Academic literature on the topic 'Financial instruments Data processing Case studies'

Purpose – The global demand for food is expected to increase by 60 percent by 2050 when the world’s population reaches 9.1 billion. To meet this challenge significant investment in the agricultural sector is required to embrace innovative financing mechanisms that can benefit sustainable agricultural development, food security and nutrition. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the agricultural value chain (AVC) financing approaches and tools in India. It presents a proper understanding of the different case studies of Indian AVC financing models and related instruments. It also offers some useful recommendations to improve their efficiency. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ the multiple case studies approach to research which allows for a purposive sample and the potential for generalizability of findings. This provides a more rigorous and inclusive approach than a single case study research due to the triangulation of evidence. Subsequently, the authors offer an explicit description of AVC financing models. In the next phase, a thorough assessment of these models is made. Finally, the authors formulate some useful policy recommendations based on the findings of the analysis. Findings – There is a need to review the value chain models that exist in the context of – lead actors, business model and sustainability strategy. Determining actual and critical points of finance such as the current flows of funds and their sources of financing, what is needed and in what point in time is significant to enhance the effectiveness of the models. Further, there is a need to analyze and compare financing options such as their relative strengths, risks and costs of financing for each level of participant in the chain. The authors observe that rather than investing in one component of the chain, the financial institution can grow expertise in the chain, share this knowledge and provide financing to support services. This not only benefits clients, but also expands lending opportunities while lowering the risks. Research limitations/implications – The study primarily focusses on AVC financing approaches and tools in India and attempts to analyze the inadequacies in the value chain models. The case study approach is adopted as the accurate data on value chain financing are not available for the analysis. Practical implications – The study has come out with the following policy recommendations: the governments (union government as well as state governments) – in partnership with the private sector need to spearhead and develop measures aimed at making the operation of the value chain efficient, fair, profitable and sustainable; governments have to focus on creating an enabling policy and regulatory environment and, providing the necessary support services in order to attract more investments. These will lower the transaction costs, facilitate the smooth flow of finance along the chain and ultimately increase value-added; financing for processing and marketing is particularly crucial for growth and expansion of the chain; bank finance should not be limited to short-term production loans, but also include big-ticket loans with longer maturities to finance investments in farming equipment and machinery, transportation, storage, mills and other processing/post-harvest facilities. Originality/value – This study is the first of its kind as it is based on a multiple case studies approach in understanding and analyzing the efficiency and effectiveness of AVC financing models in India by evaluating eight of such models. Besides, it offers quite useful policy recommendations to improve their efficiency.

The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of transparency of financial reporting, management of zakat, and the manager attitudes towards the level of trust muzakki. (Case studies on amil zakat institutions in Bandung).This study includes research into the associative casual. Sampling technique used was non-probability sampling using Quota sampling technique. The data used are primary data using a questionnaire research instruments. In analyzing the data, researchers used statistical regression analysis that had previously been tested with test instruments and classical assumption.The results of this study indicate that; First there is a significant influence on the level of transparency of financial statements muzakki trust. Secondly, there is a significant influence on the level of confidence in the management of zakat muzakki. Thirdly there is a significant influence on the level of trust managers attitude muzakki. Fourth, the existence of significant influence transparency of financial reporting, management of zakat, and the attitude of managers simultaneously on muzakki confidence level.

Background: The Government of Romania commissioned international technical assistance to help unpacking the causes of arrears in selected public hospitals. Emphases were placed on the governance-related determinants of the hospital performance in the context of the Romanian health system. Methods: The assessment was structured around a public hospital governance framework examining 4 dimensions: institutional arrangements, financing arrangements, accountability arrangements and correspondence between responsibility and decision-making capacity. The framework was operationalized using a 2-pronged approach: (i) a policy review of broader health system governance arrangements influencing hospital performance; and (ii) a series of 10 casestudies of public hospitals experiencing financial hardship. Data were collected during 2016-2017 through key informant interviews with central authorities and hospital management teams, exhaustive semi-structured questionnaires filled in by hospitals, as well as the review of documentary sources where feasible. Results: Overall, the governance landscape of Romanian public hospitals includes a large number of seemingly modern legislative provisions and management instruments. Over the past 30 years substantial efforts have been made to put in place standardised hospital classification, hospital governance structures, management and service purchasing contracts with key performance indicators, modern reimbursement mechanisms based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), and regulatory requirements for accountability, including internal and external audit. Nevertheless, their application appears to have been challenging for a range of reasons, pointing to the misalignment between the responsibility and decisionmaking capacity given to hospitals in a questionably conducive context. Incoherent policy design, outdated and often disjointed regulatory frameworks, and cumbersome administrative procedures limit managerial autonomy and obstruct efficiency gains. In a context of chronic insufficient funding, misaligned incentives, and overly rigid service procurement processes, hospitals seem to struggle to adjust service baskets to the population’s health needs or to overcoming financial hardship. External challenges, combined with the limited strategic, operational, and financial management capacity within hospitals, make it difficult to exhibit good financial and general performance. Conclusion: Existing governance arrangements for Romanian public hospitals appear conducive to poor financial performance. The suggested framework for hospital governance assessment has proved a powerful tool for identifying system and hospital-specific challenges contributing to sub-optimal hospital performance.

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors that influence the decision to visit with the image of the destination as a mediating variable. A quantitative method for data processing using SPSS and AMOS - SEM software as instruments. The survey was conducted on 229 respondents who had visited Rawa Pening lake tourism, Central Java, Indonesia. The results obtained confirmed that the perception of cognitive risk and financial risk contributed greatly to the visit decision, either directly or through the mediation of cognitive attraction and effective image. While socio-psychological risk is less impactful even though it is through cognitive attraction and directly, the role of the affective image can bridge visitors to visit. The two mediators helped the community decide to visit this tourist area.

This study aims to analyze trends in financial performance of a food company and test the validity of financial ratio instruments that have been used by financial practitioners and academics. For this reason, we designed an exploratory study through a single case study at a food company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). We analyze the company's financial data using a variety of ratio analysis commonly used in financial disciplines, such as operational ratios, financial ratios, and stock performance. The analysis was deepened by describing the results of factor analysis to test the validity of financial ratio instruments. We find that the company's financial performance tends to fluctuate over time. When viewed from the sales side, the company's performance showed an increase since 2010. If we observe the profit margin, the company's financial performance tends to decrease. Operational ratio trends also show a decline from 2013 to 2015. Furthermore, the results of factor analysis indicate that the ratio of net income to overall assets is the strongest indicator to measure the company's financial ratios. In contrast to previous studies, this study found that the ratio of operating income to equity was not proven valid as a measure of financial ratios. In summary, this study succeeded in providing significant contributions and novelty for practical and theoretical interests through the validation of financial ratios that are widely used so far.

SMEs are one of the sectors that provide many job opportunities in Indonesia. SME Coffee Shop is one of the SME sub-sectors that is experiencing growth in Indonesia. A performance improvement strategy is needed to maximize the performance of SMEs Coffee Shop in order to compete and develop the business. This paper aims to identify the aligment of the SMEs vision, mission, goals and target, create a strategy map, identify Key Performance Indicator, and develop business used Balanced Scorecard method of Notif Coffee. The object of this research is Notif Coffee which is one of Coffee Shop SMEs in West Java. This study used are primary data obtained by structured interview with Notif Coffee owner and secondary data in the form of literature studies. The data processing and analysis method is carried by Key Performance Indicator and Balanced Scorecard consisting four targets, namely finance, learning and growth, internal business, and customer. The research shows that Notif Coffee have many problem in internal business perspective because Key Performance Indicator shows that target is not achived. The result of this research using balanced scorecard analysis with four perspectives led by the learning and growth, followed by the customer perspective, the financial perspective, and internal perspective.

This paper discusses the development of cash waqf benefits which is directed at empowering the community's economy carried out by the synergy foundation in West Java. Cash waqf as one of the shari'ah financial instruments should be able to provide added value usefulness and a multifier effect in reviving the community's economy. The aim is to map the quality of institutions in managing the benefits of cash waqf for the economic empowerment of the people. The approach used is case studies with qualitative methods, the data were analyzed descriptively with a phenomenological naturalistic paradigm which emphasizes the nature of social reality and studies what appears in society. The results obtained in the field Sinergi Foundation have carried out professional, transparent and accountable, financial management using the accounting standard for zakat PSAK 109. The financial reports are audited by an independent public accountant and the results are Unqualified (WTP).

In this article we present an approach to financial data analysis and anomaly discovery. In our view, the assessment of performance management requires the monitoring of financial performance indicators (KPIs) and the characteristics of changes in KPIs over time. Based on this assumption, behavioral change indicators (BCIs) are introduced to detect and evaluate the changes in traditional KPIs in time series. Three types of BCIs are defined: absolute change indicators (BCI-A), relative change indicators (ratio indicators BCI-RE), and delta change indicators (D-BCI). The technique and advantages of using BCIs to identify unexpected deviations and assess the nature of KPI value changes in time series are discussed and illustrated in case studies. The architecture of the financial data analysis system for financial data anomaly detection is presented. The system prototype uses the Camunda business rules engine to specify KPIs and BCI thresholds. The prototype was successfully put into practice for an analysis of actual financial records (historical data).

In Turkey, Agricultural Development Cooperatives are very important for bringing the resources in rural area to the economy, establishment of agro-industrial facilities for processing agricultural products and preventing migration from rural area to cities. While the number of Agricultural Development Cooperatives in Turkey was 6000 in 1974, it rose to 7196 in 2017. Total number of partners of these cooperatives is 775255.The aim of the study is to reveal financial structures of Agricultural Development Cooperatives within the scope of the research by using ratio analyses. Data in this study were retrieved from income statement and balance sheets belonging to 2016 of 70 Agricultural Development Cooperatives in the Western Mediterranean Region. Ratio analyses were classified as financial structure ratios, activity efficiency ratios and profitability ratios in this study. Financial analysis was conducted for Agricultural Development Cooperatives by comparing the values obtained as a result of analysis with the standard values. Findings obtained from this study and other similar studies suggest that one of the most significant problems of agricultural development cooperatives is finance. As a result of the study, it was determined that the cooperatives studied were not in financial sufficient level. The financial weaknesses of the cooperatives examined mean that they can face financial problems in the long run. Financial insufficiency poses a risk in terms of the continuity of the surveyed cooperatives.

Abstract. The contribution addresses the issue of the integrated survey aimed at three-dimensional modeling for the documentation of different types of terrain through the analysis of two case studies located in the province of Pavia - Italy. The techniques of aerial photogrammetric acquisition SfM (UAVs), Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Mobile (MLS) are now consolidated and widely used, managing to meet the needs of documentation of land levelling, monitoring, and analysis of landslide volumes. The two case studies present difficulties due to a strong inclination of the land and extensive presence of vegetation in the first case and to a strong presence of agricultural canalizations in the second case. The data processing phase focused on the comparison between MLS and close-range photogrammetry, while the acquisitions from TLS were used as control data. This acquisition method allows avoiding the process of approximation and reconstruction of the DTM under the vegetation, ensuring the correctness of the data relating to the ground course. The database allows the generation of highly reliable DTMs using specific point cloud modeling and processing software. Fast survey instruments are ideal in large areas or in hilly areas where sub-vertical sections and covered by vegetation are often present, difficult to detect only with close-range photogrammetry.

by Loh Shing Wai.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).
ABSTRACT --- p.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi
Chapter
Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Technology Transfer --- p.1
Purpose of Study --- p.3
Scope of Study --- p.5
Approach and Methodology --- p.5
Chapter II. --- BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDENT FINANCIAL ASSISATANCE AGENCY --- p.7
Historical Background --- p.7
Organization Structure and Staffing --- p.9
"Vision, Mission and Values" --- p.10
Corporate Culture --- p.12
Local Student Finance Scheme --- p.13
Chapter III. --- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS --- p.15
External Environment --- p.15
Internal Environment --- p.16
Chapter IV --- STUDENT FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM --- p.18
Existing IT Environment --- p.18
Development of Proposed System --- p.19
System Objectives --- p.20
Project Schedule --- p.20
Project Control --- p.21
Development Approach --- p.22
Chapter V. --- FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
IT Project Implementation Issues --- p.23
Merging the Islands of Automation --- p.23
Assimilating Emerging Technologies --- p.23
Partnership of Three Constituencies --- p.24
Findings --- p.25
Analysis --- p.26
Leadership --- p.26
Business Changes --- p.28
Project Team --- p.29
Team Spirit --- p.31
Lack of Confidence --- p.31
Comments from Focus Group --- p.33
Chapter VI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.35
Chapter VII. --- POSSIBLE COURSES OF ACTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION --- p.38
Leadership Style --- p.38
Roles of Senior Manager --- p.39
User Representative --- p.39
Project Team --- p.40
Communication Strategy --- p.40
User Training --- p.44
User Manuals/Documentation --- p.44
APPENDICES --- p.45
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.49

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.

Purpose: The current pandemic crisis caused by Covid-19 significantly impacted the processes of European integration. The European Union decided to act within and beyond existing competences and instruments to support the efforts of its Member States, along with regional and local authorities, in the fight against Covid-19. Our study sheds light on the instruments and solutions proposed within the framework of the cohesion and budget policy to tackle the problems related to Covid-19 in Europe. The analysis focuses on two strands: 1) EU assistance offered through cohesion policy (CP) instruments toward above areas; 2) the future evolution of EU budget, and therefore integration shifts, provoked by the Covid-19 crisis. Design/methodology/approach: The study analyzes statistical data with regard to the use of instruments of the Cohesion Policy under the Covid-19 pandemic, but also the amendments introduced to legal acts and decision-making processes that refer to the multiannual financial framework (MFF) for 2021–2027. Findings: We notice a strong shift of priorities regarding environment transformation, digitalization, and health protection, reflected in the MFF. The coordinative role of European institutions and the redirection of different financial instruments to health care follows the neofunctionalist paradigm and represents a spillover effect resulting from integration. The crisis analyzed from the institutional perspective is seen as a chance to reform the decision-making process, while on the other hand, as a threat to the inclusive integration of all Member States. Originality and value: The paper is an original contribution on the overall use of both financial and legislative instruments in the times of unprecedented health and economic crisis caused by Covid-19 in the European Union. The text can be a valuable insight for both researchers and practitioners in the field of broadly understood European studies.

Metaheuristics have lately gained popularity among researchers. Their underlying designs are inspired by biological entities and their behaviors, e.g. schools of fish, colonies of insects, and other land animals etc. They have been used successfully in optimization applications ranging from financial modeling, image processing, resource allocations, job scheduling to bioinformatics. In particular, metaheuristics have been proven in many combinatorial optimization problems. So that it is not necessary to attempt all possible candidate solutions to a problem via exhaustive enumeration and evaluation which is computationally intractable. The aim of this paper is to highlight some recent research related to metaheuristics and to discuss how they can enhance the efficacy of data mining algorithms. An upmost challenge in Data Mining is combinatorial optimization that, often lead to performance degradation and scalability issues. Two case studies are presented, where metaheuristics improve the accuracy of classification and clustering by avoiding local optima.

Purpose: The aim of the chapter is to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and market volatility increase on risk management in the OTC derivatives market in Poland. Design/methodology/approach: The chapter describes the legal background of derivatives trading with non-financial enterprises, then identifies the main risks, and discusses possible actions of market participants. In this regard, the study conducts volatility analysis based on selected market data. Findings: Due to volatility increase and the resulting negative valuation of non-matured currency derivatives by Polish exporters, margin call clauses were triggered, entailing the need to post additional collateral or prematurely close contracts. The described situation is particularly difficult when the pre-settlement limit is fully utilized on deal date, usually in the case of long-lasting large open exposures in non-flexible transactions. Research implications: To determine market risk, studies often apply the VaR approach. Inthis way, the specific amount of risk is analyzed on adaily basis and used by banks both to determine the maximum amount of the contract and to control pre-settlement risk. Apart from many advantages of the VaR approach, there are some drawbacks, especially related to volatility estimation, which usually relies on historical market fluctuations. It may cause that the risk will not be properly valued under crisis conditions. In such situations, supplementary methods should be also implemented (stresstests). Practical implications: Under high market volatility, preventive actions should be prepared in advance, including treasury limit increase, additional funds for collaterals, or contracts modification (flexible products should be considered).Originality and value: The study covers a challenge that banks face, which is rarely described in professional literature but very serious for bank management. Under normal market conditions, if the margin call clause appears and no additional collateral is posted, the transaction should be closed to limit the counterparty’s loss. However, this type of action during the pandemic may impose the risk of force majeure. From the company perspective, using such instruments threatens their early settlement and the need to finance closeout amount.

Globally, post-event funding needs are growing, while the material and human damage caused by extreme events is constantly growing. The 2015 United Nations (UN) Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction estimated that worldwide, these extreme events cause losses of approximately $ 250-300 billion annually. Although there are now various post-event financing options (insurance, grants, loans, donations, etc.) for the population, companies or public institutions, these instruments are often not sufficient for post-event recovery and reconstruction, so many challenges remain for post-event recovery. Thus, there is often a gap between the financing needs of companies or the population and the existing financing instruments, most often the amounts needed for financing being higher than the amounts that are available through the various existing financing mechanisms. In this article we addressed the topic of post-event funding sources such as donations and highlighted that these, although they are one of the cheapest sources of funding, the support of post-event donors is often uncertain. Also, in the elaboration of this paper I used qualitative and quantitative research based on the use of methods such as Spearman correlation indicator, data processing and analysis, documenting reports, studying reference works and other studies.

The research presented here details the development of an instrumented lathe tool post which has potential use in conducting a wide range of vibration monitoring studies, including condition-based maintenance or prognostic health management. The system developed allows for the modular mounting of instruments in differing configurations on an industry-standard tool post, which was developed in collaboration with a first-year graduate class in sensors and signals at the Colorado School of Mines. Data acquisition and the development of an interactive data analysis tool used for post-processing is discussed using results from a case study obtained by turning 304 stainless steel on a shop lathe. It is shown that chatter can be detected using a novel bi-level FFT approach at low computational cost. Potential future applications for the developed system are introduced, including real-time tool condition analysis and the development of a fully instrumented machine shop.