to create flat vibrating plates, including the top plate of a violin, is also given in the paper (the “violin.dxf” or “violin.igs” file is available upon request). A lengthy reference section is included so that additional demonstrations can be created by other instructors to satisfy their local materials engineering course needs.
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Nicolas, Arsenio. "Musical Instruments on the 16th century bas reliefs in the North Gallery-East Wing of Angkor Wat : Dating and Significance | ឧបករណ៍ តន្រតីខ្ ្មែរខែលសថិ្តលលើចម្លា កល់ លៀ្រន្រសតវត្ស ទតី១៦ កនុង្ ខ្្កខែវខាងលើងឈាងខាងលកើតន្រប្រាសាទអង្គរវត្ ក ថិលចេច្រទថិងស." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-27.
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Based on the two inscriptions dated 1546 and 1564 on the walls of the North Gallery-East Wing and the East Gallery-North Wing of the 12th century Angkor Wat, George Coedes has dated the completion of the bas reliefs on these wings to the 16th century. This dating finally underscores that the bas reliefs on the walls of the galleries of the third enclosure of Angkor Wat were not all carved during the reign of a single Khmer monarch. More significantly is the presence of bossed gongs solely in the north gallery – east wing, where, in other galleries gongs are not illustrated. Two types of bossed gongs are carved – suspended bossed gongs, single or in pairs, and circle gongs with eight to nine bossed gongs. េក George Coedes នកំណត់លបរេចទៃនរងសង់បប់ៃនច ក់េលៀន្រទងំ េះ គឺេក ងកំឡ ងសតវត្សទី១៦ េយែផកេេលសិរក ចំនួនពីរេកំឡ ង ំ ១៥៤៦និង ំ១៥៦៤ ែដលស ិតេេលជ ំងៃនែផកែថវងេជងងងេកតនិងែផកែថវងេកត ងេជងរបស់្រទអងរវតែដលន បេឡងេសតវត្សទី១២។ រកំណត់ពី លបរេចទេនះនេ តសំន់ចុងេ្រយេេលច ក់េលៀនេលជ ងែថវៃនរបងរព័ទទី៣ របស់្រទអងរវត ែដលមិន្រតវន ក់េក ងរជល្រពះមក្ស្រតែខ រែតមួយ។ េក ងែផកសំន់បែន មពីេលេនះេទៀតគឺ វតនគងធំនេែផកែថវងេជងងងេកតែតមួយគត់េ ហយរបូ ច ក់គងធំេនះមិននវតនេែថវដ៏ៃទេទៀតេឡយ។ ្របេភទគងចំនួន២្រតវ ន ក់គឺ គងធំ (េលឬក៏នគូរ) និង គងក់ក លវង់ែដលនែផសំេនៀងចំនួន៨េ៩ែផ។
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Nicoletta, Benjamin, John Gales, and Panagiotis Kotsovinos. "Experimental fire performance of unloaded stay-cables for bridge infrastructure." In IABSE Congress, Christchurch 2021: Resilient technologies for sustainable infrastructure. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/christchurch.2021.0710.
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<p>The performance-based fire protection design of cable-supported bridge structures is becoming more common as stakeholders desire more resilient infrastructure. Currently, there exist significant knowledge gaps regarding the fire performance of structural steel cables. The study herein examines the thermal response of several varieties of unloaded steel-stay cables during exposure to a non- standard methanol pool fire. Eight stay-cables varying in configuration (locked and spiral coil), diameter (22,6 mm – 140 mm), and alloy (stainless and galvanized steel) are supported above a 0,6 m x 0,48 m methanol pool fire for duration of approximately 35 minutes. Thermocouples are instrumented at the top, core, and soffit of the cable structure at four different cross-sections to monitor heat transfer during and post-fire. Digital image correlation (DIC) is applied in conjunction with narrow-spectrum illumination to monitor the cable surface without optical interference from flames. Global and individual wire strains are calculated from the DIC analysis to quantify thermal expansion. Temperature data throughout the cable structure presents insight into the heat transfer of steel wire-rope elements. Preliminary results indicate individual wire thermal expansion is similar to that of the global cable structure and that interaction between adjacent wires may limit individual wire expansion. This implies thermal expansion may not be consistent until the cable cross-section is of uniform temperature.</p>
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Komazaki, Shin-Ichi, Motoki Nakajima, Tetsuya Honda, and Yutaka Kohno. "Creep Damage Analysis of 9–12% Cr Ferritic Steels by Instrumented Indentation Test." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/creep2007-26487.
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High Cr ferritic steels have a complex lath martensitic structure consisting of several microstructural units, i.e., fine lath, block, packet and prior austenite grain. Additionally, precipitation, solid-solution and dispersion strengthening mechanisms contribute to their excellent strength. However, it is by no means easy to separate the contributions of such strengthening factors and quantitatively understand them because of the extremely fine and complicated microstructure. In this study, the instrumented indentation test was carried out to clarify the change in contribution of each microstructural factor, particularly, “block” during creep. The material used in this study was turbine rotor steel (Fe-10Cr-1Mo-1W-VNbN). The indentation test was applied to the as-tempered and the creep damaged specimens under a wide variety of maximum loads. The test results revealed that the decrease in contribution of block grain was the predominant factor of the decrease in macroscopic hardness at the early stage of creep life. On the other hand, during the second half of the life, the decrease in macroscopic hardness was mainly caused by the decrease in matrix hardness. The decrease in block’s contribution was attributable to the decrease in the resistance of block boundary to deformation, rather than the coarsening of block grain.
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Saw, Chaw Yeh, and Hsiao Mei Goh. "The Rock Art in Kinta Valley, West Malaysia: A synthesis Lukisan Gua di Lembah Kinta, Semenanjung Malaysia: Satu sintesis." In The SEAMEO SPAFA International Conference on Southeast Asian Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFACON2021). SEAMEO SPAFA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26721/spafa.pqcnu8815a-10.
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This paper presents a synthesis of the new rock art mapping project in the Kinta Valley of West Malaysia. Through our collaboration with Kinta Valley Watch, we have successfully located more than 30 new rock art sites between 2019 and June 2021. The rock art is represented by both red and black paintings, with a wide variety of motifs including anthropomorph, zoomorph, botanic, watercraft, weapon, animal rider, handprint, geometric shape, line art, and other abstract design. This discovery is instrumental to the contemporary rock art research in Malaysia and demonstrated a collective effort in rock art research through long-term collaboration with the local stakeholders. Kertas kerja ini merupakan satu sintesis hasil daripada projek pemetaan lukisan gua di Lembah Kinta, Semenanjung Malaysia. Melalui kolaborasi dengan organisasi tempatan iaitu Kinta Valley Watch, kami telah mengenalpasti lebih daripada 30 lokasi lukisan gua antara tahun 2019 dan 2021. Antara bentuk lukisan gua yang dijumpai termasuklah antropomor ik ( igura manusia), zoomor ik ( igura haiwan), tumbuh-tumbuhan, perahu, senjata, penunggang haiwan, gambar tangan, geometrik, seni garisan dan simbol abstrak. Jumpaan ini amat berharga untuk kajian lukisan gua di Malaysia dan memaparkan satu usaha bersama demi kajian lukisan gua melalui kolaborasi jangka panjang dengan komuniti tempatan.