Academic literature on the topic 'Fine timescale'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fine timescale"
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Gyasi-Agyei, Yeboah. "Evaluation of the effects of temperature changes on fine timescale rainfall." Water Resources Research 49, no. 7 (July 2013): 4379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20369.
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Mancillas, Brisa, Pierre-Alain Duc, Françoise Combes, Frédéric Bournaud, Eric Emsellem, Marie Martig, and Leo Michel-Dansac. "Probing the merger history of red early-type galaxies with their faint stellar substructures." Astronomy & Astrophysics 632 (December 2019): A122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936320.
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Several detailed observations, such as those carried out at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT), have revealed prominent Low Surface Brightness (LSB) fine structures that lead to a change in the apparent morphology of galaxies. Previous photometry surveys have developed observational techniques which make use of the diffuse light detected in the external regions of galaxies. In these studies, the outer perturbations have been identified and classified. These include tidal tails, stellar streams, and shells. These structures serve as tracers for interacting events and merging events and retain some memory of the mass assembly of galaxies. Cosmological numerical simulations are required to estimate their visibility timescale, among other properties, in order to reconstruct the merger history of galaxies. In the present work, we analyze a hydrodynamical cosmological simulation to build up a comprehensive interpretation of the properties of fine structures. We present a census of several types of LSB fine structures compiled using a visual inspection of individual snapshots at various points in time. We reconstruct the evolution of the number of fine structures detected around an early-type galaxy and we compare it with the merger history of the galaxy. We find that most fine structures are associated with major and intermediate mass merger events. Their survival timescale ranges between 0.7 and 4 Gyr. Shells and streams remain visible for a longer time, while tidal tails have a shorter lifetime. These estimates for the survival time of collisional debris provide clues for the interpretation of the shape and frequency of fine structures observed in deep images with regard to their mass assembly. We find that the detectability of stellar streams is most sensitive at the surface brightness limit, demonstrating greater visibility at the deepest surface brightness level used in our simulation. We see between two and three times more streams based on a surface brightness cut of 33 mag arcsec−2 than with 29 mag arcsec−2. We find that the detection of shells is strongly dependent upon the projection angle.
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Barth, Anders, Jelle Hendrix, Daniel Fried, Yoav Barak, Edward A. Bayer, and Don C. Lamb. "Dynamic interactions of type I cohesin modules fine-tune the structure of the cellulosome ofClostridium thermocellum." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 48 (November 14, 2018): E11274—E11283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809283115.
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Efficient degradation of plant cell walls by selected anaerobic bacteria is performed by large extracellular multienzyme complexes termed cellulosomes. The spatial arrangement within the cellulosome is organized by a protein called scaffoldin, which recruits the cellulolytic subunits through interactions between cohesin modules on the scaffoldin and dockerin modules on the enzymes. Although many structural studies of the individual components of cellulosomal scaffoldins have been performed, the role of interactions between individual cohesin modules and the flexible linker regions between them are still not entirely understood. Here, we report single-molecule measurements using FRET to study the conformational dynamics of a bimodular cohesin segment of the scaffoldin protein CipA ofClostridium thermocellum. We observe compacted structures in solution that persist on the timescale of milliseconds. The compacted conformation is found to be in dynamic equilibrium with an extended state that shows distance fluctuations on the microsecond timescale. Shortening of the intercohesin linker does not destabilize the interactions but reduces the rate of contact formation. Upon addition of dockerin-containing enzymes, an extension of the flexible state is observed, but the cohesin–cohesin interactions persist. Using all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations of the system, we further identify possible intercohesin binding modes. Beyond the view of scaffoldin as “beads on a string,” we propose that cohesin–cohesin interactions are an important factor for the precise spatial arrangement of the enzymatic subunits in the cellulosome that leads to the high catalytic synergy in these assemblies and should be considered when designing cellulosomes for industrial applications.
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Asatrian, Norayr S. "Hour-timescale profile variations in the broad Balmer lines of the Seyfert galaxy Hour-timescale profile variations in the broad Balmer lines of the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 6." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S304 (October 2013): 407–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314004426.
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AbstractPart of results of the multi-epoch intranight optical spectroscopic monitoring of the Markarian 6 nucleus carried out at the telescopes of 6-m of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia), 2.6-m of the Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory (Armenia) and 2-m of the Tautenburg Observatory (Germany) is presented.Observations were made in 1979, 1986, 1988-1991 and 2007-2009 during a total of 33 nights with an average sampling rate of 4 spectra per night. TV-scanner and long-slit spectrographs equipped with Image Tube and CCD detector arrays were used. Altogether we analyzed 110 Hβ and 58 Hα region spectra to search for intranight variability in the broad hydrogen emission line profiles. The typical spectral resolutions were 4 Å for scanner spectra, 6 Å for photographic spectra, and 5 Å and 10 Å for CCD spectra. The S/N ratio at the continuum level near the Hβ and Hα lines was in the range 15–50.The purpose of the search was to look for the characteristic variability signatures of different kinematical models of the broad emission-line region. We considered the centering and guiding errors which can result in differences between spectra.We found variations in the broad Balmer line difference profiles on time scale of hour with the level of significance of 3.6 σ to 5.0 σ. Variations take the form of narrow, small bumps located at the blue and red sides or only at the blue side of the lines. In the intermediate level of broad line flux, the Hβ and Hα profiles show fine structure. Detected profile changes occurred at the same radial velocity shifts as the details in the fine structure.The variability is at least 2 orders of magnitude more rapid than any observed for broad Balmer line profiles in AGNs that we are aware of in the literature.Discovered extremely rapid line-profile variability may be associated with reverberation effects. Two-sided profile changes may indicate the response of circularly rotating hydrogen clouds in the BLR to a light pulse from a central source. One-sided profile variations may be attributed to a response of a non-disk component: the subarcsec scale region of the jet.
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An, Zhisheng, Ru-Jin Huang, Renyi Zhang, Xuexi Tie, Guohui Li, Junji Cao, Weijian Zhou, et al. "Severe haze in northern China: A synergy of anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 18 (April 15, 2019): 8657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900125116.
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Regional severe haze represents an enormous environmental problem in China, influencing air quality, human health, ecosystem, weather, and climate. These extremes are characterized by exceedingly high concentrations of fine particulate matter (smaller than 2.5 µm, or PM2.5) and occur with extensive temporal (on a daily, weekly, to monthly timescale) and spatial (over a million square kilometers) coverage. Although significant advances have been made in field measurements, model simulations, and laboratory experiments for fine PM over recent years, the causes for severe haze formation have not yet to be systematically/comprehensively evaluated. This review provides a synthetic synopsis of recent advances in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of severe haze formation in northern China, focusing on emission sources, chemical formation and transformation, and meteorological and climatic conditions. In particular, we highlight the synergetic effects from the interactions between anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric processes. Current challenges and future research directions to improve the understanding of severe haze pollution as well as plausible regulatory implications on a scientific basis are also discussed.
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Pao, Chih-Wen, Jeng-Lung Chen, Jyh-Fu Lee, Meng-Che Tsai, Chi-Yi Huang, Chao-Chih Chiu, Chao-Yu Chang, Liang-Chih Chiang, and Yu-Shan Huang. "The new X-ray absorption fine-structure beamline with sub-second time resolution at the Taiwan Photon Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521001740.
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The new TPS 44A beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source, located at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, is presented. This beamline is equipped with a new quick-scanning monochromator (Q-Mono), which can provide both conventional step-by-step scans (s-scans) and on-the-fly scans (q-scans) for X-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) spectroscopy experiments, including X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectral measurements. Ti and Te K-edge XAFS spectra were used to demonstrate the capability of collecting spectra at the limits of the working energy range. The Ni and Cu K-edge XAFS spectra for a Cu-doped Pt/Ni nanocomposite were acquired to test the performance of the newly commissioned beamline. Pt L 3- and Ru K-edge quick-scanning XAFS (QXAFS) spectra for standard Pt and Ru foils, respectively, revealed the stability of the q-scan technique. The results also demonstrated the beamline's ability to collect XAFS spectra on a sub-second timescale. Furthermore, a Zn(s)|Zn2+ (aq)|Cu(s) system was tested to indicate that the states of the Zn electrode could be observed in real time for charging and discharging conditions using an in situ/operando setup combined with QXAFS measurements.
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Fasoli, Benjamin, John C. Lin, David R. Bowling, Logan Mitchell, and Daniel Mendoza. "Simulating atmospheric tracer concentrations for spatially distributed receptors: updates to the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport model's R interface (STILT-R version 2)." Geoscientific Model Development 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 2813–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-2813-2018.
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Abstract. The Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model is comprised of a compiled Fortran executable that carries out advection and dispersion calculations as well as a higher-level code layer for simulation control and user interaction, written in the open-source data analysis language R. We introduce modifications to the STILT-R code base with the aim to improve the model's applicability to fine-scale (< 1 km) trace gas measurement studies. The changes facilitate placement of spatially distributed receptors and provide high-level methods for single- and multi-node parallelism. We present a kernel density estimator to calculate influence footprints and demonstrate improvements over prior methods. Vertical dilution in the hyper near field is calculated using the Lagrangian decorrelation timescale and vertical turbulence to approximate the effective mixing depth. This framework provides a central source repository to reduce code fragmentation among STILT user groups as well as a systematic, well-documented workflow for users. We apply the modified STILT-R to light-rail measurements in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, and discuss how results from our analyses can inform future fine-scale measurement approaches and modeling efforts.
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Skyllakou, K., B. N. Murphy, A. G. Megaritis, C. Fountoukis, and S. N. Pandis. "Contributions of local and regional sources to fine PM in the megacity of Paris." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 10 (October 8, 2013): 25769–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-25769-2013.
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Abstract. The Particulate Matter Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) is used together with PMCAMx, a regional chemical transport model, to estimate how local emissions and pollutant transport affect primary and secondary particulate matter mass concentration levels in Paris. During the summer and the winter periods examined, only 13% of the PM2.5 is predicted to be due to local Paris emissions, with 36% coming from mid range (50–500 km from the center of the Paris) sources and 51% from long range transport (more than 500 km from Paris). The local emissions contribution to predicted elemental carbon (EC) is significant, with almost 60% of the EC originating from local sources during both summer and winter. Approximately 50% of the predicted fresh primary organic aerosol (POA) originated from local sources and another 45% from areas 100–500 km from the receptor region during summer. Regional sources dominated the secondary PM components. During summer more than 70% of the predicted sulfate originated from SO2 emitted more than 500 km away from the center of the Paris. Also more than 45% of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was due to the oxidation of VOC precursors that were emitted 100–500 km from the center of the Paris. The model predicts more contribution from long range secondary PM sources during winter because the timescale for its production is longer due to the slower photochemical activity. PSAT results for contributions of local and regional sources were compared with observation-based estimates from field campaigns that took place during the MEGAPOLI project. PSAT predictions are in general consistent (within 20%) with these estimates for OA and sulfate. The only exception is that PSAT predicts higher local EC contribution during the summer compared to that estimated from observations.
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Skyllakou, K., B. N. Murphy, A. G. Megaritis, C. Fountoukis, and S. N. Pandis. "Contributions of local and regional sources to fine PM in the megacity of Paris." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2014): 2343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2343-2014.
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Abstract. The particulate matter source apportionment technology (PSAT) is used together with PMCAMx, a regional chemical transport model, to estimate how local emissions and pollutant transport affect primary and secondary particulate matter mass concentration levels in Paris. During the summer and the winter periods examined, only 13% of the PM2.5 is predicted to be due to local Paris emissions, with 36% coming from mid-range (50–500 km from the center of the Paris) sources and 51% from long range transport (more than 500 km from Paris). The local emissions contribution to simulated elemental carbon (EC) is significant, with almost 60% of the EC originating from local sources during both summer and winter. Approximately 50% of the simulated fresh primary organic aerosol (POA) originated from local sources and another 45% from areas 100–500 km from the receptor region during summer. Regional sources dominated the secondary PM components. During summer more than 70% of the simulated sulfate originated from SO2 emitted more than 500 km away from the center of the Paris. Also more than 45% of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) was due to the oxidation of VOC precursors that were emitted 100–500 km from the center of the Paris. The model simulates more contribution from long range secondary PM sources during winter because the timescale for its production is longer due to the slower photochemical activity. PSAT results for contributions of local and regional sources were compared with observation-based estimates from field campaigns that took place during the MEGAPOLI project. PSAT simulations are in general consistent (within 20%) with these estimates for OA and sulfate. The only exception is that PSAT simulates higher local EC contribution during the summer compared to that estimated from observations.
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Sandora, McCullen. "Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: The Number of Stars and Their Properties." Universe 5, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5060149.
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In a multiverse setting, we expect to be situated in a universe that is exceptionally good at producing life. Though the conditions for what life needs to arise and thrive are currently unknown, many will be tested in the coming decades. Here we investigate several different habitability criteria, and their influence on multiverse expectations: Does complex life need photosynthesis? Is there a minimum timescale necessary for development? Can life arise on tidally locked planets? Are convective stars habitable? Variously adopting different stances on each of these criteria can alter whether our observed values of the fine structure constant, the electron to proton mass ratio, and the strength of gravity are typical to high significance. This serves as a way of generating predictions for the requirements of life that can be tested with future observations, any of which could falsify the multiverse scenario.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fine timescale"
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Mahbub, S. M. Parvez Bin, and s. mahbub@qut edu au. "Stochastic Disaggregation of Daily Rainfall for Fine Timescale Design Storms." Central Queensland University. Centre for Railway Engineering, 2008. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20080813.151345.
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Rainfall data are usually gathered at daily timescales due to the availability of daily rain-gauges throughout the world. However, rainfall data at fine timescale are required for certain hydrologic modellings such as crop simulation modelling, erosion modelling etc. Limited availability of such data leads to the option of daily rainfall disaggregation. This research investigates the use of a stochastic rainfall disaggregation model on a regional basis to disaggregate daily rainfall into any desired fine timescale in the State of Queensland, Australia. With the incorporation of seasonality into the variance relationship and capping of the fine timescale maximum intensities, the model was found to be a useful tool for disaggregating daily rainfall in the regions of Queensland. The degree of model complexity in terms of binary chain parameter calibration was also reduced by using only three parameters for Queensland. The resulting rainfall Intensity-Frequency-Duration (IFD) curves better predicted the intensities at fine timescale durations compared with the existing Australian Rainfall and Runoff (ARR) approach. The model has also been linked to the SILO Data Drill synthetic data to disaggregate daily rainfall at sites where limited or no fine timescale observed data are available. This research has analysed the fine timescale rainfall properties at various sites in Queensland and established sufficient confidence in using the model for Queensland.
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Heban, Thomas Edward. "Representations of Scale and Time: Reinterpreting Cinematic Conventions in Digital Animation to Create a Purposeful Visual Language." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430399136.
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Baker, Sarah Jane. "Relationships and fire feedbacks in the Earth system over medium and long timescales in the deep past." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/31426.
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Fire is a natural process that has existed on our planet for more than ~350 million years, and is a process that continues to influence our everyday lives. On Earth, a relationship exists between the process of combustion and the natural functioning of the Earth system. Here, the process of combustion has been implicated in playing an essential role for life on Earth, where natural Earth system processes have been shown to influence ignition probability, fire spread and fire behaviour, and where fire can provide a variety of feedbacks, to the Earth system over different timescales. Over medium timescales of decades to hundreds of thousands of years, the likelihood and behaviour of fires are controlled by regional climate changes and vegetation type, whilst the occurrence of fire can play a crucial role in influencing biome persistence and development. Over long timescales (hundreds of thousands to multi-million year), the components influencing the probability of fire and fire behaviour not only involve processes occurring over local and regional spatial scales, and over short and medium timescales, but also long term processes occurring globally, such as changes in atmospheric oxygen concentration and the evolution of vegetation. Across these timescales in Earth’s past, combustion has been shown to impact global ecosystems, climate and the carbon cycle by generating feedbacks that influence Earth’s biogeochemical cycles. However, it is clear that our understanding of the role that fire plays in the Earth system, although improving is still developing. This thesis provides an analysis of these Earth system - fire relationships and feedbacks across medium and long timescales in deep time, in order to understand the role that fire may have played and what the record of fire can tell us about the functioning and re-equilibrating of the Earth system during and after significant carbon-cycle perturbation events occurring in Earth’s deep past. The results presented in this thesis contribute what is believed to be the first fossil evidence that rising atmospheric oxygen and fire feedbacks may have aided in the termination of a significant carbon-cycle perturbation event, termed the ‘Toarcian oceanic anoxic event’ that occurred ~183 million years ago during the Jurassic period, and the return of the Earth system towards ‘background functioning’. This thesis also provides an analysis of the record of wildfire in the form of fossil charcoal across the initiation of an anoxic event that occurred ~93 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period. The results illustrate that CO2 - climate driven changes in wildfire activity can be observed across medium timescales even during times of significant carbon-cycle perturbations, and modelled high atmospheric oxygen concentrations. These results illustrate how hypothesized changes in the hydrological cycle, and likely moisture content of fuel, appear to be the dominant control on wildfire activity during this period. Finally, this thesis provides an analysis of charcoal abundance variations occurring across natural, orbitally forced cycles, termed the Milankovitch cycles. The results presented illustrate that natural variations in charcoal abundance are possible over intermediate timescales within the geological record. This thesis therefore illustrates a need to take into consideration and incorporate ‘natural background’ fluctuations in fire activity occurring over medium timescales, when analysing and predicting past and future climate change patterns.
Books on the topic "Fine timescale"
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Wolf, E. L. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0001.
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An introduction to long-term climate-neutral energy makes clear that most arises from the Sun or the motions of the Sun-Earth system. Quantum physics is an essential part of understanding the Sun’s energy source, nuclear fusion. The expected depletion times of oil and other fossil fuels are discussed. The most recent 500,000 years of Earth temperature and sea level are surveyed and shown to correlate closely with carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Sea level and temperature are correlated and move together on time scales of five thousand years. The definition of sustainable energy, the topic of this textbook, is very straightforward. This is the energy that will be available on (after) a timescale set by the earliest benchmarks of our civilization, let us say the timescale of the earliest pyramids or the Chinese Wall, visible from space.
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Omstedt, Anders. The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.654.
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Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and high-pressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO2 and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.Major achievements of past centuries have included developing and organizing regular observation and monitoring programs. The free availability of data sets has supported the development of more accurate forcing functions for Baltic Sea models and made it possible to better understand and model the Baltic Sea–North Sea system, including the development of coupled land–sea–atmosphere models. Most indirect and direct observations of the climate find great variability and stochastic behavior, so conclusions based on short time series are problematic, leading to qualifications about periodicity, trends, and regime shifts. Starting in the 1980s, systematic research into climate change has considerably improved our understanding of regional warming and multiple threats to the Baltic Sea. Several aspects of regional climate and environmental changes and how they interact are, however, unknown and merit future research.
Book chapters on the topic "Fine timescale"
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Greenland, David, and Douglas G. Goodin. "Introductory Overview." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0036.
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The timescale structure of this book has served well to keep the attention of investigators focused on specific aspects of climate variability and ecosystem response. Indeed, judging by the responses received by the editors of this volume, when given a choice between focusing on one timescale or several timescales, the LTER community was far more comfortable dealing with just one scale. There are obvious reasons for this, not the least of which is that focusing on a single scale greatly simplifies things. The real world, however, does not focus on one timescale. Climatic events and ecosystem responses occur simultaneously at a variety of scales. We wished to explore the climatic variability and ecosystem responses at LTER sites across several different timescales, and the two chapters in this part attempt such an exploration. The chapters consider the temperate rainforest of the H. J. Andrews LTER site in Oregon and the tallgrass ecosystem of the Konza Prairie LTER in Kansas. For the Andrews rainforest, and to some extent the Pacific Northwest (PNW) in general, Greenland et al. (chapter 19) discuss climate variability and ecosystem response at the daily, multidecadal, and century to millennial scales. This discussion for the PNW is supplemented in chapters 6 and 13 of this volume by a consideration of the quasi-quintennial scale and an additional ecosystem response at the decadal scale. The forest ecosystem is more complex than the grassland ecosystem. Greenland et al. cover a wide variety of potential ecosystem responses for the PNW Forest, ranging from severe weather events, to pine cone production, to century- and millennial-scale forest fire frequency regimes and their variation. The focus of chapter 19 is on some of the framework questions of this volume. The questions specifically addressed include the following: What preexisting conditions affect the impact of the climatic event or episode? Is the climatic effect on the ecosystems direct or cascading? Does the system return to its original state? The authors also consider potential future climate change and its possible ecosystem effects. They found that timescale becomes important in addressing some of these questions. For example, at century to millennial timescales, it is suggested that there are likely to be no identical past analogs to the ecosystem at any point in time.
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"How does the EU tick? Five propositions on political time." In The EU Timescape, 33–51. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203723333-6.
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Goodin, Douglas G., and Maurice J. McHugh. "The Interdecadal Timescale—Synthesis." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0028.
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The five chapters of part III provide a broad overview of decadal-scale climate processes and their ecological effect in a variety of ecosystems. Written by authors with disciplinary backgrounds that encompass climatology, biometeorology, and ecology, the chapters range from cross-site climate analysis with little direct attention to ecosystem effects (e.g., McHugh and Goodin, chapter 11; Hayden and Hayden, chapter 14) to more intensive studies of direct climate/ecological interaction at single sites or over more defined geographical areas (e.g., Greenland, chapter 13; Juday et al., chapter 12; Milne et al., chapter 15). Separately, each of these chapters contributes to understanding some aspect of the interaction of climate and ecology. As an integrated whole, they encapsulate many of the cross-disciplinary problems confronted by LTER scientists as they explore the interaction of climate and ecology. Despite the widely varying topics addressed and the disparate backgrounds of the contributors, similar themes emerge in each of the chapters. Here, we elucidate these themes and place them within the framework questions that have guided this volume. Climatologists have long recognized the existence of cyclical or quasi-cyclical modes or patterns in the global circulation system. Typically, these patterns are characterized by variation in the strength or position of semipermanent pressure centers within the global circulation system. These variations occur at timescales ranging from seasonal to decadal, and such variability is frequently invoked as a causal mechanism for climatic trends or fluctuation at these various timescales. A variety of indexes have been constructed to characterize these pressure patterns and the teleconnections that result from them (see van Loon and Rogers 1978, Rogers 1984, and Trenberth and Hurrell 1994 for in-depth discussion of the derivation and interrelationships of atmospheric circulation indices). Evidence of some of these patterns recurs throughout each of the chapters, suggesting their importance in decadal-scale climate/ecology interactions at LTER sites. Although the chapters in this section concentrate on interdecadal variability, climate variability is a multiscale phenomenon in both space and time. Several authors acknowledge this, notably Milne et al. (chapter 15), McHugh and Goodin (chapter 11), and Greenland (chapter 13). Each of these chapters notes the importance of nondecadal variations, particularly the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon.
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Maltman, Alex. "Vineyards and the Mists of Geological Time." In Vineyards, Rocks, and Soils. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863289.003.0016.
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Geological time is much mentioned in the wine world. Many a label proclaims the geological age of the rocks and soils in which the vines were growing; many a vineyard description enthuses about just how old its bedrock is. The age may be expressed as a fine-sounding technical term or as a quantity, typically, some unimaginably large number of millions of years: “The area’s best vineyards are on Turonian soils”; “Cretaceous limestone is best for our vines”; “the wine’s secret is the Devonian slate”; “our Shiraz grows in soils 500 million years old.” It’s almost as though the older the geology can be made to appear, somehow the finer the wine. I must declare my own position in all this: surely the geological age of the bedrock has little to do with viticulture? The age of the soil is certainly relevant, as it is continually changing on a human timescale, but these geological time words almost always are referring to the age of the vineyard bedrock. And almost invariably the age of the soil will be unrelated and vastly younger than the bedrock. Surely the vine doesn’t care, so to speak, how long ago the bedrock happened to form. Nevertheless, the fact is that geological time pervades wine literature, so this chapter explains how geologists work with the ages of rocks. The thinking is nicely explained by outlining how geological time was “discovered.” Modern geology began two or three centuries ago, essentially when it dawned that answers to questions about the physical world were better answered by going out and observing nature rather than poring over ancient scriptures. We saw in Chapter 1 how James Hutton peered into the “abyss of time.” Soon after, other founders of the science began to compare features preserved in rocks with processes they could see happening all around them, and they were able to establish rules (see the accompanying box) that enabled them to disentangle past geological time and to work out the geological history of a particular place. Using these kinds of principles, the early geologists were soon able to recognize past intervals of geological time and give them names.
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Shubik, Martin, and Eric Smith. "The Economy: Time, Size, and Complexity." In The Guidance of an Enterprise Economy. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034630.003.0006.
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The first five chapters have been devoted to reformulating a pre-institutional static theory of general equilibrium, into considering an economy in terms of process where markets and other institutions exist embedded within and interacting on different timescales with the polity and society. This embedding of the economy within the framework of government and society provides both a natural formal and informal control system. The government provides the formal rules with the laws and their enforcement and the society and polity on different timescales provide the pressure on the government for rule formation and the direct pressures on the economy to conform to custom as well as law. The price system where it exists provides a perception device where the pressures of disequilibrium are signalled by the shadow prices that develop both on the price of commodities and on loans and other financial instruments. We deal here with the production and exchange economy in a process setting.
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Gutierrez, Joseph A., and Natalie Bursztyn. "The Story of Ice." In Cases on Smart Learning Environments, 1–16. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6136-1.ch001.
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Increasing enrollment and costs in introductory geoscience classes are making the logistics of organizing on-location field trips challenging; but with modern technology, virtual field trips (VFTs) can provide a proxy. Students entering college today are digital natives with short attention spans, suggesting they would find a VFT appealing and easy to navigate. While not a replacement for an actual field trip, VTFs offer interactive alternatives to traditional lectures, and several have been successful in engaging and educating students. This proposed VFT utilizes the iconic geology of Yosemite National Park to teach the effects of climate change at geologic and anthropogenic timescales. The story is told along Yosemite's four roads and is designed for use as a roadside geology accompaniment in the park, or as a standalone interactive tool in the classroom. VFT stops narrate the geologic history of the area and use photos with illustrated overlays to further describe concepts.
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Hallam, Tony. "Climate change." In Catastrophes and Lesser Calamities. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198524977.003.0010.
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Unlike the other factors that have been invoked to account for mass extinctions, climate change is manifest to us all, whether we travel from the tropics to the poles or experience the seasonal cycle. Over a longer timescale, the issue of global warming in the recent past and likely future, and its probable consequences for other aspects of the environment, has occupied a considerable amount of media attention. Those people who are unaware of the likely consequences of the burning of fossil fuels cannot count themselves as well educated. Over a longer timescale, geologists have been aware for many decades of significant climatic changes on a global scale leading to the appearance and disappearance of polar ice caps on a number of occasions. Steve Stanley, the distinguished palaeobiologist at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, has actively promoted the view that episodes of climatic cooling are the most likely cause of mass extinctions. However, we must consider also the significance of global warming, and for the continents, at any rate, the possible effects of changes in the humidity–aridity spectrum. Before examining the relationships between climatic change and mass extinctions we need to examine the criteria from the stratigraphic record that geologists use to determine ancient climates, or palaeo-climates. The most obvious way of detecting cold conditions in the past is to find evidence of the presence of ice. At the present day the sedimentary deposits associated with glaciers and ice sheets, which occur where melting ice dumps its rock load, range in grain size from boulders and pebbles to finely ground rock flour. Such deposits are known as boulder clay or till, and ancient examples consolidated into resistant rock as tillites. The surfaces of hard rock that have underlain substantial ice sheets bear characteristic linear striations indicating the former direction of ice movement, such as glaciers moving up or down a U-shaped valley. The striations are produced by pebbles embedded in the ice, and are a unique marker for glacial action. In the 1830s Louis Agassiz, the great Swiss naturalist, extrapolated from his knowledge of the margins of Alpine glaciers to propose that the whole of northern Europe had been covered by one or more ice sheets in the recent geological past.
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Pellegrini, Adam F. A., and Robert B. Jackson. "The long and short of it: A review of the timescales of how fire affects soils using the pulse-press framework." In Advances in Ecological Research, 147–71. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.01.010.
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Hewitt, Seán. "‘A Black Knot’." In J. M. Synge, 81–108. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862093.003.0004.
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This chapter develops the tensions inherent in Synge’s early works towards an understanding of his formal innovation, asserting the ‘time pressure’ of his one-act plays as a dimension of his response to modernity. Synge’s drafts for various articles, particularly ‘The Old and New in Ireland’, and an article on social change in Wicklow, combine with his notes on Herbert Spencer and evolutionary theory to show a writer deeply conscious of modernization and literature’s responsiveness to modernity. Contributing to and drawing on new work on the spatial and temporal dimensions of modernism, this chapter shows that the structures and plots and Synge’s one-act plays Riders to the Sea and The Shadow of the Glen are rooted in a battle of temporalities. By comparing the timescales of Synge’s one-act plays to those of his Revivalist contemporaries, this chapter shows that his reading in sociology, philosophy, and evolutionary science, alongside his experiences in the modernizing ‘Congested Districts’ of Ireland, fundamentally affected his literary output. Fractured communal relations are figured as fractures in the time frames of the drama, and the overlapping of temporalities and levels of modernization find their correlatives in the constant and unresolved competition for dominance from any one conception of time. These plays, far from being isolated from the concerns of modernization, or from reverting to a solely romanticized vision of the peasantry, in fact register a sense of formal instability as a result of their fraught and multiple conceptions of time and space.
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Greenland, David. "Decadal Climate Variation and Coho Salmon Catch." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0025.
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When temporally smoothed data are used for the period 1925 to 1985 there is a close inverse statistical relationship acting at an interdecadal timescale between the Pacific Northwest (PNW) air temperatures and Coho salmon catch off the coast of Washington and Oregon. This relationship is now well known, although not fully explained, but at the time of its discovery in 1994 it was part of advances being made by several research groups on interdecadal-scale climate/ecological changes in the PNW (Greenland 1995). The discovery and later, related findings may be usefully examined within the context of the framework questions of this book (see chapter 1) because it provides a very interesting example of climate variability and ecosystem response found, in part, by Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) investigators. The logical progression for this chapter is first to review a little of the relationship between Coho salmon and climate and then to explain how a study at one LTER site led to a finding with regional implications. An update of the findings at interdecadal-scale climate/ecological changes in the PNW is then appropriate, followed by a discussion of the topic with the framework questions of this book. The PNW is defined, for the purposes of this chapter, as the area of Washington and Oregon west of the crest of the Cascade Range. The term decadal is used loosely in this chapter to refer to changes that focus on time periods of about 10 to 30 years in length. Salmon live part of their lives in terrestrial, freshwater environments and part in marine, saltwater environments. The salmon life history starts with fertilized eggs remaining in gravel in freshwater stream beds and hatching after 1–3 months. One to five months later, fry emerge in the spring or summer. Juvenile fish are in freshwater from a few days to 4 years, depending on species and locality. After the juveniles change to smolts, they can migrate to the ocean, usually in spring or early summer, often taking advantage of streamflows driven by snowmelt. The fish spend 1–4 years in the ocean and then return to their freshwater home stream to spawn and die. More specifically, the typical life cycle for Oregon Coho spans 3 years (18 months in freshwater and 18 months in the ocean).
Conference papers on the topic "Fine timescale"
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Sgro, A. G. "An Electron Beam Penetrating an Overdense Plasma Simulated with Fine Resolution on a Long Timescale." In IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts. 2005 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2005.359257.
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Brown, Alexander L. "Impact and Fire Modeling Considerations Employing SPH Coupling to a Dilute Spray Fire Code." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88493.
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Transportation accidents and the subsequent fire present a concern. Particularly energetic accidents like an aircraft impact or a high speed highway accident can be quite violent. We would like to develop and maintain a capability at Sandia National Laboratories to model these very challenging events. We have identified Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) as a good method to employ for the impact dynamics of the fluid for severe impacts. SPH is capable of modeling viscous and inertial effects for these impacts for short times. We have also identified our fire code Lagrangian/Eulerian (L/E) particle capability as an adequate method for fuel transport and spray modeling. A fire code can also model the subsequent fire for a fuel impact. Surface deposition of the liquid may also be acceptably predicted with the same code. These two methods (SPH and L/E) typically employ complimentary length and timescales for the calculation, and are potentially suited for coupling given adequate attention to relevant details. Length and timescale interactions are important considerations when joining the two capabilities. Additionally, there are physical model inadequacy considerations that contribute to the accuracy of the methodology. These models and methods are presented and evaluated. Some of these concerns are detailed for a verification type scenario used to show the work in progress of this coupling capability. The importance of validation methods and their appropriate application to the genesis of this class of predictive tool are also discussed.
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Dakkumalla, Suresh, Aakanksha Avnish Bhardwajan, Anu Arora, Rajath Sadasivan, and T. Subramanya Ganesh. "A physically realized timescale combining five Cesium atomic clocks." In 2020 URSI Regional Conference on Radio Science ( URSI-RCRS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursircrs49211.2020.9113589.
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Cleaver, R. P., M. R. Acton, and A. R. Halford. "Modeling the Effects of Pipeline Fires and the Response of People in Large Buildings." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10158.
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Failures of natural gas transmission pipelines have occasionally occurred around the world. Ignited releases from ruptured high-pressure transmission pipelines produce a highly transient thermal radiation field in the initial stages, as described in papers presented at IPC previously. In the context of risk assessment, modeling the effects of fires on buildings is as important as modeling the thermal radiation field. A simplistic approach may not be appropriate, particularly when there is a significant difference in thermal radiation levels between the nearest and the furthest points of the building from the fire. It is necessary to consider the timescales involved, such as the timescale for fire spread through the building, for the evacuation of people and for the external thermal radiation field to decline. All of these factors need a modeling approach that is commensurate with other uncertainties in the risk analysis. The purpose of this paper is to describe a general modeling approach to assess the effects of transient fire loading on such large buildings. Illustrative examples are given for a large two-storey building and an apartment block. The effects of parameter variations, such as changes in the rate of flow of people through a doorway and the rate of progress of people from one floor to the next, are demonstrated. The results help to establish a method for evaluating the risk to occupants of large buildings. This can be used to support informed decisions on pipeline safety issues and in prioritizing integrity management programs on a risk basis.
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Cordovez, Bernardo, and David Erickson. "Optofluidic Storage." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10320.
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Optical storage capacity in devices such as DVDs is fundamentally restricted by the diffraction limit of light. We present an optofluidic approach which exploits nanofluidic manipulation of quantum dot cocktails to achieve spectrally multiplexed data storage in a traditional planar format. Quantum dot cocktails are delivered to the vicinity of a nanowell through pressure driven flow and are subsequently trapped and stored electrokinetically. Once in the nanowells, they are excited with a blue light source and their discrete spectrographic signal is captured through a fiber spectrometer. Data erasure is performed by reversing the polarity of the applied electrical field which ejects the nanocrystals. We also extend this analysis for microwell traps which could find use in visual display applications, as well as present a method by which the fluorescent signal can be controlled and retained over various timescales.
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Guppy, R. M., S. P. Vines, and S. J. Wisbey. "The Benefits of Cementitious Encapsulation Matrices for the Conditioning of Intermediate Level Waste." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4886.
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The UK has significant quantities of radioactive waste, which have arisen over the past fifty years or so, largely as a result of nuclear power, reprocessing and defence programmes. The intermediate level wastes arising as a result of these activities, exhibit a high level of physical and chemical diversity, and must be managed safely in a way that protects existing and future generations and the environment. Development work has been conducted since the early 1980s to identify suitable conditioning materials and techniques that are compatible with the needs of safe long-term management, including interim storage, transport and future deep geological disposal. From these studies cementation emerged as the one medium which could satisfy all the key waste management criteria. Other materials were not ruled out and may offer benefits in specific applications. The advantages of conditioning ILW with cement include: • the extensive experience of its use in a wide variety of contexts; • the raw materials are relatively cheap and have a long shelf life; • cement is processed in relatively simple plant at room temperature, with safety and cost benefits for plant operators; • the product is fire resistant and of relatively low toxicity; • cement is capable of immobilising a wide range of wastes ranging from solids to aqueous slurries; • cement provides desirable product properties. Desirable properties include: • suitable strength, • chemical control of radionuclide leading to enhanced retention, • good corrosion protection for steels, • low permeability, • tolerance to radiation, • durability over extended timescales, and • good radiation self-shielding properties. Several waste packaging plants are now operational in the UK using cement-based encapsulants. These are currently conditioning ILW for interim storage, in a manner suitable for future transport and compatible with the Nirex phased deep disposal concept. This paper will describe the development of cement-based encapsulants to meet the needs of UK radioactive wastes, and will provide examples of the supporting product quality data.