Journal articles on the topic 'Fine Arts (incl. Sculpture and Painting)'

The purpose of our exploration is to investigate the computer technology impact on the development of art component in the modern design and engineering education. This is a case in the first instance of traditional arts such as Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. The thematic justification there is to analyse transformation trends of art image creation in a changing development context in the design area. The evolving methodological modern concept requires preservation and development the evolution way of things from its realistic perception (image) to its usage in the capacity of artistic tools and modern information technology tools. It would be instructive to examine the painting methodology of such authors as Nikolai Beschastnov, Vadim Kulakov, Irina Stor, Yuriy Avdeev, Gusein Guseinov, Victor Dyminskiy, Aleksey Sheboldaev (Painting), Yuriy Kirtser (Drawing and painting) as well as the legacy of classic and modern painters. In process of training painting and decorative transformations, information technology adaptation and appliance aim to educate high-level designers and architects. Careful study of nature combine with information technology art tools – this is a key stone of student training of Fine Arts departure of Institute of Architecture and Design Altay State Technical University. Perfect art skills together with technical achievements provides an opportunity to expand and enrich creative potential in carrying out tasks of any kind of complexity importing an art component in the modern design culture. Interest in information technology in a class-room environment Drawing-Painting-Sculpture is no doubt. It’s fascinatingly for students. New methodologies of Institute of Architecture and Design test and endorse in several subjects: Painting and Coloristics, Drawing, Colour transformations in design culture. Based on methodological experiments developed in Fine Arts departure of Institute of Architecture and Design Altay State Technical University and other Russian universities authors suppose that the modern information technology impact on new art architect training methodologies, student abilities for abstract creative reasoning, preserving art component legacy in architect education.

This study investigated relationships between visual imaging abilities (imaging capacity and imagery control) and academic performance in 146 Fine Arts students (31 men, 115 women). Mean age was 22.3 yr. ( SD = 1.9; range 20–26 yr.). All of the participants who volunteered for the experiment regularly attended classes and were first, second, or third year students. For evaluation of imaging abilities, the Spanish versions of the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control, the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire, and Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery were used. Academic performance was assessed in four areas, Drawing, Painting, Sculpture, and Complementary Subjects, over a three-year period. The results indicate that imagery control was associated with academic performance in Fine Arts. These findings are discussed in the context of previous studies, and new lines of research are proposed.

The paper discusses the affirmation of Serbian sculptors in Kosovo and Metohija in the second half of the XX century. It began to develop in the province in parallel with painting, and the founding of the Academy of Arts in Pristina in 1973 can be taken as a turning point. Most artists have already been involved in current creative trends in fine arts in Kosovo and Metohija and beyond. Bužančić says that sculptural achievements, as well as facts from the art scene at the time and a promising future, reject any allusion that sculpture was still a less important sector of Kosovo's art. As the founders of Serbian sculpture in Kosovo and Metohija, we can mention Svetomir Arsić Basara, Radoslav Musa Miketić, and after some time Zoran Karalejić, and they raised sculpture in Kosovo and Metohija with their artistic creation and pedagogical work. The circle of Serbian sculptors then began to expand and prosper, with new profiles and sensibilities, enriching sculptural production in the province.

What do the visual arts tell us about historical events happening in our societies? In this article, we will examine the case of the French riots of 2005. While anthropology, media, and cultural studies have investigated visual forms such as video games, YouTube videos, and graffiti that address the riots, there has been a blind spot in the study of the representation of the riots in the fine arts, such as painting and sculpture. This study will thereby identify and analyze the art works of three contemporary francophone, and transnationally recognized artists who visually represented the riots of 2005. Indeed, the art pieces by Alexis Peskine (La France “des” Français), Guillaume Bresson (Untitled), and Adel Abdessemed (Practice Zero Tolerance) could not be more different esthetically speaking. Peskine’s colorful painting offers a postcolonial reading of the riot, deconstructing stereotypes associated with race that the riot reinforced. Bresson’s imposing neoclassical painting stages the choreography of agitated rioters. Abdessemed comments on the violence provoked by the governmental management of the riots with a sculpture installation showing three burnt cars. Despite these differences, the three artists’ approaches indubitably converge insofar as they first react to the constant play between images of power and the power of images. In addition, this observation involves an intervention into the discourse and imaginative processes that are currently shaping the narrative and interpretation of the riots. In this sense, Peskine, Bresson, and Abdessemed operate as sculptors of history.

The anti-rightist campaign of 1957 and 1958 had dire consequences for many of China's artists, just as it did for hundreds of thousands of China's intellectuals (Link 1984:11–14). A sculpture instructor and Communist Party member at the Central Academy of Fine Arts, for example, refused to testify against the artist Jiang Feng, the academy's director and a man to whom he felt personal loyalty. The sculptor was declared an “extreme rightist” and sent to a labor camp at Xingkai Lake in Heilongjiang on the Soviet border. His entire sculptural output for the following years, 1958 to 1979, was a small box filled with crudely carved tree roots, work conducted in secret without professional tools or materials (interview with A 1986).

Summary This is an attempt at examining Zygmunt Krasiński’s opinions and preferences with regard to the fine arts, a theme many critics believed to be missing from his writings. While putting things right, this article looks at the issues involved in his artistic choices, for example, what works or artists attracted his attention, in general, and to the point of him actually drawing on them in his own work or provoking him to some response (critical, approving, emotional, etc.). Furthermore, the article tries to explore the reasons and circumstances which may account for Krasiński’s interest in a given painting, print, or sculpture. It may have been the work’s theme as in the case of his ekphrasis of Ary Scheffer’s Dante and Virgil Encountering the Shades of Francesca and Paolo Di Rimini, where literary tradition provided the impulse, or the mode of its execution, or the personal ties with its author, or, finally, some other factors, like a current vogue or simply Krasiński’s individual sensitivity. The ultimate aim of all these inquiries is to outline Krasiński’s relationship with the arts (beaux arts) in the context of the aesthetic preferences of the epoch.

Art plays an important role in the development of any country. Art is considered a medium for realizing beauty or prosperity. Architecture, sculpture, painting and music have been considered under fine arts. Both painting or poetry is a means of expressing the inner feelings of man. Today in painting, it is possible that even if color does not make sense, it can reach the mind directly and make you feel happy. Art is said to be a response to the realization of truth. By combining Rupo in pictures, the eyes get satiety. Through the eyes, there is a cook in different minds in the mind of the audience. किसी भी देष के विकास में कला का महत्वपुर्ण योगदान होता है। कला को सोन्दर्य अथवा समृद्वि को साकार करने का माध्यम माना गया है। वास्तुकला, मूर्ति कला, चित्रकला तथा संगीत को ललित कला के अन्तर्गत माना गया है। चित्रकला हो या कविता दोनो ही मनुष्य की आंतरिक भावनाओं को व्यक्त करने का एक माध्यम है। चित्रकला में आज ऐसा संभव है कि रंग का अर्थ न निकले फिर भी वह सीधे मन तक पहुॅच कर रसानुभूति करा सकता है। कला को सत्य की अनुभूति की अनुक्रति कहा गया है। चित्रो में रूपो के संयोजन से नेत्रो को तृप्ति मिलती है। आंखो के माध्यम से दर्षक के मन में विभिन्न भावो से रसोदे्रक होता है।

The main aim of education is not only giving the knowledge but education is the acquisition of the art of utilization of knowledge. This is an art very difficult to impart .The general purpose of education is the faster growth of individual knowledge in each human being. In human beings projection of individual is only possible by fine arts. Fine arts includes music, dance, architecture, sculpture, painting, literature etc. Music is a performing art. The main aspect of music is Naad. According to Indian views the place of Naad has taken Dhwani. Naad or dhwani is very useful in music. It is the base of music. The main elements of music are -Swar-In Indian music, there are 7 and in western music “swar” are 8.Taal- There are 3 types of Taal- Mandra, Madhya, and Drut.Aaroh- Avroh-Rhythm. (Pitch higher/lower)Goonj (Echo) - Pratidhwani/Reverberation.Anunaad-Resonance.Kaku-Modulation (Scale)

A country that excels in the arts is considered a civilized country. The arts created in a country play an important role in determining the cultural development of a country. Ancient Tamils have been interested in art since ancient times. They have cultivated fine arts such as music, dance, painting, sculpture and architecture. Drama is one of the arts thus nurtured. Although references to the play are found in the Sangam literature, references to their performances are scarce. On this basis it cannot be dared that the play did not take place in the Sangam period. Evidence of sporadic performance can be seen. Theatrical arrangement, lighting and curtains are a perfect complement to the plays performed in the form of koothu during the Sangam period. This article seeks to explore the concepts behind these.

This paper is the transcript of the conference read on May 9, 2017 during the workshop The Power of Colors - The Spatial Experience with the Help of Art, at the Peter Behrens School of Arts, University of Applied Sciences, Hochschule Düsseldorf. It shows the ideas that art is capable of transmitting to architecture to design space through color planning. The reading describes in detail the creative process of the artist and professor at the University of Barcelona, Jaume Fortuny Agramunt, during the rehabilitation of architectural spaces through spatial experience with the help of art. Dr. Fortuny explains seven of his projects carried out in three Spanish cities (Badalona, Sant Quirze Del Vallès and Barcelona) within his line of research that he calls Analysis of the Relational Process Form-Space. These projects show how positive can be the transfer of knowledge to architecture from the area of Fine Arts to architecture from the field of Fine Arts, both from sculpture and painting, and the strong use of art for the everyday life of the society where it is generated.

The purpose of the study is to analyze various interpretations of the theme of ballet in the context of creating an artistic image taking into account the specific characteristics of various arts on the factual visual material of the late nineteenth - early twentieth century. Methodology: 1) Search method, which allowed to reveal in museums and private collections, works of art dedicated to ballet of the period under consideration; 2) Historical and tipological method, which helped to group the works according to the thematic principle, to determine the degree of their value in the process of the creative work of the artist; 3) Method of stylistic analysis, which allowed to track the structural changes in the images created, the evolution of the creative method of the artist. Main findings: The nature of pictorial foundations in choreography is explored; the artistic pursuits and the various decisions in the masterpieces of graphics, painting and sculpture, dedicated to the ballet theatre and mostly connected with "The Russian Seasons" by S. Diaghilev; the main iconographic principles, the typology and the interpretation of ballet images are revealed.

Painters, Sculptors and Graphic Female Artists From the Kraków Association of Jewish Artists, 1931–1939 Eleven women belonged to the Kraków Association of Jewish Artists, active in the 1930s. They dealt with painting, graphic art and sculpture. Unfortunately, not much has survived from their achievements. One of the most interesting artistic personalities in this group was Henryka Kernerówna, educated in Vienna. From 1918 on, female artists younger than her could benefit from studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. In the reviews of the exhibitions of the Association, the gender of artists was rarely mentioned, except in some cases. The artists also belonged to other non-Jewish art groups. Most of them survived the war, but none of them remained in Kraków. Three of them were killed.

This paper focuses on the Russian Golden Age author Konstantin Batiushkov’s involvement with fine arts. He is recognized as an exquisite elegist, an immediate predecessor of Alexander Pushkin in poetry, and “a pioneer of Russian Italomania.” Much less known is that Batiushkov was always deeply involved with painting, drawing, and sculpture—not only as a poet but as Russia’s first art critic, an ad-lib art manager, who worked on behalf of the President of the Russian Academy of Arts Aleksei Olenin, and an amateur artist. The paper offers addenda to the commentary on his essay devoted to the 1814 academic exhibition, commonly referred to as the earliest significant example of Russian art criticism. Many of Batiushkov’s extant paintings and drawings belong to the time when he was mentally insane. Since he was a self-taught artist, his visual works of this period can be categorized as early examples of art brut.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine the changes in psychological distress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in students from the fine arts faculty in the first 2 years of their education in Turkey, in comparison with students from other faculties, and to reveal the causes of psychological distress, anxiety, and depression in fine arts students. METHODS: The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were applied to students from Faculty of Fine Arts and the Faculties of Economics and Sport Sciences (controls) in the first week of the 2017–2018 academic year. Students also completed a questionnaire measuring their possible stressful life events (at timepoint T1). The process was repeated for the same students in the second year (T2). The changes between the two time¬points were examined prospectively. RESULTS: A total of 96 fine arts students agreed to participate at T1 and 66 at T2 (68.8%); for the controls, it was 259 at T1 and 182 (70.3%) at T2. The fine arts students at T1 included 15 music majors, 45 cinema and television, and 36 handi¬crafts, sculpture, and painting. Their average age at T1 was 21.0 yrs (SD 5.8) and 54.2% were male; for the other students, it was 19.4 yrs (2.7) and 56.0% male. Fine arts students’ GHQ-12 score averages increased significantly from T1 to T2 (11.7 to 14.3, p=0.002). Their BDI score averages increased from 10.3 to 12.3 (p=0.044). Moreover, their S-Anxiety score averages increased from 41.1 at T1 to 44.1 at T2 (p=0.008). However, the increase in T-Anxiety scores was not statistically significant. None of the control students’ test scores varied between the two timepoints (p>0.05). At T2, for fine arts students, there was no significant difference between female and male students in terms of GHQ-12, BDI, and S-Anxiety scores. However, T-anxiety scores were higher in female students. By linear regression analysis, “worrying about the future (individual)” was found to be a determinant on all scale scores in fine arts students. CONCLUSION: The psychological indicators increased significantly in fine arts students during the first year of their education.

The authors investigate the legal regulation of copyright protection in all possible arts: architecture, sculpture, graphics, design,painting, etc. The authors focus on the emergence of copyright in works in new art genres in the digital age, in particular: 3-D digitalmodels; engraving; engraving; pop-up publications and others. Peculiarities of free use of works and creation of derivative works indifferent kinds of art are determined.Each art form needs its own approach to regulating the author’s rights to the work. Architectural objects include both constructionprojects and drawings, as well as the buildings themselves, garden and park formations.The architectural design and the building are protected separately from each other. Therefore, there is no possibility to protect thearchitect’s rights to permit or prohibit the implementation of the project in the building and preserve the copyright to the architecturalpart of the building value, because in this case the idea (construction project) and building – various forms of works’ expression. However,construction projects are not subject to patent law, can not be patented as an invention, utility model, and do not belong to indust -rial designs. The building as a whole is not the subject of copyright, as copyright protects only the shape of the building, not engineeringsolutions, which in themselves, separately from the building, can be patented as inventions or utility models.Plagiarism of sculptures, especially sculptures of famous people and characters, is difficult to prove. In addition, there is the questionof the need to obtain permission from living famous people to create such sculptures for their commercial use. There is a questionof recognizing or not recognizing the 3-D sculpture as the original object of copyright.Works of fine art can be divided into: architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, photography anddesign. Works created with the help of a print as a unique type of graphic technique are considered original, as well as film photographs,when each developed photo will be original. Each copy of a book created using the pop-up technique is also considered original.The plots of films are difficult to defend in the context of copyright, because, in fact, they are a concept or idea that is easy tochange. The legislation does not clearly define that such a modification will be considered a derivative of the original work. The legislationdoes not contain clear criteria for defining plagiarism in works of art. Also, the legislation does not regulate co-authorship withmore or less complicity.

The fine arts abound in images of the pierced, wounded, tortured, dismembered, crippled or decapitated body in all historical periods. The iconography of the wound is of long standing, and the passion for depicting open bodies can only be compared to the enthusiasm for the nude. In the history of painting and sculpture, the wounded body is most often represented in renditions of Christ’s Passion and Christian martyrs, as well as of Biblical stories about decapitation and slaughter. The topic of the wound has proved relevant to modern and contemporary art as well. In the second half of the 20th century, around 1965, when the Viennese Actionism appeared, as well as between 1968 and 1974, the two milestone dates of body art, artists engaged in performative practices, shattering the notions of the wounded or penetrable body which dominated at the time. What they exposed was the anxious image of the artist’s body. By analysing the art photos by Rudolf Schwarzkogler, the paper shows how the wound is materialised as a topic of visual art.

Статья посвящена стилю социалистического реализма в изобразительном искусстве Монголии. Выделены основные этапы становления и факторы его формирования: революционные события и утверждение идеологии социализма; поддержка нового направления правительством Монголии, а также влияние российской художественной школы. Показана роль Российской академии художеств, Института им. И.Е. Репина, Института им. В.И. Сурикова в обучении и передаче художественных традиций и навыков монгольским художникам. Отмечено своеобразие монгольского варианта стиля соцреализма, синтезировавшего приемы и методы российской школы живописи с народными формами художественного творчества и буддийским искусством; показана непреходящая значимость и востребованность данного стиля в современном искусстве Монголии. Охарактеризовано творчество ведущих монгольских художников, и проведен искусствоведческий анализ ряда произведений. The article is devoted to the style of socialistic realism in the fine arts of Mongolia. The main stages of formation and factors of its formation are highlighted: revolutionary events and the establishment of the ideology of socialism; support of the new authorities of Mongolia, as well as the influence of the Russian art school. The role of the Russian Academy of Arts, the I.E. Repin St. Petersburg State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, the Moscow State Academic Art Institute named after V.I. Surikov in teaching and transferring artistic traditions and skills to Mongolian artists is shown. The peculiarity of the Mongolian version of the style of socialist realism, which synthesized the techniques and methods of the Russian school of painting with folk forms of art and Buddhist art, is noted; the enduring importance and relevance of this style in the contemporary art of Mongolia is shown. The work of leading Mongolian artists is characterized and an art history analysis of a number of works is carried out.

The perception of ‘Art’ has had changed phenomenally since the earliest appearance of art like Painting or Sculpture on the surface of earth. The numerous shifts to new forms and manifestations since then are attributed to the basic human instincts - like desire for continual change and explore for new. But all the changes are always being determined by the motives of the involved artists. Like elsewhere, Nepali Art too has had witnessed multiple forms and phases as time moved on. In the recent times, Art here too, is defined as experimental – an end result of creative experiments. And an argument that today is an age of unlimited freedom - to imagine and to create. But lately, it is found there have been frequent instances of abusing this creative freedom. To correct such tendencies in time, the concerned authorities have designed the related curriculum of Higher Education in Fine Arts – so that the exercise to experiment in ‘Art’ is made only after a designated stage of academic learning – not earlier. Obviously, the point is to lay the due emphasis on learning of academic forms first before exercising creative freedom – called ‘Experimental Art’.

The article deals with the historical-cultural topic of relations of the Russian animalism with other genres of fine art of the 18th and 19th centuries. When the features of animalistic art were identified as a peculiar and characteristic phenomenon open to interaction, animalism became an original page of Russian culture. The author refers to this topic in connection with the small number of complex studies in the field of animalism. The purpose of the article is to consider the specific features of animalism, as a characteristic original phenomenon of Russian artistic culture, in the context of the existing genre system of the two designated periods. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the issues of interaction and integration are very significant in historical and modern artistic practice. The demonstration of such “communications” on the example of Russian animalistic painting, graphics, and sculpture further enriches and diversifies the sphere of Russian art, giving it the character of integrity and national color.The article presents a review of Russian and foreign literature on this topic, indicates that animalism entered the system of genres of Russian art of the 18th—19th centuries as a special “genus” of it, showing an independent status. For two centuries, artists set their task to create an animal’s image in the sphere of the natural reality they observed. The nature they perceived and the animals in it were reflected in different genres of fine art. In the 18th century, when the Academy of Arts and related classes were organized in Russia, animals and birds began to be depicted in historical, battle, landscape paintings, and still lifes. Wild and domestic animals appeared in paintings by foreign and Russian masters. In the 19th century, the horse became one of the most preferred characters in portraiture and sculpture (along with the historical and landscape genre). The author concludes that the historical realities of that time highlighted that image and determined the formation of a separate “hippic genre”.

This article aims at analyzing the genre features of the 20th century animalistic art as a special, original phenomenon of Russian artistic culture. There are highlighted the aspects that make up its content basis. The author considers the issues of human perception of an animal, attitude to it, the system of views on the world of flora and fauna, the methods of interpretation of animals and birds. Together, they form the specific characteristics of animalistic art, which appeared in their organized and integral form in the 20th century. The article is relevant because the relationship between human and nature is being more and more re-evaluated, which is why the ideological features and the system of views of the 20th century artists are getting increasingly important (in particular, in the historical and artistic aspect).Animalistic art, having become noticeable as a genre already in the 18th century, passed through the entire 19th century, and crystallized in the 20th century in the most characteristic, typical features in various types of fine arts (graphics, painting, sculpture and their varieties). There is no doubt that among other genres of fine art, animalistic art is an original visual and plastic phenomenon that is fundamentally different from the art that depicts a person. The article notes that the complexity of animalistic art lies in the properties of human perception, which is prone to subjective evaluation and, accordingly, gives an animal human traits. The principle of “imitation” of nature, the study of nature, being constantly followed by artists, pointed to the overcoming of the subjective moment and became the leading one in composing the figurative concept of an animal.

In 1936, Nikolaus Pevsner asserted at the Royal Society of Arts in London that the Weimar Republic had produced two great modern schools of art: Walter Gropius’ Bauhaus and Bruno Paul’s Vereinigte Staatsschulen für freie und angewandte Kunst (Unified State Schools for Fine and Applied Art) in Berlin. Pevsner was outspoken in commending the ‘atmosphere of youth, conquest, thrill’ that pervaded the Bauhaus in emulation of the passionate and revolutionary spirit of its founder. But he was troubled by the shortcomings of its programme. By contrast, Pevsner praised the Vereinigte Staatsschulen for restoring the essential ‘balance between painting and sculpture on the one hand, and handicraft and design on the other’ (Fig. 1). Unlike the Bauhaus, Pevsner concluded, the Vereinigte Staatsschulen ‘represented a success in almost every respect’. Yet, despite its importance to the dissemination of the Modern Movement, the Vereinigte Staatsschulen has been largely forgotten in the English-speaking world, while the Bauhaus has been long been regarded as the epitome of twentieth-century modernism, and, particularly in popular culture, even of the very concept of modernity. Nevertheless the interwoven stories of the Vereinigte Staatsschulen and the Bauhaus, and of their directors, serve to illuminate the complexity of the unwritten history of the Modern Movement.The Vereinigte Staatsschulen and the Bauhaus were, as Pevsner noted, parallel developments. Both emerged from the artistic reform movements that characterized the final years of the German Empire, and which found their culmination in the Deutscher Werkbund. The faculty of Vereinigte Staatsschulen sustained the unbroken history of its progenitor institutions, reflecting a broad and inclusive Modern Movement that echoed the often-contentious composition of the Werkbund itself. The Bauhaus faculty sought, ultimately unsuccessfully, to effect a clear and decisive break from a similar historical context. Notwithstanding its brilliant achievements, the Bauhaus ultimately represents but a single, exclusive branch of the history of the Modern Movement. The Vereinigte Staatsschulen reflects the broader currents that engendered twentieth-century modernism.

Abstract. The article is devoted to the issues of scientific restoration of works of decorative and applied art in the system of art education at the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture. The processes of formation and improvement of the experience of the artist-restorer for the preservation of historical and cultural monuments are defined. The importance of solving the cultural and professional development of the future artist-restorer in the field of restoration of works of decorative and applied art is emphasized. The topic studied by the author raises a number of issues of the methodology of studying works of decorative and applied arts in the research work of future artists-restorers. The purpose of the study is to develop and substantiate basic theoretical know­ledge in the field of research, restoration, conservation and storage of works of decorative and applied arts from metal, ceramics and organic materials. Training of restoration specialists is carried out in various educational and scientific institutions of Ukraine. At the present stage of development of scientific restoration, this industry needs innovative approaches and updating of old methods. Thus, at the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture you can get a specialty artist-restorer of monumental painting, artist-restorer of sculptures and decorative arts from metal, ceramics, organic materials (fabrics, leather and bone). Restoration occupies the most important place in museum work and combines a set of knowledge and skills that provide storage of works of art made of metal, ceramics and organic materials. Disciplines on the restoration of sculpture and works of decorative and applied art are part of the training of specialists in the specialty «Restoration of works of art» within the acquisition of practical skills in research, restoration, conservation and storage. Training of future artists-restorers in the system of higher professional education taking into account modern requirements of conservation and restoration is based on such principles as scientific, connection of theory with practice should be carried out on authentic monuments — museum exhibits that promotes formation of professional competences, acquisition of professional experience, responsible attitude to historical and cultural monuments. The obtained results deepen the idea of research methods, restoration and conservation of works of decorative and applied arts from metal, ceramics and organic materials. Theoretical provisions are important at the problem-theoretical level, because the training of restorers requires a strong scientific and methodological base.

Alexander Khudyashev is a sculptor, painter, teacher, organizer who played a prominent role in the artistic life of two Siberian cities - Tomsk and Barnaul in the 10–20s of the twentieth century. This article, based on the documents found, represents for the first time the main stages of his life and work, active participation in the All-Siberian Association of Artists «New Siberia». Until recently, very little was known about the life and work of this artist. The authors of the article, relying on archival materials, restored the biography of A. Khudyashev, in particular, more fully covered the Barnaul period of his life. On the basis of the documents found in the State Archive of the Altai Krai, the facts of the early years of the master's biography, the period of study at the Kazan Art School, and studies at private art studios in Moscow became known. The article describes his organizational work in Tomsk: on the board of the Tomsk Society of Art Lovers, participating in annual periodic art exhibitions, organizing a number of exhibitions («Exhibition of paintings and sculptures by local artists» and «Autumn exhibition of local and non-resident authors»). In Novonikolaevsk (now Novosibirsk), together with the assistant of the Leipzig Royal Academy of Arts, Czech artist F. Havelka, he participated in the preparation of the first in the history of the city art exhibition of Tomsk and Novikolaevsk professional artists and students of the Tomsk Real School and private studio F. Havelka. The pedagogical activity of the master is noted: in parallel with the creative and organizational work, Khudyashev taught sculpture in F. Havelka’s private drawing classes, drawing in the theological schooland first city women’s school, as well as in the Mariinsky female gymnasium. In 1918, the artist returned to Barnaul, where, according to A. Khudyashev's questionnaire recently discovered in the State Archive of the Altai Territory, he continued his teaching activities at the Barnaul Pedagogical Technical School and at the Workers' Faculty, and also worked in the Altai provincial department of public education. In addition, the artist was engaged in design activities. Becoming a member of the AllSiberian Society of Artists «New Siberia», he took part in the First All-Siberian exhibition of painting, sculpture, graphics and architecture, opened by members of the "New Siberia" in 1927 in Novosibirsk. The history of the Museum of Fine Arts in Barnaul, the first art museum in Altai, is connected with the name of A. Khudyashev. In difficult historical times, the change of the social and political system, the civil war, the introduction of the New Economic Policy A.V. Khudyashev sought to save a unique collection of the first art museum in Altai, understanding the importance and necessity of his work for future generations. The article introduces for the first time into the scientific parlance and analyzes three of his remaining paintings, now stored in the State Art Museum of the Altai Krai, tells about the composition and fate of the collection of the Museum of Fine Arts in Barnaul.

The study found that the activation of students’ health activities based on the use of sports and mastery of various sports skills is a motivating factor. Teachers of physical education, who conduct elective classes, are faced with the task of choosing ways and forms of organizing educational activities to master sports skills. The aim of the study was to reveal the essence of the implementation of the principles of health orientation and specify the components of readiness for physical activity (motivational, practical, psychophysiological and physical), clarify the criteria and identify indicators for high, medium and low levels. The study reveals the essence of the problem of forming a conscious positive attitude to physical education classes and a healthy lifestyle of students of art specialties in the conditions of optional groups. Regular physical activity is one of the key factors in maintaining health, and sufficient amount and regularity of physical activity – physical activity is a generating and stimulating factor in the process based on the natural connection of movements and the human psyche, which provides and controls the improvement of physical development and physical fitness of a person for life. The National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture is a Ukrainian higher art educational institution that has an academic focus and trains specialists in painting, sculpture, graphics, theater and decorative arts, architecture, restoration of works of art, art history and art management. The sedentary lifestyle of art students is of concern to psychologists and educators. It is established that the introduction of health and development technologies contributed to the formation of a conscious attitude of students to their own health and sports: payload and motivation, caused a steady interest in a healthy lifestyle. The objectives of the optional classes are to promote the development of interconnected strong motor skills, abilities and the development of motor skills.

Kazan Art School is a famous Russian educational institution that became an art educational center in the Volga-Kama Region and the Trans-Urals. In 2020, the school represented by N.I. Feshin Kazan Art College celebrates its 125th anniversary. It was opened under the direct tutelage of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1895) on the initiative of the Academy graduates, natives of the Kazan Region N.N. Belkovich, G.A. Medvedev, H.N. Skornyakov, I.A. Denisov, and Yu.I. Thyssen with the assistance of the city authorities. The historical walls of the school are marked by the teaching and pedagogical contribution of such legendary personalities as N.I. Feshin, P.P. Benkov and B.I. Urmanche, A.M. Rodchenko, P.A. Radimov, P.M. Dulsky, D.D. Burliuk, V.K. Timofeyev and other famous masters of the Russian art. The collection of the State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan contains the main artistic heritage of the school of the pre-revolutionary period and the first years of Soviet history (1895–1920s), which is considered in the given article. Conventionally, this legacy consists of three main parts. The main part includes works by the founders, teachers and students of the Kazan Art School. It is a fairly extensive collection of several hundred paintings and graphic works, as well as a small number of sculptural exhibits. The collection gives an opportunity to get acquainted with typical examples of the creative manner of the main representatives of the school. All of them are characterized by a special individuality of the visual language, but a diverse visual range is united by a common culture of vision. The collection is also particularly valuable due to the fact that it presents rare famous examples of the work of such artists as Yu.I. Thyssen, L.F. Ovsyannikov, F.P. Gavrilov, N.I. Mikhailov and others. An art museum operated at the Kazan school, which was created with the active involvement of the Academy of Arts.The museum operates at the school in a transformed form up to the present day. The collection of the Fine Arts Museum of the republic contains the bulk of the works of this collection, which gives an idea of the scale of the Academy of Arts activities to support the school with donated works. There are about 80 of them in total. The names of many are well known in the history of Russian art: I.E. Repin, I.I. Shishkin, A.P. Bogolyubov, K.E. Makovsky, V.V. Mate, A.F. Gausch, F.S. Zhuravlev, A.A. Kiselev, R.F. Franz and others. The museum collection also contains works by the most famous student of the Kazan Art School – Nikolai Ivanovich Feshin (1881–1955), who later was an equally famous school teacher (since 1909). The largest collection of Feshin's works in Russia, including painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied art of the master (over 180 works) is kept in Kazan.

An article is made in a series about the artistic activity by a brilliant sculptor and extraordinary thinker G. Zanabazar (1635–1723), whose criation predetermined the development of Buddhism and the entire course of events in Mongolia. The cult practice of Maitreya as one of the heroes of the bodhisattvas and as the Buddha of the Future among the Mongolian peoples arose under the decisive necessity of the first rituals performed under the influence of Undur-Gegen in the Erdene-Zuu monastery in 1657. Ritual meetings of the Buddha or Maitreya's cycle have become one of the most beloved, very colorful and festive events in the large-scale life of the most important Buddhist monasteries. The divine image of a beautiful, young yogi with the image of a stupa in his hair, an antelope skin on his left shoulder, a jug of sacred water and a gesture of preaching the teaching and at the same time granting protection, a noble Zanabazar, distinguished by elegances and nobility, and very close in style and spirit to the best works by Nepalese masters of the XI–XIV centuries. The sculpture of the standing bodhisattva Maitreya, 72 cm high, made by Undur-Gegen Zanabazar, is one of the main shrines of the capital's biggest Gandantegchenling Monastery. The rarest painting, the thangka of Maitreya Zanabazar, is found in the G. Zanabazar Fine Arts Museum in Ulaanbaatar. The second type of image of Maitreya is the crowned Buddha, sitting in bhadraasana on a high seat, also widespread in Tibeto-Mongolian Buddhism, and one of them is located in the Choijin Lama Museum-Temple in Ulaanbaatar, it belongs to the Zanabazar’s school. In this article, for the first time, a detailed description of the works by Zanabazar associated with to the cult of Maitreya is made.

The survey research was fulfilled within the interdisciplinary approaches “anthropology of art” and “existential art science”, updating the concept of “anthropic principle in artistic creativity” demanded by modern humanitarian science. The relevance of the topic is due to the special attention of the art of modern times to existential problems: art practice of the late 19th – the first two decades of the 21st century to the present day in its species, style and genre diversity actively present anthropological terms and meanings. The author of the article emphasizes the immanent nature of the existential foundations of artistic creativity, points to the special role of the phenomenon of Homo faber (man creating) in the composition of Homo sapiens as a biological species, but at the same time pays attention to the role of existential philosophy (starting with S. Kierkegaard), which influenced shaping strategies in world art. The author is interested in ways to represent existential meanings with the plastic capabilities of fine art, procedural forms of neo-avangard, screen arts, theater, poetry, and artistic prose. Special attention is paid to the anthropological potential of the art form — minimal elements of the language of art, plastic nuances of the means of artistic explanation. Within the stereoscopic existential-art-historical approach, the reader is invited to evaluate both the works of modern painting, graphics, sculpture, poetry and fiction, cinema and video art of Russia and the world, which have already become classics and practically unknown to the general public. A detailed panorama of images and languages of art is designed to represent the hypostasis of an existential person — transcending, creating, free, suffering, lonely, loving, frightening, experiencing the experience of death. The mentioned phenomena are considered as structural elements of the system of the existence of human being created by the author, analyzed from an aesthetic and artistic perspective. A similar method of analysis in this context is used for the first time in world science.

The article is devoted to the methods of urban environment design of the XXI centuries by artistic and graphic means. The process of their inclusion in the urban environment was gradual. It began with painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts and monumental arts. A new wave of artistic and graphic means in the urban environment began to develop intensively in the late nineteenth - early twentieth century. It was due to social and cultural processes in specific cities and countries. The use of various techniques in design began to be introduced from this period. In particular, such as: ready-made, found objects, assemblage, carving, lettering, perforation and others. Currently, there is a problem of perfection of such decisions with the intensification of the processes of participation in them not only professionals but also ordinary citizens. Artistic and graphic elements adjust the urban space to a certain thematic (content) atmosphere. They become a reflection of certain trends in art, but already in the urban space, like works of fine art in the interior. The most common among them are the following: surrealism; conceptuality; contextual game; visual illusion (optical illusion), irony, self-irony, wit, humor; metaphor (metaphorical poetics). Works of art give a wide range of possibilities for their application in architectural and urban planning. In practice, new artistic methods were developed along with the already known ways of designing the visual image of the elements. As a result of the analysis of a number of domestic and foreign cities the methods of design of the architectural environment based on active use of the invented art and graphic means are revealed. Among them are deliberate exaggeration of the image (scale, hyperbolization) and change the traditional shape and size of artistic elements, increase contrast, copying and repetition of the real landscapes, imitation of perspective images, and enrichment of the urban space with architectural details, creation of the provocation. The variety of artistic methods requires their correct application in the urban environment. It is necessary in order for them to perform their assigned role properly. The realization of creative artistic ideas in the urban spaces of the XXI century is due to the introduction of new engineering and creative forms, innovative technologies; introduction of significant supergraphic and font compositions, new techniques of evening lighting and color; tolerance in the use of graphic arts in historical spaces.

Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 4, 2022, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal opens with articles by Chinese researchers devoted to the art of Ancient China. In the article "The Heaven-and-Man Oneness Concept and the Style of Funerary Plastic Art During the Han Dynasty", Xiang Wu analyses the idea of heaven-and-man oneness, which was important for the art of this period. It was based on the Confucian view, the rituals of a strict social hierarchy and Taoist metaphysics. Qiu Mubing’s scientific research topic is “Objects of the Funerary Cult in the Han Dynasty. Gold and Silver Items. Aesthetics of Gold and Silver in the Han Dynasty”. Examining archaeological sources, the author concludes the high achievements of Chinese artisans during the Han Dynasty on examples of works of arts and crafts made of precious metals. In the article “Aesthetics of the Song Dynasty. The Origins of the New Style of Furniture Design in China", N.Kazakova and Qiu Qi analyse the vector of development of the furniture industry through the prism of the industrial design evolution. The reasons for the emergence of the New style in furniture design in China are studied. They are analysed in detail against the background of changing economic, political and cultural realities. The issues of the influence of Ancient China aesthetics on the formation and development of a new language in furniture design are touched upon. In the article "Problems of Colour Harmonisation of Composition and Development of Associative and Imaginative Thinking in the Environmental Design", N.Bogatova reveals the potential of colouristic graphic two-dimensional modelling in artistic and imaginative thematic compositions. On the example of the compositional laws of colouristics, the author traces the path of ascent from the concrete to the abstract, pictorial to the expressive, and emotional to the figurative. P.Dobrolyubov presents the text “Sculptor Alexander Matveev’s School and His Students”, which includes many archival documents and photographs. The author describes the process of learning from teacher and sculptor A.Matveev, names the main dates in his creative work, reveals the details of the sculptural craft, talks about the variety of moves in the master’s plasticity, analyses the methods and principles of work in sculpture, shows the attitude of students to their teacher, and highlights the entire course of historical milestones in the sculptor’s creative biography. In the article "The Golden Age of PRC History Painting (1949–1966): Origins, Searches, Achievements”, K.Gavrilin and L.Xiaonan consider the issues of the formation of the modern Chinese art school. Its foundation was laid in the framework of the creative and educational dialogue between China and the Soviet Union at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. The authors believe that the characteristic features of the golden age of Chinese historical painting were, on the one hand, the popularisation of painting as an art form and, on the other hand, the predominance of the dominant position of realism over the traditional styles of Chinese painting. It is noted that during this period, two main plots became widespread: scenes of socialist construction and historical events of the revolution. S.Zubarev considers theoretical and practical aspects of the activities of military musicians in the article "Academic Music in the Practice of Russian Military Bands of the 19th - early 21st Centuries". In the process of studying military bands, special attention is paid to the study of the features of military band service development in the 19th and 20th centuries. Factors revealing the role of Russian composers in the history of military musical culture are highlighted, and several works of academic music performed by military bands are analysed. In conclusion, the author notes that in the national culture, unique conditions for the development of military musicians’ arranging activity were created. They made it possible to preserve the traditions of the military band service and form the value principles of academic art. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.

Статья посвящена изучению евхаристической тематики в украинском искусстве XVII-XVIII вв. Впервые сделан обзор памятников украинского изобразительного искусства на тему символико-аллегорического изображения темы Евхаристии. В статье приведены примеры икон и картин из собрания Национального музея в Львове, Музея волынской иконы (г. Луцк, Украина), Национального художественного музея Украины (г. Киев), Национального Киево-Печерского историко-культурного заповедника. Анализ композиций позволил выделить и систематизировать символические сюжеты евхаристического содержания. В статье подробно рассматриваются иконы: «Христос Виноградная Лоза», «Христос в точиле», «Христос в чаше», «Недреманное око»; картины: «Пеликан», «Соглядатаи земли Ханаанской», а также другие памятники изобразительного искусства, которые раскрывают христианский догмат Евхаристии, искупительную жертву Христа. Эти сюжеты были широко распространены в иконописи, скульптуре, лицевом шитье, гравюре, резьбе, керамике. Также описаны редкие случаи использования символических сюжетов «Недреманное око» и «Христос Виноградная Лоза» в стенописи. В статье отмечены иконографические особенности каждого сюжета, подробно описаны и проанализированы изображения, проведён сравнительный анализ разных икон с изображением одинакового сюжета, изучен контекст и значение некоторых композиций. The article is devoted to the study of the Eucharistic theme in the Ukrainian art of the XVII-XVIII centuries. For the first time made the review of the monuments of Ukrainian art on the theme of symbolic and allegorical image of the Eucharist theme. The article presents examples of icons and paintings from the collection of the National Museum in Lviv, the Museum of Volyn Icon (Lutsk, Ukraine), the National Art Museum of Ukraine (Kiev), the National Kiev-Pechersk Historical and Cultural Reserve. The analysis of the compositions made it possible to identify and systematize the subjects of the Eucharistic content. The article describes in detail the: “Jesus Christ the Grape-Vine”, “Christ in the winepress”, “Christ in the bowl”, “Undreaming Eye”; pictures: “Pelican”, “The Spies of the land of Canaan” and other monuments of the fine arts, that reveal the Christian dogma of the Eucharist, the atoning sacrifice of Christ.These subjects were widely distributed in icon painting, sculpture, sewing, engraving, carving, and ceramics. The rare instances of the use of the symbolic plots “Undreaming Eye” and “Jesus Christ the Grape-Vine” in murals are described. The iconographic features of each subject are also noted in the article, images are described and analyzed in detail, a comparative analysis of different icons with the image of the same subject was carried out, the context and meaning of some compositions were studied.

Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 5, 2021, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal traditionally opens with the Academic Interview rubric. In this issue, we present an interview with Alexander Burganov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, an outstanding Russian sculptor, National Artist of Russia, Doctor of Art History, Professor, Director of the Burganov House Moscow State Museum, interviewed by Irina Sedova, the Head of the 20th Century Sculpture Department of the State Tretyakov Gallery. This dialogue became part of the sculptor’s creative evening at the State Tretyakov Gallery, which included a personal exhibition, donation of the sculptural work Letter, screening of a special film and a dialogue with the audience in the format of an interactive interview. In the article “The Apocalypse Icon from the Kremlin’s Assumption Cathedral. Dating and Historical Context”, T. Samoilova points out the similarities between some motifs of the Apocalypse iconography and the motifs of Botticelli’s illustrations to the Divine Comedy, as well as the role of a line in both artworks which testifies to the influence of the Renaissance art on icon painting of the late 15th — early 16th centuries. Studying palaeography and stylistic features of the icon, the author clarifies the dates and believes that the icon was most likely painted after 1500, in the first decade of the 16th century. P. Tsvetkova researches the features of the development of the Palladian architectural system in Italy, in the homeland of Andrea Palladio. On the examples of specific monuments, drawings and projects created during two and a half centuries, the author analyses the peculiarities of the style transformation in the work of Palladio’s followers, the continuity of tradition, deviations from canonical rules. In the article “Artistic Features of the Northern White Night Motif in the Landscapes of Alexander Borisov and Louis Apol”, I. Yenina conducts art analysis and compares the works of the Russian “artist of eternal ice”, A. Borisov, and the Dutch “winter artist”, L. Apol. They were the first to depict such a phenomenon as a white night in the Far North. V. Slepukhin studies the artworks of the first decades of the Soviet era in the article “Formation of the Image of a New Hero in Russian Art of 1920- 1930”. The author concludes that the New Hero in the plastic arts of the 1920s–1930s was formed as a reflection of social ideals. The avant-garde artists searched for the Hero’s originality in the images of aviators, peasants, women. The artists of socialist realism began to form the images of the “typical” heroes of the time — warriors, athletes, rural workers, scientists, as new “people of the Renaissance”. In the article “Dialogues of the Avant-garde”, A. N. Lavrentyev presents a comparative analysis of spatial constructions created by the Russian Avant-Garde Artist Alexander Rodchenko and the famous kinetic European and American artist Alexander Calder in the first half of the 20th century. Wei Xiao continues his analysis of contemporary art in the article “Chinese Sculpture in the New Era”. The author notes that the art of sculpture is in many ways a reflection of social change, both in terms of cultural content and practice. The author emphasises the need for cultural identity to preserve national traditions and spirituality. Xu Yanping’s article “The Dynamics of the Choral Culture Development in China in the 1930s on the Example of Huang Tzi’s Oratorio Eternal Regret” is a scientific study of a particular phase of the active entry of Chinese choral music into the sphere of the oratorio genre, directly related to the name of the great Chinese composer, Huang Tzi. It also highlights the issues of the country’s political life in the 1930s, which actively influenced the creation of nationwide singing movements and new choral works in the country. The author believes that the oratorio Eternal Regret presented in the article is a unique creation that organically combines ethnic musical material and Western composition techniques. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.

Dear readers,We are pleased to present to you Issue 2, 2021, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The article by the outstanding American historian of architecture, Robert Ousterhout, is devoted to the Russian architecture formation and questions of church construction development. E. Menshikova analyses the issues of ancient aesthetics and philosophy through the prism of the realities of the modern world in the article “The Paradox of a Liar – an Incredible Repetition. Part II. The Aristotle-Anokhin Diphthong”. Characteristic of the religious consciousness and philosophy of Confucianism, the ideas of the immortality of the spirit, filial piety, and etiquette, which have become firmly established in the burial culture of Ancient China, are explored by Xiang Wu in his article “Cultural Preconditions for the Formation of Stone Carved Sculpture in Ancient Chinese Mausoleums”. Qiu Mubing continues the theme of the Chinese funerary tradition of the Han period in the article “Items of Burial Cult in the Han Period. Bronze Items. Bronze Aesthetics in the Han Period”. The author analyses bronze items and concludes that the Bronze Age in China began with the emergence of Chinese civilisation and lasted, developing in stages, until the end of the period in question – the Han period. E. Vostrikova analyses the stylistic evolution of the Flowers and Birds genre in her article “The Hwajohwa Genre (“Flowers and Birds”) in Korean Traditional Painting of the Early and Middle Joseon Periods (Late 14th – Late 17th Centuries)”. The study identifies the historical and cultural context and the main terms for its designation, presents individual artistic trends, examines the techniques used in Korean traditional painting. Moreover, the author outlines the leading artists who worked in this genre during the indicated period. P. Kozorezenko investigates the artistic searches of the masters of the Severe style in the article “The Image of an Icon in the Art of the Artists of the Severe Style”. The author believes that ancient Russian art and its main embodiment, an icon, are one of the vivid elements of the creative palette of the Severe style masters. N. Beschastnov and E. Dergileva present the graphic heritage of Moscow artist A. Dergileva, limited by the period between 1980–1990, in the article “The Moscow Metro of Alena Dergileva: the Image of Stability and Features of Change”. The seemingly simple theme, “man and a city”, is developed in a multitude of complex relationships between plastic and compositional research. In the article “History and the Picturesque Image in Sergei Eisenstein’s Film Alexander Nevsky”, N. Lushchenkov examines the theme of picturesque images in films. The author analyses the dialogue of different types of art on the example of the film Alexander Nevsky, believing that these not so obvious, but deep in their idea and artistic structure, allusions to works of painting, book illustration and graphics manifest themselves most vividly and consistently in the context of the film. The fundamentals of the sacred space reconstruction on the example of the play Shakuntala are considered by P. Stepanova in the article “Reactualization of the Ritual Structure in the Performance of Jerzy Grotowsky’s Shakuntala by Kalidasa (1960)”. The author explores the main methods of working on new connections between the actor and the audience in a theatrical performance as a special form of complicity. The author considers the deconstruction of the stage space and the removal of a clear division into the stage and the audience to be one of the main means of expression at this stage of work. In the article “Design Culture of Team Strategies”, Y. Vaserchuk analyses modern forms of design activity that contribute to professional design development and compares the principles of designers’ teamwork that are similar in form but differ in content. The author identifies the types of project design thinking: from engineering and creative types to artistic and resource-based ones. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.

У статті описано новітні підходи в освіті архітекторів, які нині вже впроваджуються на факультеті архітектури Національної академії образотворчого мистецтва і архітектури (НАОМА).Автори подають нові педагогічні та методичні напрацювання щодо освітньо-професійної програми підготовки архітекторів у НАОМА. Наголошується власне на двох важливих аспектах, по-перше, викладачами факультету визнано неоптимальною стара програма щодо мистецьких дисциплін, причиною визначено її погану адаптованість до потреб саме архітектурної освіти, по-друге, усвідомлення унікального розташування факультету у складі та приміщенні НАОМА поруч з кафедрами факультету образотворчого мистецтва, які спеціалізуються на живописі, графіці, скульптурі, сценографії.Ці дві складові, одна з яких є усвідомленою проблемою, а друга, по суті, є набором можливостей, разом зі сформульованою задачею з підготовки оптимальної програми і були взяті за основу.Досвід впровадження нового підходу протягом п’яти останніх років дав змогу проаналізувати проміжні результати та надати достатньо матеріалу для якісного окреслення перспектив подальшого розвитку.Важливим підходом у навчанні архітектора, покладеним в основу програми, автори бачать понятійне зближення чи об’єднання дисциплін. Такий підхід усуває їхню взаємоізольованість та взаємопідпорядковує дисципліни між собою.Автори звертають увагу на те, що подібний підхід вже впроваджувався в Академії майже сто років тому – це був Фортех – загальний курс формально-технічних дисциплін. Скасований у 30-ті роки у зв’язку зі зміною ідеологічного курсу у мистецтві, Фортех все ж таки встиг напрацювати значний цінний досвід, який переконливо доводить його високу ефективність.Стаття містить загальний опис нової програми зі стислими поясненнями. Матеріал може становити цікавість для викладачів архітектурних факультетів. The article describes the latest approaches in the education of architects, which are now implemented at the Faculty of Architecture in the National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture (NAFAA). The authors present new pedagogical and methodological developments on the Educational and Professional Training Program for Architects at NAFAA. Two important aspects are emphasized. Firstly, the faculty members found that the old program for art disciplines is inappropriate, the reason was its poor adaptation to the needs of architectural education. Secondly, the department of the Faculty has the unique location in NAFAA near such departments as: Arts (specializing in painting), graphics, sculpture, scenography. These two components, one of which is a conscious problem, and the other, in fact, a set of opportunities, together with the formulated task of preparing the optimal program were taken as a basis. The experience of implementing the new approach over the last five years has allowed us to analyze the intermediate results and provide enough material to qualitatively outline the prospects for further development. The authors see the conceptual convergence or unification of disciplines as an important approach in the teaching of architects, which is the basis of the program. This approach eliminates their mutual isolation and subordinates disciplines. The authors point out that such an approach was already introduced at the Academy almost a hundred years ago - it was Fortech - a general course of formal and technical disciplines. Abolished in the 1930s due to a change in the ideological course in art, Fortech nevertheless managed to gain considerable valuable experience, which convincingly proves its high efficiency. The article contains a general description of the new program with brief explanations and relevant illustrations. The material may be of interest to teachers of architectural faculties

Article is devoted to a research of a role and the place of art installation in the modern world. At the same time the retrospective analysis of a role of art installation in the past and comparative characteristic with the present is carried out. The Ukrainian context of development of art installation is also revealed. At the same time it is found out that installation is not only an important component of modern art, but also an integral part of historical discourse. Due to its visual functions, the installation actively influences the viewer. For the most part, installations are not just an object in space, it is what is the very space - how much the installation work has the ability to fill the space, integrate into it organically and holistically. At the same time, the main factor in the creation and existence of an installation in the exhibition space, as well as in other relevant arts, is its relationship with the viewer. In this study, the socio-cultural aspect of the installation is important, understanding of the significance of this form of contemporary artistic practices for a common worldview system. Such problems as the assimilation of new experience from the point of view of global processes, on the one hand, and the preservation of the national cultural identity in contemporary art, on the other – actualize the pattern of the process of perception of a new culture. In article it is found out that graphic schools are based on existence of certain art and educational institutions where graphic artists who carry out the teaching activity and own creativity a high mission of formation of new generation of masters create. Not less important factor is acceptance of experience of teachers and its further development in creativity of pupils and followers. Art of installation is an integral part of the modern fine arts of Ukraine. Emergence and development of this art form in the national cultural environment became possible under conditions of intensive creative activity of artists which reached the high level of mastery in connection with deeply philosophical judgment of problems of the present. At the end of XX – the beginning of ХХІ century, looking for new ways of development, the Ukrainian artists addressed installation which as it is possible better answered esthetic inquiries of an era and became a symbol of spiritual updating of the personality. Installation turns into a key factor of development of different spheres of culture, thereby playing a noticeable role in development of national culture. Installation in the modern art helps to be focused and inform of the idea and understanding of global problems to adherents of different genres of art, the audience of different age categories and social groups. Since declaration of independence development of the independent state and formation of own cultural policy aimed at providing free development of national culture and preservation of cultural inheritance begins. The state forms the legislative base which can provide cultural development and an open entry of all citizens to its achievements. In 1992 the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine accepts "Principles of the legislation of Ukraine about culture" where the basic principles of public policy in the sphere of culture directed to revival and development of the Ukrainian national culture, ensuring freedom of creativity, free development of cultural and art processes, realization of the rights of citizens to access to cultural values, creation of material and financial conditions of cultural development were declared. It is found out that installation is an art equipment which uses the three-dimensional objects intended for change of perception of space by the person. The term "installation" in English appeared long ago – in the XV century. It means process of construction, collecting, drawing up something (now use it also for establishment definition, for example, of the software). With the advent of different technologies – videos, and later and the computer – arose also different types of installations which now peacefully coexist with other arts, for example, painting or a sculpture, without being inferior to them. Hardly somebody will be able to designate exact date of emergence of installations and their judgment as art form. Now installation represents the certain room according to the decision of the author transformed to art space. It is filled with a number of objects to which the symbolical value is often provided. Harmonious connection of things, their arrangement indoors is also art. Installations can be the constant objects exposed in the museums or be created temporarily in public and private spaces. The space of installation can include different types of the things and images circulating in our civilization: pictures, drawings, photos, texts, video, movies, tape recordings, virtual reality, Internet, etc. Installations are regularly presented at the international exhibitions of the modern art, such as Venetian the biennial. The most prestigious art museums and art galleries of the world give to installation art the best platforms from time to time. At the same time, the research of this form of art lags behind the progressing shaping a little. The phenomenon of installation is considered as a part of a performance that is entirely logical. But install processes, especially the last decades, proved what is absolutely self-sufficient the cultural phenomena which need serious scientific approach and judgment, require attention to a research of characteristics install the practician, activity of certain artists, a tipologization and the scientific analysis of modern processes

Grundtvig and Golden Age CopenhagenBy Flemming Lundgreen-NielsenThe article has originally been given as a public lecture at the University of Copenhagen during the Golden Days in Copenhagen festival in September 1994. By way of introduction the question is posed to which extent Grundtvig belongs to the Golden Age period in Danish cultural and artistic life. Though he lived in the capital for 65 years, he never orientated himself towards the places that interested most other educated Copenhageners. The University rejected his applications for a professorate, and he in return vehemently attacked the dead learning of the institution. He hardly ever went to the Cathedral or other of the city churches, since he was at odds with most of the clergy. The art of acting he considered to be organized hypocrisy and accordingly avoided the Royal Theatre. He had good relations to the Kings (and Queens!), but did not involve himself in the affairs of the Royal Court. Unlike most contemporary writers and artists, he never took the Grand Tour of the Continent, in fact apart from four journeys to England (1829-31 and 1843) and one to Norway (1851), he stayed at home in his study, travelling in time through his comprehensive readings rather than in actual space. As he grew older, he got quite popular among his younger followers and ended up becoming one of the tourist attractions of the city, as witnessed 1872 by the young English poet Edmund Gosse briefly before Grundtvig’s demise.Grundtvig cared little for the kind of elite culture that dominated Copenhagen for most of his life. Though singing of national ballads was inaugurated during his 1838 lectures and since then has been a part of Danish tradition for public meetings, he had no ear for music at all and never communicated with the fine composers who set music to his texts. Sculpture and painting he rejected as base materialistic arts, only acknowledging the Danish sculptor of European fame, Bertel Thorvaldsen, because of his unassuming and genial personality, not on account of his reliefs and statues. Even his fellow poets he in general criticized harshly, excepting a few works by B.S. Ingemann. On the whole he did not think that, the first third of the 19th century constituted any Golden Age: it was a period filled with drowsiness and shallow entertainment, devoid of anything but sensualistic or even materialistic pleasures.Inspired by writers from Classical Greece and Rome, older humanists such as professor K.L. Rahbek nourished a hopeless longing for a lost Golden Age. Modem romanticists, however, such as the philosopher Henrich Steffens, the poet Adam Oehlenschl.ger and the above mentioned Thorvaldsen strove to regain or recreate a true Golden Age in the near future. Spurred on by Norse mythology as well as by his Christian belief, Grundtvig from around 1824 increasingly came to share this attitude. He distinguished between Guld-Alder (Golden Age) as a thing of the past, and Gylden-Aar (literally: Golden Year) as a state of earthly and heavenly happiness soon to be achieved or even existing in the present moment-the word refers to the Biblical Year of Jubilee as rendered in a medieval Danish translation of the Old Testament. Unfortunately no all-encompassing examination of Grundtvig’s use of these terms has been executed, but from his secular poetry a series of instances are given in the following, starting with a somewhat overlooked poem called »Gylden-Aaret« from January 1834, celebrating three moments in the life of King Frederik VI: his recovery from a serious illness in Schleswig and his triumphant return to Copenhagen in August 1833, hisbirthday in January 1834 and his 50 years’ jubilee as a ruler in the following April. The modem Gylden-Aar is defined as happiness for all of the people through enlightenment about life, procured by the king and all the fine poets surrounding him. Thus Grundtvig gives a unique priority to the art of poetry. No matter what occurred to Denmark in the rest of Grundtvig’s life-time, he managed to interpret the events as pains of child-birth heralding the approaching Gylden-Aar rather than as death throes. Instead of confining himself to the refined small-scale topics of most contemporary poets, he time and again energetically prophecied about the expected Gylden-Aar as a solid historical fact. In a period where elitist art according to the doctrines of romantic poetics was literally idolized, he maintained that the highest form of art consists in organizing society and the lives of common people so that all innate talents and latent possibilities are being developed in the due course of time. He believes this to be happening under the benevolent reign of the present Danish kings, among others things because the Danes have been reared to pay attention to each other and are generally uninterested in pursuing power and glory, honour and greatness. Grundtvig deduces this attitude partly from the role played by the peasants in the formation of the modem Danish national character, partly from the influence of the exeptionally loving, loveable and lovely Danish womanhood. Even the geographical position of Copenhagen between the Sound (the scene of the heroic battle against Lord Nelson in 1801) and the impressive beeches of Charlottenlund Forest (a beautiful and peaceful idyll of nature) becomes symbolic of Denmark’s state of mind, demonstrating a harmony between nature and history, reality and dream, simplicity and majesty, people and royalty. Though Grundtvig remained much of an outsider in Golden Age Copenhagen, his interest in the common citizen, in family and home and everyday life, relates him to the then current concept of ’cozy’ (hyggelig) Biedermeier art after all. Because of his view of universal history, he was able to give depth and significance even to the smallest and most trivial elements in his environment. Grundtvig simply could not help converting the exclusive Golden Age of the poets and artists into a fruitful Gylden-Aar for the whole nation.

Kyrgyzstan has a contemporary and dynamic structure with the help of its legends, mythology, colourful folklore and culture dating back to ancient times. By the unique combination of these elements fine arts are inspire itself. Throughout the country and in almost all of the society cultural and artistic activities are watched with their interest, and art is present itself at every moment of daily life. At the beginning of the century, in the field of plastic arts while painting and graphic arts were accepted more widely than sculpture, also since the 1960s, a serious development process of sculpture was initiated in this area as well so practices in the field of sculpture became widespread. The indicator of the development in the field of sculpture are public spaces that give the impression of as an open air museum. The capital city of Kyrgyzstan Bishkek has hosted countless sculptors and Bishkek has been as the centre of important artistic developments of the country. Bishkek keeps the memories of the near and distant history with the help of countless sculptures and monuments which are suitable for the spirit of the era and imitate the figure. These sculptures and monuments are carried out by the sculptors who were educated in cities that the important art and education centre of the Soviet era such as Moscow and Leningrad. One of the important artists who is eighty-four years old and experienced the development and change of the Kyrgyz sculpture art is Viktor Arnoldovich Shestopal. Shestopal inspired by the real data of the history and culture of Kyrgyz. And by his numerous monuments and small-scale sculptures Shestopal enriched the heritage of the fine arts in Kyrgyzstan. Also he contributed to the development of plastic arts with the young people that he teaches educated in the state institutions. In this article, the biography of Viktor Arnoldovic Shestopal, who is a living representative of Kyrgyz sculpture was examined. And his works were evaluated in terms of aesthetics and plastic, and a situation assessment was made in terms of Kyrgyz sculpture art. Keywords: Kyrgyzstan, sculpture art, monument, Viktor Shestopal

In this paper, the concept of liquidation (Verflüssigung) from the chapter on Self-consciousness in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit is reconstructed and then used to deconstruct the systematic transition from sculpture to painting in the passage on the “System of the individual arts” in G.W.F. Hegel’s Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art. The aim is to show that such a deconstructed version of Hegel’s art philosophy provides a valid conceptual framework for the analysis of modern, particularly postmodern and contemporary art, which results as liquid or liquidated art. Damien Hirst’s For the Love of God is discussed as major evidence for the concomitant neo-Hegelian claim that modern art has discursive reflection as its necessary supplement.

It is established that drawing courses have an important place in the ateliers in the Department of Painting in Fine Arts Education, and that drawing is taught with different methods. The reason why great importance is attached to the ways drawing is handled is because it provides a basis for the departments that constitute plastic arts. The instruction of drawing in terms of its purpose, principles, in other words how it can be taught, reveals the problem of method in drawing instruction. Although it is quite difficult to solve this problem due to the features of this field, the solution to this problem can be achieved by identifying the visual elements of a design, an object or a subject, determining certain specific methods and applying these methods on students. The methods and the techniques applied during the drawing process and the identification of visual elements are determining factors in achieving the expected results. The aim of the sculpture and elective sculpture courses is to enable students to make connections between the surfaces that make up a whole by developing their ability to comprehend 3D forms. Sculpture Design courses, which are mainly based on modelling with clay, deal with making of busts, reliefs and figures. Sculpture courses aim to provide opportunities for students to make their own designs and enable them to reach to a level where they can perform their designed works by supporting them with plaster, polyester, cast, metal, stone, workshops where they can work with various materials. Consequently, by using a living model, any student who takes sculpture courses can identify: - the analysis of organic and geometrical forms of human body;- surface and form composition;- geometric and organic composition;- the differences on a person’s face in terms of age, gender, and character.In drawings that are aimed at the use 3D geometrical objects, the use and identification of surfaces, the drawing or painting area or the objects that falls into the painting area are an important part of the process as well as the relationship between the objects themselves and their area. In this regard, the partition of drawing area according to the purpose, designing and planning the placing of the surfaces that make up the anatomical features of the 3D object show the importance of the sculpture and elective sculpture courses. This study aims to offer a new perspective to the needs of drawing courses and contribute to the drawing courses conducted in related departments. It is assumed that this study will gain importance since it will provide new insight for the students and the instructor.

Consideration of the interaction issues between painter and sculptor in 18th century Russia is perceived as part of the connections between painting and sculpture in the Age of Enlightenment. The way in which society values the importance of different kinds of art was passed on to their representative artists themselves. Since the beginning of the 18thcentury, new opportunities for cooperation developed, including in secular decorative theme, where muralist and sculptor-decorator were co-authors of the visual part of the ensemble. With the opening of the Academy of Fine Arts, the issues of hierarchy of the most notable arts and the professional mission of representatives of each of the types of fine arts became essential. At the time, manuals and art treatises dealt with ways to resolve tasks common to painter and sculptor, the need for joint efforts to reproduce convincing examples of heroism for the sake of Russian Glory and virtuous existence.

The article examines the creation of Elena Samburic, being centered on various branches of fine arts – painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative arts, art-object etc. An important role is reserved for the concept of the given topics, focused on various dimensions (general-human ideas, man’s relationship with the universe, the issue of procreation, the world of childhood, magic etc.) and the technical-plastic options preferred by the artist. Her work denotes an original artistic thinking, a specific vision on the world exposed in a language of decorativeabstract nature and in various techniques obtained from her own multiple experimental searches. Her creation through the originality of artistic thinking, through the expressiveness of the used plastic language brings to the public’s attention new stylistic landmarks, thus contributing to the enrichment of the national cultural heritage.

Выставка скульптуры Андрея Ковальчука и живописи и графики Константина Кузьминых «Форма и цвет» состоялась в Музее современного искусства г. Харбина (КНР) с 5 декабря 2018 года по 12 января 2019 года. Это один из крупнейших художественных проектов по демонстрации российского искусства в КНР, который был представлен в столице провинции Хэйлунцзян, где последовательно развивается российско-китайское сотрудничество в области изобразительного искусства. The exhibition of Andrey Kovalchuk's sculpture and painting and drawing by Konstantin Kuzminykh «Form and color» was held at the Museum of modern art in Harbin (China) from December 5, 2018 to January 12, 2019. One of the largest art projects demonstrated Russian art in China in the capital of Heilongjiang province, where Russian-Chinese cooperation in the field of fine arts is consistently developing.

This paper aims to reflect on a hypothetical threshold-space between contemporary dance and performance art, questioning at the same time the prevalence of too strict a boundary between them. To this end, a range of works involving hybridization of artistic languages ​​were selected and analyzed, from Signals (1970) by American dancer and choreographer Merce Cunningham to Café Müller (1978) by German choreographer Pina Bausch. Both dance and performance art are ephemeral arts or, according to the classical system, arts of time as opposed to the arts of space - painting, sculpture and architecture. They have also been called allographic arts, performative arts or, perhaps more specifically, arts of the body (Ribeiro, 1997). Unlike traditional fine arts, which materialize in a physical object other than the body, unlike video-art and cinema, arts without originals, mediated by the process of “technical reproducibility” (Benjamin, 1992), performative arts require the presence of a human body - and the duration of the present - as a fundamental instrument for their realization. In that sense, the paper also focuses on the ephemerality factor associated with dance and performing arts, and the consequent devaluation these have suffered vis-à-vis other artistic practices, considered to be academic and socially more significant.

In the researches on reproduction, it has been seen that reproduction finds application in many different fields and has different meanings as aword. Reproduction means proliferation in veterinary and medicine. In digital fields such as photography and printing, it means the reproduction of the originals by printing. In artistic dields such as architecture, photography, printing,painting, sculpture and handicrafts, reproduction means doing the same by staying true to the original work. Thanks to reproduction, it is possible to extend the life of the works that best reflect traditional and social values, to transfer these values to future generations, and thus to preserve their artistic values. The subject of reproduction, which is considered academically today, is in Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Traditional Turkish Arts, Tile Design and Repair Department, in the courses called "Ceramics of Different Civilizations" and "Reproduction of Ancient Tile Samples". We believe that this study, in which examples from practices are given, will be useful in transferring our cultural values to future generations and in terms of cultural sustainability.

Literature is one among the fine arts like painting, sculpture, and music which express emotions, feelings, humour, and happiness using language as a medium of communication through different sorts of the genre like prose, poetry, drama, and novel. It reflects the items that happen within society and life. It deals with human being’s personal experience, nature, war, culture, imagination, history, etc. Indian English literature is that the outcome of the works written by the Indian author who writes in English. In India, there are numerous languages and different literatures. Arun Joshi deals with a very difficult situation of a modern man and is sensitively alive to the various dimensions of tortures, exerted by the difficult character and demands of the society in which same age man is destined to live. The heroes of his novels are helpless outsiders and the harsh strangers. The consciousness of man’s rootlessness and new feeling and the major search for a meaningful self is the key factor of Joshi’s novels.

“In the Company of Trees” article describes a collaborative project that was undertaken by two first-year Fine Arts program students who have a passion for art and for nature. More specifically, they have an intuitive connection with trees; hence, the name “Tree Installation.” The article focuses on the research techniques artists use when creating a piece, and demonstrates how the application of such techniques combines and employs both artistic and academic knowledge to inform a creative project. The article discusses the research techniques used when the artists decided on what type of installation to create, what shape it would take, what its dimensions would be, and what materials would be selected and used. A discussion regarding creativity and spontaneity that is essential to art is also included. Also discussed throughout the article is the concept that some research that artists do while creating a piece of art, whether it be an installation, painting or sculpture, is done instinctively rather than overtly as the art work is evolving. Considerable effective research is done through experimentation and the “Tree Installation” embodies this method. The “Tree Installation” is not only beautiful art, but is a project that involved influential and meaningful research about the nature of trees.

This variable describes what kind of concept of culture underlies the cultural coverage at a certain point of time or across time. The variable dissects the concept of culture into cultural forms that are being journalistically covered. It presupposes that each article predominantly focuses on one cultural genre or discipline, such as literature, music, or film, which is the case in most articles in the cultural beat that are written according to cultural journalists’ areas of specialization. By identifying the cultural forms covered, the variable delivers an answer to the question of what kind of culture has been covered, or what kind of culture has been represented. Forms of culture are sometimes also called artistic or cultural disciplines (Jaakkola, 2015) or cultural genres (Purhonen et al., 2019), and cultural classification (Janssen et al., 2011) or cultural hierarchy (Schmutz, 2009). The level of detail varies from study to study, according to the need of knowledge, with some scholars tracing forms of subculture (Schmutz et al., 2010), while others just identify the overall development of major cultural forms (Purhonen et al., 2019; Jaakkola, 2015a). The concepts of culture can roughly be defined as being dominated by high cultural, popular cultural, or everyday cultural forms (Kristensen, 2019). While most culture sections in newspapers are dominated by high culture, and the question is rather about which disciplines, in the operationalization it is not always easy to draw lines between high and popular forms in the postmodern cultural landscape where boundaries are being blurred. Nevertheless, the major forms of culture in the journalistic operationalization of culture are literature, classical music, theatre, and fine arts. As certain forms of culture – such as classical music and opera – are focused on classical high culture, and other forms – such as popular music and comics – represent popular forms, distribution of coverage according to cultural forms may indicate changes in the cultural concept. Field of application/theoretical foundation The question of the concept of culture is a standard question in content analyses on arts and cultural journalism in daily newspapers and cultural magazines, posed by a number of studies conducted in different geographical areas and often with a comparative intent (e.g., Szántó et al., 2004; Janssen, 1999; Reus & Harden, 2005; Janssen et al., 2008; Larsen, 2008; Kõnno et al., 2012; Jaakkola, 2015a, 2015b; Verboord & Janssen, 2015; Purhonen et al., 2019; Widholm et al., 2019). The essence of culture has been theorized in cultural studies, predominantly by Raymond Williams (e.g., 2011), and sociologists of art (Kroeber & Kluckhohn, 1952). In studying journalistic coverage of arts and culture, the concept of culture reveals the anatomy of coverage and whether the content is targeting a broader audience (inclusive concept of culture) or a narrow audience (exclusive or elitist concept of culture). A prevalent motivation to study the ontological dimension of cultural coverage is also to trace cultural change, which means that the concept of culture is longitudinally studied (Purhonen et al., 2019). References/combination with other methods of data collection Concept of culture often occurs as a variable to trace cultural change. The variable is typically coupled with other variables, mainly with representational means, i.e., the journalistic genre (Jaakkola, 2015), event type (Stegert, 1998), or author gender (Schmutz, 2009; Jaakkola, 2015b). Quantitative content analyses may also be complemented with qualitative analyses (Purhonen et al., 2019). Sample operationalization Cultural forms are separated according to the production structure (journalists and reviewers specializing in one cultural form typically indicate an increase of coverage for that cultural form). At a general level, the concept of culture can be divided into the following cultural forms: literature, music – which is, according to the newsroom specialization typically roughly categorized into classical and popular music – visual arts, theatre, dance, film, design, architecture and built environment, media, comics, cultural politics, cultural history, arts education, and other. Subcategories can be separated according to the interest and level of knowledge. The variable needs to be sensitive towards local features in journalism and culture. Example study Jaakkola (2015b) Information about Jaakkola, 2015 Author: Maarit Jaakkola Research question/research interest: Examination of the cultural concept across time in culture sections of daily newspapers Object of analysis: Articles/text items on culture pages of five major daily newspapers in Finland 1978–2008 (Aamulehti, Helsingin Sanomat, Kaleva, Savon Sanomat, Turun Sanomat) Timeframe of analysis: 1978–2008, consecutive sample of weeks 7 and 42 in five year intervals (1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008) Info about variable Variable name/definition: Concept of culture Unit of analysis: Article/text item Values: Cultural form Description 1. Fiction literature Fiction books: fictional genres such as poetry, literary novels, thrillers, detective novels, children’s literature, etc. 2. Non-fiction literature Non-fiction books: non-fictional genres such as textbooks, memoirs, encyclopedias, etc. 3. Classical music Music of more high-cultural character, such as symphonic music, chamber music, opera, etc. 4. Popular music Music of more popular character, such as pop, rock, hip-hop, folk music, etc. 5. Visual arts Fine arts: painting, drawing, graphical art, sculpture, media art, photography, etc. 6. Theatre Scene art, including musicals (if not treated as music, i.e. in coverage of concerts and albums) 7. Dance Scene art, including ballet (if not treated as music, .e. in coverage of concerts and albums) 8. Film Cinema: fiction, documentary, experimental film, etc. 9. Design Design of artefacts, jewelry, fashion, interiors, graphics, etc. 10. Architecture Design, aesthetics, and planning of built environment 11. Media Television, journalism, Internet, games, etc. 12. Comics Illustrated periodicals 13. Cultural politics Policies, politics, and administration concerning arts and culture in general 14. Cultural history Historical issues and phenomena 15. Education Educational issues concerning different cultural disciplines 16. Other Miscellaneous minor categories, e.g., lifestyle issues (celebrity, gossip, everyday cultural issues), and larger categories developed from within the material can be separated into values of their own Scale: nominal Intercoder reliability: Cohen's kappa > 0.76 (two coders) References Jaakkola, M. (2015a). The contested autonomy of arts and journalism: Change and continuity in the dual professionalism of cultural journalism. Tampere: Tampere University Press. Jaakkola, M. (2015b). Outsourcing views, developing news: Changes of art criticism in Finnish dailies, 1978–2008. Journalism Studies, 16(3), 383–402. Janssen, S. (1999). Art journalism and cultural change: The coverage of the arts in Dutch newspapers 1965–1990. Poetics 26(5–6), 329–348. Janssen, S., Kuipers, G., & Verboord, M. (2008). Cultural globalization and arts journalism: The international orientation of arts and culture coverage in Dutch, French, German, and U.S. newspapers, 1955 to 2005. American Sociological Review, 73(5), 719–740. Janssen, S., Verboord, M., & Kuipers, G. (2011). Comparing cultural classification: High and popular arts in European and U.S. elite newspapers. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 63(51), 139–168. Kõnno, A., Aljas, A., Lõhmus, M., & Kõuts, R. (2012). The centrality of culture in the 20th century Estonian press: A longitudinal study in comparison with Finland and Russia. Nordicom Review, 33(2), 103–117. Kristensen, N. N. (2019). Arts, culture and entertainment coverage. In T. P. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies. Wiley-Blackwell. Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: A critical review of concepts and definitions. Meridian Books. Larsen, L. O. (2008). Forskyvninger. Kulturdekningen i norske dagsaviser 1964–2005 [Displacements: Cultural coverage in Norwegian dailies 1964–2005]. In K. Knapskog & L.O. Larsen (Eds.), Kulturjournalistikk: pressen og den kulturelle offentligheten (pp. 283–329). Scandinavian Academic Press. Purhonen, S., Heikkilä, R., Karademir Hazir, I., Lauronen, T., Rodríguez, C. F., & Gronow, J. (2019). Enter culture, exit arts? The transformation of cultural hierarchies in European newspaper culture sections, 1960–2010. Routledge. Reus, G., & Harden, L. (2005). Politische ”Kultur”: Eine Längsschnittanalyse des Zeitungsfeuilletons von 1983 bis 2003 [Political ‘culture’: A longitudinal analysis of culture pages, 1983–2003]. Publizistik, 50(2), 153–172. Schmutz, V. (2009). Social and symbolic boundaries in newspaper coverage of music, 1955–2005: Gender and genre in the US, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Poetics, 37(4), 298–314. Schmutz, V., van Venrooij, A., Janssen, S., & Verboord, M. (2010). Change and continuity in newspaper coverage of popular music since 1955: Evidence from the United States, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Popular Music and Society, 33(4), 505–515. Stegert, G. (1998). Feuilleton für alle: Strategien im Kulturjournalismus der Presse [Feuilleton for all: Strategies in cultural journalism of the daily press]. Max Niemeyer Verlag. Szántó, A., Levy, D. S., & Tyndall, A. (Eds.). (2004). Reporting the arts II: News coverage of arts and culture in America. National Arts Journalism Program (NAJP). Verboord, M., & Janssen, J. (2015). Arts journalism and its packaging in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States, 1955–2005. Journalism Practice, 9(6), 829–852. Widholm, A., Riegert, K., & Roosvall, A. (2019). Abundance or crisis? Transformations in the media ecology of Swedish cultural journalism over four decades. Journalism. Advance online publication August, 6. Journalism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919866077 Williams, R. (2011). Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society. Routledge. (Original work published 1976).

We (I, Robert Lawrence and, in a rare display of unity, all my online avatars and agents)hereby render and proclaim thisMANIFESTO OF PIECES AND BITS IN SERVICE OF CONTRADICTIONAL AESTHETICSWe start with the simple premise that art has the job of telling us who we are, and that through the modern age doing this job while KEEPING UP with accelerating cultural change has necessitated the invention of something we might call the avant-garde. Along the way there has been an on-again-off-again affair between said avant-garde and technology. We are now in a new phase of the new and the technology under consideration is the Internet.The recent hyperventilating about the term postInternet reflects the artworld’s overdue recognition of the effect of the Internet on the culture at large, and on art as a cultural practice, a market, and a historical process.I propose that we cannot fully understand what the Internet is doing to us through a consideration of what happens on the screen, nor by considering what happens in the physical space we occupy either before or behind the screen. Rather we must critically and creatively fathom the flow of cultural practice between and across these realms. This requires Hybrid art combining both physical and Internet forms.I do not mean to imply that single discipline-based art cannot communicate complexity, but I believe that Internet culture introduces complexities that can only be approached through hybrid practices. And this is especially critical for an art that, in doing the job of “telling us who we are”, wants to address the contradictory ways we now form and promote, or conceal and revise, our multiple identities through online social media profiles inconsistent with our fleshly selves.We need a different way of talking about identity. A history of identity:In the ancient world, individual identity as we understand it did not exist.The renaissance invented the individual.Modernism prioritized and alienated him (sic).Post-Modernism fragmented him/her.The Internet hyper-circulates and amplifies all these modalities, exploding the possibilities of identity.While reducing us to demographic market targets, the Web facilitates mass indulgence in perversely individual interests. The now common act of creating an “online profile” is a regular reiteration of the simple fact that identity is an open-ended hypothesis. We can now live double, or extravagantly multiple, virtual lives. The “me meme” is a ceaseless morph. This is a profound change in how identity was understood just a decade ago. Other historical transformations of identity happened over centuries. This latest and most radical change has occurred in the click of a mouse. Selfhood is now imbued with new complexity, fluidity and amplified contradictions.To fully understand what is actually happening to us, we need an art that engages the variant contracts of the physical and the virtual. We need a Hybrid art that addresses variant temporal and spatial modes of the physical and virtual. We need an art that offers articulations through the ubiquitous web in concert with the distinct perspectives that a physical gallery experience uniquely offers: engagement and removal, reflection and transference. Art that tells us who we are today calls for an aesthetics of contradiction. — Ro Lawrence (and all avatars) 2011, revised 2013, 2015, 2018. The manifesto above grew from an artistic practice beginning in 1998 as I started producing a website for every project that I made in traditional media. The Internet work does not just document or promote the project, nor is it “Netart” in the common sense of creative work restricted to a browser window. All of my efforts with the Internet are directly linked to my projects in traditional media and the web components offer parallel aesthetic voices that augment or overtly contradict the reading suggested by the traditional visual components of each project.This hybrid work grew out of a previous decade of transmedia work in video installation and sculpture, where I would create physical contexts for silent video as a way to remove the video image from the seamless flow of broadcast culture. A video image can signify very differently in a physical context that separates it from the flow of mass media and rather reconnects it to lived physical culture. A significant part of the aesthetic pleasure of this kind of work comes from nuances of dissonance arising from contradictory ways viewers had learned to read the object world and the ways we were then still learning to read the electronic image world. This video installation work was about “relocating” the electronic image, but I was also “locating” the electronic image in another sense, within the boundaries of geographic and cultural location. Linking all my projects to specific geographic locations set up contrasts with the spatial ubiquity of electronic media. In 1998 I amplified this contrast with my addition of extensive Internet components with each installation I made.The Way Things Grow (1998) began as an installation of sculptures combining video with segments of birch trees. Each piece in the gallery was linked to a specific geographic location within driving distance of the gallery exhibiting the work. In the years just before this piece I had moved from a practice of text-augmented video installations to the point where I had reduced the text to small printed handouts that featured absurd Scripts for Performance. These text handouts that viewers could take with them suggested that the work was to be completed by the viewer later outside the gallery. This to-be-continued dynamic was the genesis of a serial form in work going forward from then on. Thematic and narrative elements in the work were serialized via possible actions viewers would perform after leaving the gallery. In the installation for The Way Things Grow, there was no text in the gallery at all to suggest interpretations of this series of video sculptures. Even the titles offered no direct textual help. Rather than telling the viewers something about the work before them in the gallery, the title of each piece led the viewer away from the gallery toward serial actions in the specific geographic locations the works referred to. Each piece was titled with an Internet address.Figure 1: Lawrence, Robert, The Way Things Grow, video Installation with web components at http://www.h-e-r-e.com/grow.html, 1998.When people went to the web site for each piece they found only a black page referencing a physical horizon with a long line of text that they could scroll to right for meters. Unlike the determinedly embodied work in the gallery, the web components were disembodied texts floating in a black void, but texts about very specific physical locations.Figure 2: Lawrence, Robert, The Way Things Grow, partial view of webpage at http://www.h-e-r-e.com/growth_variant4.html, 1998.The texts began with the exact longitude and latitude of a geographical site in some way related to birch trees. ... A particularly old or large tree... a factory that turned birch trees into popsicle sticks and medical tongue depressors... etc. The website texts included directions to the site, and absurd scripts for performance. In this way the Internet component transformed the suite of sculptures in the gallery to a series of virtual, and possibly actual, events beyond the gallery. These potential narratives that viewers were invited into comprised an open-ended serial structure. The gallery work was formal, minimal, essentialist. On the web it was social, locative, deconstructive. In both locations, it was located. Here follows an excerpt from the website. GROWTH VARIANT #25: North 44:57:58 by West 93:15:56. On the south side of the Hennepin County Government Center is a park with 9 birch trees. These are urban birches, and they display random scratchings, as well as proclamations of affection expressed with pairs of initials and a “+” –both with and without encircling heart symbols. RECOMMENDED PERFORMANCE: Visit these urban birches once each month. Photograph all changes in their bark made by humans. After 20 years compile a document entitled, "Human Mark Making on Urban Birches, a Visual Study of Specific Universalities". Bring it into the Hennepin County Government Center and ask that it be placed in the archives.An Acre of Art (2000) was a collaborative project with sculptor Mark Knierim. Like The Way Things Grow, this new work, commissioned by the Minneapolis Art Institute, played out in the gallery, in a specific geographic location, and online. In the Art Institute was a gallery installation combining sculptures with absurd combinations of physical rural culture fitting contradictorily into an urban "high art" context. One of the pieces, entitled Landscape (2000), was an 18’ chicken coop faced with a gold picture frame. Inside were two bard rock hens and an iMac. The computer was programmed to stream to the Internet live video from the coop, the world’s first video chicken cam. As a work unfolding across a long stretch of time, the web cam video was a serial narrative without determined division into episodes. The gallery works also referenced a specific acre of agricultural land an hour from the Institute. Here we planted a row of dwarf corn at a diagonal to the mid-western American rural geometric grid of farmland. Visitors to the rural site could sit on “rural art furniture,” contemplate the corn growing, and occasionally witness absurd performances. The third stream of the piece was an extensive website, which playfully theorized the rural/urban/art trialectic. Each of the three locations of the work was exploited to provide a richer transmedia interpretation of the project’s themes than any one venue or medium could. Location Sequence is a serial installation begun in 1999. Each installation has completely different physical elements. The only consistent physical element is 72 segments of a 72” collapsible carpenter's ruler evenly spaced to wrap around the gallery walls. Each of the 72 segments of the ruler displays an Internet web address. Reversing the notion of the Internet as a place of rapid change compared to a more enduring physical world, in this case the Internet components do not change with each new episode of the work, while the physical components transform with each new installation. Thematically, all aspects of the work deal with various shades of meaning of the term "location." Beginning/Middle/End is a 30-year conceptual serial begun in 2002, presenting a series of site-specific actions, objects, or interventions combined with corresponding web pages that collectively negotiate concepts related to time, location, and narrative. Realizing a 30-year project via the web in this manner is a self-conscious contradiction of the culture of the instantaneous that the Internet manifests and propagates.The installation documented here was completed for a one-night event in 2002 with Szilage Gallery in St Petersburg, Florida. Bricks moulded with the URLs for three web sites were placed in a historic brick road with the intention that they would remain there through a historical time frame. The URLs were also projected in light on a creek parallel to the brick road and seen only for several hours. The corresponding web site components speculate on temporal/narrative structures crossing with geographic features, natural and manufactured.Figure 3: Lawrence, Robert, Beginning/Middle/End, site-specific installation with website in conjunction with 30-year series, http://www.h-e-r-e.com/beginning.html, 2002-32.The most recent instalment was done as part of Conflux Festival in 2014 in collaboration with painter Ld Lawrence. White shapes appeared in various public spaces in downtown Manhattan. Upon closer inspection people realized that they were not painted tags or stickers, but magnetic sheets that could be moved or removed. An optical scan tag hidden on the back of each shape directed to a website which encouraged people to move the objects to other locations and send a geo-located photo to the web site to trace the shape's motion through the world. The work online could trace the serial narrative of the physical installation components following the installation during Conflux Festival. Figure 4: Lawrence, Robert w/Lawrence, Ld, Gravity Ace on the Move, site-specific installation with geo-tracking website at http://www.h-e-r-e.com/gravityace/. Completed for Conflux Festival NYC, 2014, as part of Beginning/Middle/End.Dad's Boots (2003) was a multi-sited sculpture/performance. Three different physical manifestations of the work were installed at the same time in three locations: Shirakawa-go Art Festival in Japan; the Phipps Art Center in Hudson, Wisconsin; and at the Tampa Museum of Art in Florida. Physical components of the work included silent video projection, digital photography, computer key caps, and my father's boots. Each of these three different installations referred back to one web site. Because all these shows were up at the same time, the work was a distributed synchronous serial. In each installation space the title of the work was displayed as an Internet address. At the website was a series of popup texts suggesting performances focused, however absurdly, on reassessing paternal relationships.Figure 5: Lawrence, Robert, Dad’s Boots, simultaneous gallery installation in Florida, Wisconsin and Japan, with website, 2003. Coincidently, beginning the same time as my transmedia physical/Internet art practice, since 1998 I have had a secret other-life as a tango dancer. I came to this practice drawn by the music and the attraction of an after-dark subculture that ran by different rules than the rest of life. While my life as a tanguero was most certainly an escape strategy, I quickly began to see that although tango was different from the rest of the world, it was indeed a part of this world. It had a place and a time and a history. Further, it was a fascinating history about the interplays of power, class, wealth, race, and desire. Figure 6: Lawrence, Robert, Tango Intervention, site-specific dance interventions with extensive web components, 2007-12.As Marta Savigliano points out in Tango and the Political Economy of Passion, “Tango is a practice already ready for struggle. It knows about taking sides, positions, risks. It has the experience of domination/resistance from within. …Tango is a language of decolonization. So pick and choose. Improvise... let your feet do the thinking. Be comfortable in your restlessness. Tango” (17). The realization that tango, my sensual escape from critical thought, was actually political came just about the time I was beginning to understand the essential dynamic of contradiction between the physical and Internet streams of my work. Tango Intervention began in 2007. I have now, as of 2018, done tango interventions in over 40 cities. Overall, the project can be seen as a serial performance of contradictions. In each case the physical dance interventions are manifestations of sensual fantasy in public space, and the Internet components recontextualize the public actions as site-specific performances with a political edge, revealing a hidden history or current social situation related to the political economy of tango. These themes are further developed in a series of related digital prints and videos shown here in various formats and contexts.In Tango Panopticon (2009), a “spin off” from the Tango Intervention series, the hidden social issue was the growing video surveillance of public space. The first Tango Panopticon production was Mayday 2009 with people dancing tango under public video surveillance in 15 cities. Mayday 2010 was Tango Panopticon 2.0, with tangointervention.org streaming live cell phone video from 16 simultaneous dance interventions on 4 continents. The public encountered the interventions as a sensual reclaiming of public space. Contradictorily, on the web Tango Panopticon 2.0 became a distributed worldwide action against the growing spectre of video surveillance and the increasing control of public commons. Each intervention team was automatically located on an online map when they started streaming video. Visitors to the website could choose an action from the list of cities or click on the map pins to choose which live video to load into the grid of 6 streaming signals. Visitors to the physical intervention sites could download our free open source software and stream their own videos to tangointervention.org.Figure 7: Lawrence, Robert, Tango Panopticon 2.0, worldwide synchronous dance intervention with live streaming video and extensive web components, 2010.Tango Panopticon also has a life as a serial installation, initially installed as part of the annual conference of “Digital Resources for Humanities and the Arts” at Brunel University, London. All shots in the grid of videos are swish pans from close-ups of surveillance cameras to tango interveners dancing under their gaze. Each ongoing installation in the series physically adapts to the site, and with each installation more lines of video frames are added until the images become too small to read.Figure 8: Lawrence, Robert, Tango Panopticon 2.0 (For Osvaldo), video installation based on worldwide dance intervention series with live streaming video, 2011.My new work Equivalence (in development) is quite didactic in its contradictions between the online and gallery components. A series of square prints of clouds in a gallery are titled with web addresses that open with other cloud images and then fade into randomly loading excerpts from the CIA torture manual used at Guantanamo Bay Detention Center.Figure 9: Lawrence, Robert, Eauivalence, digital prints, excerpts from CIA Guantanamo Detention Center torture manual, work-in-progress.The gallery images recall Stieglitz’s Equivalents photographs from the early 20th century. Made in the 1920s to 30s, the Equivalents comprise a pivotal change in photographic history, from the early pictorial movement in which photography tried to imitate painting, and a new artistic approach that embraced features distinct to the photographic medium. Stieglitz’s Equivalents merged photographic realism with abstraction and symbolist undertones of transcendent spirituality. Many of the 20th century masters of photography, from Ansel Adams to Minor White, acknowledged the profound influence these photographs had on them. Several images from the Equivalents series were the first photographic art to be acquired by a major art museum in the US, the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.My series Equivalence serves as the latest episode in a serial art history narrative. Since the “Pictures Generation” movement in the 1970s, photography has cannibalized its history, but perhaps no photographic body of work has been as quoted as Stieglitz’s Equivalents. A partial list includes: John Baldessari’s series Blowing Cigar Smoke to Match Clouds That Are the Same(1973), William Eggleston’s series Wedgwood Blue (1979), John Pfahl’s smoke stack series (1982-89), George Legrady’s Equivalents II(1993), Vik Muniz’sEquivalents(1997), Lisa Oppenheim (2012), and most recently, Berndnaut Smilde’s Nimbus Series, begun in 2012. Over the course of more than four decades each of these series has presented a unique vision, but all rest on Stieglitz’s shoulders. From that position they make choices about how to operate relative the original Equivalents, ranging from Baldessari and Muniz’s phenomenological playfulness to Eggleston and Smilde’s neo-essentialist approach.My series Equivalence follows along in this serial modernist image franchise. What distinguishes it is that it does not take a single position relative to other Equivalents tribute works. Rather, it exploits its gallery/Internet transmediality to simultaneously assume two contradictory positions. The dissonance of this positioning is one of my main points with the work, and it is in some ways resonant with the contradictions concerning photographic abstraction and representation that Stieglitz engaged in the original Equivalents series almost a century ago.While hanging on the walls of a gallery, Equivalence suggests the same metaphysical intentions as Stieglitz’s Equivalents. Simultaneously, in its manifestation on the Internet, my Equivalence series transcends its implied transcendence and claims a very specific time and place –a small brutal encampment on the island of Cuba where the United States abandoned any remaining claim to moral authority. In this illegal prison, forgotten lives drag on invisibly, outside of time, like untold serial narratives without resolution and without justice.Partially to balance the political insistence of Equivalence, I am also working on another series that operates with very different modalities. Following up on the live streaming technology that I developed for my Tango Panopticon public intervention series, I have started Horizon (In Development).Figure 10: Lawrence, Robert, Horizon, worldwide synchronous horizon interventions with live streaming video to Internet, work-in-progress.In Horizon I again use live cell phone video, this time streamed to an infinitely wide web page from live actions around the world done in direct engagement with the horizon line. The performances will begin and automatically come online live at noon in their respective time zone, each added to the growing horizontal line of moving images. As the actions complete, the streamed footage will begin endlessly looping. The project will also stream live during the event to galleries, and then HD footage from the events will be edited and incorporated into video installations. Leading up to this major event day, I will have a series of smaller instalments of the piece, with either live or recorded video. The first of these preliminary versions was completed during the Live Performers Workshop in Rome. Horizon continues to develop, leading to the worldwide synchronous event in 2020.Certainly, artists have always worked in series. However, exploiting the unique temporal dimensions of the Internet, a series of works can develop episodically as a serial work. If that work unfolds with contradictory thematics in its embodied and online forms, it reaches further toward an understanding of the complexities of postInternet culture and identity. ReferencesSaviligliano, Marta. Tango and the Political Economy of Passion. Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.

In the 1960s, especially in the West, art that was revelatory and art that was revealing operated at opposite ends of the aesthetic spectrum. On the side of the revelatory we can think of encounters synonymous with modernism, in which an expressionist painting was revelatory of the Freudian unconscious, or a Barnett Newman the revelatory intensity of the sublime. By contrast, the impulse to reveal in 1960s art was rooted in post-Duchampian practice, implicating artists as different as Lynda Benglis and Richard Hamilton, who mined the potential of an art that was without essence. If revelatory art underscored modernism’s transcendental conviction, critically revealing work tested its discursive rules and institutional conventions. Of course, nothing in history happens as neatly as this suggests, but what is clear is how polarized the language of artistic revelation was throughout the 1960s. With the international spread of minimalism, pop art, and fluxus, provisional reveals eventually dominated art-historical discourse. Aesthetic conviction, with its spiritual undertones, was haunted by its demystification. In the words of Donald Judd: “a work needs only to be interesting” (184).That art galleries could be sites of timely socio-political issues, rather than timeless intuitions undersigned by medium specificity, is one of the more familiar origin stories of postmodernism. Few artists symbolize this shift more than Hans Haacke, whose 2019 exhibition All Connected, at the New Museum, New York, examined the legacy of his outward-looking work. Born in Germany in 1936, and a New Yorker since 1965, Haacke has been linked to the term “institutional critique” since the mid 1980s, after Mel Ramsden’s coining in 1975, and the increased recognition of kindred spirits such as Mierle Laderman Ukeles, Michael Asher, Martha Rosler, Robert Smithson, Daniel Buren, and Marcel Broodthaers. These artists have featured in books and essays by the likes of Benjamin Buchloh, Hal Foster, and Yve-Alain Bois, but they are also known for their own contributions to art discourse, producing hybrid conceptions of the intellectual postmodern artist as historian, critic and curator.Haacke was initially fascinated by kinetic sculpture in the early 1960s, taking inspiration from op art, systems art, and machine-oriented research collectives such as Zero (Germany), Gruppo N (Italy) and GRAV (France, an acronym of Groupe de Recherche d’Art Visuel). Towards the end of the decade he started to produce more overtly socio-political work, creating what would become a classic piece from this period, Gallery-Goers’ Birthplace and Residence Profile, Part 1 (1969). Here, in a solo exhibition at New York’s Howard Wise Gallery, the artist invited viewers to mark their birthplaces and places of residence on a map. Questioning the statistical demography of the Gallery’s avant-garde attendees, the exhibition anticipated the meticulous sociological character of much of his practice to come, grounding New York art – the centre of the art world – in local, social, and economic fabrics.In the forward to the catalogue of All Connected, New Museum Director Lisa Philips claims that Haacke’s survey exhibition provided a chance to reflect on the artist’s prescience, especially given the flourishing of art activism over the last five or so years. Philips pressed the issue of why no other American art institution had mounted a retrospective of his work in three decades, since his previous survey, Unfinished Business, at the New Museum in 1986, at its former, and much smaller, Soho digs (8). It suggests that other institutions have deemed Haacke’s work too risky, generating too much political heat for them to handle. It’s a reputation the artist has cultivated since the Guggenheim Museum famously cancelled his 1971 exhibition after learning his intended work, Shapolsky et al. Manhattan Real Estate Holdings, A Real Time Social System as of May 1, 1971 (1971) involved research into dubious New York real estate dealings. Guggenheim director Thomas Messer defended the censorship at the time, going so far as to describe it as an “alien substance that had entered the art museum organism” (Haacke, Framing 138). Exposé was this substance Messer dare not name: art that was too revealing, too journalistic, too partisan, and too politically viscid. (Three years later, Haacke got his own back with Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Board of Trustees, 1974, exposing then Guggenheim board members’ connections to the copper industry in Chile, where socialist president Salvador Allende had just been overthrown with US backing.) All Connected foregrounded these institutional reveals from time past, at a moment in 2019 when the moral accountability of the art institution was on the art world’s collective mind. The exhibition followed high-profile protests at New York’s Whitney Museum and Metropolitan Museum of Art, as well as at Sydney’s Museum of Contemporary Art, the Louvre, and the British Museum. These and other arts organisations have increasingly faced pressures, fostered by social media, to end ties with unethical donors, sponsors, and board members, with activist groups protesting institutional affiliations ranging from immigration detention centre management to opioid and teargas manufacturing. An awareness of the limits of individual agency and autonomy undoubtedly defines this era, with social media platforms intensifying the encumbrances of individual, group, and organisational identities. Hans Haacke, Gallery-Goers’ Birthplace and Residence Profile, Part 1, 1969 Hans Haacke, Gallery-Goers’ Birthplace and Residence Profile, Part 2, 1969-71Unfinished BusinessUnderscoring Haacke’s activist credentials, Philips describes him as “a model of how to live ethically and empathetically in the world today”, and as a beacon of light amidst the “extreme political and economic uncertainty” of the present, Trump-presidency-calamity moment (7). This was markedly different to how Haacke’s previous New York retrospective, Unfinished Business, was received, which bore the weight of being the artist’s first museum exhibition in New York following the Guggenheim controversy. In the catalogue to Haacke’s 1986 exhibition, then New Museum director Marcia Tucker introduced his work as a challenge, cautiously claiming that he poses “trenchant questions” and that the institution accepts “the difficulties and contradictions” inherent to any museum staging of his work (6).Philips’s and Tucker’s distinct perspectives on Haacke’s practice – one as heroically ethical, the other as a sobering critical challenge – exemplify broader shifts in the perception of institutional critique (the art of the socio-political reveal) over this thirty-year period. In the words of Pamela M. Lee, between 1986 and 2019 the art world has undergone a “seismic transformation”, becoming “a sphere of influence at once more rapacious, acquisitive, and overweening but arguably more democratizing and ecumenical with respect to new audiences and artists involved” (87). Haacke’s reputation over this period has taken a similar shift, from him being a controversial opponent of art’s autonomy (an erudite postmodern conceptualist) to a figurehead for moral integrity and cohesive artistic experimentation.As Rosalyn Deutsche pointed out in the catalogue to Haacke’s 1986 exhibition, a potential trap of such a retrospective is that, through biographical positioning, Haacke might be seen as an “exemplary political artist” (210). With this, the specific political issues motivating his work would be overshadowed by the perception of the “great artist” – someone who brings single-issue politics into the narrative of postmodern art, but at the expense of the issues themselves. This is exactly what Douglas Crimp discovered in Unfinished Business. In a 1987 reflection on the show, Crimp argued that, when compared with an AIDS-themed display, Homo Video, staged at the New Museum at the same time, reviewers of Haacke’s exhibition tended to analyse his politics “within the context of the individual artist’s body of work … . Political issues became secondary to the aesthetic strategies of the producer” (34). Crimp, whose activism would be at the forefront of his career in subsequent years, was surprised at how Homo Video and Unfinished Business spawned different readings. Whereas works in the former exhibition tended to be addressed in terms of the artists personal and partisan politics, Haacke’s prompted reflection on the aesthetics-politics juxtaposition itself. For Crimp, the fact that “there was no mediation between these two shows”, spoke volumes about the divisions between political and activist art at the time.New York Times critic Michael Brenson, reiterating a comment made by Fredric Jameson in the catalogue for Unfinished Business, describes the timeless appearance of Haacke’s work in 1986, which is “surprising for an artist whose work is in some way about ideology and history” (Brenson). The implication is that the artist gives a surprisingly long aesthetic afterlife to the politically specific – to ordinarily short shelf-life issues. In this mode of critical postmodernism in which we are unable to distinguish clearly between intervening in and merely reproducing the logic of the system, Haacke is seen as an astute director of an albeit ambiguous push and pull between political specificity and aesthetic irreducibility, political externality and the internalist mode of art about art. Jameson, while granting that Haacke’s work highlights the need to reinvent the role of the “ruling class” in the complex, globalised socio-economic situation of postmodernism, claims that it does so as representative of the “new intellectual problematic” of postmodernism. Haacke, according Jameson, stages postmodernism’s “crisis of ‘mapping’” whereby capitalism’s totalizing, systemic forms are “handled” (note that he avoids “critiqued” or “challenged”) by focusing on their manifestation through particular (“micro-public”) institutional means (49, 50).We can think of the above examples as constituting the postmodern version of Haacke, who frames very specific political issues on the one hand, and the limitless incorporative power of appropriative practice on the other. To say this another way, Haacke, circa 1986, points to specific sites of power struggle at the same time as revealing their generic absorption by an art-world system grown accustomed to its “duplicate anything” parameters. For all of his political intent, the artistic realm, totalised in accordance with the postmodern image, is ultimately where many thought his gestures remained. The philosopher turned art critic Arthur Danto, in a negative review of Haacke’s exhibition, portrayed institutional critique as part of an age-old business of purifying art, maintaining that Haacke’s “crude” and “heavy-handed” practice is blind to how art institutions have always relied on some form of critique in order for them to continue being respected “brokers of spirit”. This perception – of Haacke’s “external” critiques merely serving to “internally” strengthen existing art structures – was reiterated by Leo Steinberg. Supportively misconstruing the artist in the exhibition catalogue, Steinberg writes that Haacke’s “political message, by dint of dissonance, becomes grating and shrill – but shrill within the art context. And while its political effectiveness is probably minimal, its effect on Minimal art may well be profound” (15). Hans Haacke, MOMA Poll, 1970 All ConnectedSo, what do we make of the transformed reception of Haacke’s work since the late 1980s: from a postmodern ouroboros of “politicizing aesthetics and aestheticizing politics” to a revelatory exemplar of art’s moral power? At a period in the late 1980s when the culture wars were in full swing and yet activist groups remained on the margins of what would become a “mainstream” art world, Unfinished Business was, perhaps, blindingly relevant to its times. Unusually for a retrospective, it provided little historical distance for its subject, with Haacke becoming a victim of the era’s propensity to “compartmentalize the interpretive registers of inside and outside and the terms corresponding to such spatial­izing coordinates” (Lee 83).If commentary surrounding this 2019 retrospective is anything to go by, politics no longer performs such a parasitic, oppositional or even dialectical relation to art; no longer is the political regarded as a real-world intrusion into the formal, discerning, longue-durée field of aesthetics. The fact that protests inside the museum have become more visible and vociferous in recent years testifies to this shift. For Jason Farrago, in his review of All Connected for the New York Times, “the fact that no person and no artwork stands alone, that all of us are enmeshed in systems of economic and social power, is for anyone under 40 a statement of the obvious”. For Alyssa Battistoni, in Frieze magazine, “if institutional critique is a practice, it is hard to see where it is better embodied than in organizing a union, strike or boycott”.Some responders to All Connected, such as Ben Lewis, acknowledge how difficult it is to extract a single critical or political strategy from Haacke’s body of work; however, we can say that, in general, earlier postmodern questions concerning the aestheticisation of the socio-political reveal no longer dominates the reception of his practice. Today, rather than treating art and politics are two separate but related entities, like form is to content, better ideas circulate, such as those espoused by Bruno Latour and Jacques Rancière, for whom what counts as political is not determined by a specific program, medium or forum, but by the capacity of any actor-network to disrupt and change a normative social fabric. Compare Jameson’s claim that Haacke’s corporate and museological tropes are “dead forms” – through which “no subject-position speaks, not even in protest” (38) – with Battistoni’s, who, seeing Haacke’s activism as implicit, asks the reader: “how can we take the relationship between art and politics as seriously as Haacke has insisted we must?”Crimp’s concern that Unfinished Business perpetuated an image of the artist as distant from the “political stakes” of his work did not carry through to All Connected, whose respondents were less vexed about the relation between art and politics, with many noting its timeliness. The New Museum was, ironically, undergoing its own equity crisis in the months leading up to the exhibition, with newly unionised staff fighting with the Museum over workers’ salaries and healthcare even as it organised to build a new $89-million Rem Koolhaas-designed extension. Battistoni addressed these disputes at-length, claiming the protests “crystallize perfectly the changes that have shaped the world over the half-century of Haacke’s career, and especially over the 33 years since his last New Museum exhibition”. Of note is how little attention Battistoni pays to Haacke’s artistic methods when recounting his assumed solidarity with these disputes, suggesting that works such as Creating Consent (1981), Helmosboro Country (1990), and Standortkultur (Corporate Culture) (1997) – which pivot on art’s public image versus its corporate umbilical cord – do not convey some special aesthetico-political insight into a totalizing capitalist system. Instead, “he has simply been an astute and honest observer long enough to remind us that our current state of affairs has been in formation for decades”.Hans Haacke, News, 1969/2008 Hans Haacke, Wide White Flow, 1967/2008 Showing Systems Early on in the 1960s, Haacke was influenced by the American critic, artist, and curator Jack Burnham, who in a 1968 essay, “Systems Esthetics” for Artforum, inaugurated the loose conceptualist paradigm that would become known as “systems art”. Here, against Greenbergian formalism and what he saw as the “craft fetishism” of modernism, Burnham argues that “change emanates, not from things, but from the way things are done” (30). Burnham thought that emergent contemporary artists were intuitively aware of the importance of the systems approach: the significant artist in 1968 “strives to reduce the technical and psychical distance between his artistic output and the productive means of society”, and pays particular attention to relationships between organic and non-organic systems (31).As Michael Fried observed of minimalism in his now legendary 1967 essay Art and Objecthood, this shift in sixties art – signalled by the widespread interest in the systematic – entailed a turn towards the spatial, institutional, and societal contexts of receivership. For Burnham, art is not about “material entities” that beautify or modify the environment; rather, art exists “in relations between people and between people and the components of their environment” (31). At the forefront of his mind was land art, computer art, and research-driven conceptualist practice, which, against Fried, has “no contrived confines such as the theatre proscenium or picture frame” (32). In a 1969 lecture at the Guggenheim, Burnham confessed that his research concerned not just art as a distinct entity, but aesthetics in its broadest possible sense, declaring “as far as art is concerned, I’m not particularly interested in it. I believe that aesthetics exists in revelation” (Ragain).Working under the aegis of Burnham’s systems art, Haacke was shaken by the tumultuous and televised politics of late-1960s America – a time when, according to Joan Didion, a “demented and seductive vortical tension was building in the community” (41). Haacke cites Martin Luther King’s assassination as an “incident that made me understand that, in addition to what I had called physical and biological systems, there are also social systems and that art is an integral part of the universe of social systems” (Haacke, Conversation 222). Haacke created News (1969) in response to this awareness, comprising a (pre-Twitter) telex machine that endlessly spits out live news updates from wire services, piling up rolls and rolls of paper on the floor of the exhibition space over the course of its display. Echoing Burnham’s idea of the artist as a programmer whose job is to “prepare new codes and analyze data”, News nonetheless presents the museum as anything but immune from politics, and technological systems as anything but impersonal (32).This intensification of social responsibility in Haacke’s work sets him apart from other, arguably more reductive techno-scientific systems artists such as Sonia Sheridan and Les Levine. The gradual transformation of his ecological and quasi-scientific sculptural experiments from 1968 onwards could almost be seen as making a mockery of the anthropocentrism described in Fried’s 1967 critique. Here, Fried claims not only that the literalness of minimalist work amounts to an emphasis on shape and spatial presence over pictorial composition, but also, in this “theatricality of objecthood” literalness paradoxically mirrors (153). At times in Fried’s essay the minimalist art object reads as a mute form of sociality, the spatial presence filled by the conscious experience of looking – the theatrical relationship itself put on view. Fried thought that viewers of minimalism were presented with themselves in relation to the entire world as object, to which they were asked not to respond in an engaged formalist sense but (generically) to react. Pre-empting the rise of conceptual art and the sociological experiments of post-conceptualist practice, Fried, unapprovingly, argues that minimalist artists unleash an anthropomorphism that “must somehow confront the beholder” (154).Haacke, who admits he has “always been sympathetic to so-called Minimal art” (Haacke, A Conversation 26) embraced the human subject around the same time that Fried’s essay was published. While Fried would have viewed this move as further illustrating the minimalist tendency towards anthropomorphic confrontation, it would be more accurate to describe Haacke’s subsequent works as social-environmental barometers. Haacke began staging interactions which, however dry or administrative, framed the interplays of culture and nature, inside and outside, private and public spheres, expanding art’s definition by looking to the social circulation and economy that supported it.Haacke’s approach – which seems largely driven to show, to reveal – anticipates the viewer in a way that Fried would disapprove, for whom absorbed viewers, and the irreduction of gestalt to shape, are the by-products of assessments of aesthetic quality. For Donald Judd, the promotion of interest over conviction signalled scepticism about Clement Greenberg’s quality standards; it was a way of acknowledging the limitations of qualitative judgement, and, perhaps, of knowledge more generally. In this way, minimalism’s aesthetic relations are not framed so much as allowed to “go on and on” – the artists’ doubt about aesthetic value producing this ongoing temporal quality, which conviction supposedly lacks.In contrast to Unfinished Business, the placing of Haacke’s early sixties works adjacent to his later, more political works in All Connected revealed something other than the tensions between postmodern socio-political reveal and modernist-formalist revelation. The question of whether to intervene in an operating system – whether to let such a system go on and on – was raised throughout the exhibition, literally and metaphorically. To be faced with the interactions of physical, biological, and social systems (in Condensation Cube, 1963-67, and Wide White Flow, 1967/2008, but also in later works like MetroMobiltan, 1985) is to be faced with the question of change and one’s place in it. Framing systems in full swing, at their best, Haacke’s kinetic and environmental works suggest two things: 1. That the systems on display will be ongoing if their component parts aren’t altered; and 2. Any alteration will alter the system as a whole, in minor or significant ways. Applied to his practice more generally, what Haacke’s work hinges on is whether or not one perceives oneself as part of its systemic relations. To see oneself implicated is to see beyond the work’s literal forms and representations. Here, systemic imbrication equates to moral realisation: one’s capacity to alter the system as the question of what to do. Unlike the phenomenology-oriented minimalists, the viewer’s participation is not always assumed in Haacke’s work, who follows a more hermeneutic model. In fact, Haacke’s systems are often circular, highlighting participation as a conscious disruption of flow rather than an obligation that emanates from a particular work (148).This is a theatrical scenario as Fried describes it, but it is far from an abandonment of the issue of profound value. In fact, if we accept that Haacke’s work foregrounds intervention as a moral choice, it is closer to Fried’s own rallying cry for conviction in aesthetic judgement. As Rex Butler has argued, Fried’s advocacy of conviction over sceptical interest can be understood as dialectical in the Hegelian sense: conviction is the overcoming of scepticism, in a similar way that Geist, or spirit, for Hegel, is “the very split between subject and object, in which each makes the other possible” (Butler). What is advanced for Fried is the idea of “a scepticism that can be remarked only from the position of conviction and a conviction that can speak of itself only as this scepticism” (for instance, in his attempt to overcome his scepticism of literalist art on the basis of its scepticism). Strong and unequivocal feelings in Fried’s writing are informed by weak and indeterminate feeling, just as moral conviction in Haacke – the feeling that I, the viewer, should do something – emerges from an awareness that the system will continue to function fine without me. In other words, before being read as “a barometer of the changing and charged atmosphere of the public sphere” (Sutton 16), the impact of Haacke’s work depends upon an initial revelation. It is the realisation not just that one is embroiled in a series of “invisible but fundamental” relations greater than oneself, but that, in responding to seemingly sovereign social systems, the question of our involvement is a moral one, a claim for determination founded through an overcoming of the systemic (Fry 31).Haacke’s at once open and closed works suit the logic of our algorithmic age, where viewers have to shift constantly from a position of being targeted to one of finding for oneself. Peculiarly, when Haacke’s online digital polls in All Connected were hacked by activists (who randomized statistical responses in order to compel the Museum “to redress their continuing complacency in capitalism”) the culprits claimed they did it in sympathy with his work, not in spite of it: “we see our work as extending and conversing with Haacke’s, an artist and thinker who has been a source of inspiration to us both” (Hakim). This response – undermining done with veneration – is indicative of the complicated legacy of his work today. Haacke’s influence on artists such as Tania Bruguera, Sam Durant, Forensic Architecture, Laura Poitras, Carsten Höller, and Andrea Fraser has less to do with a particular political ideal than with his unique promotion of journalistic suspicion and moral revelation in forms of systems mapping. It suggests a coda be added to the sentiment of All Connected: all might not be revealed, but how we respond matters. 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