Journal articles on the topic 'Financial institutions – Poland'
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1
Adamowicz, Mieczysław, and Tomasz Adamowicz. "The World Financial Crisis and The Polish Economy." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.1.1.
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The subject of the work is to provide an overview of the global financial crisis in the years 2007-2011; its course, symptoms and effects in the world and in Poland. The work presents the causes and the sources of crisis as well as corrective measures taken by governments and financial institutions. The subject literature and information from different national and international financial institutions and organisations were used as a source of research materials and data for analysis. The financial crisis appeared in Poland with some delay and was less intensive than in other developed countries. Anti-crisis measures taken in Poland complied with the recommendations of the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. The measures taken by the Polish central bank concerned the institutional sphere, the manner in which the financial policy worked and how it was pursued, as well as the real sphere of the economy, including especially enterprises, households and public institutions.
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Bayar, Yilmaz, Marius Dan Gavriletea, and Dragoş Păun. "IMPACT OF MOBILE PHONES AND INTERNET USE ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE EU POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRIES." Technological and Economic Development of Economy 27, no. 3 (April 13, 2021): 722–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14508.
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Poverty alleviation has become one of the biggest challenges for many countries and access to financial services is considered to be a key driver of development and economic growth. Finding solutions that can break down barriers that poor people are facing to access formal financial services has become a major concern for researchers, governments, financial institutions. Financial services must reinvent themselves and the adoption of new technology is a crucial key to overhaul their operations and to find innovative solutions to manage customer expectations. The escalation in access and penetration level of mobile phones and the Internet can improve financial inclusion by facilitating easy access to financial services, by providing secure transaction platforms, by reducing transaction costs, by providing a competitive business framework. There has been relatively limited research on the impact of Internet and mobile phones use on financial inclusion, therefore our main purpose was to investigate this linkage in a sample of 11 post-communist countries of the European Union from 1996–2017 using panel cointegration and causality analyses. Firstly, we investigated whether mobile cellular phone subscriptions and the rate of Internet usage affect financial institutions’ access; secondly, we analysed the impact of these variables on financial market access. Results indicate that mobile cellular phone subscriptions positively affect both financial institution access in countries like Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovenia and financial market access in Bulgaria, Croatia, and Hungary. Also, a negative relationship between mobile cellular phone subscriptions and financial institution access was noticed in the Czech Republic and regarding financial market access in the Czech Republic and Poland. Our findings also indicate both positive and negative relationships between Internet usage rates and financial institutions and financial markets access. By increasing Internet usage we can improve access to financial institutions in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland and we can increase financial markets access in Latvia and Slovenia.
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Czerwiński, Bogumił. "The Innovativeness of Financial Institutions in Poland – the Perspectives of the Development." Oeconomia Copernicana 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2014.005.
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Financial services which are more and more important part of the economy in developed countries mainly absorbing the innovations are becoming simultaneously important creators of the innovations in the area of marketing and organizational changes. The essence of the innovation in the financial services was introduced in the article. The basic categories of innovations in the financial services were introduced. The analyses of the level of the innovativeness of the financial institutions with the regard of the subjective differentiation were executed on the basis of the statistical data and because of the kinds of the innovation. The basic groups of factors influencing the innovations were identified in the article and were connected with marketing activities on the market of the financial services. The thesis is to conduct some considerations about the continually insufficient level of the innovativeness of the majority of the financial institutions leading their activity in Poland. The identification of the part of innovations and the perspectives of the development of innovativeness in the activity of the financial institutions functioning in Poland is the aim of the research. Certain analyses were executed in this sector given statistical accumulated by GUS in 2009-2011. The objective and the subjective differentiation of the innovation were introduced. It was affirmed that financial services in Poland and in countries throughout Europe are one of the most innovative sections of the economy. Product and process innovations play larger meaning in functioning financial institutions. Research that was carried out showed that among all the enterprises numbered to the Section K-Financial and Insurance Activities (according to the classification PKD GUS) the most innovative are financial institutions belonging to the section 65 – Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory social security. The lower level of innovativeness are characterize however the most numerous among financial institutions enterprises numbered to section 64 – Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding. On the base of the analysis given, the perspectives of the development of the innovativeness of financial institutions in Poland were introduced.
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Fila, Joanna. "Microfinance institutions in Poland – towards preventing social and financial exclusion." Economic and Environmental Studies 18, no. 46 (June 30, 2018): 531–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/ees.2018.46.4.
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Mioduchowska-Jaroszewicz, Edyta. "The Evaluation of Financial Standing of Medical Institutions in Poland." Engineering Management in Production and Services 9, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/emj-2017-0013.
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AbstractThe aim of the article is to identify the criteria and methods for the evaluation of medical institutions. The article uses economic analysis, comparative analysis, and methods of descriptive statistics. The analysis of existing regulations, source materials, and the specific business character of health care entities indicates the need to evaluate these units with particular regard to the criteria such as costs, quality of assets (level of consumption, i.e., wear and tear and modernness), employment, financial liquidity or the level of debt. The results of the study are the basis for the evaluation of the healthcare sector. The value of the article is in showing the direction taken by the evaluation of the financial standing of entities. The ability to use specific criteria and methods of evaluation for health care entities in business practice.
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Korczyc, Aleksandra. "THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS ON THE POLAND." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.9428.
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Purpose of the study: This study aims to present the specifics of the global financial crisis, the threats it brings for Poland in the legal sphere, and possible actions to be taken in this area, particularly at the European Union and Poland level.
Methodology: The article uses the historical method and the analysis of documents both at the Polish and European Union levels, including laws, regulations, and decisions.
Main Findings: The scope of the financial crisis in question and its relatively easy transfer between markets entails the necessity to apply extraordinary remedial actions. Poland, through its participation in the European Union, seems to be relatively well protected against the effects of the financial crisis. However, it needs to undertake further structural reforms, in particular reforms of public finances.
Applications of this study: The current study is highly significant for the government of the day in this modern world; the study could be quite effective and meaningful for Higher Education Institutions, government, banks, financial institutions.
Novelty/Originality of this study: Description of the essence of the financial crisis, possibilities of its prevention - earlier possibilities of remedial actions at the institutional and legal level, possibilities of obtaining financial support, global analysis of the problem, including its causes.
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Filip, Dariusz. "Market conditions of mutual funds functioning in Poland." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2017.004.
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The purpose of the paper is to discuss the structure of financial intermediaries market with particular reference made to mutual funds, and to present the role they have played in the financial sector. Moreover, the study focusses on the presentation of the environment of the mutual funds functioning in Poland, which is possible by comparing the level of assets values in main groups of financial institutions over the long-term perspective. Furthermore, it is essential in the cognitive context to determine the influence of market trends on the popularity of given segments of funds. The analysis has shown that the development of collective investment institutions industry in Poland is incontestable. Even though the mutual funds have gained a relatively strong position on the financial intermediaries market, they clearly give priority to the banking sector institutions. The volume of market shares of main types of funds has changed over time, which could be dependent on capital market factors.
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Trochymiak, Mateusz. "FINANCIAL EDUCATION FOR WELFARE BENEFICIARIES IN POLAND. NECESSITY OR REDUNDANT ACTIVITY?" Polityka Społeczna 22T, no. 1 (tematyczny) (December 31, 2021): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6416.
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Article discusses issue of professionalization of welfare assistance institutions in Poland in topic of financial education service for beneficiaries. Supporting welfare beneficiaries in making financially reasonable decisions is common practice among developed countries, where massive consumption favors consumer habits, that contribute to fall into poverty trap. Actions taken in aim to raise consumer awareness won’t replace social security institutions but may have positive impact as a preventive measure. Article is based on experiences from the project “Potentials – new forms of social capital in city Przasnysz”.
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Trawiński, Tomasz. "National Academic Conference – Financial Crime in Poland." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 34, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sho-2016-0001.
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Abstract This is a speech by superintendent Tomasz Trawinski, the regional police commander in Poznań, who opened the first of the series of conferences devoted to the history of financial crime in Poland. The present threat of escalating financial crime is not only the concern of the agencies established for fighting this abnormality, but also of other institutions which can potentially be of help in fulfilling this task. In this field, the Polish police is open to new forms of cooperation and one of them is the collaboration with academic and scientific centers.
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Bayar, Yilmaz, Mehmet Hilmi Ozkaya, Laura Herta, and Marius Dan Gavriletea. "Financial Development, Financial Inclusion and Primary Energy Use: Evidence from the European Union Transition Economies." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123638.
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The main objective of the research is to analyze the impact of financial sector development indicators and financial institutions access on primary energy use based on a sample of European Union transition members over 20 years period (1996–2017) through panel cointegration and causality tests that allow for cross-section dependence. The causality analysis revealed that the direction of the causality among financial development indicators, financial institutions access, and primary energy use varied among the countries. On the other side, panel cointegration coefficients disclosed that the financial development index positively affected the primary energy use, but private credit did not have a significant effect on the primary energy use. Furthermore, financial institutions’ access had a significant negative impact on primary energy use. However, country-level cointegration coefficients indicated that the financial development index positively affected the primary energy use in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Hungary, and Slovenia, and private credit also had a positive impact on primary energy use in Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia, but the effect of financial development index on primary energy use was found to be very higher than that of private credit. Moreover, financial institutions’ access negatively affected the primary energy use in Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
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Cichowicz, Ewa. "The use of modern technology by financial institutions in combating financial exclusion." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.09.
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Financial exclusion can be considered as one of the important problems in countries at the average level of socioeconomic development that include, among others, Poland. It consists in the presence of difficulties in accessing and/or using financial products and services available on the main market that meet the needs of individuals, which prevents them from leading a normal life in society. Due to its own characteristics and trends in financial markets, this phenomenon is closely linked to the issue of the digital divide. Accordingly, it can be seen that solutions leading to the reduction of financial exclusion are based on tools using information technology innovations and modern technologies. One of the methods recognised as the most effective in this area is financial education, aimed largely at children and adolescents, which additionally justifies the choice of such tools. It is equally important to determine the extent to which modern instruments are preferred in comparison with traditional ones. The aim of this paper will be the analysis of the solutions based on modern technologies that are used in actions taken to prevent financial exclusion in selected EU countries, including Poland. The structure of the paper is as follows: the first part will present the problem of financial exclusion (identifying groups particularly at risk), then a review of methods of preventing and combating financial exclusion will be presented, with particular emphasis on modern ICT tools, and the final part will indicate possible directions and barriers to the solutions that may lead to a reduced level of financial exclusion of individuals. The methods used include an in-depth analysis of the literature and a review of existing solutions which financial institutions provide on the Web.
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Pindel, Estera, and Czesław Bartłomiej Martysz. "The background of regulating non-bank loan institutions in Poland." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia 53, no. 2 (October 25, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2019.53.2.55-65.
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<p>Non-bank loan institutions in Poland often face a bad reputation or a lack of trust, are compared to "parabanks" and frequently recognised as companies operating at the borders of the law. Despite their membership in the financial sector, until recently, public supervision had little control over loan companies and had little knowledge about the scale of their operations. The greater restrictiveness of the new regulations caused a slowdown in the development of loan companies. Changes such as the introduction of bank levy and the amendment to the Consumer Credit Act of 2016 had a significant impact on the financial results and the structure of products offered by loan companies. Along with the new regulations, however, there is doubt regarding whether these changes, which are intended to organise the market for non-bank loans, will actually lead to an exodus of loan institutions from the market and to significant limitation and financial exclusion on the part of Polish consumers.</p>
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Trippner, Paweł, and Rafał Jóźwicki. "The essence, methods and results of assessing profitability of a non-public university." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 1, no. 33 (March 25, 2022): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.1.33.04.
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The aim of the study is to present the meaning, structure and principles of financing higher education in Poland. The division into public and non-public higher education is presented and the authors focused on the sources of financing non-public higher education, which does not benefit from budget subsidies. The most important sources of financing activities of non-public higher education were indicated. Another objective of the paper is to characterize the role, essence and importance of the financial controlling department in the management of economic entities including non-public higher education institutions. The authors’ interests is also focused on financial documents, which provide data to evaluate the financial situation of an economic entity as well as financial measures used during the analysis. Finally, an assessment of the level of profitability of a non-public higher education institution is made with a detailed division into full-time, extramural and postgraduate studies. The revenue structure of the studied entity was also compared to the market of non-public higher education institutions in Poland.
The essence of functioning of the financial controlling department in a company and the tasks and role of a financial controller are additionally presented in the paper. The methodology used in the submitted article is a financial analysis of non-public university’s financial statement based on profitability ratios. The article deals with the occasional subject of evaluation of non-public university functioning by the Financial Controlling Department in terms of income generated, costs incurred and profitability level achieved.
The functioning of higher education in Poland should be divided into two areas: state universities, which benefit from budget subsidies for students studying on a full-time basis, and non-public higher education institutions, which may or may not benefit from such subsidies. Their primary source of income is fees paid by students in various forms, mainly in the form of tuition fees. Non-public sector of higher education in Poland doesn’t use public budget grants so the importance of Financial Controlling Departments is essential in calculating incomes and costs. The data used in the analyses came from a private institution in the higher education sector. The owner of the company did not agree to provide its name and the detailed figures based on which the financial ratios were calculated.
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Trippner, Paweł. "Financial situation of insurance sector for example, a Stock – Exchange Company PZU." Przedsiebiorczosc i Zarzadzanie 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eam-2014-0004.
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Abstract The insurance system is a very important element of the financial system of a country. As institutions of public trust, insurance companies play a crucial role in the process of transforming savings into investments, which directly affects the country’s economic development. Maintaining the insurance sector in a good financial condition guarantees stability of the financial system and economic development of Poland. The article aims to present the essence of operations of insurance companies as financial institutions, present their role in the economy, and describe various methods of appraising their financial condition. In order to fulfil the above goals, a research hypothesis is put forward stating that the financial condition of the insurance sector in Poland deteriorated in the analysed period as a result of an adverse impact of turbulence in financial markets and problems in financial systems in the European Union countries.
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Lament, Marzanna. "Quality of non-financial information reported by financial institutions. The example of Poland and Greece." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 22, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2017.023.
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This paper aims is to analyse and verify the applicable principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting in light of the regulations of Directive 2014/95/EU, as well as to evaluate quality of non-financial information presented in CSR reports of financial institutions in the Polish and in the Greek market. Two research hypotheses have been postulated in connection with this aim: (H1) – The Directive 2014/95/EU contains regulations that will contribute to improved comparability and usefulness of information presented in financial statements. (H2) – financial institutions in the Polish and in the Greek market draft their CSR reports in different ways, which obstructs their comparability.
In order to verify hypothesis (H1), regulations of the Directive 2014/95/EU and specialist literature have been reviewed. In order to verify hypothesis (H2), the author has conducted research into a group of financial institutions in the Polish and in the Greek financial market by examining and analysing CSR reports compiled in 2010–2015 with regard to quality of the information, in particular, its usefulness and comparability. This assessment involved reviewing of: principles of publication and verification of the reports, frequency of their drafting, volume, scope and structure.
It must be concluded neither the existing regulations nor the reporting practices ensure the qualitative features in question. As a consequence, CSR reports are incomparable and unclear. Introduction of sectoral reporting standards in future should be considered, as it would help to improve clarity and comparability of the reports.
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Grzegorek, Jan, Dariusz Prokopowicz, Adrian Chojan, and Mirosław Matosek. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN POLAND DETERMINED BY THE PROCESSES OF ADJUSTMENT TO THE NORMATIVE AND TECHNOLOGICAL STANDARDS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CONTEMPORARY PROCESSES OF ECONOMIC AND INFORMATIONAL GLOBALIZATION." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 339–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0022.
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The current processes of economic and information globalization are mainly related to the successively progressing integration of financial markets, the development of ICT and Internet technologies. The liberalization of capital flows, progressing since the 1970s, was determined by many economic and political factors, including the modification of the international monetary system. The main determinants of economic and information globalization include such processes as liberalization of capital flows, deregulation of international financial markets and progress in the field of ICT. These processes constituted favorable conditions for the reconstruction of the market financial system, including the banking sector in Poland in the 1990s. Since the beginning of the systemic and economic transformation that has been taking place in Poland since 1989, the banking system and capital market institutions have been rebuilt. It referred to the Warsaw Stock Exchange market institutions, taking into account the opening of the economy to foreign capital. Foreign financial corporations taking over domestic banking entities in Poland have introduced their modern transactional and teleinformation technologies and new standards for entering into financial transactions. These processes were the main determinants of economic and information globalization that has been made in Poland since the 1990s.
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Swietlik, E., and A. Doboszynska. "History and organization of palliative care in Poland." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): e20749-e20749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.e20749.
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e20749 Beginning of the hospice care in Poland is associated with democratic opposition in the eighties of the XX century and social movement Solidarity. In 1978, C. Saunders visited Gdansk, Warsaw, and Krakow, supporting an organization of palliative care in Poland. Polish hospice care, similarly to other countries,originated from the necessity of special care of terminally ill cancer patients. Palliative care societies, initially informal, then registered formally, emerged in Poland in 1981. Hospices, both institutional and house hospice care, came into being in all larger cities in Poland to the nineties of the XX century. In 1991, National Forum of the Hospice Movement was founded. This Forum, gathering the majority of hospices, is actually transformed into the association of societies: Forum of the Polish Hospices. In the nineties of the XX century, professional palliative care developed. Since 1998, specialization in the palliative care for both physicians and nurses is available. From the very beginning, hospice care based on the volunteers gathered at the Roman Catholic parish and several priests first organized palliative care. In 1991, The Sejm (lower chamber of the Polish Parliament) passed the law Health care institutions, enabling various societies and associations to establish health care institutions, whereas the law The Social Insurance Act (1997) gives an opportunity to get financial means for hospice care from the State. Actually, there are hospices acting on voluntary service (the number of such hospices decreases), partial voluntary service and also paid employees, and institutions which activities are based on full-time employment and financed by the National Health Fund. About 130 non-profit societies and hospice foundations both secular andchurch exist in Poland. Non-public health care institutions founded 99 hospices. About 70 hospices (both public and private) are stationary. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Trippner, Paweł. "Appraisal of Financial Situation of the Polish Banking Sector from 2008 to 2012." Management 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2013-0064.
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Summary Appraisal of Financial Situation of the Polish Banking Sector from 2008 to 2012 The banking system is a very important element of the financial system of a country. As institutions of public trust, banks play a crucial role in the process of transforming savings into investments, which directly affects the country’s economic development. Maintaining the banking sector in a good financial condition guarantees stability of the financial system and economic development of Poland. The article aims to present the essence of operations of banks as financial institutions, present their role in the economy, and describe various methods of appraising their financial condition. In order to fulfil the above goals, a research hypothesis is put forward stating that the financial condition of the banking sector in Poland deteriorated in the analysed period as a result of an adverse impact of turbulence in financial markets and problems in banking sectors in the European Union countries.
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Kozar, Łukasz Jarosław. "The Financial Sector and Sustainable Development - A Review of Selected Environmental Practices Implemented in Financial Institutions Operating in Poland Between 2016 and 2020." Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 1, no. 33 (March 30, 2022): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.1.33.08.
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The purpose of the article/hypothesis: The main objective of the article is to present the directions of pro-environmental activities undertaken by institutions from the financial sector operating in Poland and their significance for green transformation of the economy. In turn, an additional aim of the analysis undertaken is to show whether financial institutions have instruments that are typical for them, but at the same time are aimed directly at the process of greening the economy.
Methodology: The study is of a theoretical and analytical character. In addition to a review of available domestic and foreign literature on the subject, selected good environmental practices implemented in financial sector institutions in Poland in 2016–2020 were analysed. Qualitative data analysis (content analysis of good practices) was applied.
Results of the research: 94 good environmental practices from 24 financial sector institutions were analysed. Different subject and object orientations of the good practices were observed. It was found that through the implementation of environmental activities, financial institutions can build a positive image in their surroundings. In terms of issues related to green transformation, a special role was assigned to banks, which can offer green banking products. Products of this type are directly aimed at supporting investments whose role is to change the existing way of economy to a more sustainable one.
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Grzywińska-Rąpca, Małgorzata, and Lesław Markowski. "Status and trends of the employment in the financial institutions in Poland." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 55, no. 3 (2018): 418–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2018.3.30.
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Cichy, Janusz, and Witold Gradoń. "Innovative economy, and the activity of financial market institutions. Case of Poland." Journal of International Studies 9, no. 1 (March 2016): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2016/9-1/11.
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CHAJDA, Michał. "The evolution of the concept of supervision over bank activities against the background of experiences of selected European countries." ASEJ Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law 22, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.5062.
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The subject of considerations is the legal issue of the optimal model of supervision over the functioning of credit institutions. Normative regulation models in selected European countries have been presented with particular reference to the solutions applied in German legislation. Two basic banking supervision systems were identified: institutional type and functional type. Institutional type supervision is exercised by one supervisory institution which deals with irregularities in the functioning of all entities performing bank activities. It has been adopted in Switzerland and in Poland. In this system, the supervision is entrusted to one entity. Functional supervision is exercised, by several supervisory institutions acting jointly, each has their unique statutory competences. The experience of the recent financial crisis indicates a greater effectiveness of the first type of supervision and the need to deepen further the cooperation between national supervision in cross-border activities.
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Zajda, Katarzyna, and Damian Mazurek. "Public Institutions and Ngos Cooperation for Social Innovations in Post-Socialist Rural Poland." European Countryside 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 623–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0031.
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Abstract Social innovation (SI), which is known as an alternative practice for solving social problems, can be implemented by various actors, including nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) and public institutions. This article addresses the implementation of SIs by public institutions in rural areas of Poland. Its aim is to answer two questions: 1) Does cooperation with NGOs distinguish rural public institutions in Poland that have implemented SIs from those that have not? 2) Does the level of human and financial resources of NGOs affect the level of cooperation between public institutions and NGOs from rural gminas? The results of an internet survey conducted on a random sample of 330 public institutions and 400 one-to-one interviews conducted on a random sample of NGOs from rural communes (rural gminas) are presented to answer the research questions posed. According to the findings, collaboration between public institutions and NGOs does not distinguish institutions that implemented SI and those that did not. In addition, the level of human and financial resources of NGOs was not a factor in determining whether or not public institutions cooperated with NGOs.
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Łuczka, Władysława. "INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN POLAND." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 1 (March 7, 2020): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.9607.
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The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe institutional barriers to the development of organic farming in Poland. As a secondary objective, this paper seeks feedback from organic farmers on measures taken by the institutional environment to promote the development of organic farming. This paper is based on literature reviews and selected findings from empirical research carried out in 2019 with 262 organic farms. The sample used in this study was representative of the general population of certified organic farms. The survey was a CAWI. The study found that organic farming faces many barriers, with frequent amendments to regulations being of key importance. This destabilizes and adds uncertainty to the functioning of organic farms. Another significant barrier are the high standards of organic production and low levels of financial and non-financial support. To a certain extent, these barriers result from the inefficiency of institutions surrounding organic farming. As a consequence, they are considered to poorly contribute to organic farming development.
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Wysocki, Maciej. "Institutional Complementarity of Poland in Terms of Diversity of Capitalism." Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, no. 14 (June 30, 2016): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2082-4440.14.03.
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Poland is one of the most significant examples of a transition country in Central and Eastern Europe. After 45 years of being a centrally planned economy Poland emerged at the end of the 1980’s a free-market economy. In 2004 Poland became a member of the European Union, which was another milestone in the transition process. Undoubtedly, institutions were a very important factor in Poland’s economic transition. It seems that the horizon of 25 years since the fall of communism has created a decent prospect to evaluate the balance of economic transition in terms of the quality of institutions. However, comparative studies do not analyse institutions separately, but consider them together in an institutional framework.The purpose of this essay is to examine the scope of the institutional complementarity of Poland in terms of Diversity of Capitalism. The main thesis of the article is that after more than two decades since the first stage of the economic transition, and one decade after joining the European Union, Poland’s institutional complementarity is, in general, at a satisfactory level. However, there is a very low level of institutional complementarity in the case of interaction between the labour market and the financial system. Furthermore, the Polish model of capitalism seems to be quite different from other countries from the peer group of transition economies (for example the Czech Republic or Hungary). The research method which was used in this essay includes statistical methods (in particular the K-Nearest Neighbours Method, K-Mean Method and Principal Component Analysis).
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Trippner, Paweł. "The effectiveness of capital management strategies used by the investment funds in Poland." Przedsiebiorczosc i Zarzadzanie 15, no. 2 (August 15, 2014): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eam-2014-0021.
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Abstract Collective investors play an extremely important role in the financial system of the state and in the economy. They operate in the financial market as institutions that enable households and businesses to convert savings into investments. Investment funds are the most conventional institutions which are dealing with financial intermediation. The main purpose of the submitted paper is to characterise the essence of investment funds operation in the role as financial intermediaries, to present the investment strategies and to characterise the methodology for measuring the effectiveness of capital management entrusted by the clients. The author has formulated a research hypothesis, according to which, the strategies of capital location policy used by the investment funds have an impact on the level of their performance, while funds holding higher risk portfolios perform better compared to the funds using passive investment strategies
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Gwizdała, Jerzy. "Wpływ czynników demograficzno-społecznych na rozwój odwróconego kredytu hipotecznego w Polsce." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace 2, no. 3 (December 13, 2015): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2015.2.3.12.
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Although, reverse mortgage is a product that has been present on the globalmarkets for many years,. in Poland it was introduced in 2014 and still is little knownamong the public and some financial institutions. The growth in popularity ofreverse mortgages in Poland is doubtful due to demographic and socio-economicsituations, and some legal issues.
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Gwoździewicz, Sylwia, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "THE NORMATIVE ROLE OF THE CENTRAL BANK ON THE MONEY MARKET IN POLAND." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2250.
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The financial market in Poland consists of institutions and rules of market trading regulated by legal norms defined by financial law regulations. The main element of the banking sector in Poland is the banking system. It was structured in 1989 in a two-tier structure with a division into central and commercial banking modelled after the western banking model. The central bank is the main institution of the banking market and indirectly also of the entire financial market. It regulates the amount of money in the national economy using monetary policy instruments. These instruments include the impact on interest rates on the banking market, open market operations, lending and deposit operations and the shape of the reserve requirement of commercial banks. The application and functioning of these monetary policy instruments is strictly regulated by law. Despite the fact that the financial market, like other markets, is built according to the classic model of the market mechanism, in which two sides of the market interact, i.e. demand and supply, and the subject of trading is money in cash or contained in various financial instruments, this market is a particularly institutionalized and regulated market.
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Ćwiklicki, Marek, Kamila Pilch, and Michał Żabiński. "ISO 9001 quality management systems in local government institutions in Poland: past, present and future." International Review of Administrative Sciences 86, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 799–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852318815280.
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The aim of this article is to identify and assess the development of ISO 9001 Quality Management System applications in Polish local government institutions in the years 1999–2015. We conduct our analysis on the basis of a questionnaire survey carried out among local government institutions in 2015 (with 77% rate of response). We prove that the ISO 9001 Quality Management System is dominant in Polish local government institutions and we show that its implementations were geographically concentrated and dependent on the size of the local government institution. Points for practitioners Smaller local government institutions (especially from rural municipalities) require financial support and the proper preparation of employees and training in order to implement the ISO 9001 Quality Management System. The ISO 9001 Quality Management System is the first step in moving towards an integrated management system. The implementation of alternative management improvement solutions decreases interest in implementing the ISO 9001 Quality Management System and obtaining certification.
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Domańska-Szaruga, Beata, Dariusz Prokopowicz, and Wioletta Wereda. "GLOBALIZATIONAL AND NORMATIVE DETERMINANTS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE BANKING CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT IN POLAND." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 257–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0019.
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Since the beginning of the nineties, globalization processes have also been progressing faster in Poland. One of the sectors of the Polish economy in which globalization is proceeding relatively quickly is the financial sector, especially commercial banking. This is related to the acquisition of Polish banks by foreign financial institutions, i.e. the process that most intensively occurred in the 90s of the last century. In addition, Poland's accession in 2004 to the structures of the European Union and the development of electronic banking, the development of technologies and Internet services are factors that have accelerated globalization processes in Poland in recent years. The high level of globalization also applies to the capital market, both from the side of the organization and the nature of transactions made at the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The result of this high level of globalization of financial markets in Poland was the rapid appearance of negative market and cyclical effects of the global financial crisis in the autumn of 2008. The source of this crisis was the acceptance of an excessively high level of credit risk in US investment banks. However, the negative economic consequences of this crisis also quickly appeared in Poland. In addition to the significant depreciation of market valuations of shares of companies listed on the War-saw Stock Exchange, significant macroeconomic effects have also appeared in the form of a decline in the economic growth of the Polish economy. The existing situation indicates the need to continue the improvement of banking prudential regulations and credit risk management instruments in financial institutions.
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Zioło, Monika, and Lidia Luty. "THE ACTIVITY OF MICROCREDIT INSTITUTIONS IN POLAND AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 206–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5615.
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The aim of this paper is to present the position of Poland against the backdrop of other European countries affiliated with the European Microfinance Network (EMN). In many cases, microenterprises have a problem obtaining external financing for their businesses. Support for small entrepreneurs is provided by microcredit institutions, which in many cases do not require a credit history or collateral from their clients. Microfinance, by limiting the phenomenon of financial exclusion and facilitating access to financial resources for those in need, can become a tool to stimulate entrepreneurship. Most of the institutions providing loans are affiliated with the European Microfinance Network. Analyses were conducted on three levels: activity of microenterprises in obtaining support for starting a business, loan portfolio quality, and the financial efficiency of institutions providing loans. Comparing Polish micro-entrepreneurs with companies from other European countries, it can be observed that Polish entrepreneurs pay their liabilities on time, as evidenced by the low percentage of lost loans, and institutions providing microloans generate small profits, but are able to finance their activities on their own. Poland also has favourable interest rates on microloans compared to other European countries. However, information showing a decrease in the number of borrowers and the value of loans provided in 2017 compared to 2016 can be assessed negatively.
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Walenia, Alina. "Ethical Standards in the Process of Counteracting Financial Abuse with Regard to EU Budget Funds. The Case of Poland." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.2.05.
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In accordance with the binding regulations of the EU law, each institution participating in the EU funds management process has in place relevant procedures preventing fraud and corruption and discouraging people from taking such actions. Managing institutions that work in cooperation with organisations which participate in the implementation of EU funds ensures the operation of an effective fraud risk management system and the implementation of effective anti‑fraud means which are designed to protect the financial interests of the European Union. The ethical norms and principles implemented in institutions which coordinate the process of EU funds management are of great importance for the process of reducing fraud related to EU funds. It was confirmed with the results of research carried out that clearly defined standards of employee conduct and determining procedures in the management and control system were the most important factors mitigating the irregularities. A special place was reserved for complying with the norms of ethical conduct and honesty by the employees of institutions managing the EU funds and development of a Code of Ethics which describes the conduct of the employees of institutions participating in the EU funds management process. The anti‑fraud procedures presented herein stem from EU law and are applicable in Poland.
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Wołowiec, Tomasz. "LEGAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FINANCING OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS INVESTMENTS BY PARABANKING FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS IN POLAND." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 467–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3252.
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The regulations on debt limits introduced in 2014 caused adapting by local government units two ways of proceeding. The first consists in "classic" adaptation to the provisions of the Public Finance Act, through the restructuring of budget expenditures and the devel-opment of a financial surplus, allowing for safe incurring of new obligations and possible servicing of "old" debt. The second way is what can be called the form of the "Creative accounting", involving the use of non-bank financial institutions (quasi-banks) or the use of financial operations other than bank loans and municipal bond issues. These are lease-back agreements, reverse sale of real estate, as well as unnamed agreements causing debt restructuring (e.g. subrogation, forfeiting or factoring), installment payments, as well as subsidies to the capital of municipal companies.
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Versal, Nataliia, and Antonina Sholoiko. "Green bonds of supranational financial institutions: On the road to sustainable development." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 19, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(1).2022.07.
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The move to sustainable development and building a carbon-low economy needs funding. In this regard, a new direction in finance – green (sustainable) finance – has emerged. One of the green finance instruments is green bonds, first issued by supranational financial institutions. This paper aims to identify the features of green bond issues and implemented green projects by the World Bank (the WB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the EBRD). Data were obtained from databases and reports of the WB, the EBRD, and the Climate Bonds Initiative. Data analysis was provided using statistical methods, particularly descriptive and comparative statistics. A positive trend in the issue of green bonds in the volumes and timing of the WB and the EBRD was revealed, despite the shift in emphasis caused by COVID-19. Renewable energy, energy efficiency, and clean transportation remain the primary directions of the WB, and the EBRD green projects amounted to more than 60% of total projects funding. The geography of green projects financed through the WB and the EBRD green bonds indicates that green projects are receiving significant funding from countries facing environmental challenges and demonstrating intent to green transition (the WB – China and India, the EBRD – Turkey, Poland, and Egypt). Supranational financial institutions were the first to come to the forefront of sustainable development funding and are now spearheading the creation of new financial instruments aimed at financing both green and social projects, leading to the emergence of sustainability bonds. Acknowledgment(s)The authors would like to thank the participants of the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Development (SDL 2021) for providing the valuable remarks and a fruitful discussion. This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
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Prokopowicz, Dariusz. "THE PROCESSES OF CONSOLIDATION AND CONCENTRATION OF CAPITALAS IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES AFFECTING THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN POLAND." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 217–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0017.
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The systemic transformation and socio-economic, which was initiated in Poland since 1989, are related with the intensified globalization processes that take place in various economic and social spheres of economy, including banking. Financial institutions as well as commercial banks are the entities which are not only subjects to theglobalization processes, they co-create these processes. The key attributes of globalization include deregulation processes, digitalization and internationalization, ie. global determinants, which were correlated with the adaptation of the financial system functioning in Poland to the European Union standards. To adjust internal procedures, product offerings and techniques of ICT operating in Poland banking to EU standards one has to consider the processes of consolidation and concentration of capital. These processes are applied in the commercial dimension of the financial system, including the banking sector since the mid-90s. Financial systemthat currently exists in Poland and includes the banking sector is among the best adapted to the EU standards. It is simultaneously one of the most globalized sectors of the economy. The key date for this issue concerns the year 2004, when Poland entered the European Union market structures. Currently, it is assumed that the process of globalization of financial markets and the banking system in Poland, apart from the consolidation processes and adjustments has been determined by such factors as administrative and supervisory goals of the central banking and supervisory bodies in the financial system and adjusting banking norms of law to the standards of Western highly developed countries.
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Prokopowicz, Dariusz. "CONDITIONS FOR INTRODUCING A BANKING TAX IN POLAND." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2248.
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This article describes the main determining factors of the implementation of a bank tax in commercial banks that run their activities in Poland. It also considers the importance of legal regulations of the rules for collecting this tax. The global financial crisis of 2008 was an important factor that has stimulated the processes of improving legal regulations concerning banks. Weakening economic situation and higher risk caused the need to improve procedures and banking legal regulations of the financial transactions safety in Poland. Improvement of banking system financial procedures is correlated with gradually progressing globalization but also with anti-crisis socio-economic policy in Poland. Therefore, the level of adaptation of legal procedures and norms regarding commercial banks in Poland to the European Union standards and guidelines of the Basel Committee is continuously improving. One of the specific aspects of these adjustment processes was the introduction of a bank tax, which operates in most European Union countries. The introduction of this tax could be one of the factors determining the sale of subsidiary companies, i.e. banks that are controlled in Poland by foreign financial institutions. Therefore this can be an important factor, which would accelerate the process of repolonization of the banking sector in Poland. The economically effective introduction of a bank tax depends among other things on efficient legislative process.
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Alińska, Agnieszka, Beata Filipiak, and Aneta Kosztowniak. "The Importance of the Public Sector in Sustainable Development in Poland." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 3278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093278.
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The striving for sustainable development has become the goal of actions undertaken not only by representatives of public authorities and institutions representing this sector, but also representatives of private entities who are increasingly recognizing the benefits and sources of long-term development based on the principles and objectives of sustainable development. These are mainly based on the pursuit of synergy in the three basic areas of activities, i.e., in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions as well as in the maintenance of natural resources. The implementation of these activities is connected with the necessity of incurring financial expenditures, which the government (public sector) does not have in the required value. Therefore, in the process of sustainable development for which the government is responsible, the active participation of the financial sector (banks) is necessary. Achieving results within the alliance of the concept of sustainable development requires the setting of a kind of contract, the parties of which are the government, society, and financial institutions. The purpose of the conducted research is to indicate by which means the government can stimulate economic growth towards its sustainable development.
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Szczepankiewicz, Elżbieta Izabela. "The role and tasks of the internal audit and audit committee as bodies supporting effective corporate governance in insurance sector institutions in Poland." Oeconomia Copernicana 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2012): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2012.021.
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Faced with the risk of consecutive waves of financial crisis and economic recession, government committees, financial supervision authorities and financial institutions themselves – both in Poland and worldwide – have launched a number of measures to make the supervision of insurance sector institutions more effective, particularly in aspects related to efficient risk management and internal control. The article describes the impact of the amendment of laws and other regulations on the development of the present internal control systems in insurance sector institutions. It draws attention to the need for a new structure of the internal control system, and the role and purpose of the internal audit and the audit committee as the bodies supporting effective supervision in insurance undertakings and reinsurance undertakings.
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Sieradzka, Katarzyna, and Lidia Kaliszczak. "Sources of Knowledge and Networking as Conditions for Development of Innovative Undertakings in Poland." Central European Review of Economics & Finance 28, no. 6 (December 31, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2018.030.
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Start-up enterprises play a vital role in the knowledge economy, commonly acting as links between invention and innovation. Their development depends on an efficient start-up ecosystem including institutional environment. It comprises such classic institutions as business incubators, accelerators, technology parks, centres of technology transfer as well as increasingly popular forms of support like: mentoring, industry meetings, competitions, and hackathons. This paper is intended to analyse and evaluate non-financial support, mainly knowledge and business contacts (networking), in development of start-up enterprises in Poland.
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Pelc, Paweł. "The COVID-19 pandemic and the functioning of financial institutions in Poland. Cybersecurity issues." Cybersecurity and Law 3, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35467/cal/133937.
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Cichowicz, Ewa, and Agnieszka K. Nowak. "Innowacje w działalności bankowej w świetle przeciwdziałania zjawisku wykluczenia finansowego w Polsce." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (November 26, 2017): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2017.2.10.
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The goal of this article is to answer the question on the importance of innovations introduced by banks in Poland from the perspective of counteracting the processes related to financial exclusion of social groups. Conseąuently, selected innovative Solutions have been considered, contributing to improving the availability of banks' offer. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the subject literature. On this basis, the most important concepts for the subject - innovation and financial exclusion - were analysed. Subseąuently, the content of the websites of selected banks operating in Poland was reviewed. Thanks to this, it was possible to identify innovations that could help to limit financial exclusion. In addition, information of what methods and tools are used by other institutions (including international ones) in the fight against financial exclusion were also used
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Gromek, Zbigniew. "Glosa do Wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 20 listopada 2019 r., sygn. akt K 4/17." Przegląd Sejmowy 2(163) (2021): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/ps.2021.26.
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In the judgment of 20 November 2019 (Case K 4/17), the Constitutional Tribunal assessed the compatibility with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of provisions imposing on local government units the obligation to cover financial losses of independent public health care institutions run by local governments. The negative financial result of local government healthcare institutions resulted from insufficient financing of medical services by the National Health Fund. The Tribunal found that local government units were thus obliged to partially finance health care services, despite the fact that this is a task of government administration. The issue of providing local government units with adequate financial resources has repeatedly been the subject of rulings by the Constitutional Court. Jurisprudence to date has been based on a restrictive interpretation of Article 167(1) and (4) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. As a result, the aforementioned provisions ceased to fulfill the guarantee function in relation to local government. The judgment under review constitutes a departure from the above line. The position adopted therein deserves to be endorsed and continued in future jurisprudence.
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Cwynar, Andrzej, Wiktor Cwynar, Robert Pater, and Piotr Kaźmierkiewicz. "Information needs of financial market professionals in the big data and social media era. The empirical evidence from Poland." e-Finanse 13, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fiqf-2016-0031.
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AbstractTo meet general objectives of the article, i.e. to check the extent to which the information needs of financial market institutions are satisfied, and to learn about whether there is a transition in this realm triggered by the advent of social media and big data, we surveyed a sample of 415 financial market professionals working in Poland. We also used logit regression models, through which we processed the survey results, to identify which factors are responsible for meeting the needs. We showed that although the information needs of financial market professionals are met to a large degree, still some potential for improvement remains in this regard. We found also that respondent-specific traits are insignificant in explaining the degree of satisfaction with data and information that is used by financial market professionals. Out of firm-specific characteristic and, the value of assets under the institution’s management turned out to be the key factors explaining the distribution of responses concerning satisfaction.
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Witkowska, Janina. "Foreign Direct Investment In The Banking Sector In New EU Member States: Social Responsibility Of Banks." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 4 (February 13, 2014): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0025.
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This paper discusses the performance and strategies of banks with foreign participation in the new EU Member States and their attitudes towards socalled ‘socially responsible finance’. The banking sector in the analyzed countries (Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia) is dominated by foreign capital. The global financial crisis caused a decrease in new annual FDI inflows into the financial intermediation and banking sector of these countries. Some disinvestment occurred in Slovakia and Poland. The foreign-owned banks already operating in the analyzed countries undertook some organizational and financial adjustments to the global economic crisis that allowed them to secure their own position in recipient countries. They are involved in socially responsible activities in the field of culture, sport, environmental protection etc. As trust-based financial institutions. they also showed a kind of responsibility in the field of finance when the crisis occurred.
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Idzik, Marcin. "Społeczne uwarunkowania rozwoju bankowości detalicznej w Polsce." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 53 (September 25, 2004): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.13.
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The paper presents the scale of retail bank usage in Poland as well as factors determining the development of retail banking usage and reasons for non using banking services. The knowledge about financial institutions, sources of fears and opinions about the satisfaction from services offered by banks to individuals were also assessed. The necessity of financial exclusion reduction and taking into consideration poor people were also pointed.
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Derkach, О. "THE INFLUENCE OF STUDENT SELF-GOVERNMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITY AUTONOMY IN POLAND." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Pedagogy, no. 1 (11) (2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2415-3699.2020.11.02.
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The article is devoted to the problem of studying the influence of student self – government bodies in Polish universities on the development of university autonomy. Student self-government in Europe is not a new phenomenon, dating back to the first medieval universities. Even then, the most talented students were involved in certain administrative functions, as well as in teaching as assistant professors. No wonder universities are considered a kind of model of civil society and in this regard preceded the modern type of European civilization. The article considers the main competencies of student government in Poland. The Polish experience of leading higher education institutions in the field of activity and functioning of student self-government as one of the social institutions of society, which is extremely interesting and useful for Ukraine, is analyzed. The organizational and legal bases of functioning of public student associations in the academic environment of Poland are analyzed. The role and place of the Polish Student Parliament in the system of state and public administration of higher education are shown. It is noted that the main body of student self-government in Poland is the Student Government Council. The Student Government Council is a body of resolution consisting of nine students selected in a general election. For student activities, this is approximately what the Seimas is for public authorities. The brightest and most significant are the main directions and tasks of student self-government bodies, the system of student selfgovernment activities in higher education institutions in Poland. A feature of student government in Poland is their strong material base and financial and legal independence from the administration of the educational institution. It is determined that the Polish system of student self-government starting from the legislative level and ending with the material side has significant differences from the Ukrainian, which are discussed in detail in the article.
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Pyka, Irena, Aleksandra Nocoń, and Mateusz Muszyński. "The role of capital adequacy standards in creating financial safety of the bank: the evaluation and analysis of the survey results." Ekonomia i Prawo 20, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 641–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2021.038.
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Motivation: After the global financial crisis, banks’ financial safety has been considered as a public good and put under closer control and supervision. The prudential regulations of credit institutions which are the main subject of the study, have been significantly tightened. Although the minimum level of banks’ own funds, set adequately to the risk, had been a fundamental indicator of banks’ financial safety since the end of 1980s, after the global financial crisis the quality of this capital has changed and the scope of its regulation has been increased. By respecting the new prudential standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision at the international level, financial safety of the banks has been additionally put under the macro-supervision. The concern about the overregulation of the banking system raises many controversies, what justifies conducting research on this subject.
Aim: The main purpose of the article is to identify changes in the bank’s strategies of creating financial safety after the global financial crisis, considering macro- and micro-prudential regulations, aimed at strengthening the level and quality of bank capital, based on the results of the conducted research.
Results: The results of the empirical research indicate that there is a strong belief among management staff in commercial banks in Poland that the increase in the level and structure of the own funds in credit institutions rises their financial safety. The results confirm the intensification of the process of implementing Basel regulations in commercial banks in Poland.
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Mosionek-Schweda, Magdalena. "Financing of companies' research and development activities in Poland." Oeconomia Copernicana 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 75–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/oec.2011.009.
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Analyzing the research and development sector (R&D) in Poland, one can observe the increase in entrepreneurs’ interest to undertake R&D activities. According to Central Statistical Office, at the end of 2008 there were 1157 entities that conduct research and development work, including 697 enterprises. The following year, the number of total R&D institutions increased to 1316, whereas the business sector rose to 842 companies (about 20.8%). Greater involvement of entrepreneurs in the R&D sector results, among others, from noticing many benefits associated with this activity. The national authorities as well as European Union’s institutions drew up many programmes for entrepreneurs undertaking R&D activities. Some of these programmes give priority to small and medium-sized businesses offering them a wide range of financial and non-financial support. This policy aims to achieve high economic growth and improve socio-economic situation of society with the participation of enterprises that are orientated at creating and applying innovative solutions in their business operation, products manufactured or services provided. The article aims to present sources of funds available for R&D activities undertaken by companies in Poland, as from government programmes, through the structural funds, to funds set aside by Switzerland and the members of European Economic Area. Despite all these programmes, many companies in Poland still face a financial barrier that prevents their development. It seems that the basic problem is not lack of potential sources of funding for R&D activities but, above all, an insufficient knowledge of financial opportunities and the entrepreneurs’ belief that these funds are beyond their reach. Any form of public support to entrepreneurs is still associated with excessive bureaucracy, too many formal requirements and, finally, a small probability of receiving it. Therefore, enterprises don’t even try to apply for such support. The article presents basic statistics relating to the R&D sector in Poland and the main forms of national and European support for R&D performed within the business sector.
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Czternasty, Waldemar, and Paweł Mikołajczak. "Financing of SME using non-recourse factoring – legal, economic and tax aspects / Finansowanie małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w postaci faktoringu pełnego aspekty prawne, ekonomiczne i podatkowe." Management 17, no. 1 (May 1, 2013): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2013-0025.
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Summary Specific character of SME determines a limited access to short-term capital which is essential for running the business. A financial tool which on one hand enables small entities to improve their financial liquidity and, on the other, to limit the risk connected to delays in settling the receivables, is non-recourse factoring. Both, its construction in the legal, tax and financial context, as well as the procedure of granting it by financial institutions make this instrument gain more and more popularity among the companies in Poland.
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Czarkowska, Marta, and Bartosz Bagniewski. "The impact of FinTech development on traditional banking institutions in Poland." e-mentor 97, no. 5 (2022): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15219/em97.1588.
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The rapidly advancing digitisation and modernisation of information technologies are an impulse to use innovative solutions proposed by the broadly understood financial sector. The presented work presents the development of the banking system in Poland, the perspective of the FinTech phenomenon, with focus on operating bank branches in Poland, as well as innovative solutions. The aim of the article is to analyse the impact of FinTech development on traditional branches of banking institutions in Poland. The authors look at today's behavior of bank account holders with regard to everyday activities, such as withdrawing cash. At the same time they make suggestions as to the reason for the presented results, in order to clearly formulate the final conclusions. The authors also discuss areas analogous to the main topic, such as cashless payment methods, with a closer analysis of their real impact on the banking structure. The main source of information for this article are results obtained from the authors' own research. The considerations lead to the conclusion that in today's banking environment bank branches are somewhat unnecessary and unprofitable, and will slowly decrease in number year by year. The results of the study highlight the amazing BLIK phenomenon, which is increasingly replacing payment methods offered by banks.