Dissertations / Theses: 'Financial instruments Australia Accounting'

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Shah, Atul Keshavji. "Accounting policy choice : the case of financial instruments." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294909.

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In recent years, there have been many suggestions of creative accounting practices by large companies. Although there is a growing literature on methods of creative accounting, relatively little is known about the process by which firms make particular accounting choices. This study is an attempt to analyse this process and identify some of the factors which influence accounting choice. Accounting practices in respect of new financial instruments are analysed and compared with accounting standards and generally accepted accounting principles. The evidence shows that new financial instruments provide significant scope for creative accounting by companies and in many cases, these possibilities have been an important motive behind their issuance. It shows how managers devote significant resources to manage the firm's financial reporting, and how professionals such as merchant bankers and lawyers assist them in this process. The findings provide new theoretical insights into the process of accounting policy making in practice, and reveal significant scope for further research. In addition, a unique method of analysing financial statements using a wide range of empirical data is illustrated. This method can provide analysts with new insights into a company's underlying financial performance.

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Yekini, Liafisu Sina. "Financial instruments disclosure : the role of accounting standards." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9906.

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A significant number of studies have pointed to inadequate disclosure of the hedging process by companies of both details of instruments used and the clarity of information. Following the adoption of IFRSs, UK companies started reporting under IAS 32 and 39 from the accounting year beginning from 1st January 2005. This required more relevant information to be disclosed when compared with the requirements of FRS 13 under which UK companies reported prior to 2005. The adoption was consistent with reporting practices of other countries within the EU. This study investigates the extent to which non-financial sector firms in the UK have complied with the requirements of IAS 32 and 39 and what the value of this disclosure has been to investors. The thesis reports on a sample of 182 firms using content analysis to evaluate reporting level in comparison with the requirements of the standards. The thesis also uses cross sectional analysis of the market model to assess the extent of disclosure on excess returns. The findings show that companies reported more on derivative use under the international standards than under UK GAAP, suggesting that harmonization of reporting practices are on course in the UK. Secondly, companies that reported financial instruments under these standards have a lower risk-adjusted discount rate. This translates to lower future returns and higher current prices, meaning current increased market values. Further division of companies into those who disclosed at low, medium and high levels, shows that companies that disclosed at medium and high levels have a lower risk-adjusted discount rates. This suggests reduced risk and higher current market values for these firms. These findings supports our earlier findings just as they support the theoretical insight that increased disclosure means increased transparency that should positively affect firm value and vice versa.

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Shields, Karin Elisabeth. "International accounting standard setting : lobbying and the development of financial instruments accounting." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7904/.

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With the establishment of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) one of the first projects that were added to its agenda was the financial instruments project. The controversy surrounding the standards, and their heavy Anglo-American nature, have led to widespread concerns regarding the IASB granting undue influence to certain lobbying parties in developing these standards. The thesis examines whether these concerns are warranted. The IASB standard setting is characterised by varying degrees of constituent support and opposition for the organisation’s proposed changes to accounting standards. A robust methodology, grounded in ideology theory of regulation, is therefore developed to identify the impact of special interest lobbying on the IASB’s decisions during the development of standards for financial instruments from 2001-2012. Textual analysis is applied to a large sample of comment letters in order to derive a continuous measure of negativity for the analysis of overt lobbying, as well as identifying cases of explicit opinion in the responses. The findings show that the IASB takes account of lobbying in its standard development. Lobbyists are found to be more likely to be successful in blocking proposed changes by expressing negativity in their discussion of a proposal, as opposed to explicitly disagreeing. Further, the results of the analysis show that, in general, all major constituent groups are influential in the development, but that only the business community is influential when it comes to disclosure requirements. Moreover, opposing American constituents are more likely to block proposed changes than are lobbyists from elsewhere. In sum, the thesis investigates and finds that the IASB’s standard setting process allows special interest lobbying to shape the standards for financial instruments accounting and that the business community and American constituents are particularly influential in the process, thus reinforcing the Anglo-American nature of the standards.

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Chew, Tong-Gunn. "Incentives for voluntary disclosures of derivative financial instruments by financial institutions in Singapore." Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5301.

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5

au, Rebecca tan@anu edu, and Chyi Woan (Rebecca) Tan. "Accounting for Financial Instruments: An Investigation of Preparer and User Preference for Fair Value Accounting." Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051011.123944.

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This research study, motivated by the difference in opinion between the Joint Working Group of Standard Setters (JWGSS) and the Joint Working Group of Banking Associations (JWGBA), generates empirical evidence on preparer and user preferences for fair value accounting for all financial instruments. Australian and Singaporean respondents perceptions on the measurement of financial instruments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value as gains or losses in the Income Statement are obtained. This study provides better understanding of the perceptions on the international proposals for change by examining possible explanatory factors for respondents views. There is ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate accounting for financial instruments. Perceived shortcomings of the mixed measurement model resulted in an all inclusive fair value accounting standard proposed by the JWGSS (2000). This was met with strong criticism from the JWGBA, established in response to this proposal (1999a). An understanding of actual preparer and user views is thus important for standard-setters to determine the most appropriate and acceptable accounting standard for financial instruments, particularly for the complex financial institutions industry in these two prominent financial markets of the Asian Pacific region. A positivist-objectivist approach is chosen as the theoretical perspective of this research study because of its ability to help explain real world phenomena. Both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (surveys) methods are used in tandem to derive evidence on user and preparer perceptions. This integration of methods is important to achieve a better understanding of the issues at hand. Evidence collected from the interviews and the preparer and user surveys are analysed with univariate and multivariate statistical tools to determine the level of support (or opposition) for fair value accounting for all financial instruments and to identify factors that explain user and preparer views. Results show that on average, preparers neither strongly support nor strongly oppose the fair value accounting proposal, while users are slightly more supportive. However, respondent users and preparers tend to have similar perceptions on most of the contentious issues raised in this international debate, sometimes giving credence to the JWGBA position while other times agreeing with the JWGSS. On average, users and preparer responses are similar but there is substantial variation within each group. Findings indicate higher support for fair value accounting when the trading and banking books are perceived to be not different, fair values for non-traded financial instruments are reliable and when there is comparability across entities. This thesis generates empirical evidence on the highly topical issue of accounting for financial instruments in the midst of international accounting standard setting movements toward fair value accounting. The lack of variation between users and preparers affirms the robustness of the qualitative characteristics espoused by the IASB framework for financial reporting. Results show that achieving these qualitative characteristics is far more important than trying to fulfill the different needs of various groups. This slight support for fair value accounting is part of a bigger tapestry of a slow but steady movement towards fair value measurement in financial accounting and reporting.

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Tan, Chyi Woan. "Accounting for financial instruments : an investigation of preparer and user preference for fair value accounting /." Access via Murdoch University Digital Theses project, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051011.123944.

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Maucher, Matthias. "Rechnungslegung von Financial Instruments nach IAS 39 und HGB / Steuerrecht." [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB12103715.

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Borger, David. "Constructing representations of risk in regulatory networks : accounting for financial instruments." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2265/.

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The extant literature on accounting regulation in the context of private-sector standard setting has mainly focused on lobbying by means of comment letters. Some rather casual while interesting accounts of the process of standard setting 'behind the scenes' by former insiders and by close observers have complemented this research. Only few detailed studies have looked at how accounting standards emerge over time and in the wider social context. After theory had become deconstructed as providing excuses in the late 1970s, few contributions have looked at the role accounting theory plays in accounting regulation. To analyze the process of accounting regulation in more detail with a focus on the conceptual foundation and the social context of accounting, this thesis looks at one particular international standard setting project that took place over a period of ten years. The thesis focuses on the International Accounting Standards Committee's (IASC) project on financial instruments that was inaugurated in 1988 and resulted in a comprehensive recognition and measurement standard by the end of 1998. Because of the nature of financial instruments, which came to challenge traditional accounting concepts and did not fit easily into existing accounting categories, the project ventured into hitherto unknown regulatory territory. In the process, some of the premises of financial reporting became transformed, in particular with respect to the representation of financial risk. Due to the esoteric nature of the object of regulation - financial instruments - and the intellectual challenges involved, the regulatory debate came to sustain a high level of conceptual independence. Within the debate, new notions of appropriateness of problems and solutions emerged in reliance on a close international network of experts, organizations and ideas. However, legitimately shifting the boundary of what accounting can and should represent became a considerably demanding endeavor, as it was resisted in reference to traditional meaning of accounting. While slowly emerging notions of what accounting can and should represent helped to justify the new accounting guidance, conflicting notions of appropriateness remained resilient. The thesis contributes to refining a model of regulation and accounting standard setting as a regulatory debate that is structured by a meaning-reproducing network of experts, organizations and ideas. Some of the policy and theoretical implications of the study relate to the regulatory role of conceptual frameworks in supporting notions of appropriateness. It also sheds light on notions of regulatory independence, which became prominent in recent proposals for reforming the international standard setting regime. In particular, the structure of the debate was seen to put considerable constraints on pace and direction of regulatory change. Furthermore, the case suggests that the success of regulatory initiatives may depend more on the success of shifting notions of appropriateness of problems and solutions and the meaning given to accounting than on the power and persistence of lobbyists.

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9

Tan, Chyi Woan (Rebecca). "Accounting for financial instruments: an investigation of preparer and user preference for fair value accounting." Thesis, Tan, Chyi Woan (Rebecca) (2005) Accounting for financial instruments: an investigation of preparer and user preference for fair value accounting. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/332/.

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This research study, motivated by the difference in opinion between the Joint Working Group of Standard Setters (JWGSS) and the Joint Working Group of Banking Associations (JWGBA), generates empirical evidence on preparer and user preferences for fair value accounting for all financial instruments. Australian and Singaporean respondents' perceptions on the measurement of financial instruments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value as gains or losses in the Income Statement are obtained. This study provides better understanding of the perceptions on the international proposals for change by examining possible explanatory factors for respondents' views. There is ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate accounting for financial instruments. Perceived shortcomings of the mixed measurement model resulted in an all inclusive fair value accounting standard proposed by the JWGSS (2000). This was met with strong criticism from the JWGBA, established in response to this proposal (1999a). An understanding of actual preparer and user views is thus important for standard-setters to determine the most appropriate and acceptable accounting standard for financial instruments, particularly for the complex financial institutions industry in these two prominent financial markets of the Asian Pacific region. A positivist-objectivist approach is chosen as the theoretical perspective of this research study because of its ability to help explain real world phenomena. Both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (surveys) methods are used in tandem to derive evidence on user and preparer perceptions. This integration of methods is important to achieve a better understanding of the issues at hand. Evidence collected from the interviews and the preparer and user surveys are analysed with univariate and multivariate statistical tools to determine the level of support (or opposition) for fair value accounting for all financial instruments and to identify factors that explain user and preparer views. Results show that on average, preparers neither strongly support nor strongly oppose the fair value accounting proposal, while users are slightly more supportive. However, respondent users and preparers tend to have similar perceptions on most of the contentious issues raised in this international debate, sometimes giving credence to the JWGBA position while other times agreeing with the JWGSS. On average, users and preparer responses are similar but there is substantial variation within each group. Findings indicate higher support for fair value accounting when the trading and banking books are perceived to be not different, fair values for non-traded financial instruments are reliable and when there is comparability across entities. This thesis generates empirical evidence on the highly topical issue of accounting for financial instruments in the midst of international accounting standard setting movements toward fair value accounting. The lack of variation between users and preparers affirms the robustness of the qualitative characteristics espoused by the IASB framework for financial reporting. Results show that achieving these qualitative characteristics is far more important than trying to fulfill the different needs of various groups. This slight support for fair value accounting is part of a bigger tapestry of a slow but steady movement towards fair value measurement in financial accounting and reporting.

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10

Tan, Chyi Woan (Rebecca). "Accounting for financial instruments: an investigation of preparer and user preference for fair value accounting." Tan, Chyi Woan (Rebecca) (2005) Accounting for financial instruments: an investigation of preparer and user preference for fair value accounting. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2005. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/332/.

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Abstract:

This research study, motivated by the difference in opinion between the Joint Working Group of Standard Setters (JWGSS) and the Joint Working Group of Banking Associations (JWGBA), generates empirical evidence on preparer and user preferences for fair value accounting for all financial instruments. Australian and Singaporean respondents' perceptions on the measurement of financial instruments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value as gains or losses in the Income Statement are obtained. This study provides better understanding of the perceptions on the international proposals for change by examining possible explanatory factors for respondents' views. There is ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate accounting for financial instruments. Perceived shortcomings of the mixed measurement model resulted in an all inclusive fair value accounting standard proposed by the JWGSS (2000). This was met with strong criticism from the JWGBA, established in response to this proposal (1999a). An understanding of actual preparer and user views is thus important for standard-setters to determine the most appropriate and acceptable accounting standard for financial instruments, particularly for the complex financial institutions industry in these two prominent financial markets of the Asian Pacific region. A positivist-objectivist approach is chosen as the theoretical perspective of this research study because of its ability to help explain real world phenomena. Both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (surveys) methods are used in tandem to derive evidence on user and preparer perceptions. This integration of methods is important to achieve a better understanding of the issues at hand. Evidence collected from the interviews and the preparer and user surveys are analysed with univariate and multivariate statistical tools to determine the level of support (or opposition) for fair value accounting for all financial instruments and to identify factors that explain user and preparer views. Results show that on average, preparers neither strongly support nor strongly oppose the fair value accounting proposal, while users are slightly more supportive. However, respondent users and preparers tend to have similar perceptions on most of the contentious issues raised in this international debate, sometimes giving credence to the JWGBA position while other times agreeing with the JWGSS. On average, users and preparer responses are similar but there is substantial variation within each group. Findings indicate higher support for fair value accounting when the trading and banking books are perceived to be not different, fair values for non-traded financial instruments are reliable and when there is comparability across entities. This thesis generates empirical evidence on the highly topical issue of accounting for financial instruments in the midst of international accounting standard setting movements toward fair value accounting. The lack of variation between users and preparers affirms the robustness of the qualitative characteristics espoused by the IASB framework for financial reporting. Results show that achieving these qualitative characteristics is far more important than trying to fulfill the different needs of various groups. This slight support for fair value accounting is part of a bigger tapestry of a slow but steady movement towards fair value measurement in financial accounting and reporting.

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11

Mignot, Helen R. "Users and accounting information preferences of government department financial reports." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1996. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/936.

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The introduction of an accounting standard requiring government departments to replace fund-type, cash-based accounting statements with business-type, accrual based accounting statements has led to criticism that business-type, general purpose financial statements do not take account of the information requirements of major users. Such criticism echoes a long standing debate in which the users of public sector financial statements and their informational requirements are analysed in competing models. One view suggests that there are many users with homogeneous informational needs, who can be classified into a few broad groups. The other view maintains that there are few users who have differential informational requirements. This research adds to the few empirical studies on the usefulness of public sector accounting statement information. The purpose of this research is to test the hypothesis that users perceive that there is no difference in the usefulness of fund-type, cash-based; business-type, accrual-based accounting statements, and both cash and accrual combined accounting statements. Responses from legislators, citizen/ interest group members, and preparers to a questionnaire provides the data for statistical analysis. Test results suggest that there is only moderate support for the hypothesis that heterogenous users have different information needs. Strong support is found for the hypothesis that combined sets of statements as opposed to cash, or accrual are more useful. This conclusion holds for both the importance and useability dimensions of the construct perceived usefulness.

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12

Van, der Merwe D. (Divan). "An analysis of the factors leading to divergence between the tax and financial reporting classification of financial instruments issued by corporate taxpayers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41565.

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Determining with certainty how the tax authorities will treat a particular financial instrument issued is not straightforward, and this poses a risk to corporate taxpayers tasked with generating shareholder value and predictable shareholder returns. The tax classification of financial instruments, as either debt or equity instruments, may have a profound impact from a corporate taxation perspective and the reclassification of financial instruments by a tax authority, in an unanticipated manner, can alter expected tax consequences. Previous studies have placed less emphasis on the potential discrepancies between the debt or equity classification of financial instruments from a tax-versus-corporate-reporting perspective and the reasons for such potential discrepancies. This study aims to identify potential factors, giving rise to divergent financial instrument classifications between tax and financial reporting, in order to gain insight into the reasons for the potential divergence. The research objectives of the study are to determine whether there is incongruity between the tax and accounting classification of selected financial instruments; to identify the factors giving rise to a possible incongruent outcome; and to evaluate the reasons for incongruity, in order to gain insight into the differing objectives of taxation and corporate reporting. Case studies were obtained from the technical department of a large accountancy firm in South Africa to analyse specific fact patterns. It was found that incongruence exists between the financial reporting and taxation classification of financial instruments from the perspective of the issuer of those instruments. This incongruence was attributed to the impact of contingent settlement provisions and the rules-based approach adopted by tax authorities, as opposed to the principle or substance-based approach favoured by financial reporting. The incongruence noted suggests that, based on their differing objectives, financial reporting favours the classification of financial instruments as debt whilst taxation favours the classification of financial instruments as equity. Although the approaches currently followed by financial reporting and taxation are different, recent taxation amendments have incorporated financial reporting guidance into the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962. Future research can be conducted to determine the impact of aligning financial reporting and taxation principles on tax certainty from a taxpayer perspective.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
lmchunu2014
Taxation
unrestricted

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Thorne, Helen. "The financial statement data of failed companies : the role of the Australian accounting profession /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht511.pdf.

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Kilic, Emre. "The impact of leverage implicit in derivative financial instruments on banks' default risk premium." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Rossieta, Hilda. "Introduction of accounting standards on derivatives and other financial instruments FR13 : examinations of lobbying motives." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503073.

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Hodder, Leslie Davis. "Reliability and relevance of market risk disclosures by commercial banks." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034549.

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Gomes, Diana Monteiro. "Value relevance of financial assets." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9481.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This study’s proposal is to examine for the Portuguese market, the value relevance of unrealized fair value gains and losses of financial assets, namely for financial instruments at fair value through profit and loss (which includes held-for-trading securities) and for available-for-sale financial assets. The objective is to obtain a perception of how well stock prices and returns reflect the fair value changes of these two financial assets. For a sample of Portuguese listed companies in a 2005-2007 period, no significant evidence is found regarding the value relevance of both cumulative and incremental unrealized fair value gains and losses associated to the two analyzed financial instruments. Several underlying factors for these results are presented, based on prior research.

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Baker, Shannon Bruce. "Accounting for the financial instruments listed on the South African futures exchange in the context of the International Accounting Standards Committee conceptual framework." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9488.

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Bibliography: leaves 129-134.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the views of both preparers and users of financial statements on a number of issues related to South African Futures Exchange (SAFEX) financial instruments. These issues related to the perceptions of the SAFEX market price as a measure of fair value for financial reporting purposes, as well as perceptions of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) asset and liability definition. These were formulated into the hypotheses set out in chapter 1. The objectives of the study were achieved by a literature search related to financial instruments and SAFEX, as well as empirical data collection through the use of postal questionnaires and the evaluation thereof.

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Kholmy, Khaled [Verfasser], Jürgen [Gutachter] Ernstberger, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Pellens. "Fair value accounting for financial instruments and analysts' forecasts in the financial crisis / Khaled Kholmy ; Gutachter: Jürgen Ernstberger, Bernhard Pellens ; Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1227707436/34.

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Kholmy, Khaled Ahmad [Verfasser], Jürgen [Gutachter] Ernstberger, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Pellens. "Fair value accounting for financial instruments and analysts' forecasts in the financial crisis / Khaled Kholmy ; Gutachter: Jürgen Ernstberger, Bernhard Pellens ; Fakultät für Wirtschaftswissenschaft." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1227707436/34.

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Marinova, Milena. "Securitization - A critical assessment in the light of the financial crisis." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76306.

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My dissertation thesis provides a comprehensive analysis of the principles of securitization techniques, of their attendant shortcomings, their regulatory treatment and the recent proposals for reducing complexity in accounting standards with relevance for securitizations. The explosion of securitization and related innovative credit risk transfer products largely expanded the magnitude and diversity of issuers, investors and securities. With this expansion numerous market participants began to wrongly believe that risk was not only shared more widely, but also that it disappeared from the system altogether. The application, or to be more precise, the misapplication of securitization in the mortgage market had fatal consequences for the financial sector worldwide. Before securitization, sub-prime mortgage lenders retained the loans that they originated on their balance sheets and therefore cared about their credit quality. Securitization techniques and related innovative financial instruments enabled the export of sub-prime mortgage structural problems from the United States globe-wide via the financial intermediaries. More over, securitization techniques and related credit risk transfer products enabled single banks to reduce their individual risk while at the same time transferred new and greater risks to the financial system. Meanwhile a lot was written on the causes for the recent financial crisis. In most cases inadequate ratings provided by the credit rating agencies and different principal agent problems were addressed. I present both for completeness in my work. However, I argue that not only the credit rating agencies are to blame for the inadequate reflection of securitization and related financial innovations and subsequently for the financial turmoil. The international and national financial supervisors in fact supported the credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. What turned obvious during and after the financial turmoil started mid-2007 is that financial regulation failed to reach its main goal - ensuring stability of the financial system. It failed despite of the "regulatory achievements within Basel II" elaborated over the past ten years. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were not adequately treated in Basel II. Securitization-related products such as Credit Derivatives on Securitization Underlyings and numerous other complex financial innovations, as presented in my thesis, were not even thought of in Basel II. In fact, Basel II turned to do little to make the financial system more resilient. The need for further revisions in banking regulation is currently more than obvious. Furthermore, it is time to ask if the developments in Basel II are the right way to address the current risks within the financial system and hence if Basel II is the right way of banking regulation and supervision altogether. With the development of both Basel Accords (Basel I and Basel II) capital ratios became the center of banking regulation. However, capital ratios are obviously not sufficient as a measure for a systemic financial stability. These questions arise at least when financial stability and soundness are still the intended objectives and believed to be ensured through Basel II. My merits in this dissertation work root in the multi-facet analysis of securitization techniques that I provide. Up to date a comparable analysis of securitization techniques which addresses the wide spectrum of securitizations' issues - such as (i) their treatment and the related attendant flaws within the regulatory framework Basel II, (ii) the various microeconomic deficiencies related to securitizations, and (iii) the implicit macroeconomic threads of exporting credit risk and de-balancing financial stability through securitization techniques - has not been provided in the comprehensive way I built up my analysis. As a basis for my analysis, I provide a new classification of the characteristics of securitization techniques which were pre-crisis wrongly perceived as benefits. I analyze the reasons for the turmoil in the financial markets in their interplay and complexity and consider securitization techniques as a key driver for the financial crisis. I comprehensively criticize the current regulatory treatment. I present in detail why the recent financial crisis should be considered a clear regulatory failure due to the up to date short-sightedness of financial regulation. Through providing partial solutions and professional author's assessment of selected regulatory and accounting changes to securitizations I deliver an expert's contribution to the topic. My conclusions are that securitization markets, as they have been operating until today, brought a negative net macroeconomic effect which has been largely damaging to the global economy. I argue that international and national financial supervisors established an inadequate framework for financial regulation and supervision, and among other failures, even supported credit rating agencies to further establish their businesses. Further on, I show that early warning indicators of systemic risk in the financial sector and signs of the coming turmoil were irresponsibly ignored at the time they were perceived. What turned obvious during and after the recent financial turmoil is that capital regulation failed to reach its main goal -- ensuring stability of the financial system. In particular, securitization and related credit risk transfer products were adequately treated neither in Basel I nor in Basel II. Finally, I conclude that capital ratios as established with the development of both Basel Accords are not sufficient as a central measure for banking regulation and ensuring systemic financial stability.

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Abd, Allah Ahmed. "The effect of Diverse Accounting Practices of Financial Instruments under IFRS on De Facto Harmonization and Comparability : an Empirical Study of IAS 39 in Sweden." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-3674.

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Objective: The IFRSs are getting more popularity all over the world. IAS 39 is one of the most sophisticated standards included in the IFRS jurisdiction, which mainly addresses the recognition and measurement of financial instruments and hedge accounting. When these instruments had been off-balance sheet hidden, accounting scandals were the consequences. Capturing these risky instruments in the body of the financial statements, according to IAS 39, implies diverse accounting choices where the selection is tied to managers' judgment.

The Swedish GAAPs have been criticized in the literature of being less conservative than the US GAAPs. Sweden as an EU member has mandated the adoption of IFRSs in the consolidated financial statements of all listed companies, since 2005. No published research has studied the effect of IAS 39 diverse accounting practices on de facto harmonization and comparability in Sweden. The current study fills this gap in the literature, and goes beyond to investigate whether the selected accounting choices are associated with the industry sectors.

Methods: A sample of 50 companies listed in NASDAQ, Stockholm in the financial and the industrial sectors is selected. Secondary data are obtained from the 2007 annual reports of the selected companies. Six accounting practice categories are detected under the standard. Herfindahl (H) index and Chi- square test are applied on the data.

Results: The results show a relatively low harmonization and comparability in most of the accounting practices, and variation in associations between accounting practices and sectors. This infers to the risk of producing non-comparable financial statements that may distort the value of accounting numbers, the content of financial statements and negatively affect market participants.

Conclusion: Much effort is still needed to enhance de facto harmonization and comparability of financial reporting. Further research is also motivated in order to develop a harmonization theory that support standard setters in revising the existing standard to eliminate inconsistencies in accounting choice selection and enhance comparability.

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Bardien, Mariam. "Knowledge in Accounting: Using a threshold concept lens to identify knowledge of financial instruments in an Accounting course, as experienced by students at a South African university." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32200.

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This qualitative research aims to identify the threshold concepts in financial instruments using Meyer and Land's Threshold Concept Framework (2005) and applies the dimension of Semantics and Legitimation Code Theory (Maton, 2014) to analyse whether semantic gravity and semantic density are stronger or weaker in the threshold concepts. The analysis points to five threshold concepts in the financial instruments module. It further aims to explore whether African, Coloured and Indian students' exposure to these threshold concepts results in troublesome knowledge and/or transformation in understanding and thinking in a second-year Accounting course at a South African university. Triangulation is used to confirm the authenticity and consistency of the data emerging from the identification of the threshold concepts. Using Semantics, this research illustrates that the five threshold concepts possess weaker semantic gravity due to the abstract nature of the threshold concepts and stronger semantic density is present due to the complex and dense terminology inherent in financial instruments. Evidence from a general survey, interviews and summative assessments conducted with students registered for an Accounting course shows that exposure to the threshold concepts resulted in troublesome knowledge and/or transformed understanding. Identifying the threshold concepts could make specialised Accounting knowledge more explicit to students and exploring the knowledge experienced as troublesome and the transformed understanding experienced provides room for debate around pedagogy and curriculum reform.

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Hurst, Gavin. "The due process of accounting standard setting in Australia : the case of AAS27 : financial reporting by local governments." University of Ballarat, 2003. http://archimedes.ballarat.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/14636.

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"This study enquires into the accounting standard system in Australia and questions the appropriateness of its core democratic participatory vehicle, the due process. In doing so it highlights issues associated with self-regulating authorities and their policy making practices. The study is pertinent to the extent it reviews a major paradigm shift within the Australian public sector and more specifically local government financial reporting. Spanning the course of three decades it examines the reasons for such a paradigm shift, the major actors involved, the actual changes made and the effectiveness of those changes."
Doctor of Business Administration

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Cleverton, Jennifer Gaye. "The social construction and operational significance of fair values : a case study of a financial services organisation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-social-construction-and-operational-significance-of-fair-values-a-case-study-of-a-financial-services-organisation(b95ce8d7-9b04-4acd-bba5-8c9b0bcbf885).html.

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The focus of this doctoral research is on developing an enhanced understanding of the nature and operational significance of fair values by studying the organisational systems and processes through which such values are produced. The external reporting of fair values in corporate financial statements has created significant controversy and debate, particularly during the global financial crisis with various accusations and competing defences as to whether or not such a form of accounting caused or exacerbated the crisis. Fair value accounting has been debated mainly from a relevance and reliability perspective, with much attention paid to the relative usefulness of fair value accounting to investors and claims and counter claims relating to the reliability and subjectivity of fair values compared to historical costing approaches. Investigation into implementation issues affecting reliability, however, has been little studied. While an emerging strand of the literature has pointed to the importance of recognising fair value accounting’s social constructed nature, relatively few research papers have examined the construction of fair values and the ways in which such values are shaped by social and organisational contextual influences. This research contributes to such an emerging literature through a detailed case study of the construction of fair values in an international financial services organisation. The primary focus of analysis is the work of the organisation’s central governing body in this area, namely its Fair Value Committee (FVC). The work of the FVC provides a rich empirical base from which to examine the key factors and perspectives influencing the organisation’s approach to fair values. In particular, through a detailed analysis of its formal minutes and supporting interviews with senior members of the FVC and other key organisational actors, the research documents and reflects on the nature and direction of change that the organisation experienced during the global financial crisis with respect to the operation of its fair value system. The main research findings in relation to the nature of the fair value system are: Firstly, the operation of an organisational fair value accounting system emerges not as a demonstrative example of objective, arm’s length pricing but as a social, relational process influenced by the organisational context. Secondly, in studying the way in which fair values are made sense of or constructed to be market consistent, patterns of sensemaking generally invoke a rational and prudent view of the market, which stimulates questioning as to whether fair value accounting is inherently pro-cyclical and exacerbates swings in the financial market. Thirdly, ‘fair value’ pricing should not be seen as being without a semblance of order and routine. Fourthly, the observed growing dependency of fair value accounting on valuation experts provides confirmation of the weakening jurisdictional authority of auditors and their monitoring role in overseeing fair value accounting. Finally, the research reveals clear evidence of the constitutive effects of fair value accounting on the organisation’s investment policy and permitted investments. As such, the acceptance of specialist models to construct fair values should not only be seen as being reflective of the particular organisational context but also serving in part to permit (and encourage) investments in esoteric financial instruments - a constitutive impact on the organisation's investment strategy and risk profile. The study encourages a greater empirical analysis of the operational construction, development and utilisation of fair values so as to advance knowledge and move the debate beyond polemical debates on the status of fair value accounting.

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Colmant, Bruno. "Etude conceptuelle des principes comptables applicables aux instruments financiers pour les entreprises commerciales et industrielles belges." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211770.

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Pejčochová, Kristina. "Development of Derivatives Reporting." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113116.

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This thesis aims to summarise the theoretical principles, concepts and considerations pertaining to accounting for and reporting of derivatives and to describe and analyse the development of major accounting standards dealing with related issues. Sections 1 and 2 provide a basic overview of derivative instruments'categorisation, mechanics, valuation and uses. Section 3 studies the principles that ensure the provision of useful financial information, with specific focus on financial instruments. Sections 4, 5 and 6 trace the development of US and international accounting standards pertaining to derivatives and financial instruments in general. The focus of the thesis lies with their measurement, recognition and disclosure.

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Mylonas, Georgios. "The impact of IFRS on the analysts' information environment : the role of accounting policies and corporate disclosure." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23881.

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The thesis presents the results of a study on the impact of International Financial Reporting Standards on the analysts information environment. The analysis is concentrated on the role of specific IFRSs and corporate disclosure. The effect of IFRS adoption on the information asymmetry between firms and outsiders is examined through properties of analysts earnings forecasts. A contribution to the existing academic literature is made by examining the role of goodwill, intangible assets and acquisitions before and after IFRS adoption in Europe. The results show that the IFRSs for goodwill, acquisitions and intangible assets are related to improvements in the analysts information environment. Another contribution to knowledge is made by investigating the effect of corporate disclosure quantity on the analysts information environment before and after IFRS adoption. For this purpose, a new approach and text analysis technique to assess the impact of corporate disclosure quantity is developed. This involves the creation of a new custom dictionary and the collection of an extensive set of qualitative data. The results show that corporate disclosure quantity under IFRS, is related to improvements in the analysts information environment but that there are differences in this effect across European countries. The results also demonstrate that the improvements in the accuracy of analysts earnings forecasts are related particularly to disclosure concerning financial instruments and operating segments. Overall, the findings of the thesis suggest that the adoption of IFRS resulted in an increase in the quality of reported earnings, which is likely to derive from higher comparability of financial statements, enhanced transparency and an improved analysts information environment. It is also established that fundamental differences across countries remain after IFRS adoption and that the development and harmonisation of financial reporting standards alone are not sufficient to increase the quality of financial information and decrease information asymmetry between market participants.

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Holm, Martina, Adam Thorstensson, and Emma Wijk. ""Does size matter?" - En kvalitativ undersökning om påverkande faktorer gällande styrmedel i småföretag." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21794.

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För att upprätthålla en ekonomisk hållbarhet inom ett företag krävs ett ansvarsfullt företagande inom organisationer, vilket skapar behov av ett systematiskt arbetssätt med ekonomiska styrmedel. Olika styrmedel kan vara relevanta för olika syften, varför valet och användandet av dem är kritiskt att studera. Studien undersöker därför genom en komparativ fallstudie vilka faktorer som påverkar valet och användandet av styrmedel i småföretag i Sverige. Undersökningen resulterar i ett antal faktorer som enligt fallföretagen påverkar hur besluten om styrmedel tas. Dessa faktorer ligger som grund för den modell som skapats. Modellen visar att informationsbehovet hos ledaren är det som påverkar hur valet och användandet sker samt att behovet förändras beroende på företagets och omvärldens karaktär tillsammans med ledarens bakgrund.
Maintaining economic sustainability within a company requires a responsible business organization that creates the need for a systematic approach to economic instruments. Different instruments may be relevant for different purposes and therefor the choice and use of them is critical to study. The study examines, through a comparative case study which factors influence the choice and use of economic instruments in small businesses in Sweden. The survey results in a number of factors that, in the studied companies affects how decisions on financial instruments are made. These factors form the basis of the model created. The model shows that the informational needs of the leader is what influences how the selection and use takes place, and that need is changing depending on the company and the external characteristics along with the background of the leaders.

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Resende, Miguel Silva. "Principais determinantes das divulgações exigidas pela IFRS 7 : o caso das empresas cotadas em Portugal." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7943.

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Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais
A IFRS 7 exige que as entidades divulguem nos seus relatórios financeiros informações sobre os instrumentos financeiros uteis para os diversos usuários da informação contabilística. Este estudo teve por base a análise dos principais determinantes no cumprimento com as divulgações exigidas pela IFRS 7, pelas empresas cotadas em Portugal. Foram analisadas 35 empresas cotadas na Euronext Lisboa, entre 2010 e 2012, sendo recolhidos os dados a partir dos Relatórios e Contas das mesmas tendo como base a informação constante das demonstrações financeiras. Os resultados sugerem que os principais determinantes no cumprimento com as divulgações exigidas pela IFRS 7, pelas empresas cotadas em Portugal são, a dimensão, as diferenças temporárias entre a contabilidade e a fiscalidade (impostos diferidos) e o uso de instrumentos financeiros passivos. Existindo uma correlação positiva para a dimensão e uma correlação negativa para os restantes determinantes.
The present study was based on main components in compliance with the disclosures required by IFRS 7, by listed companies in Portugal. Thirty five companies listed on Euronext Lisbon were used for a period of analysis between 2010 and 2012, based on the financial reports issued by them. The results suggested that the main components in compliance with the disclosures required by IFRS 7, by listed companies in Portugal is the size, timing differences between accounting and taxation (deferred taxes) and the use of financial liabilities. Furthermore, there is a positive correlation associated to dimension and a negative correlation for the remaining components.

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Flores, Eduardo da Silva. "Os efeitos do registro patrimonial de instrumentos financeiros híbridos: uma análise internacional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-22112016-121135/.

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O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar os efeitos decorrentes do registro de instrumentos financeiros híbridos junto às linhas patrimoniais. Para tanto, foram utilizados modelos de relevância informacional, os quais avaliam a forma como os números contábeis são assimilados pelos preços e retornos acionários (OHLSON, 1995; ABOODY et al., 1999; LIMA, 2010; LOPES; WALKER, 2012). Adicionalmente, também foram observadas as inter-relações entre a emissão e a contabilização de tais contratos com o custo de capital próprio, alavancagem financeira e a carga tributária efetiva, respectivamente, considerados como determinantes para utilização dessa modalidade de captação de recursos (LEE; FIGLEWICZ, 1999). No tocante ao desenvolvimento metodológico desta pesquisa, foram compostos dois conjuntos amostrais, sendo: (i) grupo de interesse, formando por 39 empresas que emitiram os instrumentos híbridos aqui estudados, presentes em 10 jurisdições; e (ii) grupo de controle, no qual se encontram 107 organizações domiciliadas nos mesmos países e setores, bem como de composição patrimonial similar ao grupo previamente relatado. Foram coletadas observações para essas companhias de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015, em bases trimestrais, perfazendo um total de 3.386 observações. A leitura das notas explicativas do grupo de interesse indicou que essas empresas registraram os híbridos junto ao PL, considerando elementos interpretativos minimamente questionáveis à luz da essência econômica sobre a forma jurídica desses títulos. Isto é, sob uma análise conjugada dos instrumentos híbridos aqui avaliados com a IAS 32, é possível inferir que a modalidade de contratos analisada se aproxima mais da definição de passivo financeiro do que de instrumento patrimonial. Entretanto, no âmbito dos resultados quantitativos, verificou-se, em linhas gerais, que os modelos de relevância informacional indicam que o montante dos híbridos afeta os preços e retornos acionários dos emitentes não relacionados a projetos de infraestrutura, de maneira positiva e estaticamente significante. Tal contrariedade pode ser mais bem compreendida aplicando-se o conceito da profecia autorrealizável de Merton (1968), em que o registro contábil de um título como PL, ainda que de maneira equivocada, desencadeará nos agentes de mercado a percepção de que esse de fato possui tal condição, adotando comportamentos que fazem com que a concepção originalmente falsa se torne verdadeira. Do mesmo modo, a ausência de questionamentos por parte dos auditores externos e dos reguladores corroboraria o tratamento empregado pelas organizações, gerando os efeitos descritos nos investidores. Com relação aos fatores determinantes para emissão desses títulos, foi verificado que os emitentes possuem custo de capital próprio superior, são mais alavancados financeiramente e demonstraram cargas tributárias efetivas inferiores aos não emitentes. Dessa maneira, é possível concluir que embora novas modalidades de contratos para obtenções de valores, tais como os instrumentos híbridos, sejam importantes para o financiamento das atividades empresarias, é fundamental que a contabilidade represente de forma fidedigna a natureza econômica desses instrumentos, a fim de que não haja distorções na posição patrimonial das entidades e, por conseguinte, gere vieses nos usuários das demonstrações financeiras
The main purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the effects of hybrid financial instruments bookkeeping as equity. Therefore, were used value relevance econometrics models, which assess how the accounting figures are assimilated by the stock prices and stock returns (OHLSON, 1995; Aboody et al., 1999; LIMA, 2010; LOPES; Walker, 2012). Additionally, were observed the relationships between these contracts and cost of capital, financial leverage and effective tax rate, respectively, considered crucial to use of this fundraising tool (LEE; FIGLEWICZ, 1999). Regarding to the methodological development of this research was composed two samples, namely: (i) interest group, formed by 39 companies that issued hybrid instruments presents in 10 different jurisdictions; and (ii) control group, which have 107 organizations domiciled in the same countries and operating in the same sectors, as well as its equity composition is similar to the interest group. Observations were collected for these firms from December 2005 to December 2015, on a quarterly basis, forming a total database with 3.386 observations. The technical notes of the interest group analysis indicated that these firms recorded hybrids as equity instruments, considering interpretative elements at least questionable in light of the economic substance over the legal form of these bonds. Therefore, in a combined analysis of hybrid instruments evaluating IAS 32 together, it is possible to infer that these contracts is closer to the concept of financial liability than equity instrument definition. However, under the quantitative finds, it was verified that the amount of hybrid affects the prices and stock returns of issuers, not related to infrastructure projects, in a positive and statistically significant way. Such results opposition might be better understood applying the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy of Merton (1968), in which the accounting records of a contract such as equity, albeit wrongly, will trigger on the market players the insight that this truly or it has such condition, adopting behaviors that make the original false conception becomes true. Similarly, the absence of queries by regulators and auditors corroborate the treatment employed by the firms, supporting the effects described on the investors. Concerning to the determinant factors for the issuance of these bonds, was found that the issuers have higher cost of capital, are more leveraged and revealed lower effective taxes rates than non-issuers. Hence, can be concluded that while new forms of contracts for obtaining resources, such as hybrids, are important for the financing of entrepreneurial activities, it is essential that accounting represent faithfully the economic nature of these instruments in order to not create distortions in the financial position and, therefore, generate biases in users of financial statements.

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Andersson, Elin, and Sandra Selin. "Säkringsredovisning : Redovisningsmässiga och skattemässiga konsekvenser." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10412.

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Internationella företag kan idag utsättas för många olika typer av risker i sin verksamhet.Dessa risker kan bland annat kopplas till valutor, räntor samt råvarupriser. I syfte att reduceradessa risker används finansiella instrument som idag behandlas i den internationellaredovisningsstandarden IAS 39 Finansiella instrument, Redovisning och värdering. När ettfinansiellt instrument används i säkringssyfte benämns det säkringsinstrument, och dess värdeförväntas utvecklas i motsatt riktning i förhållande till den post som säkras. För att uppnåmatchning mellan dessa komponenter i redovisningen används säkringsredovisning. Ävensäkringsredovisning behandlas i IAS 39 och sedan denna standard togs i bruk har den fåttmycket kritik för att vara alltför komplex och svår att tillämpa i praktiken. Komplexiteten kanbland annat härledas till de valmöjligheter som standarden erbjuder. I tillägg till detta ärsäkringsredovisning frivilligt att tillämpa och kan dessutom avbrytas.Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur tillämpningen av dagens redovisningsmässiga ochskattemässiga regler kring säkringsredovisning påverkar företag, staten samt aktieägare.Vidare ämnar vi undersöka vilka konsekvenser som uppkommer till följd av hur regler kringsäkringsredovisning tillämpas i praktiken. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och består att tretypfall som konstruerats för att visa på hur utvalda intressenter påverkas av dagens regleringarsamt de redovisningsmässiga och skattemässiga problem som kan uppkomma vid tillämpningav säkringsredovisning.Studien visar att kritiken som riktats mot IAS 39 är berättigad. När beskattning avsäkringsarrangemang tas i beaktning träder en ny dimension av komplexitet in i bilden. Dettakan förklaras genom att svenska beskattningsregler och IFRS standarder inte förespråkarsamma värdering av finansiella instrument. Trots att RFR 2 träder in för att reducera dessaskillnader kvarstår det faktum att säkringsredovisning inte fungerar optimalt för ickefinansiellaföretag. Studien visar också att de valmöjligheter som säkringsredovisninginnefattar mer eller mindre påverkar företags intressenter. Företagens beslut gällande omsäkringsredovisning bör tillämpas i företaget eller inte påverkar dess finansiella rapportervilket i förlängning kan inverka på intressenters investeringsbeslut. Valmöjligheterna influeraräven företags beskattning, då de kan ge upphov till arbitragesituationer samt minskade ellermer ojämna skatteinbetalningar.Vår slutsats är att redovisningen och beskattningen av finansiella instrument är så passkomplex att dagens regleringar bör ses över för att uppnå en bättre matchning mellan dessatvå komponenter.
International companies are today exposed to several risks regarding their operations. Theserisks are related to exchange rates, interests rates and commodity prices. In order to reducethese risks companies use financial instruments. Financial instruments are today treated in theInternational Accounting Standard IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition andMeasurement. When financial instruments are used for hedging purposes they are titledhedging instruments, whose changes in value are expected to develop in the opposite directionin relation to the hedged item. In order to achieve a match between these components in thefinancial statements hedge accounting is used. Hedge accounting is treated in IAS 39 andsince this standard was first introduced it has been criticized for being too complex anddifficult to apply in practise. The complexity can be traced to the options the standard offers.In addition to this, hedge accounting is optional and can also be interrupted.The purpose of this study is to examine in what way the application of current accountingrules and Swedish tax rules regarding hedge accounting affect companies, the Swedishgovernment and shareholders. Furthermore, we intend to examine the consequences that ariseas a result of applying hedge accounting in practice. The study is qualitative in nature andcontains three scenarios designed to show how selected stakeholders are affected by thecurrent regulations. The study will also show the accounting and tax implications that mayarise when hedge accounting is applied.The study shows that the criticism levelled against IAS 39 are eligible. When taxation ofhedging arrangements is taken into consideration a new dimension of complexity arises. Thiscan be explained by the fact that Swedish tax rules and IFRS standards do not advocate thesame valuation of financial instruments. Although RFR 2 is applied in order to reduce thesedifferences, the fact remains that hedge accounting is not functioning optimally for nonfinancialcompanies. This study also shows that the options hedge accounting offers havemore or less impact on the stakeholders of the entity. Corporate decisions on whether hedgeaccounting should be applied or not do affect the financial reports of the company, which inextension may influence stakeholders´ investment decisions. The options regarding hedgeaccounting also influence corporate taxation, as they may give rise to arbitrage situations aswell as reduced or more irregular tax payments.The conclusion of this study is that the accounting and tax treatment of financial instrumentsis too complex and current regulations should therefore be reviewed in order to achieve abetter match between these two components.This paper is hereinafter written in Swedish.

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Van, Aswegen Anina. "The hidden constituents of cost of capital." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29547.

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The concept of capital has been a much debated issue throughout economic, accounting and finance history. In economics it was defined as the financial resources utilised by companies while other definitions indicated it represented the actual capital goods themselves. This dualistic meaning of capital has led to various interpretations of the concept of capital and these different interpretations can also be found in the cost of capital model. The cost of capital model is a decision-useful financial tool employed by management to make decisions regarding the financing of projects, performance measurement and risk and return management. The two main forms of funding are debt and equity resources. The cost of capital model was built on the accounting interpretation and classification of the different debt and equity sources of funding. As time went by the financial markets became more sophisticated and new innovative instruments were introduced to help raise financing for companies. Some of these sophisticated instruments and accounting book entries are normally not included in discussion on capital structure and the cost of capital model. The aim of this research is to unbundle and understand the different dimensions of the cost of capital with special focus on the impact of accounting classification on hybrid financial instruments and certain accounting book entries. The balance sheet items that have revealed themselves as grey areas of the accounting classification and the hidden constituents of the cost of capital include accounting book entries such as deferred tax and accumulated depreciation, hybrid financial instruments and the effect of cash. Currently these instruments pose questions as to their proper debt-equity classification or can have an impact on the capital structure of an organisation. An adjusted model will be presented that will incorporate any hidden areas related to the debt-equity accounting classification schema. The introduction of these items into the cost of capital model will make it more robust and it will become an even more decision-useful tool for management and analysts a like.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Financial Management
unrestricted

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Costa, Thiago de Abreu. "Adoção do valor justo: um estudo sobre a relevância do valor justo dos ativos biológicos e propriedades para investimento nas empresas não financeiras de capital aberto no Brasil nos anos de 2010 e 2011." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4769.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
O presente estudo analisou a relevância (value relevance) do valor justo dos ativos biológicos, propriedades para investimento e instrumento financeiros apurado pelas empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto nos anos de 2010 e 2011 (após implementação das normas internacionais de contabilidade) na formação do preço de suas ações. Foram selecionadas para o estudo empresas não financeiras de capital aberto que foram impactadas pelo CPC 28 Propriedades para Investimento e pelo CPC 29 Ativos Biológicos, sendo identificadas 70 empresas no ano de 2010 e 76 no ano de 2011. Foi utilizada como procedimento metodológico análise quantitativa, realizada através de estatística univariada (teste de diferença de média) e estatística multivariada (utilizando-se o modelo de Ohlson (1995)). O estudo constatou que: (a) 8% das empresas brasileiras não financeiras de capital aberto foram impactadas pelo CPC 29, enquanto que 16% foram impactadas pelo CPC 28; (b) na média, o efeito do valor justo dos ativos biológicos e propriedades para investimento reconhecido no resultado contribuiu para o aumento dessa variável contábil das empresas analisadas, enquanto que o efeito do valor justo proveniente dos instrumentos financeiros contribuiu, na média, para diminuir o resultado das empresas analisadas; (c) o teste de diferença de média (Wilcoxon) apontou que as alterações do valor justo foram responsáveis por diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis contábeis (patrimônio líquido e resultado) com o efeito do valor justo e sem o efeito do valor justo em todos os anos e casos analisados; e (d) os resultados do modelo de Ohlson indicam que efeito do total do valor justo reconhecido no resultado foi detectado como relevante em 2010, assim como o valor justo das propriedades para investimento, e instrumentos financeiros. No pooled, foram encontradas evidências da relevância do efeito do valor justo provenientes do CPC 28, CPC 29 e CPC38. Não foram encontradas evidências da relevância do valor justo no ano de 2011.
This study examined the relevance (value relevance) of fair value of biological assets, investment properties and financial instruments established by Brazilian companies not traded in financial years 2010 and 2011 (after implementation of international accounting standards) in the formation of its share price. Were selected for the study of non-financial companies traded that were impacted by CPC 28 - Investment Property and CPC 29 - Biological Assets, identified 70 companies in 2010 and 76 in 2011. It was used as a methodological procedure quantitative analysis performed using univariate statistical test (mean difference) and multivariate statistics (using the Ohlson (1995)). The study found that: (a) 8% of non-financial Brazilian companies traded were impacted by CPC 29, while 16% were impacted by CPC 28 (b) on average, the effect of fair value of biological assets and properties investment recognized in earnings contributed to the increase in this variable accounting of the companies analyzed, while the effect of fair value from financial instruments contributed, on average, to decrease the income of the companies analyzed, (c) test the mean difference ( Wilcoxon) pointed out that the changes in fair value accounted for statistically significant differences between the accounting variables (income and equity) with the effect of fair value and without the effect of fair value for all years and cases analyzed, and (d) the results of Ohlson model indicate that the total effect of the fair value recognized in earnings was detected as relevant in 2010 as well as the fair value of investment properties and financial instruments. In pooled, we found evidence of the relevance of the effect of fair value from the CPC 28, CPC 29 and CPC38. There was no evidence of the relevance of fair value in the year 2011.

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Miková, Tereza. "Finanční nástroje v účetnictví bank." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75486.

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Topic of the master thesis is the Financial Instruments in Bank Accounting. The master thesis looks at bookkeeping and accounting of financial instruments in international financial reporting standards context. The main reporting standards which are discussed in the paper are: IAS 32, IAS 39, IFRS 7 and IFRS 9. In the first part, the reporting standards impact on banks as commercial subjects, legislation of bank operations, financial instruments and accounting in both a national and international context are presented. The focus of master thesis is examined in the second and third sections where financial instruments are discussed in detail and their characteristics, initial recognition, subsequent measurement and accounting are also examined. The next topic is the issue of the reclassification of financial instruments and their impairment is discussed. The forth part of the thesis examines IFRS 7. The standard has claims on the disclosure of financial instruments in both the statement of financial position and statement of comprehensive income. IFRS 7 also has claims on related areas including disclosure of credit, liquidity and market risk. The last part deals with news in the examined area where the main focus is IFRS 9.

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Brandão, Tatiana Frey Biehl. "Mulheres empoderadas - uma experiência de gestão no sertão nordestino." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7896.

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The study area of this work is the Alto Sertão of Sergipe, considered to be one of the most rural territories in the Northeast of Brazil. In this setting, there is the target audience of this research, mainly composed by family agriculturists who integrate the Association of Women „Resgatando Sua História‟ and work with different agricultural and non-agricultural activities, following the agroecology guidelines. This way, it is possible to notice the need of agriculurists to know the management tools to administrate the diversified range of information inherent to local productive, ecological and economical resources. So, this work has as its objective verifying what are the accounting-financial management instruments adopted by the Association, and also observing the socialproductive system to see if it is an alternative to improve their life conditions. We chose a qualitative approach to conduct this study, and data collection was performed through direct observations and semi-structured interviews with the associates. It was observed that they appropriated the necessary accounting and financial knowledge, so they could play the main role on the development of the agricultural and para-agricultural, management and social representation activities. We concluded that their organization as an association and acting under the precepts or agroecology has collaborated on the autonomy and empowering of women by increasing their income, food and nutrition security and ecological conservation of the caatinga, social-productive and political insertion of the associates. Also, data transparency of economical and financial data of the Association has collaborated to continue this solidary enterprise.
A área de estudo deste trabalho é o Alto Sertão sergipano, considerado um dos territórios mais rurais do Nordeste do Brasil. Neste cenário está inserido o público-alvo desta pesquisa, constituído predominantemente por agricultoras familiares, que integram a Associação de Mulheres „Resgatando Sua História‟ e exercem diversas atividades agrícolas e não agrícolas, observando os preceitos da agroecologia. Deste modo, nota-se a necessidade dos agricultores conhecerem as ferramentas de gestão para administrarem o diversificado leque de informações inerentes aos recursos produtivos, ecológicos e econômicos locais a serem manejados. Portanto, este trabalho detém como objetivo verificar quais são os instrumentos contábeis-financeiros de gestão adotados pela referida Associação, ao tempo em que se busca observar se o sistema socioprodutivo constitui-se numa alternativa para a melhoria das condições de vida das agricultoras associadas. Para a realização deste estudo de caso optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa, onde a coleta de dados se deu por meio de observações diretas e através da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com as associadas. Observou-se que as associadas apropriaram-se dos conhecimentos contábeis e financeiros imprescindíveis para a realização dos registros e controles necessários à gestão, de tal modo, que elas assumem o papel de protagonistas no desenvolvimento das atividades agrícolas e paraagrícolas, de gestão e de representatividade social. Conclui-se que a opção das agricultoras em se organizarem associativamente e de atuarem sob os preceitos da agroecologia colaborou para a autonomia e empoderamento das mulheres, através do incremento da renda das associadas, da segurança alimentar e nutricional das famílias, da conservação ecológica da caatinga, da inserção socioprodutiva e política das associadas. Enquanto que a transparência dos dados econômicos e financeiros da Associação colaborou para a continuidade desse empreendimento solidário.

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Stopa, Ondřej. "Cenné papíry a deriváty: vykazování a oceňování podle českých předpisů a IFRS." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9421.

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My thesis is concentrated on basic types of securities, derivates and hedge accounting according to Czech legislation and International Financial Reporting. The main part is about equity, debt securities and forms of derivates and their accounting and presentation at the statements.

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Rumčikaitė, Monika. "Finansinių priemonių atskleidimas apskaitoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20140625_185715-69175.

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Dinamiškas tarptautinių finansų rinkų pobūdis įtakojo tai, jog imta plačiai naudoti įvairiausias finansines priemones: nuo paprastų tradicinių priemonių, tokių kaip obligacijos, iki įvairiausių formų išvestinių priemonių, tokių kaip palūkanų normų apsikeitimo sandoriai. Tiek viešojo tiek privataus sektoriaus ūkio subjektai savo veikloje naudoja įvairiausias finansines priemones, pradedant paprasčiausiomis, tokiomis kaip mokėtinos ir gautinos sumos, ir baigiant sudėtingesnėmis priemonėmis- valiutų apsikeitimo sandoriai, kuriais apsidraudžiami įsipareigojimai užsienio valiuta. Finansinių instrumentų naujovės padėjo efektyviau paskirstyti riziką tarp skolininkų ir investuotojų. Tačiau kai kurie finansiniai instrumentai gali būti susiję su sandoriais, kurie daro įtakos bendrovės atskaitomybei ir ji nebeparodo tikrosios bendrovės finansinės padėties. Taigi iškyla problema- kaip tinkamai atskleisti ir pateikti finansinius instrumentus, siekiant informuoti suinteresuotus asmenis dėl tikros bendrovės ekonominės būklės. Ženklus finansinių priemonių naudojimo augimas paskatino užsienio autorius nagrinėti finansinių instrumentų atskleidimą ir pateikimą, kai tuo tarpu Lietuvoje dar tik pradedama taikyti finansinių instrumentų pateikimo praktika. TASV išleido standartus, kaip turi būti pateikiamos finansinės priemonės, tačiau bendrovėms visgi iškyla problema: koks yra išvestinių priemonių poveikis įmonių veiklai ir kaip tam tikri išvestiniai instrumentai susiję su tam tikra rizika. Tyrimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The dynamic nature of international financial markets led the wide-ranging using of full range of financial instruments, from simple traditional instruments such as bonds, to various forms of derivatives such as interest rate swaps. Such public and such private sector entities in their activities using a wide range of financial instruments, beginning such as payables and receivables, and ending with complex instruments, foreign exchange transactions in which hedged foreign currency liabilities. Financial instruments innovation contributed more efficient allocation of risk between borrowers and investors. However, some financial instruments may involve transactions that affect the company's accounts and it don’t show the true financial position. This raises the problem-how to detect and provide the financial instruments in order to inform stakeholders of a company's economic condition. Significant financial instrument using growth led foreign authors encouraged the financial instruments disclosure and presentation, while in Lithuania is just the beginning of financial instruments practice. The IASB has released standards for financial instruments disclosure, but companies still poses problems: what is the derivatives influence to the businesses and how some certain derivatives are associated with some risk. The object of research - the financial instruments accounting. The aim – to disclose the presentation of financial instruments, which reflect the true and fair the... [to full text]

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Almeida, Diana Lúcia de. "Reclassificação dos ativos financeiros e os possíveis impactos nos indicadores prudenciais e de rentabilidade dos bancos brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-13102010-182733/.

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Motivados pela crença de que um único conjunto de normas contábeis tecnicamente robusto seria fundamental para maior transparência nas informações, redução dos custos de capital, eliminação dos custos de adequação das demonstrações financeiras para outro conjunto de normas, redução dos riscos e, consequentemente, atração de mais investimentos, em 2002 o FASB assina o acordo de convergência com o IASB, no qual os órgãos se comprometem a desenvolver conjuntamente padrões contábeis compatíveis e de alta qualidade, que possam ser usadas no ambiente doméstico e internacional. A norma IAS 39, por ter sido considerada complexa desde sua emissão, já havia entrado no escopo de revisão conjunta entre o IASB e o FASB. Entretanto, a crise financeira de 2008 trouxe à tona algumas fraquezas da norma e ambos os órgãos foram pressionados a acelerar o processo de sua revisão. Em resposta à crise, o projeto foi dividido em três etapas, das quais a primeira é sobre classificação e mensuração dos instrumentos financeiros. Como parte do projeto, em novembro de 2009 foi emitida a IFRS 9 Instrumentos Financeiros. Esta norma introduz novos requerimentos para a classificação e mensuração dos ativos financeiros. Dentre as mudanças as quatro categorias de mensuração dos ativos financeiros - valor justo pelo resultado, mantido até o vencimento, empréstimos e recebíveis e disponível para venda foram eliminadas e introduzidas duas categorias - custo amortizado e valor justo. Tal alteração instigou uma análise sobre seus possíveis impactos. Nesse sentido, este trabalho procurou analisar, dentro do contexto da introdução da IFRS 9, se a mudança na classificação dos ativos financeiros introduz alteração estatisticamente significativa nos indicadores prudenciais e de rentabilidade dos bancos no Brasil. Para isso foi focada a reclassificação da categoria disponível para venda para a categoria valor justo. A amostra é não probabilística e formada por 38 bancos brasileiros. As variáveis operacionais são: Índice da Basiléia, Índice da Basiléia por Capital Nível I, Índice de Imobilização, Retorno sobre Ativos (ROA) e Retorno sobre Patrimônio Líquido (ROE). A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada foi a simulação e a significância das médias dos resultados de cada indicador, antes e depois da simulação, foram testados estatisticamente por meio do teste não-paramétrico de Wilcoxon. Os resultados indicaram que não há variação da estrutura do Patrimônio de Referência (PR) e, portanto, não há impacto no Índice de Imobilização. Com relação ao demais indicadores, a reclassificação dos ativos provoca um aumento estatisticamente significativo na média do Índice da Basiléia, enquanto as médias do ROA e do ROE reduziram. Para a média do Índice da Basiléia por Capital Nível I não há evidências estatísticas de variação significativa. Todos os resultados da pesquisa consideraram um nível de confiança de 95% e o respectivo nível de significância de 5%. Contudo, considerando que os testes estatísticos se basearem numa amostra não probabilística, os resultados encontrados são extensivos apenas aos bancos componentes da amostra. Este estudo contribuiu adicionalmente ao debate sobre o uso de reclassificações para fins de gerenciamento de resultados, concluindo que a IFRS 9 é mais restritiva, quando comparado à IAS 39 após emenda de 2008. No que tange aos objetivos da revisão da IAS 39, percebe-se uma melhoria, em especial ao reduzir o número de categorias de classificação dos ativos financeiros, apesar de ser ainda cedo para afirmar que a mudança introduzida pela IFRS 9 reduziu a complexidade da IAS 39. Por fim, nota-se um movimento de convergência entre as normas contábeis e prudenciais, apesar de divergências entre ambas ainda permanecerem.
Driven by the belief that only one technically robust set of standards would be fundamental for increased transparency in information, reduced capital costs, eliminated costs to adapt financial statements to a new set of standards, risks reduction and, consequently, by the attraction of international investments, in 2002 FASB signed a convergence agreement with IASB, according to which the bodies agreed to work together to develop compatible and high quality accounting standards that could be applied for both domestic and cross-border financial reporting. IAS 39 has been considered complex since it was issued and had already been included in the scope of revision by IASB and FASB. However, the 2008 financial crisis emerged IAS 39 weaknesses, being both bodies pressured to accelerate the revision. In response to the crisis, the project was divided in three phases and the first one regards to classification and measurement of financial instruments. As part of the project, in November 2009 IFRS 9 Financial Instruments was issued. The new standard introduces new requirements for classification and measurement of financial assets. Among the changes, the four categories fair value through profit and loss, held to maturity, loans and receivables and available for sale were eliminated and two categories were introduced amortized cost and fair value. This change instigated an analysis about its possible impacts. In that sense, this research aimed to analyse, within the context of IFRS 9, if the change in financial assets classification introduces statistically significant changes in the prudential and the profitability ratios of banks in Brazil. To that end, the reclassification from available for sale to fair value was focused. The sample is non-probabilistic and contains 38 Brazilian banks. The variables are: Total Capital ratio, Tier 1 ratio, Fixed Assets to Regulatory Capital ratio, Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The research strategy used is simulation and the mean significance of each ratio results, before and after the simulation, was tested by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. The results show no variation in regulatory capital structure, thus, there is no impact on Fixed Assets to Regulatory Capital ratio. In relation to all other ratios, the reclassification makes a statistically significant increase in Total Capital ratio mean, while ROA and ROE means reduced. On Tier 1 ratio mean there is no evidence of statistically significant variation. All the results of this research took into account reliability level of 95% and the respective significance level of 5%. However, considering that the statistics tests are based on a non-probabilistic sample, the results refer solely to banks in the sample. Moreover, this research contributed to a debate about the use of reclassification for earnings managements, concluding that IFRS 9 is more restrictive when compared to IAS 39 after 2008 amendment. Regarding the objectives of IAS 39 revision, an improvement was perceived, specially because the reduction of the numerous financial assets classification categories, despite it is too early to state that the change introduced by IFRS 9 has reduced IAS 39 complexity. Finally, it can be noticed a convergence movement between accounting and prudential rules, despite some divergences that still remain.

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Rönnberg, Persson Rebecca, and Julia Andersson. "K3 eller frivillig tillämpning av IFRS? : En komparativ studie mellan redovisning av finansiella tillgångar ur ett intressentperspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37525.

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Efter den globala finanskrisen år 2008 riktades en stor kritik mot standarden IAS 39 Finansiella instrument: Redovisning och värdering. Denna kritik grundade sig i att standarden var allt för komplicerad. Detta påpekades redan vid dess publicering år 1999. Som svar på denna kritik började IASB att ta fram en ny standard, IFRS 9 Finansiella Instrument, som blev obligatorisk att tillämpa från och med 1 januari år 2018. Vid tillämpning av IFRS 9 kommer företag ges bättre förutsättningar för att utforma en redovisning som tillhandahåller en mer rättvisande bild av hur risker med finansiella instrument hanteras. Motsvarande standard i K3 finns i regelverkets kapitel 11 respektive kapitel 12. Vid tillämpning av kapitel 11 redovisas tillgångar enligt anskaffningsvärdet och vid tillämpning av kapitel 12 används verkligt värde. Vilket kapitel som ska följas är upp till användarna av regelverket. K3 bygger i grunden på ”IFRS for SMEs”. Onoterade svenska moderbolag har möjlighet att välja om de vill tillämpa K3 eller IFRS. Detta val har på senare år blivit ett strategiskt val för bolagen. Denna uppsats är en kvalitativ studie som bygger på en abduktiv ansats. I studien presenteras en komparativ analys som med hjälp av typfall utreder skillnader som kan uppkomma om svenska onoterade moderbolag väljer att frivilligt tillämpa IFRS eller tillämpar K3. Skillnaderna mellan de olika standarderna som undersöks är begränsade till klassificering, värdering och nedskrivning. Typfallen är konstruerade för att tydligt visa de skillnader som uppstår i redovisningen av just dessa områden och hur de påverkar moderbolagens finansiella ställning ur ett intressentperspektiv. I denna studie har en avgränsning gjorts att endast behandla de primära intressenterna, aktieägare och långivare. I analysen belyses de mest väsentliga skillnader som uppstår vid redovisningen och som påverkar moderbolagens finansiella ställning. De skillnader som framkommit i typfallen har analyserats utifrån de valda intressenternas perspektiv. Detta för att se vilken tillämpning som är mest fördelaktig. Både aktieägare och långivare efterfrågar sådan information som kan påverka deras beslutsfattande. I analysen granskas också hur väl de båda regelverken tillämpar sina kvalitativa egenskaper. Syftet med studien är att visa hur ett svenskt onoterat aktiebolags val av regelverk påverkar redovisningen av deras finansiella tillgångar. Genom att belysa de mest väsentliga skillnaderna mellan IFRS 9 och K3s kapitel 11 syftar studien vidare på att tillföra kunskap om de distinktioner som förekommer mellan regelverken. Denna kunskap kommer i sin tur att visa hur valet av regelverk påverkar den finansiella informationen utifrån ett intressentperspektiv. Resultatet av studien utmynnar i att det förekommer skillnader mellan regelverken gällande redovisning av finansiella tillgångar. De främsta skillnaderna uppstår vid de olika regelverkens grad av försiktighet, speciellt avseende nedskrivning. Slutsatsen är att finansiella tillgångar redovisade i enlighet med IFRS 9 beskriver den ekonomiska verkligheten bättre ur ett intressentperspektiv. På så vis kan aktieägare och långivare få bättre underlag för ekonomiska beslut.
Following the global financial crisis in 2008, a major criticism was made of the standard IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement. This criticism was based on the fact that the standard was all too complicated. This was already pointed out at the time of its publication in 1999. In response to this criticism, the IASB began to produce a new standard, IFRS 9 Financial Instruments, which became mandatory from January 1, 2018. When applying IFRS 9, companies will be given better prerequisites for to design an account that provides a more accurate picture of how risks with financial instruments are managed. Corresponding standards in K3 are contained in chapter 11 and chapter 12 of the regulation. For the application of Chapter 11, assets are reported at purchase value and, in applying Chapter 12, fair value is used. Which chapter to be followed is up to the users of the regulation. K3 is basically based on "IFRS for SMEs". Unlisted Swedish parent companies have the option to choose whether to apply K3 or IFRS. In recent years, this choice has become a strategic choice for the companies. This essay is a qualitative study based on an abductive approach. The study presents a comparative analysis that, by typing, investigates differences that may occur if Swedish unlisted parent companies choose to voluntarily apply IFRS or apply K3. The differences between the different standards examined are limited to classification, valuation and impairment. Types are designed to clearly show the differences that arise in the accounting of these areas and how they affect the parent company's financial position from a stakeholder perspective. In this study, a delimitation has been made to treat only primary stakeholders, shareholders and lenders. The analysis highlights the most significant differences that arise in the accounts and affect the parent company's financial position. The differences found in the cases have been analyzed from the perspective of the primary stakeholders. This to see which application is most beneficial. Both shareholders and lenders demand information that may affect their decision making. The analysis also examines how well the two regulations apply their qualitative properties. The purpose of the study is to show how a Swedish unlisted company's choice of regulatory framework affects the accounting of their financial assets. By highlighting the most significant differences between Chapter 11 of K3 and IFRS 9, the study aims at providing knowledge about III the distinctions that occur between the regulations. This knowledge, in turn, will show how the choice of regulatory framework affects financial information from an interest perspective. The result of the study suggests that there are differences between the rules governing accounting for financial assets. The main differences arise from the degree of caution of the various regulations, especially regarding impairment. The conclusion is that financial assets reported in accordance with IFRS 9 describes the economic reality better from a stakeholder perspective. In this way, shareholders and lenders can get better basis for financial decisions. This paper is written in Swedish.

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Sarkar, Hasina Farhana. "Impact of the quality of internal audit function and the internal audit outsourcing/co-sourcing on external audit fees: Evidence from listed companies in Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2021. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2470.

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This study is driven by two competing perspectives, substitutive and complementary, to examine the effects of internal audit function quality and sourcing arrangements on external audit fees. The substitution perspective expects high-quality internal controls to substitute for external audit activities, thus, decreasing external audit fees. In contrast, the complementary perspective proposes that high-quality internal audit functions require more reviews and reports, leading to increased external audit fees. This study analyses the competing perspectives using a combined dataset from the Morningstar database and questionnaire responses from chief audit executives of listed Australian companies. This study established a composite measure of internal audit function quality based on five internal audit function attributes to assess the relationship between internal audit function quality and audit fees. An ordinary least square regression analysis of 408 listed Australian firms from 2017 to 2018 found a positive relationship between internal audit function quality and external audit fees. Analyses of sourcing arrangements for internal audits suggest that higher internal audit functions will increase audit fees regardless of firms’ sourcing arrangements. This study provides a much needed literary update given that previous literature focused on examining the internal audit function quality and audit fee linkage in Australia before 1 July 2004, when the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program No. 9 was introduced. The Corporate Law Economic Reform Program No. 9 seeks to improve investor confidence in publicly listed companies in Australia and regulates auditors’ engagement. There have been contentious debates about the costs and benefits of this law for Australian public companies. Effects from the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program No. 9 are captured in the observation window for this study (1 January 2017 to 31 December 2018), filling an important gap in the literature. This study also contributes to the internal audit outsourcing literature by exploring the relationship between the outsourcing arrangement of internal audit functions and the external audit fees among listed companies in Australia.

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Fredriksson, Mathias. "Finansiella instrument: Värderingskonceptet verkligt värde." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5133.

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Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga de värderingsmetoder som används för att fastställa verkligt värde på finansiella instrument och också granska hur dessa metoder redovisas. Därtill syftar uppsatsen till att diskutera problematiken för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde. Detta görs i två delar, utifrån standardsättarnas perspektiv och de finansiella institutens. Därefter utreds förbättringar inom konceptet som baseras på de två tidigare delarna.

Metod: Uppsatsens undersökning utfördes via en fallstudie som baserades på kvalitativ data. Data inhämtade från två separata områden, tre redovisningsstandarder (SFAS 157, IAS 39 och IFRS 7) och årsredovisningar från 2007, hämtade från de tio största finansiella instituten (baserat på balansomslutning) ifrån USA respektive Europa.

Resultat & slutsats: Undersökningen visade att rekommendationerna kring vilka värderingsmetoder som ska tillämpas är likvärdiga från de båda standardsättarna; prisnoteringar och värderingsmodeller, men inte toleransen kring värderingsmodeller, där FASB är mer tillmötesgående än vad IASB är. Vidare demonstrerar alla finansiella institut en relativt bra konsensus för hur verkligt värde implementeras jämfört med rekommendationerna. Emellertid finns det tydliga skillnader i de underliggande teknikerna för de två huvudmetoderna, framförallt med värderingsunderlaget (vilka inputs som nyttjas) när simuleringar används och i vilken omfattning dessa redovisas. Följaktligen mynnar ovannämnda resultat ut i att det finns utrymmen för förbättringar för värderingskonceptet verkligt värde, eftersom bolagens implementering inte är i linje med ramverkens syfte med finansiella rapporter.

Förslag till fortsattforskning: En undersökning bör göras om hur värderingsmodeller kan erhålla en lämplig trovärdighet inom redovisningen

Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen bidrar till att öka förståelsen för verkligt värde som värderingskoncept och dess metoder för att värdera finansiella instruments samt problematiken med det. Dessutom har förståelse etablerats för vilka försvårande omständigheter nya instrument medför när de ska värderas till verkligt värde.

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Lysér, Oskar, and Viktor Sylvén. "Ger IFRS 9 bättre beslutsunderlag? : En dokumentstudie ur en investerares perspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79139.

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IFRS 9 är en ny standard som avser att förbättra redovisningen av finansiella instrument. Detta grundade sig i finanskrisen 2008 då föregångaren IAS 39 fick motstå kritik för att redovisa kreditförluster för sent. Med IFRS 9 introducerades därför en ny framåtblickande nedskrivningsmodell där företagen blivit tvungna att ta hänsyn till framtida makroekonomiska faktorer. Tidigare forskning har främst studerat banker eller avsett att beräkna framtida effekter av IFRS 9 innan standarden implementerades 2018. Det har inte påvisats några väsentliga effekter av IFRS 9 inom banksektorn. Det som skiljer vår studie från tidigare studier är att vi försöker tyda effekter av implementeringen på olika sektorer samt att analysera om effekten av IFRS 9 har påverkat investerares beslutsfattande. För att uppnå syftet har en dokumentstudie på olika företag inom diverse branscher genomförts utifrån ett investerarperspektiv som grundar sig i IASB:s kvalitativa egenskaper. Resultatet av studien blir att det inte har skett några väsentliga förändringar i de finansiella rapporterna hos de olika företagen när det gäller värderingen. Utifrån de kvalitativa egenskaperna har informationen för en investerare blivit mer användbar samtidigt som relevansen i de finansiella rapporterna ökat. Detta har påverkat en investerares beslutsfattande positivt. Den skillnad som går att utläsa är att företagen har efter implementeringen ökat den årliga avsättningen till reserven för förväntade kreditförluster. Dock anser vi att den stora skillnaden med IFRS 9 först kan tydas i en lågkonjunktur.
IFRS 9 is a new standard which intend to improve accounting of financial instruments. The precursor IAS 39 was heavily criticized during the financial crises in 2008 because of its late recognition of credit loss. IFRS 9 introduces a new forward-looking approach that considers future macroeconomic factors. Previous research has mainly been studying banks and future effects of the standards implementation. No essential effects have been shown in previous research. What distinguishes our study is that we try to interpret the effects of implementation in different sectors and to analyze whether the effect of IFRS 9 has affected investors’ decision-making. To achieve the purpose of this thesis, a document analysis of different companies in various industries has been conducted. This thesis has been analyzed from an investors point of view which is based on IASB’s conceptual framework. This thesis has not seen any essential effects from the implementation of IFRS 9 in the financial reports. From the qualitative characteristics the financial information for an investor has improved and its relevance has increased, which has affected the investors’ decision-making, in a positive manner. After the implementation the big difference is that the annual deposition to the reserve for credit loss has increased for companies in all industries. Although, we believe that the big differences with IFRS 9 can first be interpreted in a recession.

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Silva, Andrea Bispo da. "Abordagens para a classificação contábil de instrumentos financeiros híbridos e/ou compostos: um estudo de caso com uma companhia aberta brasileira." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8941.

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Instrumentos financeiros híbridos e/ou compostos têm sido tema constante em matéria de regulação contábil. A literatura positiva apresenta uma hipótese que ajuda a compreender o porquê de algumas firmas recorrerem a ditos instrumentos para captar recursos: nível de endividamento no limite de quebra de covenants contratuais. No Brasil, firmas com registro na CVM, que se utilizaram desses instrumentos, classificando-os no patrimônio líquido, tiveram suas ITRs e/ou DFs reapresentadas e/ou republicadas por determinação da CVM. O ponto crítico de toda a discussão reside na distinção entre um item de passivo e um item de patrimônio líquido. Esse tema está disciplinado na IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) e presente no Discussion Paper - A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting, emitido pelo IASB em julho de 2013, que apresenta duas abordagens que podem ser utilizadas, visando a simplificar a distinção entre um item de passivo e de patrimônio líquido: a narrow equity approach - NEA e a strict obligation approach - SOA. A adoção de cada uma dessas abordagens terá um impacto diferente nos níveis de endividamento/alavancagem e no potencial de diluição de participação dos acionistas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar abordagens para a classificação contábil das debêntures mandatoriamente conversíveis em ações, vis-à-vis a IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) e o Discussion Paper do IASB (NEA x SOA). A metodologia adotada é um estudo de caso de uma companhia aberta brasileira, que em 2010 emitiu debêntures mandatoriamente conversíveis e efetuou uma classificação desses instrumentos considerada inadequada pelo órgão regulador. Observa-se que a strict obligation approach é a abordagem que impacta menos no nível de endividamento, enquanto a narrow equity approach é a que apresenta maior alavancagem. As evidências sugerem os covenants contratuais como possíveis indutores de tal prática, fato que está em linha com o que a literatura da área documenta como fenômeno esperado. É bem verdade que no caso concreto, houve quebra contínua de covenants contratuais, corroborando a hipótese apresentada por SILVA (2008) de que o baixo custo de violação de covenants contribua para tal situação. Alternativamente, uma possível explicação para a escolha contábil da companhia reside na complexidade da IAS 32 (PT CPC 39) e desconhecimento de suas nuances.
Hybrid financial instruments and/or compounds has been a constant theme regarding accounting regulation. The positive literature presents a hypothesis that help to understand why some companies appeal to said instruments to raise funds: Indebtedness level on the breach limit of contractual covenants. In Brazil, companies with CVM register, that used these instruments, sorting them on the equity, had their quarterly statements and/or financial statements restated and/or republished by CVM resolution. The critical point of the whole discussion lies in the distinction between a liability item and an equity item. This subject is covered in the IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) and is present in "Discussion Paper - A review of the conceptual framework for financial reporting", issued by IASB in July 2013, having two approaches that can be used, order to simplify the distinction between an item of liabilities and equity: the narrow equity approach - NEA and the strict obligation approach - SOA. The adoption of each of these approaches have a different impact on levels of debt / leverage and the potential dilution of the shareholding. This work aims to investigate approaches to accounting classification of mandatorily convertible debentures, vis-à-vis the IAS 32 (PT CPC n. 39) and the Discussion Paper of the IASB (NEA x SOA).The methodology used is a case study of a Brazilian corporation, that in 2010 issued mandatorily convertible debentures and made a classification of these instruments deemed inappropriate by the regulator. It can be observed that the strict obligation approach is the approach that impacts least on the level of indebtedness, while the narrow equity approach is the one that have the most leverage. Evidence suggests the contractual covenants as potencial inducers of such practice, fact which is in accordance with the literature documenting the area as a phenomenon expected. It is true that in the case in, there was continuous breach of the contractual covenants, corroborating the hypothesis presented by SILVA (2008) that the low cost of violation of covenants contribute to such a situation. Alternatively, a possible explanation for the choice of the accounting company is the complexity of IAS 32 (PT CPC 39) and ignorance of its nuances.

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45

Birt, Jacqueline Louise. "Consequences of changing Australian segment reporting requirements." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149667.

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Mulder, Ignatius Jacobus. "Accounting for financial instruments in corporate treasuries." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17536.

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The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate the need for enhanced accounting methodology for financial instruments which are traded in the global financial markets. The thesis proposes an accounting framework within which the value-at-risk of financial instruments can be disclosed in the financial statements of enterprises. The thesis considers accounting developments in recent years and analyses the latest proposals suggested by international accounting bodies. It furthermore contemplates the requirements of the Bank for International Settlements in terms of capital adequacy and value-at-risk requirements. In order to provide a meaningful analysis of the subject matter of financial instruments, the various market risks pertaining to the accounting of financial instruments are discussed and considered in terms of their application to the underlying bu. siness of the enterprise. - Extensive analysis is done of valuation techniques and the mathematical concepts of value-atrisk. In this regard the pioneering works of professor Philippe Jorion of the University of California is used to illustrate the application of value-at-risk. The objective of this comprehensive analysis of value-at-risk is to suggest a meaningful method to account for risk exposures in financial instruments and ensure greater transparency in terms of disclosure. In this regard the thesis follows the guidelines proposed by the International Accounting Standards Committee in terms of recognition (definitions}, measurement (valuation}, presentation (classification} and disclosure (terms, conditions and accounting policies} of financial instruments. Consideration is also given to global accounting harmonisation and a number of accounting concerns which are presently unresolved. In this regard certain hedge issues as well as the differences between accrual accounting and fair value accounting are considered. Disclosure requirements are analysed in detail, especially in respect of value-at-risk accounting. Finally, the thesis illustrates the significant growth of products and instruments in the financial markets and the severe financial impact it has in terms of global capital and global financial losses.
Financial Accounting
DCom (Applied Accountancy)

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Chen, Yin-Chun, and 陳穎君. "Financial Crisis and Accounting Information:Subprime Loan and Related Financial Instruments." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30919947684184641763.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
會計學研究所
97
Subprime loan and related financial instruments are used to study the financial crisis of 2008. This financial crisis results from the overextension of credit and the sophistication of securitization. The liquidity crunch influences financial market and global economy negatively. Many financial institutions are taken over by the government or fall into bankruptcy. To mitigate the impact of financial crisis, central banks add capital to markets, decrease interest rate or adopt financial bailouts. Financial crisis leads to a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for assets or liabilities. The difficulty of determination for fair value of financial instruments causes some criticisms and challenges. The adoption of fair value accounting actually increases the relevance of financial information and helps to reflect the severity of financial problems. Through comparison and analysis of the financial standards, the thesis provides some suggestions to implement fair value accounting. The following are the propositions of enforcing fair value accounting: 1. Enhance disclosure of valuation techniques and assumptions. 2. Simplify recognition and measurement of financial instruments. 3. Establish valuation standards and cultivate related professionals 4. Strengthen the acquisition of fair value information 5. Augment internal control of financial instruments valuation. 6. Improve fair value audit. 7. Reinforce the supervision of financial markets.

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Li, Mu-Hua, and 李慕華. "Accounting for Financial Instruments under IAS32 and IAS39." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36737636012323614306.

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碩士
輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
94
Riding the tidal wave of liberalization and globalization, the financial system has developed a lot of innovative financial instruments and proliferated with their usage worldwide on an accelerating path. In addition, to facilitate cross-border capital raising and securities listing, there is a growing need to develop a single set of high quality, global accounting standards that enhances transparent and comparability of financial statements. Because the cost-based accounting system can no longer be able to provide the capital market with relevant information about financial instruments, much effort has been devoted to the fundamentally paradigm shift to the fair value-based accounting treatments. The International Accounting Standards Board’s predecessor body, the International Accounting Standards Committee, IASC, began to study this issue in 1988, followed by the publication of IAS32 in March 1995 and IAS39 in December 1998, and revised twice afterward. This thesis starts with a comparative analysis of major differences between cost-based accounting and fair value-based accounting. Next, , it discusses the standard setting process of accounting for financial instruments and related accounting principles and concepts under the framework of IAS32 and IAS39, including the scope, recognition, measurement, hedging, disclosure and presentation. Major policy recommendations are threefold. First, international accounting standards have gained the momentum of global acceptance and Taiwan should follow the trail of the global community. Second, while the development of innovative financial instruments is crucial for the functioning of domestic capital market, the establishment of reliable valuation standards or an appraisal system is the key to market discipline. Third, accounting training should go much beyond mere bookkeeping and emphasize the knowledge of fields of application.

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Viana, Patrícia Andréa Bastos Teixeira Lopes Couto. "Accounting for Financial Instruments: Emprirical Evidence from Europe." Doctoral thesis, 2007. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/112865.

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No contexto da mudança do paradigma contabilístico para o justo valor e do processo de harmonização contabilística na União Europeia, esta dissertação analisa, por um lado, a distância entre as práticas contabilísticas das empresas e as normas IAS 32 e IAS 39 e, por outro, os determinantes da divulgação ao nível da contabilização de instrumentos financeiros. A análise é desenvolvida para todas as empresas cotadas portuguesas e para as empresas constituintes do índice STOXX 50. O estudo mostra que as empresas portuguesas têm ainda um longo caminho a percorrer, quer em termos das práticas de reconhecimento e de mensuração dos instrumentos fianceiros, quer em termos de divulgação, particularmente em relação aos derivados. Ambos os grupos de empresas estudados evidenciam descrições genéricas e qualitativas das políticas de gestão do risco e de controlo de actuação com derivados, tornando difícil a compreensão da informação. Quanto aos determinantes da divulgação, os resultados para as empresas portuguesas mostram que as empresas de maior dimensão, cotadas em mais do que uma bolsa e auditadas por empresas de auditoria internacionais se encontram mais próximas das exigências das IAS. Não se provou a influência das práticas de governo da sociedade e da estrutura de capitais no nível de divulgação. Relativamente às empresas STOXX 50, os resultados mostram que a dimensão, o tipo de cotação em bolsa, o endividamento e a importância dos accionistas determinam o nível de divulgação. No entanto, no âmbito dos factores ambientais, os resultados não confirmam que as empresas de países common-law apresentam níveis de divulgação superiores aos das empresas de países code-law. As empresas europeias globais tendem a adoptar as mesmas práticas em resposta a pressões institucionais comuns a organizações similares (isomorfismo mimético). Factores como o país de origem ou o seu sistema legal estão a perder poder explicativo das práticas de divulgação. Esta investigação revela relações interessantes entre as práticas de divulgação e vários factores, quer específicos da empresa, quer ambientais, mostrando a aplicabilidade relativa de teorias relevantes em contextos não estudados anteriormente. Mostra-se, adicionalmente, a necessidade de melhorias ao nível das políticas dos reguladores contabilísticos no contexto da adopção obrigatória das IAS.

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50

Viana, Patrícia Andréa Bastos Teixeira Lopes Couto. "Accounting for Financial Instruments: Emprirical Evidence from Europe." Tese, 2007. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/112865.

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No contexto da mudança do paradigma contabilístico para o justo valor e do processo de harmonização contabilística na União Europeia, esta dissertação analisa, por um lado, a distância entre as práticas contabilísticas das empresas e as normas IAS 32 e IAS 39 e, por outro, os determinantes da divulgação ao nível da contabilização de instrumentos financeiros. A análise é desenvolvida para todas as empresas cotadas portuguesas e para as empresas constituintes do índice STOXX 50. O estudo mostra que as empresas portuguesas têm ainda um longo caminho a percorrer, quer em termos das práticas de reconhecimento e de mensuração dos instrumentos fianceiros, quer em termos de divulgação, particularmente em relação aos derivados. Ambos os grupos de empresas estudados evidenciam descrições genéricas e qualitativas das políticas de gestão do risco e de controlo de actuação com derivados, tornando difícil a compreensão da informação. Quanto aos determinantes da divulgação, os resultados para as empresas portuguesas mostram que as empresas de maior dimensão, cotadas em mais do que uma bolsa e auditadas por empresas de auditoria internacionais se encontram mais próximas das exigências das IAS. Não se provou a influência das práticas de governo da sociedade e da estrutura de capitais no nível de divulgação. Relativamente às empresas STOXX 50, os resultados mostram que a dimensão, o tipo de cotação em bolsa, o endividamento e a importância dos accionistas determinam o nível de divulgação. No entanto, no âmbito dos factores ambientais, os resultados não confirmam que as empresas de países common-law apresentam níveis de divulgação superiores aos das empresas de países code-law. As empresas europeias globais tendem a adoptar as mesmas práticas em resposta a pressões institucionais comuns a organizações similares (isomorfismo mimético). Factores como o país de origem ou o seu sistema legal estão a perder poder explicativo das práticas de divulgação. Esta investigação revela relações interessantes entre as práticas de divulgação e vários factores, quer específicos da empresa, quer ambientais, mostrando a aplicabilidade relativa de teorias relevantes em contextos não estudados anteriormente. Mostra-se, adicionalmente, a necessidade de melhorias ao nível das políticas dos reguladores contabilísticos no contexto da adopção obrigatória das IAS.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Financial instruments Australia Accounting'

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