Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)'
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1
Capurro, Alejandro. "Comparing agricultural financing in Uruguay and New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2344.
Abstract:
In 2008, New Zealand’s gross domestic product (GDP) was four times the size of Uruguay’s, and its export earnings were five times Uruguay’s. Nevertheless, agricultural products accounted for over 60% of export earnings for both economies. This highlighted the importance that the agricultural sectors of Uruguay and New Zealand had to their respective foreign trade sectors. The success with which both countries’ agricultural sectors solved their financial needs would be influential to their export sectors and overall economies. Through the use of expert interviews, a multiple-case study strategy was employed to carry out a comparative study of the agricultural financing systems of Uruguay and New Zealand. The findings revealed contrasting situations in both countries. Chief among them were the differences encountered in agricultural debt relative to agriculture’s contribution to total GDP in each country. In Uruguay this figure was 26% whereas in New Zealand it amounted to almost 400%. The differences found were largely attributable to the institutional frameworks in place in each country (i.e. the legal and cultural norms that structure political, social and economic interactions), as well as the historical contexts in which the institutions evolved. In Uruguay, the institutional framework limited producers’ possibilities of accessing bank credit due to restrictive central bank regulations. The lack of access to international credit markets by Uruguayan banks due to the country’s unfavourable credit risk rating was an additional factor which limited credit availability. These were largely a result of the financial crisis (and the subsequent recession) that had occurred in the region in 2002. Producers in Uruguay were able to access costlier seasonal capital and some medium-term capital from informal lenders such as cooperatives, processors and input suppliers. Nevertheless, if they required medium and long term credit, Uruguayan farmers needed to deal with the banking system. Furthermore, the high cost of registering mortgages, combined with long-term loan facilities that generally did not go for longer than ten years, resulted in a limited demand for high-volume, long-term credit on producers’ side. Almost the exact opposite situation was found in New Zealand. No great financial turmoil had affected New Zealand since the economic reforms of 1984, in which the economy in general was deregulated. An institutional framework which promoted access to credit, combined with a favourable country credit risk rating which promoted open access to overseas funding for banks, meant that the agricultural sector was able to expand its use of credit uninterruptedly since the early 1990s. Also, in contrast with the Uruguayan case, mortgaging of properties was relatively straightforward and inexpensive, and long term lending could be approved for terms of generally up to 20 years. These factors contributed to the expansion of rural credit in New Zealand. However, New Zealand’s agricultural debt was found to be greatly exposed to one subsector (the dairy farming sector). Moreover, the level of debt of New Zealand’s agricultural sector surpassed its contribution to GDP many times over, which raised doubts concerning the long-term sustainability of that level of debt.
2
Zhang, Yuyu. "Audit fees and asset securitization risks." Thesis, The University of New South Wales, 2013.
Abstract:
The thesis investigates “where were the auditors in asset securitizations”, a criticism of the audit profession before and after the onset of the global financial crisis (GFC). Asset securitizations increase audit complexity and audit risks, which are expected to increase audit fees. Using US bank holding company data from 2003 to 2009, this study examines the association between asset securitization risks and audit fees, and its changes during the global financial crisis.
The main test is based on an ordinary least squares (OLS) model, which is adapted from the Fields et al. (2004) bank audit fee model. I employ a principal components analysis to address high correlations among asset securitization risks. Individual securitization risks are also separately tested. A suite of sensitivity tests indicate the results are robust. These include model alterations, sample variations, further controls in the tests, and correcting for the securitizer self-selection problem.
A partial least squares (PLS) path modelling methodology is introduced as a separate test, which allows for high intercorrelations, self-selection correction, and sequential order hypotheses in one simultaneous model. The PLS results are consistent with the main results.
The study finds significant and positive associations between securitization risks and audit fees. After the commencement of the global financial crisis in 2007, there was an increased focus on the role of audits on asset securitization risks resulting from bank failures; therefore I expect that auditors would become more sensitive to bank asset securitization risks after the commencement of the crisis. I find that auditors appear to focus on different aspects of asset securitization risks during the crisis and that auditors appear to charge a GFC premium for banks. Overall, the results support the view that auditors consider asset securitization risks and market changes, and adjust their audit effort and risk considerations accordingly.
3
Golder, Peter Thomas. "Exploitation and exploration of advanced technology in financial institutions." Thesis, City University London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389547.
4
boujlil, rhada. "Financial Regulation, Banking, and Sovereign Debt." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2588.
Abstract:
The dissertation consists of two essays. In the first essay we study the efficiency of banks during the period of (2000-2017) that witnessed a fierce financial crisis in the light of the regulatory acts enacted in response to the crisis (Basel III 2010). We investigate the combined impact of compliance with Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, common equity Tier 1, and leverage requirements on bank operating efficiency. We measure operational efficiency of 68 insured, U.S. federally and state-chartered, commercial banks, with consolidated assets of $15 billion or more, over a sampling period of 18 years. We seek to identify whether different dimensions of bank regulation are efficient in stabilizing US financial system by improving efficiency of large commercial banks; whether they impede bank efficiency by limiting its risk-taking endeavors and tightening its capital usage; or whether no impact on efficiency exists altogether. We build an empirical model measuring the impact of capital and leverage regulation and credit risk on banks’ operational efficiency. Empirical findings show a positive and statistically significant impact of capital adequacy on operating efficiency of large U.S. commercial banks, with common equity Tier 1 having more power in determining efficiency. Leverage requirements and net charge-offs are also found to be significant determinants that promote bank operating efficiency. In the second essay we investigate determinants for government’s choice of sovereign Sukuk over conventional bonds. Using a sample of 143 sovereign Sukuk and 602 sovereign conventional bonds issued in 16 OIC countries during (2000-2015), we analyze factors affecting the government's choice of employing sovereign Sukuk structure as substitute to sovereign bonds instruments. Results suggest that countries having developed financial markets, higher credit quality, and strong economic and financial prospects are more likely to issue sovereign Sukuk rather than sovereign bonds, mainly as a strategy to diversify and develop their current debt markets by introducing newly-developed debt tools. However, countries with weaker economic and financial indicators are more likely to opt for the classic sovereign bonds. We conclude that government’s choice of sovereign debt is mainly determined by a country’s financial characteristics, macroeconomic indicators and certain specific events.
5
Horta, Korinna. "The politics of policy and practice : international financial institutions and biodiversity." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29012/.
Abstract:
This thesis is concerned with the accountability of public international financial institutions to their constituencies at global and local geographic scales. It investigates the compliance of the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) with their own environmental and social policies as they relate to biodiversity protection. While the World Bank and the GEF pursue a global environmental agenda, their environmental and social policies commit the institutions to building bridges between the global and the local levels by requiring the participation of locally affected communities in decision-making. The study investigates the compliance with the policies in a specific geographic, political and economic space. Cameroon was chosen because both institutions consider the country's biodiversity to be of global significance and are financing operations which have indirect and direct impacts on its biodiversity. The operations investigated include World Bank macro-economic policy advice and traditional investments in infrastructure projects as well as a GEF project specifically designed to protect biodiversity. The central finding of this research is that the institutions comply only partially and in an uneven manner with their own mandatory policy guidelines. In order to mitigate the risk of studying the institutions' operations in only one country and to ascertain possible systemic patterns of institutional behaviour, the results of the case studies are contrasted with the institutions internal evaluation reports covering their overall portfolios. A political ecology approach to international financial institutions is used to examine the political factors behind the emergence of the institutions' biodiversity agenda and the implementation of their operational policies. Analytical tools from both political science and the areas of sociology and economics concerned with theory of organization are employed to further the understanding of the functioning of the global institutions. Finally, the thesis seeks to contribute to defining the characteristics of global institutions which can mediate between the global and local levels by creating spaces of negotiation in which a plurality of views are taken into account.
6
Jin, Lizuo. "Monetary policy and the design of financial institutions in China (1978-90)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357349.
7
Marcelin, Isaac. "THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, BANKING PERFORMANCE, PRIVATIZATION, AND GROWTH." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/157.
Abstract:
The problem of the present study is twofold (1) analyze the impacts of institutions and private property rights on the banking industry, and (2) the effects of property rights, contracting rights and intellectual property rights concurrent to privatization of state owned enterprises on a wide range of industries. First, it uses a sample of 37 countries to assess the effects privatization on industry growth of output, value added and establishments with regards to property rights institutions, using 3SLS technique. Consistent with the law and finance view, our results show that privatization works better in settings with better contracting, patents, and IPRs laws to foster industry growth. The results suggest that least developed countries can accelerate the growth of their industrial sector by structurally bettering their legal institutions to benefit from their privatization programs. There is strong evidence of structural unemployment in sectors that are more capital intensive; privatization has a crowding out effect channeled through financial development. The results have broad implications vis-à-vis policy choices for institutional reforms specifically in terms of control of corruption, enhancing property rights, contracting rights, and IRPs protection for privatization to bear fruits. Second, this study assumes that banks in countries with infective institutions operate in a highly risky environment, which is reflected in the interest rates spread, loan quality, and net interest margin. It investigates the relationships between banks and institutions using seemingly unrelated regressions and data from 79 countries. It shows that institutional improvements abate inefficiencies in the banking sector, reduce obstacles to external finance, and improve the quality of bank loan portfolios. Specifically, had a country in the 25th percentile of the institutional quality index, depth of credit information, and the spread improved its value to the mean sample of these variables, banks in that country would have had an annual decrease of 2.24% in net interest margin, 1.57% in unpaid loans, and 0.822 basis points in the spread. Other institutions including private and public registries are effective in improving access to external finance. Importantly, information on borrowers past loan repayment patterns significantly decreases the spreads only when controlled for predated institutional quality. This finding highlights the significance of institution-building especially in countries where sudden power shifts result into pendular swings in public policies. Third, using three independent samples to investigate the institutional factors affecting the performance of the banking sector around the world, this study finds that financial effects of three sets of institutions including private creditors’ right, property rights, and institutional quality on bank performance are strong. It uses SEM technique to show that better quality of institutions is negatively related to bank profitability while private creditors’ right and property rights institutions are positively related to bank profitability.
8
Deacle, Robert. "Three Essays on Financial Institutions and Real Estate." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/154269.
Abstract:
EconomicsPh.D.
This dissertation examines several aspects of U.S. financial institutions’ real estate-related activity. The first two essays examine the impact of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) membership and funding on bank and thrift holding company (BHC and THC) risk and returns. The first essay uses risk measures derived from BHC and THC stock prices, while the second essay uses risk measures based upon BHC and THC bond prices. The third essay studies the impact of BHC investment in real estate on risk and returns using measures based on stock prices. In the first essay, BHC and THC stock portfolios are formed along several dimensions. Bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models are estimated to produce measures of total risk, market risk, and interest rate risk for the time period from the beginning of 2001 through 2009. Two sets of results related to FHLB activity are obtained. First, FHLB membership is found to be associated with lower total risk and market risk while having no association with interest rate risk. Second, and similarly, greater reliance on FHLB advances is associated with lower total risk and market risk but is not associated with interest rate risk. These results are consistent with the view that the risks created by government backing of the FHLB system and some of the system’s policies are mitigated by FHLB policies and products that reduce risk. In addition, THC stocks are found to have lower total and market risk than the portfolio of BHC stocks. The second essay investigates the relationship of both FHLB membership and funding with BHC and THC risk by using the cost of uninsured debt as a measure of risk. These relationships are analyzed in a simultaneous equation regression framework using data from the start of the third quarter of 2002 through the end of the first quarter of 2009. The cost of uninsured debt is proxied by yield spreads calculated from trading data on holding company (HC) bonds. Several interesting results are obtained. Reliance on advances is found to have a negative effect on the cost of debt throughout the sample period (the third quarter of 2002 through the first quarter of 2009). Cost of debt has a significant effect on the level of advances only during the recent financial crisis (the third quarter of 2007 through the first quarter of 2009), when the effect is negative. The negative association between cost of debt and the level of advances suggests that BHCs and THCs, on the whole, do not use FHLB advances to make unusually risky loans and supports the argument that FHLB policies and services have some risk-reducing effects. FHLB membership, independent of advances, is found to have no influence on HC cost of debt. Additional analysis indicates that THC status is associated with higher cost of debt than BHC status. The third essay examines the influence of real estate investment by BHCs from the third quarter of 1990 through the fourth quarter of 2010 on their risks and returns. Portfolios are formed of BHC stocks according to BHCs’ ratio of real estate investment to total assets and according to the type of regulation - lenient or strict - under which they invest in real estate. Tests of differences in median portfolio returns between these portfolios are performed. In addition, the effects of real estate investment on risk and return are estimated using univariate GARCH models of portfolio returns. The main results are as follows: 1) BHCs that invest in real estate have greater total risk and lower risk-adjusted returns than those that do not; 2) greater real estate investment is associated with lower returns and greater market risk for some types of BHCs while it is not associated with significant differences in total risk or risk-adjusted returns; and 3) BHCs that invest in real estate under relatively lenient rules have lower returns, greater total risk, and lower risk-adjusted returns than those that invest in real estate under relatively strict rules. The results indicate that benefits from real estate investment by banks - such as diversification of cash flows, economies of scale and scope, and increased charter value - are outweighed by greater variability of returns and lower returns due to BHCs’ lack of expertise in the field. The findings also provide evidence that rules granting banks greater freedom to invest in real estate result in increased risk but not increased returns.
Temple University--Theses
9
Felisberto, Francisco Luís. "Equity research - The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14632.
Abstract:
Mestrado em FinançasEste relatório contém uma avaliação do grupo financeiro The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., elaborado como Projeto Final do Mestrado em Finanças do ISEG - Universidade de Lisboa. O estudo segue o formato recomendado pelo CFA Institute (Pinto, Henry, Robinson, e Stowe, 2010). Para efetuar a avaliação, foi considerada informação pública a 5 de outubro de 2017, recolhida de diversas fontes, tais como relatórios anuais ou Bloomberg L.P. Consequentemente, eventos ocorridos após esta data não são considerados nesta análise. As razões que levaram à escolha da Goldman Sachs foram essencialmente duas: devido à complexidade que empresas financeiras apresentam, é um maior desafio quando comparando com empresas industriais (como realizado durante o mestrado); e é, na opinião do autor, uma das empresas mais interessantes a nível mundial por toda a sua história, controvérsias e poder nos principais mercados financeiros. Para obter uma recomendação, foi utilizado um modelo de Excesso de Retorno para valorizar o capital próprio do banco e uma avaliação por múltiplos para complementar o modelo principal. Com um preço-alvo de $ 230.25 e potencial de desvalorização de -5.0% a partir do preço atual de $ 242.55, a nossa recomendação final para The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (NYSE: GS) é "Reduzir".
This report encompasses a valuation of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. elaborated as a Master's of Finance Final Work Project at ISEG - University of Lisbon. The study follows the format recommended by the CFA Institute (Pinto, Henry, Robinson, and Stowe, 2010). To conduct this research, we considered public available data on October 5th, 2017, collected from various sources, such as company reports and Bloomberg L.P., among others. Therefore, events after this date are not reflected in this analysis. We decided to conduct a valuation of Goldman Sachs for two main reasons, them being: conducting this type of work on financial service firms represents, in my opinion, a greater challenge compared to industrial companies (as it was previously performed during the master degree); the second reason is because, in my opinion, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is one of the most interesting companies in the world for all its history, controversies and power in the major financial markets. To reach a recommendation, we used an Excess Return model to value the equity of the firm, as well as a multiples analysis to complement the previous model. With a price target of $ 230.25 for YE18 and a downside potential of -5.0% from the current price of $ 242.55, our final recommendation for The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (NYSE: GS) is "Reduce".
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
10
Sherstnieva, J. "Banking crisis in Ukraine and ways of its overcoming." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61318.
11
Ray, Chaudhuri Ranajoy. "Three Essays on Financial Intermediation and Growth." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338394730.
12
Suh, Joon Bae. "Financial industry security : managing occupational fraud risk in South Korean banking institutions." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2018. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/financial-industry-security(70606660-f89f-4ef2-84fb-05c5ce233267).html.
Abstract:
Banking institutions within the financial system are very vulnerable to insider threats and require special security management because of the severe negative externalities to society once they fail. In this regard, the research aimed to investigate the characteristics of occupational fraud and to devise effective anti-fraud strategies by comparing two different financial sectors (commercial banks vs community banking institutions) in South Korean banking industry. For that, the study narrowed the scope of analysis in terms of two core banking services and focused on the three variables of interest: 'gender', 'position' of bankers, and 'financial sector' of banks. Adopting a mixed method approach, the study administered two different questionnaires to more than 450 participants and conducted 16 semi-structured interviews with the bankers and counter-fraud experts in the financial industry. The study discovered evidence that 'position' and 'sector' play a more crucial role on occupational fraud than 'gender'. 'Position' had a significant effect on the characteristics of fraud in a sense that perpetrators in high positions at financial institutions were significantly associated with corruption, which caused more serious damage to the organization. In a similar vein, the 'financial sector' had a significant effect on the perceived risk of fraud and counter-fraud effectiveness. That is, the respondents in the community banking institutions had significantly lower awareness of the problem and control effectiveness than those in the commercial banks. Next, the study found important evidence that perceived 'opportunity reduction' was negatively associated with fraud occurrence in the banking industry. In addition, the study verified that the perception of an improved ethical culture was negatively associated with the frequency of occupational fraud. Simply put, if the bank employees agreed more that they had more elevated corporate culture, the frequency of occupational fraud was significantly lower in the institution. This implies that 'reducing opportunity' and 'developing anti-fraud culture' should be two axial measures when managing the risk of occupational fraud at financial institutions. Finally, a new counter-fraud model and a devised strategy were proposed based on the findings of the study, which encompasses comprehensive problem-oriented methods to manage occupational fraud risk in South Korean banking institutions.
13
Choe, Wongi. "Political institutions and politics of financial patronage after liberalization : Argentina, Korea, and Thailand in the 1990s /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10712.
14
Kammel, Armin J. "The law of international banking institutions : a comparative analysis /." Vienna : Mille Tre, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/494675012.pdf.
15
Alcorta, Augusto Luis. "New finance capital financial groups and systemic optimisation in Peru /." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32913607.html.
16
Pehlivan, Hatice. "An analysis of financial liberalization in Turkey, 1980-1989 : the impact of financial liberalization policies on the mobilization and allocation of savings, and on the operational efficiency of financial institutions." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332566.
17
Shirota, Ricardo. "Efficiency in Financial Intermediation: A Study of The Chilean Banking Industry /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38193785.html.
18
Lenzer, Jr James Hans. "From path creation to path dependence in international financial centre development : the emergence of the entrepreneurial financial firm." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/197521.
Abstract:
International financial centre (IFC) development is a hot topic in today’s global arena at the political state level and within academic circles as they can have a significant impact on national, regional and local economies. A critical review of the literature on this topic reveals that not much scholarly attention has been directed towards how IFCs develop from within, more specifically how local entrepreneurial activity contributes to the advancement and evolution of an IFC. In addition, a number of different theories such as path dependence and the concept of social networks have been used as alternative frameworks to explain the phenomena of spatial agglomeration in international financial centres (IFCs); however, these theories haven’t either been properly constructed in a geographical context, empirically applied in a convincing manner or been further investigated using different methodological frameworks.
Through the lens of the entrepreneurial hedge fund (EHF) firm and by incorporating a multiple methodological approach (quantitative, descriptive and spatial analysis); this research investigates four separate empirical lines of inquiry in regard to either the firm, its proprietor or the IFC that focuses on micro characteristics, spatial characteristics, the general business arena and development mechanisms.
The major empirical findings are that the EHF firm can be classified as small and large based on a number of different factors; while the proprietor is a well educated individual who was previously employed as a high level manager of a large multinational corporation and has previous career ties to the investment banking and traditional fund management sectors. EHF firms agglomerate in IFCs with the most intense clustering occurring within close proximity to the nucleus of the main financial district and other agglomeration patterns are evident. Categorically, government and regulatory factors and people factors are considered as the most important competiveness factors of an IFC. When compared as a whole with previously conducted studies, the findings were found to be statistically indifferent; however, at the individual factor level there are distinct differences. The factors that trigger entrepreneurial behavior are endogenous in nature and the top barriers encountered were customer related followed by employee recruitment and regulatory issues. Finally, human agency and social networks are an integral part of the entrepreneurial process and can be categorized into five separate groups with professional and associate considered to be the most important.
This study makes three theoretical contributions on developmental aspects of IFCs. First, a spatial agglomeration model is proposed based on areal differentiation that is derived from the established and changing patterns in the human landscape and its institutions. Second, the theory of path creation is introduced along with social network interaction to account for the genesis of new financial firms at a micro level and a ‘path as processes’ model that incorporates ‘place dependence—path creation—path dependence’ as an economic process is proposed to illustrate the development of the alternative asset management sector which ultimately contributes to the advancement and evolution of an IFC in the defined study area.published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
19
Dowdell, Linda P. "Postulation of project management office structures in reducing operational risk of financial institutions." Thesis, University of Phoenix, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3691409.
Abstract:
This exploratory case study used a qualitative research method and explored how Project Management Offices (PMOs) and associated governance groups, such as project management, program management, portfolio management, and risk management, play an important role and are viewed as a positive contributing factor in the successful management of projects. The study also explored the perceived reduction of operational risk that would help prevent the likelihood of financial market collapse reoccurrences, and the perceived importance and impact of operational management structures of financial institutions in contributing to the prevention of another banking collapse. The following themes emerged in the study: Operational risk, regulatory groups, characteristics of PMO structures, optimal PMO structures, PMO effectiveness, and maturity levels of PMOs. A postulation to integrate PMO structures and associated governance groups in the accords (frameworks) of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) was proposed to help financial institutions reduce operational risks that affect consumers of financial services. A non-traditional survey-based case study was conducted with eight project management professionals with financial industry experience in the United States. The case study helped reveal that financial collapses were significantly related to the lack of PMO structures and integration of those structures into regulatory frameworks as mandates. This case study further found that to reduce the likelihood of another financial collapse, a change needs to be made to organizational structures by (a) implementing well-run PMOs and associated governance groups, and (b) integrating those structures into regulatory frameworks.
20
Chew, Tong-Gunn. "Incentives for voluntary disclosures of derivative financial instruments by financial institutions in Singapore." Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5301.
21
Yang, Jun. "Essays on Corporate Finance and Banking." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108023.
Abstract:
Thesis advisor: Philip E. StrahanIn the first essay of this dissertation, I study the information synergies between deposit-taking and lending activities of large banks. I use the influx of Chinese international students into US universities to identify a local deposit shock. I find that banks that are more exposed to this shock increase their local credit supply in small business loans, but not mortgages. The results support the notion that deposit can be informative: it conveys signals about local economic activities. Such information affects banks expectation about future local demand and thus banks’ lending decisions. The second essay investigates the relationship between banks geographic concentration and liquidity risk management. I find that geographic concentrations measured on different sides of banks’ balance sheet have opposite effects on banks’ liquidity risk management behaviors during the 2007-2009 liquidity crisis. The overall results are consistent with the view in the literature that geographic concentrated banks invest more in soft information production
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Finance
22
Afuni, Manir. "Higher management intervention in the decision making of loans approval in banks and financial institutions /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16128.pdf.
23
Williams, Guy. "Change in China's banking sector as an institutional evolution." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269533.
Abstract:
This thesis explains how China’s banking system has evolved since the establishment of the socialist market economy in 1993, when the state began to develop a more standardised and robust system of banking regulation and commercialise China’s state-owned banks. China’s large state-owned banks, which were technically insolvent in the 1990s, are now some of the biggest commercial banks in the world. There has been a remarkable transformation of systems of governance and risk management across all types of banking institutions. China has developed a system of financial regulation characterised by close supervision and strong regulation of financial institutions to mitigate risk and ensure the banking system serves the real economy. This thesis has relied on qualitative research to understand this change. Interviews of a number of past and present stakeholders in China’s banking system were undertaken, including officials from the China Banking Regulatory Commission, the agency responsible for the regulation and supervision of China’s banking system since 2003. The thesis also makes use of Chinese language texts which provide the views of Chinese political leaders and banking officials with respect to reform of the banking sector. The principal conclusion of the thesis is that the development of China’s banking system can best be understood as an evolution of institutions which reflect historical patterns of political and economic organisation in China. This finding is in contrast with the main body of academic literature which evaluates the development of China’s banking system according to its degree of conformance with a neoliberal economic system. The thesis argues that policy for China’s banking sector was conceived and implemented by officials through a politically united, centrally controlled bureaucracy reflective of China’s bureaucratic tradition. China’s leaders applied the concept of ‘Chinese studies at the base, Western studies for practical use’ (中體西用zhongti xiyong), when adapting Western ideas and technology within China’s traditional political and economic system to modernise the banking sector. The deep concern of officials for financial stability caused them to gradually and pragmatically adopt international standards of financial regulation and resist policies of financial liberalisation and deregulation which were advocated by self-interested Western-educated bankers and government officials.
24
Vinson, Stan Wayne. "Leadership Development in Financial Institutions in South Dakota: A Slow Growth State." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1317259766.
25
Jibriel, Mohammed Gaali. "The application of corporate and Sharī'ah governance in Islamic financial institutions : a case study from Malaysia." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=231780.
Abstract:
Islamic finance has extended the debates on corporate governance beyond the traditional stockholder-stakeholder models to a Sharī'ah governance (SG) perspectives. Sharī'ah governance issues dominate the agenda of Sharī'ah compliance in institutions offering Islamic financial services. These institutions profess to apply principles and precepts of the Sharī'ah to ensure equitable satisfaction of stakeholder interest in their products and services, beyond maximisation of shareholder value. As subset of the opaque industry of banking and finance, Islamic banks and financial institutions shroud their SG practices in secrecy. Extant academic research on SG has mainly applied surveys using traditional deductive models of explanation, based on statistical generalizations, to examine the state of SG practices and the disclosure of Sharī'ah committee reports and Sharī'ah concepts in annual reports and websites. There is a dearth of literature on the Sharī'ah governance process itself. Meanwhile, various governments and jurisdictions have approached the issue of SG in diverse ways, ranging from lukewarm attitudes SG to regulatory-based SG. To date, countries are classified in terms of their approach to SG from regulatory perspectives into five: a 'passive approach', a 'minimalist approach', a 'reactive approach', an 'interventionist approach' and a 'proactive approach'. Malaysia applies the proactive approach to SG, where the regulator institutes a comprehensive SG framework to strengthen Sharī'ah compliance in Islamic financial Institutions (IFIs). The common law country also operates a dual banking system - conventional and Islamic. And it is considered to have the most advanced and conducive legislative and infrastructural environment for Islamic finance globally. This thesis attempts to contribute to our understanding of SG within the broader framework of corporate governance in IFIs. The thesis explores the relationship between corporate and Sharī'ah governance and product operations of a bank in Malaysia that adopts a unique approach to providing Islamic and conventional banking products and services concurrently, known as the Dual Banking Leveraged Model (DBLM). With this model, the Islamic franchise leverages on the infrastructure and human resources of the holding company to operate an Islamic banking business. Given the dearth of literature on this model, the study draws on Scapens' (1990) version of holistic case study and Dubois and Gadde's (2002) 'Systematic combining: an abductive approach to case study research', to conduct an in-depth case study using multiple sources: observation, information from websites, annual reports, financial statements, and primary data via interviews with different stakeholders of the bank (the board, Sharī'ah committee, management and staff) to gather evidence on the application of corporate and Sharī'ah governance in the operations of CIMB Islamic.
26
Alhabashi, Khaled. "Financing for small and medium enterprises : the role of Islamic financial institutions in Kuwait." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2015. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3428/.
Abstract:
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in the growth of the economy and have become a major concern for government and policy makers in developed, as well as in developing countries. Given the stated importance of SMEs in generating economic growth in Kuwait, it is essential that SMEs have access to sources of finance. However, access to finance is one of the major constraints to SME development, and is frequently mentioned in the entrepreneurship literature. This study aims to evaluate how Islamic financial institutions can support SMEs in Kuwait. The study adopts a qualitative approach that was articulated through a case study design. The case here is the phenomenon of SME financing as enacted by two organisational forms. This research uses two comparative cases; the cases are formed around the nature of the financing organisations in Kuwait and the interaction of SME owners with these organisations. Twenty face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of three different groups: SME owner-managers, managers of financial institutions, and Sharia board members to explore their opinions and perceptions with regard to the role of Islamic finance for SMEs. The main findings indicate that, in Kuwait, access to finance remains a principal challenge for SMEs. Furthermore, collateral is one of the main problems they face when obtaining finance from Islamic banks. The findings suggested that without government support, the banks would not be able to finance SMEs, and therefore, specialised SME finance institutions were more compatible than other Islamic banks with small and medium enterprises. In addition, the study showed that Islamic finance instruments were more suitable than commercial instruments. It also showed that integrating zakat, charity, waqf, and qard hassan would be helpful to the SME sector in Kuwait. The findings add to the understanding of the role of Islamic finance and contribute to knowledge about SME development, using Islamic finance methods, in Kuwait. This could encourage the government to adopt related policies in order to improve access to finance for SMEs.
27
Khan, Abu. "Two Essays on the Efficiency, Diversification, and Performance of Financial Institutions." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1694.
Abstract:
In the first chapter I investigate the change in operating performance, efficiency and value addition of US bank merger and acquisition after GLBA. I extend the previous research by combining all the previous methodology used in merger literature and added a new methodology namely Expected EVA improvement. I will test whether these performance metrics have similar results or the performance of merger vary depending on the measurements. I will also examine the factors that have significant impact on the change in the banks’ performance.
My results show that industry-adjusted operating performance of merged banks increases significantly after a merger.I also find that the acquirer expected EVA improvement increase significantly after the merger. Revenue enhancement opportunity appears to be more profitable if there exist more opportunity for cost cutting such as geographic focus and diversified merger. Product diversification merger increase the industry adjusted performance more than product focused merger. The efficiency or profitability of targets has either positive or no effect change in acquirer performance.
In the second chapter I examine how diversifying away from traditional lending activity into noninterest income has affected banks efficiency and value. Does this activity or product diversification affect the bank’s production efficiency and excess value? How does this efficiency translate into excess value for the firm or how excess value increase is related to diversification and efficiency? I find that diversifications significantly reduce the value of banks measured in excess value and vice versa regardless of which measures diversification or excess value I use. Both revenue and asset diversification also significantly reduce all measures of efficiency scores. But the impact of efficiency on diversification is mixed. Only efficiency scores computed based on variable return to scale have negative on revenue diversification and other efficiency scores have no impact on diversifications. I also find that increasing efficiency will increase the excess value of the banks significantly and vice versa. So increasing diversification will reduce the excess value and hence will lower the excess value or BHC with lower diversification will have lower excess value and are more efficient.
28
Zhang, Lin VanHoose David D. "Could sub-debts of banks be potential tools for supervision? Empirical study with data set 1999-2007 /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5183.
29
Khan, Tahreem Noor. "A study of customers' perception and attitude to Islamic banking : products, services, staff, shari'ah board and marketing in five countries : Pakistan, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, UAE and UK." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=179557.
Abstract:
Islamic banking emerged rapidly to fulfil the financial needs of Muslim consumers, by using different viable modes of Islamic financing. These tools of financing were designed to avoid risk-free return, unjustified increase of money on money (ribii.) and uncertainty (gharar). To offer Islamic finance products and services, the number of full-fledged Islamic bank branches has increased since 1985. The industry then further expanded with the entrance of local and international conventional banks, which advertised their Islamic banking products heavily. At the present time of heightened competition, it has become more difficult for Islamic banks to differentiate themselves in terms of providing products and services. By understanding customers' attitudes, it might be possible to differentiate their banking products and services. Therefore this research investigated the level of satisfaction and overall attitudes of respondents, both Islamic and conventional bank users, of different nationalities and aged between 30-40, living in Pakistan, UK, UAE, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Through an online survey regarding Islamic banking objectives, products, services, staff, Shari 'ah board and marketing, 385 responses were collected and analysed using the techniques of means and percentages. SPSS and Excel were used to produce bar charts and tables. Another distinctive aspect of this research was that it analysed product advertisements of Islamic banks (full-fledged and local/international banks) on websites based in Pakistan, UK, UAE, Saudi Arabia and Malaysia, in order to understand the differences and similarities with regard to website structures, content information, colour, marketed web products and targeted audiences. By investigating these factors, this research provided practical suggestions to design effective webpages or promotional messages to educate and inform customers of the distinction between the Islamic banking products and services that have emerged as a result of increasing competition in this market. Based on both quantitative and qualitative methods, the result of this research suggested Islamic banks should focus on the components of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) to achieve strategic competitive advantages. The research findings-suggested that Islamic banks should gather sufficient customer related information from all banking channels and utilise it accurately to reconnect with customers by offering innovative products, re- establish lost connections with existing customers, build relationships with new customers, reconstruct a trustworthy image and revise marketing approaches. Most importantly, these banks should refocus on incorporating the Islamic elements of gharar- (uncertainty) and r ib d- (usury) free operational processes. This research strongly asserted that verbal authenticity by Islamic banks and a reliance on highly-camouflaged conventional banking products alone cannot build customer trust. To regain trust, and to acquire a greater market share in the competitive financial sector, Islamic banks' staff and Shari 'ah scholars need to imply sincere motivation, truthful intention, and dynamic, personalised and practical CRM approaches to uplift the Islamic financial brand and to fulfil its promises.
30
Hodder, Leslie Davis. "Reliability and relevance of market risk disclosures by commercial banks." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034549.
31
Nier, III Charles Lewis. "Race Financial Institutions, Credit Discrimination And African American Homeownership In Philadelphia, 1880-1960." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/147848.
Abstract:
HistoryPh.D.
In the wake of Emancipation, African Americans viewed land and home ownership as an essential element of their "citizenship rights." However, efforts to achieve such ownership in the postbellum era were often stymied by credit discrimination as many blacks were ensnared in a system of debt peonage. Despite such obstacles, African Americans achieved land ownership in surprising numbers in rural and urban areas in the South. At the beginning of the twentieth century, millions of African Americans began leaving the South for the North with continued aspirations of homeownership. As blacks sought to fulfill the American Dream, many financial institutions refused to provide loans to them or provided loans with onerous terms and conditions. In response, a small group of African American leaders, working in conjunction with a number of the major black churches in Philadelphia, built the largest network of race financial institutions in the United States to provide credit to black home buyers. The leaders recognized economic development through homeownership as an integral piece of the larger civil rights movement dedicated to challenging white supremacy. The race financial institutions successfully provided hundreds of mortgage loans to African Americans and were a key reason for the tripling of the black homeownership rate in Philadelphia from 1910 to 1930. During the Great Depression, the federal government revolutionized home financing with a series of programs that greatly expanded homeownership. However, the programs, such as those of the Federal Housing Administration, resulted in blacks being subjected to redlining and denied access to credit. In response, blacks were often forced to turn to alternative sources of high cost credit to finance the purchase of homes. Nevertheless, as a new wave of African American migrants arrived to Philadelphia during post-World War II era, blacks fought to purchase homes and two major race financial institutions continued to provide mortgage loans to African Americans in Philadelphia. The resolve of blacks to overcome credit discrimination to purchase homes through the creation of race financial institutions was a key part of the broader struggle for civil rights in the United States.
Temple University--Theses
32
Kimei, Charles Stephen. "Tanzania's financial experience in the post-war period." Uppsala : Stockholm, Sweden : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis ; Distributor, Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18190549.html.
33
Barako, D. G., and G. Tower. "Kenyan banking environment: corporate governance reforms." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60594.
34
Mustapha, Nazar S. "Banking and Microfinance Performance: Market Power, Efficiency, Performance, Outreach and Sustainability Perspectives." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2347.
Abstract:
This dissertation consists of two empirical papers that explore recent phenomena in Banking and Microfinance Performance. Chapter 1, “Market Power and Bank Performance in MENA Countries,” examines the determinants of market power in 12 Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), specifically within six Gulf Cooperation Countries and six non-Gulf countries. We examine the dynamics of bank competition in MENA countries, provide an up-to-date assessment of market power, investigate the factors impacting bank competition, and explore the evolution of market power during the financial crisis. Our results show an overall increase in market power following the GFC for both regions. We find that bank size, capitalization, and diversification affect market power differently in the pre-crisis and post-crisis years. Larger banks enjoy cost advantages and the diversification impact on market power has decreased in the post-crisis years and the impact of capitalization on market power increased during the GFC. Overall, banks with higher capitalization can better weather the crisis. Chapter 2, “The impact of firm-level characteristic and county-specific attributes on the performance and efficiency of the Microfinance institutions,” estimates the impact of country-specific macro-variables and firm-specific attributes on the financial performance and the efficiency of microfinance institutions (MFIs). We use a large international up-to-date database consisting of over 10,000 firm-years for MFIs over 89 countries during the period 2008-2015. Several interesting findings emerge: a) regulation and outreach are negatively correlated. b) There is a negative and highly statistically significant correlation between the percentage of female borrowers and loan size, which is evidence of “mission drift”. c) An increase in the percentage of female board member has positive and statistically significant effect on MFIs profitability and ROA; which emphasizes the importance of female participation in leading position in MFIs.
35
Neill, Jon Patraic. "Credit Default Swaps Regulation and the Use of Collateralized Mortgage Obligations in U.S. Financial Institutions." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3622160.
Abstract:
The fast and easy global movement of capital throughout the financial system, from lenders to borrowers and through intermediaries and financial market participants, has been recognized as a source of instability associated with illiquidity and financial crises. The purpose of this research was to better understand how regulation either enables or constrains capital movement. The theoretical framework comprised 2 contrasting public policymaking models, Arrow's rational-comprehensive model and Kingdon's garbage can model, which were used to derive opposing hypotheses. The research question addressed the nature of the relationship between Credit Default Swaps (CDSs) regulations and the flow of capital into Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs) when lenders share their borrower-related loan risks through intermediaries with other market participants. This quantitative study was a quasiexperimental time series design incorporating an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model using secondary data published by the U.S. government. The 2 independent variables were regulatory periods involving 2 CDSs regulations and the dependent variable was capital in the U.S. financial system that is deployed to CMOs. The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000's ARIMA model (1,2,1) was significant at p < .05 and was negatively correlated to the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008's ARIMA model (1,1,0), r = -.91, n = 18, p < .001. These results suggest that regulations cannot be relaxed and then reinstated with predictable results. The potential for positive social change is from stable financial institutions that mutually benefit depositors and borrowers.
36
Waugh, Geoffrey William. "A study exploring the relationship between employee happiness and financial performance within a South African financial institution." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1012080.
Abstract:
This research is an investigation of the relationship between employees 'happiness' and the financial performance of a financial services organisation in South Africa. As a component of the financial services industry the banking sector contributes greatly to the economic growth of the country. The South African Banking sector is concentrated and highly competitive. It is vital for banks to maintain competitiveness and ever increasing global competition adds further pressure on organisations to financially perform so as to meet the demands of their shareholders. The literature that has been reviewed and previous research suggest that employee 'happiness' is a vital variable influencing the performance and success of individuals. Organisational performance will be measured in terms of financial performance for the purposes of this research. The concept of financial performance and 'happiness' are discussed and a questionnaire based on the Satisfaction With Life Scale (Diener et al,1985) is used to determine the levels of 'happiness' at selected branches within the institution. The individual branches financial performance is determined via calculating selected ratios, namely cumulative leverage, cost to income ratio and net yield. An analysis of correlation was conducted to establish whether or not a relationship of statistical significance exists between employee 'happiness' and financial performance. It was concluded that there is no relationship of statistical significance between employee 'happiness' and the financial performance of branches within the organisation, it was suggested that other factors exert a much greater influence over financial performance. Some of these factors influencing financial performance are discussed and recommendations for further research are made.
37
Chan, Wing-yi. "The smart card technology in the financial services /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19877183.
38
Jordaan, Michael. "The regulation of deposit-taking financial institutions : a comparative analysis of the United Kingdom, Germany and South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/55746.
Abstract:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 1997.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Standard financial literature contains various explanations for the unique role of deposit-taking intermediaries in an economy. None of these reasons adequately explains the extensive degree of banking regulation evident in practice. The nature of a deposit, which guarantees capital repayment independent of bank performance, uniquely incentivises banks to be exposed to financial risks. In the absence of appropriate regulation, banks may be tempted to assume an unacceptably high level of risk that could ultimately result in bank failure. Thus, the regulation of banking risks is justified in terms of the public interest theory whereby banking regulation seeks to avoid the market imperfections arising from informational asymmetries and "domino" externalities associated with bank failure. Accordingly, the rationale of banking regulation lies in the protection of consumers and in preserving the stability of the financial system. Direct monetary controls, on the other hand, impact adversely on the risk-management activities of banks. The framework utilised to analyse and compare banking regulation consists of three broad categories namely: preventative regulation, protective regulation and monetary requirements. Preventative or prudential regulation is aimed at managing the levels of risks assumed by banks. This form of regulation relates to entry requirements; limitations on certain business activities; the disclosure of risk-related information; the adequacy of capital resources; portfolio restrictions on risk assets; and the sufficiency of liquidity. Protective regulation is concerned with the immediate protection of depositors and maintenance of overall financial stability once a bank has failed. lt consists of crisis management measures and deposit insurance schemes. Direct, and hence inappropriate, monetary requirements are variations in reserve asset requirements, as well as interest rate and credit controls. The banking systems of South Africa, the United Kingdom and Germany were chosen to perform a comparative analysis of financial regulation. The London financial markets are mature and a large variety of banks are regulated in a flexible manner by the Bank of England. By contrast, the strictly regulated German banks dominate their domestic financial system. South Africa is a hybrid of the former systems with a modern banking industry operating in well developed financial markets and supervised according to advanced risk-management considerations. The analysis of preventative and protective regulation in all three financial systems indicates that banking regulation is indeed concerned with the regulation of banking risks. The efforts of the Bank for International Settlements to harmonise regulation across domestic financial systems has contributed significantly to improved regulatory techniques for the management of these risks. None of the three systems make use of direct monetary requirements which suggest awareness of the costs associated with such regulation. A number of recommendations are made to improve financial regulation in South Africa: extension of regulatory coverage to include other types of financial intermediaries who also engage in risky activities; further relaxation of exchange control regulations which restrict the foreign exchange risk management; the adoption of a formal deposit protection scheme; increased consolidated supervision by a single regulatory authority with executive powers; further deregulatory measures in instances where regulations are not appropriate from a risk-management perspective; and re-regulation to the extent that the risk-management activities can be regulated more efficiently.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die finansiele literatuur bevat verskeie verklarings vir die unieke rol wat depositonemende instellings in 'n ekonomie vervul. Geeneen van die redes verskaf 'n bevredigende verklaring vir die wye omvang van bankregulasies in die praktyk nie. Die aard van 'n deposita is sodanig dat die terugbetaling van die kapitaalsom deur 'n bank gewaarborg word, onafhanklik van die winsprestasie van die bank. Gevolglik het banke die unieke eienskap om hulself aan finansiele risikos bloat te stel. Sander gepaste regulering sou banke moontlik daartoe geneigd wees om oormatige hoe risikovlakke na te streef wat tot bankmislukking kan lei. Die regulering van bankrisikos vind dus bestaansreg in die teorie van openbare belang, d.w.s. dat regulering die potensiele markmislukkings, wat voortspruit uit asimmetriese inligting en "domino" eksternaliteite, kan voorkom. Die rasionaal van bankregulering is die beskerming van verbruikers, asook die handhawing van 'n stabiele finansiele stelsel. Direkte monetere beheermaatreels, daarenteen, het 'n ongunstige uitwerking op die bestuur van risikos deur banke. Die raamwerk waarbinne bankregulering ontleed en vergelyk word, bestaan uit drie kategoriee, naamlik voorkomende regulering, beskermende regulering en monetere vereistes. Voorkomende regulering is daarop gemik om die risikos waaraan banke blootgestel is te bestuur. Sodanige regulering verwys na toelatingsvereistes, beperkings op sekere sake-aktiwiteite, die openbaarmaking van risiko-verwante inligting, die toereikendheid van kapitaalhulpbronne, beperkings ten opsigte van baterisikos en voldoende likiditeit. Beskermende regulering is gemoeid met die beskerming van deposante en bestaan uit krisisbeheermaatreels en depositoversekeringskemas. Direkte (en gevolglik ontoepaslike) monetere vereistes bestaan uit veranderlike reserwebatevereistes, asook rentekoers- en kredietbeheermaatreels. Die bankstelsels van Suid Afrika, die Verenigde Koningkryk en Duitsland is gekies vir 'n vergelykende analise van finansiele regulering. Die finansiele markte in Londen is hoogs ontwikkeld en 'n groat verskeidenheid en aantal banke word op 'n pragmatiese wyse deur die Bank of England gereguleer. In direkte teenstelling daarmee word die Duitse banke, wat hul binnelandse finansiele markte domineer, onderwerp aan 'n streng formele toesighoudingstelsel. Die SuidAfrikaanse finansiele stelsel bevat elemente van beide bogenoemde stelsels, by wyse van 'n moderne banksektor, wat funksioneer in goed ontwikkelde finansiele markte en gereguleer word ooreenkomstig gevorderde risikobestuursbeginsels. Die analise van voorkomende en beskermende regulering in die drie finansiele stelsels, bevestig dat bankregulering inderdaad afgestem is op die regulering van finansiele risikos. Die pogings van die Bank van lnternasiona~e Vereffeninge om die regulasies in finansiele stelsels internasionaal met mekaar in orreenstemming te bring het wesenlik hiertoe bygedra. Die vermyding van direkte monetere vereistes dui verder daarop dat toesighoudende owerhede bewus is van die nadele van sodanige regulering. 'n Aantal aanbevelings word gemaak, naamlik: meer omvattende regulering ten einde ander finansiele instellings wat ook finansiele risikos bestuur, te dek; verdere verslappings van valutabeheermaatreels wat tans die bestuur van wisselkoersrisiko beperk; die totstandkoming van 'n formele depositoversekeringstelsel; 'n groter mate van gekonsolideerde toesighouding; verdere deregulering in gevalle waar regulasies vanuit 'n risikobestuursoogpunt nie wenslik is nie; en her-regulering in die mate waartoe die risikobestuurspraktyke meer effektief gereguleer kan word.
39
Mawocha, Tineyi Emmanuel. "The disintermediation of commercial banks by non-bank financial institutions in Swaziland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/985.
Abstract:
Thesis (MDF (Development Finance))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research is influenced by and starts from the work carried out by the IMF in Swaziland, wherein they comment about the significant growth in the use of savings and credit co-operatives compared with that of commercial banks. They also report the lack of growth of the financial sector resulting in sluggish economic growth. This report sets out to establish through a survey, the attitude of the Swazi public towards commercial banks, and to establish if indeed there is a deliberate move away from commercial banks to non-bank financial institutions in general. In the process the reasons for migrating from commercial banks are established. In addition, the ultimate use of funds borrowed in general, is also investigated. Specifically for those people who use non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs), the research further probes the uses of such funds, and whether or not such funds are likely to affect economic growth. The survey is augmented by results from questionnaires responded to by selected microfinance institutions (MFIs) as a means of cross-checking and validating results obtained from the public survey. Findings are that in Swaziland, while the growth of savings and credit co-operatives (SACCOs) is acknowledged, there does appear to be a tendency to still use commercial banks by the economically active population. Borrowing tends to be for school fees, followed by the purchase of building materials for constructing rural homes on ancestral land, as well as for personal use and business activities. It also appears that the majority of users of financial intermediaries are civil servants, which comes as no surprise as government is the largest employer. The conclusion is that Swaziland’s problems with sluggish economic growth appear to be from more than a shallow financial sector, but a myriad of other reasons that have not been explored in this study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is gebaseer op die uitkoms van die werk uitgevoer deur die Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF) as vertrekpunt, waarin hulle meer beduidende groei in die gebruik van spaar en krediet-kooperatiewe gevind het in vergelyking met die trae groei in die gebruik van kommersiële banke. In dieselfde verslag haal hulle ook aan dat die gebrek aan voldoende groei in die finansiële sektor onderliggend is aan die stadige ekonomiese groei. Hierdie verslag bepaal deur middel van ‘n opname, die gesindheid van die Swazi-publiek teenoor kommersiële banke om vas te stel of daar ‘n opsetlike voorkeur vir nie-finansiële instellings is, bo kommersiële banke. Die studie ondersoek ook die spesifieke gebruik en toepassing van fondse verkry vanaf nie-finansiële kooperatiewe en of die gebruik daarvan ‘n negatiewe impak op ekonomiese groei het. Die uitkoms van hierdie ondersoek word bevestig deur die bevindinge van vraelyste wat deur geselekteerde mikro-finansiële instellings voltooi is, te vergelyk met die bevindinge van publieke opnames. Die bevindinge vir Swaziland is dat alhoewel daar groei is in die spaar-en krediet-kooperatiewe, daar steeds ‘n tendens onder die ekonomies aktiewe populasie is om gebruik te maak van kommersiële banke. Lenings word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir die befondsing van skoolgelde, daarnaas vir die aankoop van boumateriaal vir die konstruksie van landelike huise in voorvaderlike gebiede wat deur stamleiers toegeken word, sowel as vir persoonlike gebruik en besigheidsfinansiering. Dit wil ook voorkom asof die meerderheid van die leners staatsamptenare is. Dit is te verwagte, aangesien die regering die grootste werkgewer is. Die gevolgtrekking van die ondersoek is dat Swaziland se trae ekonomiese groei meer onderliggende beperkende oorsake het as bloot net die oppervlakkige uitwerking van die (kommersiële) finansiële sektor. Hierdie onderliggende redes word nie verder ondersoek as deel van hierdie studie nie.
40
Marchenko, Andrey Alexandrovich, and Андрій Олександрович Марченко. "S.W.I..F.T. international banking system." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/51707.
Abstract:
1. SWIFT: как это работает [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу:
https://money.inguru.ru/navigator/stat_chto_takoe_swift
2.Платежная система SWIFT - что это такое[Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: https://investim.guru/wiki/swift
3. Глобальная межбанковская система SWIFT[Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу:https://journal.openbroker.ru/economy/globalnayamezhbankovskaya-sistema-swift/This article discloses the role of the well-known providers of financial communications which is SWIFT international banking system. Indeed, the economies of a single country and the world economy namely depends on the SWIFT system. The SWIFT system is a widespread computer networks that was created on the initiative of financial organizations. Its the abbreviation comes from the English company Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications. In the 1970s payments were made using the out of date telegraph technology Telex. But, day by day, turnover increased, so in 1973, 239 banks from 15 countries have merged and created financial organization. It’s SWIFT whose headquarter are located in Belgium.
В даній статті розкривається роль відомого провайдера фінансових комунікацій, яким є міжнародна банківська система SWIFT. Адже від системи SWIFT залежить не тільки економіка окремої країни, а й світова економіка. Система SWIFT - це широко поширені комп'ютерні мережі, які були створені з ініціативи фінансових організацій. Її абревіатура походить від англійського Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial телекомунікацій. У 1970-х роках платежі здійснювалися за допомогою застарілої телеграфної технології Telex. Але, з кожним днем, обороти росли, тому в 1973 році 239 банків з 15 країн об'єдналися і створили фінансову організацію. це SWIFT, штаб-квартира якої знаходиться в Бельгії.
41
Prange, Tim. "The Chinese banking sector." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16129.
Abstract:
Zusammenfassung: Diese Arbeit liefert eine institutionenökonomische Sicht auf den chinesischen Bankensektor des Jahres 2005. Im theoretischen Teil werden etablierte makroprudentielle Indikatoren zur Prüfung der Bankenstabilität in einen Rahmen aus informellen und formalen marktregulierenden und marktstabilisierenden Institutionen integriert. Die sich anschließende positive institutionelle Analyse zielt auf die Identifizierung von Risiken für die Stabilität des chinesischen Bankensektors ab, welche sich aus diesem institutionellen Gefüge ergeben. AbstractAbstract: This paper gives an institutional perspective on the Chinese banking sector at the end of 2005. For the theoretical part, this paper uses established macroprudential indicators for banking sector stability and integrates these into a set of formal and informal market-regulating and market-stabilising institutions. The following positive institutional analysis aims at identifying risks for the stability of the Chinese banking sector emanating from this institutional framework.
42
Woodbine, Gordon F. "Moral choice in an agency framework and related motivational typologies as impacted by personal and contextual factors for financial institutions in China." Thesis, Curtin University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/667.
Abstract:
In this study an empirical investigation is conducted of the factors affecting moral choice, a necessary antecedent to moral behaviour (or action). The theoretical framework has drawn upon Rest's (1983, 1986) model of moral behaviour, with particular interest in the components motivation and moral judgment. The theoretical framework also integrates agency theory, with its emphasis on the individual as a psychological egoist, as a perspective from which to test hypotheses about determinants of moral choice and the motivational typologies arising from moral choice. Such hypothesis testing is undertaken in the setting of the banking and financial services industry in the People's Republic of China.The development and empirical testing of a set of motivational typologies is a major focus of this study. Such a set of typologies effectively replaces the singular concept of the agent as a self-serving individual. It enables the identification of other realist moral predispositions that may strongly influence the choices business operatives make. These predispositions range from altruism to thinly disguised self-interest. An individual's predisposition to be altruistic or to display strongly disguised self-interest has long been recognized in the ethics literature, but these notions have received little attention in agency theory testing. In addition, an attempt was made to incorporate human judgment theory, including Simon's (1992) concept of "bounded rationality", as a basis for decision making as part of the proposed model.This research study has been conducted in the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone of the People's Republic of China during the period 1999 to 2001 and has involved a sample of 400 business operatives employed within national state-owned banks, regional commercial banks, insurance companies and securities companies. Use has been made of a modified experimental design that involves operatives listening to a culturally adapted audiotaped business dilemma (involving an agency problem) and making moral responses that are recorded on an accompanying questionnaire. The latter has been designed to collect data used to construct motivational typologies. In addition, various personal and contextual data have been collected as part of the research agenda. Of particular interest has been the collection of personal data that permits the author to investigate the impact of both Chinese cultural values and the moral judgment ability of the respondents.After considering the literature pertinent to this study, a number of hypotheses have been developed and tested using the instruments referred to above. The results of these tests can be summarized into three parts.The first set of tests has involved the effects of various personal and organizational factors in the agency-based experiment. After confirming the veracity of the standard agency model as a predictor of moral choice, it was then found that differences in age, gender, employment status and religious affiliation act to significantly affect moral choice, whereas differences in business experience, and education level do not affect choice. The investigation has provided clear evidence that female operatives, within the age group of 26-30 years, who occupy clerical positions within the tested institutions, display a significant adversity to risk when making moral choices in situations that involve moral hazard, including the presence of adverse selection criteria.In comparison, the effects of size and type of institution have provided rather mixed results when tested as organizational factors influencing moral choice within an agency framework. A further analysis of the related data, however, points to other variables such as differences in ethical climate type and cultural orientation being significantly associated with moral choice. There is also some evidence that age acts to influence the extent to which business operatives apply traditional Chinese cultural orientations.The second part of the data analysis has involved the use of appropriate multivariate statistics in order to establish the existence of a mutually exclusive set of motivational typologies (involving concern for self and/or management within an agency context). The pattern of membership across the typologies does not change significantly when agency conditions altered. This outcome provides evidence that, in relation to the field experiment used in this study, respondents have used informational heuristics that are consistent and logically applied.Financial sector operatives, who identify with a particular typology, are found to respond to moral issues in specific ways. For example, altruists hold high moral positions regardless of the agency conditions facing them, while operatives adopting a thinly disguised form of egoism are likely to be less supportive of management. Further, the study demonstrates that operatives, who displayed strongly disguised egoism/enlightened self-interest positions in situations where an agency problem is not excessive, are likely to be replaced by psychological egoists when faced with a significant moral hazard and adverse selection criteria.Again, by applying multivariate statistical analysis, it has been possible to identify those personal and contextual factors that discriminate between the various typologies. Of the personal characteristics, the Chinese cultural value orientations, integration and human heartedness have been identified as relatively strong discriminators of motivational typology group membership regardless of the agency conditions. The role that traditional value orientations play as discriminators of group membership become even more significant for operatives aged 30 years and older.The discriminating influence of the contextual factors, namely elements of ethical work climate and job satisfaction, has been somewhat less definitive and has tended to depend on the nature of the agency conditions. The ethical work climate perception, instrumentalism is seen to display a significant influence on the way that the job satisfaction variables of pay and conditions, co-workers and work itself discriminate between the motivational typologies. However, these perceptions do not necessarily influence moral choice depending on the typology adopted by the financial operatives.The third part of the analysis has examined the direct influence of various personal and contextual factors on moral choice. A linear multiple regression analysis of data has revealed that certain factors affected moral choice depending on the nature of the agency conditions defined within the experimental design. The value orientation, integration, arises as a major predictor when adverse selection criteria is absent from the field experiment, whereas the contextual variables instrumentalism and employment status emerge when such conditions are present. In this study it appears evident that operatives expressing strong collectivist views are more likely to be supportive of management when agency conditions minimize the degree of personal conflict. Instrumentalism is identified as a widespread condition in the financial sector and influences moral choice when moral hazard, including adverse selection criteria, is present. Employment status, as a workplace demographic is found to be associated with adversity to risk, impelling junior employees to avoid supporting management in situations that might affect their employment or promotion prospects.The widely accepted component of moral behaviour, namely moral judgment ability, has been thoroughly tested within the terms of the hypotheses developed for this study. The variable did not emerge as a statistically significant factor influencing moral choice and its role as a discriminator of the motivational typologies was limited. However, its application within an oriental setting produced some interesting outcomes, including evidence that all stages of moral development exist amongst the respondents and that levels of principled reasoning (as identified by the standard p-score (Rest, 1983, 1986)) are on average lower than for equivalent tests conducted in western societies.This research study contributes significantly to the body of knowledge about morality of business agents employed in the financial sector and permits investigators to look beyond the simplistic assumptions associated with the classical principal-agency model. The study's originality as contained in the derivation of motivational typologies and the factors discriminating between them, provides a fresh stepping off point for further studies seeking to refine the understanding of moral choice in business organizations. The fact that the study was conducted in a rapidly developing sector of the People's Republic of China provided additional insights into how people in this environment view moral issues and how traditional cultural values impact on their thinking.
43
Carlwe, Alfred, and Oscar Kylberg. "Customer experience in retail banking : A swedish study." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-80774.
Abstract:
Customer experience has become more difficult for companies to control with the expanding number of touch points that the companies must be aware off. One of the major reasons behind the expanding number of touch points has been digitalization. The financial sector is not excluded from this change. With the digitalization continuously improving and new financial technology (fintech) being developed, things might have changed. For example, bank offices and employees have been viewed as important in earlier studies, but has this changed? What is important and affects the customer experience in the Swedish financial sector today? The purpose of this paper is to gain a deeper understanding of which factors of banking services are considered important by customers today and whether there has been a shift since earlier studies. Thereby, we seek to establish what impacts the customer experience in financial institutions today. To find the answer to the purpose, a qualitative and quantitative study were conducted. The results of the full study show that employees are, as earlier studies have shown, still considered important when conducting a bank errand. However, in what context the employees are important seems to have changed. The results show that the quality that is delivered by the staff is important, while in earlier studies the relational aspect has been more important. Furthermore, the results show that bank offices are no longer considered important for the customer experience. Therefore, a shift can be identified. The study also show that it is important for the customer experience that the banks offer different channels for the customers to reach the bank. Furthermore, having the option to choose whether to resolve the bank errand on your own or obtain help from the bank is important for the customer experience. These two aspects are connected to the digital development of the industry. The results of the earlier research, referred to in this study, has not found these two aspects important. Our study therefore shows a significant shift, compared to earlier studies, in what customers consider important in contact with financial institutions.
44
Квасницька, Р. С. "Потенціал банківських установ – інститутів фінансового ринку." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/59184.
Abstract:
Ринкове середовище, в якому на сьогодні функціонують інститути
фінансового ринку, протягом останніх років істотно змінюється: постій-
но зростає ступінь його невизначеності, з’являються невраховані чинни-
ки ризику. Одним із невідкладних завдань стає формування та оцінюва-
ння поточних і перспективних можливостей розвитку банківських уста-
нов, тобто їхнього потенціалу з урахуванням як складових потенціалу,
так і особливостей впливу на нього чинників зовнішнього і внутріш-
нього підприємницького середовища.
45
Mattar, Alexandre. "Critérios de avaliação da qualidade da informação em sistemas de internet banking." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-21012008-152839/.
Abstract:
Diariamente surgem novas aplicações de sistemas baseados na internet, influenciando a forma como vivemos, trabalhamos e interagimos na sociedade. No entanto, a maioria dos sistemas é elaborada com base no senso comum e intuição, raramente utilizando conceitos de avaliação da qualidade da informação provida pelos websites. Numa tentativa de aprofundar mais este tipo de metodologia, este estudo faz uma adaptação ao modelo de avaliação de qualidade da informação de websites, proposto por Kim, Kishore e Sanders (2005), para avaliar de sistemas de internet banking. Foi realizado um levantamento entre alunos de graduação, com o objetivo de se verificar a aderência do modelo à sistemas de internet banking, bem como critérios factíveis de comparações entre instituições financeiras, a respeito de sistemas de internet banking. Como forma de atingir esses objetivos, foi feito uso de métodos estatísticos, com a utilização de análise fatorial, coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, método de escalas somadas e testes de médias, por meio de ANOVAS.On a daily basis new internet based systems are born, changing the way we live, work and interact with the society. In spite of that, most of these systems are developed based on common sense and intuition, rarely using methodologies that involves data quality information. In order to explore more these methodologies, this study adapts the data quality information framework created by Kim, Kishore e Sanders (2005) in order to evaluate internet banking systems. A survey was made with undergraduate students, with the goal to verify how the framework applies to internet banking systems. A second goal is to reveal constructs that may be used to compare internet banking systems. In order to achieve these results, statistics will be taken place, using factor analysis, cronbach coefficient, summated scales and ANOVAS.
46
Schröder, Christoph [Verfasser], and Claudia M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Buch. "International Banking, Fiscal Institutions and Public Debt : Essays on Financial Market and Fiscal Policy / Christoph Schröder ; Betreuer: Claudia M. Buch." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1197694471/34.
47
Dixon, Mark Kimberley. "Effects on international trade and trade finance of a transition to electronic methods." University of Western Australia. School of Economics and Commerce, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0122.
Abstract:
Malone, Yates & Benjamin (1987) made predictions about the impact of information technology and systems on the organisation of firms and markets based on transaction cost effects discussed earlier by Coase (1937) and Williamson (1975). Evans and Wurster (1999, 2000) examined these ideas in terms of “richness and reach”. Berger, Hancock & Marquardt (1996) proposed a framework for analysing efficiency, risks, costs and innovations in the payments system. In this, they called for additional research into risks and costs in various aspects of the international payments systems and offered a framework for such an examination. This dissertation examines these and other authors’ work from the literature, follows the development of actual systems newly implemented for international trade finance, and considers the impacts of electronic commerce on the field of international trade finance, in particular its effect on the costs and risks involved. This question is important because the burden of paper-based documentation that controls international trade is approximately 6% of $USD7.5 trillion per year. If efficiencies, even small ones, can be gained in this overhead cost, at an acceptable level of risk, then a substantial saving in real dollar terms can be achieved each year, improving the efficiency of world trade and easing the burden on both suppliers and consumers worldwide. The research questions are examined by means of a three round Delphi survey (three iterations of questionnaires with analysis and feedback between rounds) of a panel of experts drawn from international bankers, users of trade finance, and academic researchers into international trade finance and e-commerce. The survey first identifies the factors of greatest import and interest. It then digs deeper and seeks consensus on areas where there is divergent opinion, and finally seeks to critique a model based on the Berger, Hancock & Marquardt (1996) model. In the process the panel is able to estimate the approximate size of shifts in both costs and risks expected from the implementation of e-commerce methods. These are examined in light of the Malone Yates & Benjamin (1987) and Evans & Wurster (2000) theories and found to be consistent. This empirical confirmation of theoretical expectation, combined with estimates of the size of change are then used to make specific recommendations to various participants in the field of international trade finance so that they can reap the benefits of the transition in process.
48
Rosário, João David Claro Ferreira do. "Credit risk and banking activities." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12580.
Abstract:
Mestrado em FinançasO risco de crédito para o sector bancário é um assunto muito importante. Nesse sentido, é primordial adquirir ferramentas para medir este risco com algum grau de segurança de modo a ser possível tomar as decisões corretas sobre o crédito cedido a clientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender o quão importante é o risco de crédito para as instituições financeiras e apresentar uma forma de o medir associado com o crédito a empresas, analisando um modelo de score para avaliar que o mesmo seja avaliado. Este trabalho também descreve as atividades desenvolvidas nos principais departamentos de uma instituição bancária, de acordo com um estágio que teve lugar no Banco BIC, desenvolvendo desta forma uma revisão da literatura ao risco de crédito, uma descrição sobre a evolução da banca, modelos de avaliação assim como também uma análise a uma empresa, utilizando o modelo Z-Score, comparando o resultado obtido com a classificação fornecida por uma agência de rating. Os resultados provaram que o modelo em análise foi eficaz, proporcionando uma avaliação, dentro das suas limitações, de acordo com a classificação fornecida por esta agência de rating.
Credit risk in banking industry is a very important subject. Therefore, it is important to acquire tools to measure it, with some degree of reliability, in order to be possible to take the correct decisions regarding client loans. The objective of this final project is to understand the importance of the credit risk to financial institutions and to present a way of measuring this risk associated with loans to companies, analysing a score model to evaluate this risk. This project also describes the activities developed by the main departments of a banking institution in accordance to an internship which took place in Banco BIC, developing this way a literature review to credit risk, banking evolution and score models as well as analysing a company using the Z-Score model, comparing the results obtained with the rating provided by a rating agency. The results proved that the model under analysis was effective, providing a reliable output within its limitations, correspondingly to the rating provided by this rating agency.
49
Alanezi, Faisal. "Perceptions of online fraud and the impact on the countermeasures for the control of online fraud in Saudi Arabian financial institutions." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12003.
Abstract:
This study addresses the impact of countermeasures in the control and prevention of online fraud in Saudi Arabia and the influence of the environmental context. Combatting online fraud is facilitated when the public is fully educated and is aware of its types and of the prevention methods available. People are reliant on the Internet; the possibility of being breached by hackers and fraudsters is growing, especially as socialising, online shopping and banking are carried out through personal computers or mobile devices. Online fraud has been described as an epidemic that has spread to most online activities. Its prevalence has been noted to be in regions where there is high adoption of e-commerce, and, along with it, large online financial transactions. The argument is therefore the measures taken are either are inadequate or have failed to effectively address all the issues because of the organisational and environmental context of the country. This research aims to examine online fraud perceptions and the countermeasures designed and used by financial institutions in Saudi Arabia to control and prevent online fraud in its environmental context, to examine the effectiveness/impact of the countermeasures and to examine the factors that may affect/influence the impact of the countermeasures. The qualitative method approach was chosen to ensure balanced coverage of the subject matter. The nature of the research requires a broader, in-depth, examination of the experiences of the participants from their own perspective. Meanwhile levels of awareness are low, because of lack of knowledge and training, a lack of government sensitisation and the religious inclinations of the population. The findings also confirm the efforts of organisations to put in place countermeasures using various technological means, coupled with procedural controls and checks. The measures create obstacles to most customers, who find it cumbersome to engage in online activities because of those procedures and checks. The findings also show two types of regulations: government and organisational rules, with different foci and purposes, which are mostly centred on the monitoring of Internet operations and operational guidelines. The enforcement of rules in the light of prosecuting offenders has also been minimal and passive. The countermeasures of most banks/organisations mostly focus on prevention and detection. However, the findings suggest that the activities in each component and their interrelationships have a collective impact on combatting online fraud. The success of any effort or approach to combat fraudulent activities therefore depends on the activities of the four countermeasure components.
50
Fleifel, Bilal A. "Risk management in Islamic banking and finance the Arab Finance House example /." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/fleifelb/bilalfleifel.pdf.