Academic literature on the topic 'Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)"
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Masiukiewicz, Piotr. "Expansion of Islamic Finance in Europe." Journal of Intercultural Management 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joim-2017-0007.
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Abstract The development of Islamic finance, their crisis-resistance and possibilities for using experience of this sector in conventional banking industry are being subject of studies in many countries, also non-Muslim ones. In this paper the author presented the analysis of Islamic finance development and its determinants basing on examples from Europe. Such banks and investment funds have a growing share in European markets, which is confirmed by the latest EY’s data. Main obstacles to Islamic finance development include, among others: incompatibility of legal regulations in non-Muslim countries, low demand among Islamic diaspora in Europe, shortage of qualified Sharia scholars, unsatisfactory standardization of Islamic financial products and accounting policies. International Islamic finance institutions (incl. AAOIFI and IFSB) play a significant part in overcoming them. Particularly beneficial legislative changes were introduced in Luxembourg, Germany, Russia and in the United Kingdom. Emerging of other Islamic banks, increase in number of Islamic windows in traditional banks and further development of Islamic investment funds in Europe are to be expected.
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Chistyukhin, V. V. "Types of Non-Banking Financial Institutions." Actual Problems of Russian Law 16, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2021.132.11.032-041.
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The paper is devoted to the study of the types of non-banking financial organizations. A classification is an integral part of scientific knowledge, which allows us to visually demonstrate the inner content of the category under consideration and identify the features of each element of the analyzed concept. The research issue of the paper is predetermined by the lack of legal division between non-banking financial organizations. The classification given in the paper, according to the author, on the one hand, most fully reflects the range of financial services provided by non-banking financial institutions, and, on the other hand, allows differentiating the roles that separate non-banking financial institutions play in the organization and functioning of the financial market. The latter is important for determining the specifics of legal regulation of different groups of non-banking financial organizations, since each of them has a different meaning for ensuring the stability and sustainability of the financial market. The paper reflects the author’s position concerning the definition of the concept of "non-banking financial organizations" and the place of individuals providing professional services in the financial market in the system of financial organizations.
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S, Jency. "Performance of Non-Banking Financial Institutions." International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23942703/ijhss-v4i2p102.
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GHEORGHE, Carmen Adriana. "Banking reform. Surveillance of prudential banking financial activities." SERIES VII - SOCIAL SCIENCES AND LAW 13(62), no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2020.13.62.2.20.
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The rules of prudential supervision have brought more success to the efficiency of banking, which is protected from practices that could be harmful. The regulations contained in the rules applicable to the systemic ensemble are recognized in the supervision through the legal relationship between the supervisory authority and the credit institution. Through the legally established principles, the National Bank of Romania develops the potential requirements imposed on credit institutions and establishes a regular reporting in the conduct of supervisory activity. All credit institutions have an obligation to draw up their own regulations, rules to be complied with and operations to be carried out only after communicating them to the supervisory authority.
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Samsudin, Agus Rojak. "Product Innovation of Islamic Financial Institutions." International Journal of Nusantara Islam 4, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v4i1.1186.
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This article was composed from the fact that the presence of Sharia Financial Institutions (SFC) cannot be separated from the existence of Conventional Financial Institutions. Islamic Bank appeared in the midst of the conventional banking development. It certainly gives the impression product of Islamic Bank is seen as the imitation of conventional banking products. The historical analysis shows that the substantive function of banking operations has been practiced since the early days of Islam. Even the profit and lost sharing principle has been applied from transactions Islamic business transactions (Mu'amalah) in the ancient Arab, which has been explored in the modern era and also legitimized by the Fatwa of DSN MUI (National Sharia Council of Indonesian Ulama Council (NSC-ICU). This institution is often reinterpreting the concept of Islamic business, including the innovation of Islamic Banking products that are derived from the Quran, the Sunna, and Islamic Jurisprudence (al-Ijtihad).
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Subina Syal, Subina Syal, and Menka Goswami. "Financial Evaluation of Non-Banking Financial Institutions: An Insight." Indian Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/nov2012/25.
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Loser, Peter. "Financial Crisis – The Liability of Banking Institutions." Journal of European Tort Law 4, no. 2 (August 2013): 128–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jetl-2013-0012.
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AbstractThis article outlines what roles the banks have played in the subprime crisis and whether liability for damages sustained may be incurred. Apart from the conventional responsibility of banks towards their clients within the framework of wealth management or advisory services, the particular issue of possible liability for the creation and placement of investment products on the market is explored. Many questions which remain unanswered or are barely discussed are raised in the article. Independently of prospectus liability arising under specific legislative provision, is there a general tortious responsibility for providing incorrect information in connection with the issuing of securities? Is strict liability for the creation of dangerous products a realistic alternative – or supplement – to liability based on fault? Can individuals or institutions who were only indirectly involved as secondary victims claim compensation? In addition to the grounds of liability, other delicate legal questions are addressed, particularly relating to causation. For instance, it may not be clear whether an error in information or rather general market euphoria was the decisive factor in the investment decision. If, moreover, one wanted to extend liability to a large number of persons involved, the causal contributions of the individual banks may barely be determinable and could well be minimal. This leads to the question of whether procedural law is capable of dealing with such cases of loss.
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Novak, Anna, and Yana Yukhimchuk. "CURRENT STATE AND TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN MARKET OF NON-BANK FINANCIAL SERVICES." Scientific Notes of Ostroh Academy National University, "Economics" Series 1, no. 21(49) (June 24, 2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2311-5149-2021-21(49)-82-87.
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The article highlights the concept of the market of non-banking financial services in accordance with the requirements of Ukrainian legislation and identifies the main intermediaries operating in this market. The study contains analytical data on the number of non-bank financial institutions operating in Ukraine, as well as the volume of assets of such financial institutions. The authors also present an analysis of the main trends in the development of the non-banking financial services market. For comparison, the structure of the financial market is presented in the form of the ratio of the number of banking and non-banking institutions. The article provides an analytical overview of the number of private pension funds, financial companies, pawnshops, credit unions and insurance companies operating in Ukraine over the past three years. The structure and volume of financial services provided by insurance companies have been studied separately. The authors state that despite the existence of non-bank financial institutions, the banking sector still prevails. Moreover, financial companies predominate in terms of assets among representatives of non-bank financial institutions. Despite the coronary crisis during 2016-2020, the number of financial companies and other non-banking institutions, including pawnshops and insurance companies, grew steadily. Such trends are assessed positively, as it indicates the development of the financial market and its stability in adverse conditions. In Ukraine, the market of non-banking financial services is underdeveloped compared to other countries, but despite the mentality and transition in the formation of the non-banking financial sector, it has good prospects for development. However, despite the positive changes, ways to improve the performance of non-bank financial institutions in crisis conditions have been proposed.
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Auzin, I. S. "Investment banking as a promising area of banking." Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 21, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2022-21-2-26-30.
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Financial market participants are constantly trying to implement the adaptation of modern foreign products of banking institutions and innovative service tools as the formation of certain competitive advantages in this market.The Russian financial market is quite dynamic. It is no coincidence that many financial analysts note the fact that Russia is characterized by profound changes in the economic sphere, and especially in the banking services market.As banking institutions, it is customary to consider such organizations that collect funds from citizens of the country with special tools established by law, as well as transfer this capital to the process of use by various legal entities on the basis of the principle of repayment.Over the past few years, the banking institutions themselves have gradually changed their own status with the transformation from an additional financial instrument of the largest corporations into individual players in the market. A fairly rapidly developing area of such banking activity is investment banking (in other words, investment banking).For the first time, investment banking began to appear in the United States in the 30s of the last century, when, on a legislative basis, such banks were united into a separate conglomerate in order to manage the risks that arose as part of speculative operations in financial markets through deposits and customer deposits. This separation was further abolished, and commercial banks were again given the right to provide investment services.The subject of research in the article is the economic relations that arise in the process of intermediary activities of investment banks. The research results consist in identifying the actual features of the development of investment banking within the framework of the main types of investment activities of banks. The author substantiated the advantages of investment banks functioning as financial institutions, the main task of which is to attract investments for companies on a commercial basis or for state and municipal authorities.
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Zhytar, Maksym, and Julia Ananieva. "Features of financial results management of banking institutions activities." University Economic Bulletin, no. 40 (March 1, 2019): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-40-134-140.
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The article deals with the main financial results of the banks' activities in recent years, the peculiarities of management of the banking institution, and suggests ways to improve the management of financial results. The subject of the research is the complex of theoretical and practical aspects of identification of management of financial results of the bank at all stages of its activity. The main tasks are 1) to consider the management of the financial performance of the banking institution; 2) assess the performance and profitability of Ukrainian banking institutions; 3) determine the strategic directions of management of financial results of a banking institution. Research methods. The article uses the following methods: economic-statistical, graphical, methods of comparative analysis. Methodological basis of the article became general scientific methods of cognition, generalization, method of comparative analysis and other methods of research. Results of work. Managing the financial performance of the banking institution helps maintain effective performance, sustainable development and solvency. In order to manage financial performance and financial sustainability, leading banks throughout the world are implementing the management of the continuity of banking business, which guarantees the bank's readiness for potential problems and risks. Conclusions according to the article. One of the most effective and topical instruments for today is the development of financial results management of banking institutions. In order to reduce the time spent on conducting all necessary banking and banking procedures, new systems based on the application of the experience of the leading world banks should be introduced.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)"
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Capurro, Alejandro. "Comparing agricultural financing in Uruguay and New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/2344.
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In 2008, New Zealand’s gross domestic product (GDP) was four times the size of Uruguay’s, and its export earnings were five times Uruguay’s. Nevertheless, agricultural products accounted for over 60% of export earnings for both economies. This highlighted the importance that the agricultural sectors of Uruguay and New Zealand had to their respective foreign trade sectors. The success with which both countries’ agricultural sectors solved their financial needs would be influential to their export sectors and overall economies. Through the use of expert interviews, a multiple-case study strategy was employed to carry out a comparative study of the agricultural financing systems of Uruguay and New Zealand. The findings revealed contrasting situations in both countries. Chief among them were the differences encountered in agricultural debt relative to agriculture’s contribution to total GDP in each country. In Uruguay this figure was 26% whereas in New Zealand it amounted to almost 400%. The differences found were largely attributable to the institutional frameworks in place in each country (i.e. the legal and cultural norms that structure political, social and economic interactions), as well as the historical contexts in which the institutions evolved. In Uruguay, the institutional framework limited producers’ possibilities of accessing bank credit due to restrictive central bank regulations. The lack of access to international credit markets by Uruguayan banks due to the country’s unfavourable credit risk rating was an additional factor which limited credit availability. These were largely a result of the financial crisis (and the subsequent recession) that had occurred in the region in 2002. Producers in Uruguay were able to access costlier seasonal capital and some medium-term capital from informal lenders such as cooperatives, processors and input suppliers. Nevertheless, if they required medium and long term credit, Uruguayan farmers needed to deal with the banking system. Furthermore, the high cost of registering mortgages, combined with long-term loan facilities that generally did not go for longer than ten years, resulted in a limited demand for high-volume, long-term credit on producers’ side. Almost the exact opposite situation was found in New Zealand. No great financial turmoil had affected New Zealand since the economic reforms of 1984, in which the economy in general was deregulated. An institutional framework which promoted access to credit, combined with a favourable country credit risk rating which promoted open access to overseas funding for banks, meant that the agricultural sector was able to expand its use of credit uninterruptedly since the early 1990s. Also, in contrast with the Uruguayan case, mortgaging of properties was relatively straightforward and inexpensive, and long term lending could be approved for terms of generally up to 20 years. These factors contributed to the expansion of rural credit in New Zealand. However, New Zealand’s agricultural debt was found to be greatly exposed to one subsector (the dairy farming sector). Moreover, the level of debt of New Zealand’s agricultural sector surpassed its contribution to GDP many times over, which raised doubts concerning the long-term sustainability of that level of debt.
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Zhang, Yuyu. "Audit fees and asset securitization risks." Thesis, The University of New South Wales, 2013.
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The thesis investigates “where were the auditors in asset securitizations”, a criticism of the audit profession before and after the onset of the global financial crisis (GFC). Asset securitizations increase audit complexity and audit risks, which are expected to increase audit fees. Using US bank holding company data from 2003 to 2009, this study examines the association between asset securitization risks and audit fees, and its changes during the global financial crisis.
The main test is based on an ordinary least squares (OLS) model, which is adapted from the Fields et al. (2004) bank audit fee model. I employ a principal components analysis to address high correlations among asset securitization risks. Individual securitization risks are also separately tested. A suite of sensitivity tests indicate the results are robust. These include model alterations, sample variations, further controls in the tests, and correcting for the securitizer self-selection problem.
A partial least squares (PLS) path modelling methodology is introduced as a separate test, which allows for high intercorrelations, self-selection correction, and sequential order hypotheses in one simultaneous model. The PLS results are consistent with the main results.
The study finds significant and positive associations between securitization risks and audit fees. After the commencement of the global financial crisis in 2007, there was an increased focus on the role of audits on asset securitization risks resulting from bank failures; therefore I expect that auditors would become more sensitive to bank asset securitization risks after the commencement of the crisis. I find that auditors appear to focus on different aspects of asset securitization risks during the crisis and that auditors appear to charge a GFC premium for banks. Overall, the results support the view that auditors consider asset securitization risks and market changes, and adjust their audit effort and risk considerations accordingly.
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Golder, Peter Thomas. "Exploitation and exploration of advanced technology in financial institutions." Thesis, City University London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389547.
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boujlil, rhada. "Financial Regulation, Banking, and Sovereign Debt." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2588.
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The dissertation consists of two essays. In the first essay we study the efficiency of banks during the period of (2000-2017) that witnessed a fierce financial crisis in the light of the regulatory acts enacted in response to the crisis (Basel III 2010). We investigate the combined impact of compliance with Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, common equity Tier 1, and leverage requirements on bank operating efficiency. We measure operational efficiency of 68 insured, U.S. federally and state-chartered, commercial banks, with consolidated assets of $15 billion or more, over a sampling period of 18 years. We seek to identify whether different dimensions of bank regulation are efficient in stabilizing US financial system by improving efficiency of large commercial banks; whether they impede bank efficiency by limiting its risk-taking endeavors and tightening its capital usage; or whether no impact on efficiency exists altogether. We build an empirical model measuring the impact of capital and leverage regulation and credit risk on banks’ operational efficiency. Empirical findings show a positive and statistically significant impact of capital adequacy on operating efficiency of large U.S. commercial banks, with common equity Tier 1 having more power in determining efficiency. Leverage requirements and net charge-offs are also found to be significant determinants that promote bank operating efficiency. In the second essay we investigate determinants for government’s choice of sovereign Sukuk over conventional bonds. Using a sample of 143 sovereign Sukuk and 602 sovereign conventional bonds issued in 16 OIC countries during (2000-2015), we analyze factors affecting the government's choice of employing sovereign Sukuk structure as substitute to sovereign bonds instruments. Results suggest that countries having developed financial markets, higher credit quality, and strong economic and financial prospects are more likely to issue sovereign Sukuk rather than sovereign bonds, mainly as a strategy to diversify and develop their current debt markets by introducing newly-developed debt tools. However, countries with weaker economic and financial indicators are more likely to opt for the classic sovereign bonds. We conclude that government’s choice of sovereign debt is mainly determined by a country’s financial characteristics, macroeconomic indicators and certain specific events.
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Horta, Korinna. "The politics of policy and practice : international financial institutions and biodiversity." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29012/.
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This thesis is concerned with the accountability of public international financial institutions to their constituencies at global and local geographic scales. It investigates the compliance of the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) with their own environmental and social policies as they relate to biodiversity protection. While the World Bank and the GEF pursue a global environmental agenda, their environmental and social policies commit the institutions to building bridges between the global and the local levels by requiring the participation of locally affected communities in decision-making. The study investigates the compliance with the policies in a specific geographic, political and economic space. Cameroon was chosen because both institutions consider the country's biodiversity to be of global significance and are financing operations which have indirect and direct impacts on its biodiversity. The operations investigated include World Bank macro-economic policy advice and traditional investments in infrastructure projects as well as a GEF project specifically designed to protect biodiversity. The central finding of this research is that the institutions comply only partially and in an uneven manner with their own mandatory policy guidelines. In order to mitigate the risk of studying the institutions' operations in only one country and to ascertain possible systemic patterns of institutional behaviour, the results of the case studies are contrasted with the institutions internal evaluation reports covering their overall portfolios. A political ecology approach to international financial institutions is used to examine the political factors behind the emergence of the institutions' biodiversity agenda and the implementation of their operational policies. Analytical tools from both political science and the areas of sociology and economics concerned with theory of organization are employed to further the understanding of the functioning of the global institutions. Finally, the thesis seeks to contribute to defining the characteristics of global institutions which can mediate between the global and local levels by creating spaces of negotiation in which a plurality of views are taken into account.
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Jin, Lizuo. "Monetary policy and the design of financial institutions in China (1978-90)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357349.
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Marcelin, Isaac. "THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, BANKING PERFORMANCE, PRIVATIZATION, AND GROWTH." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/157.
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The problem of the present study is twofold (1) analyze the impacts of institutions and private property rights on the banking industry, and (2) the effects of property rights, contracting rights and intellectual property rights concurrent to privatization of state owned enterprises on a wide range of industries. First, it uses a sample of 37 countries to assess the effects privatization on industry growth of output, value added and establishments with regards to property rights institutions, using 3SLS technique. Consistent with the law and finance view, our results show that privatization works better in settings with better contracting, patents, and IPRs laws to foster industry growth. The results suggest that least developed countries can accelerate the growth of their industrial sector by structurally bettering their legal institutions to benefit from their privatization programs. There is strong evidence of structural unemployment in sectors that are more capital intensive; privatization has a crowding out effect channeled through financial development. The results have broad implications vis-à-vis policy choices for institutional reforms specifically in terms of control of corruption, enhancing property rights, contracting rights, and IRPs protection for privatization to bear fruits. Second, this study assumes that banks in countries with infective institutions operate in a highly risky environment, which is reflected in the interest rates spread, loan quality, and net interest margin. It investigates the relationships between banks and institutions using seemingly unrelated regressions and data from 79 countries. It shows that institutional improvements abate inefficiencies in the banking sector, reduce obstacles to external finance, and improve the quality of bank loan portfolios. Specifically, had a country in the 25th percentile of the institutional quality index, depth of credit information, and the spread improved its value to the mean sample of these variables, banks in that country would have had an annual decrease of 2.24% in net interest margin, 1.57% in unpaid loans, and 0.822 basis points in the spread. Other institutions including private and public registries are effective in improving access to external finance. Importantly, information on borrowers past loan repayment patterns significantly decreases the spreads only when controlled for predated institutional quality. This finding highlights the significance of institution-building especially in countries where sudden power shifts result into pendular swings in public policies. Third, using three independent samples to investigate the institutional factors affecting the performance of the banking sector around the world, this study finds that financial effects of three sets of institutions including private creditors’ right, property rights, and institutional quality on bank performance are strong. It uses SEM technique to show that better quality of institutions is negatively related to bank profitability while private creditors’ right and property rights institutions are positively related to bank profitability.
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Deacle, Robert. "Three Essays on Financial Institutions and Real Estate." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/154269.
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EconomicsPh.D.
This dissertation examines several aspects of U.S. financial institutions’ real estate-related activity. The first two essays examine the impact of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) membership and funding on bank and thrift holding company (BHC and THC) risk and returns. The first essay uses risk measures derived from BHC and THC stock prices, while the second essay uses risk measures based upon BHC and THC bond prices. The third essay studies the impact of BHC investment in real estate on risk and returns using measures based on stock prices. In the first essay, BHC and THC stock portfolios are formed along several dimensions. Bivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models are estimated to produce measures of total risk, market risk, and interest rate risk for the time period from the beginning of 2001 through 2009. Two sets of results related to FHLB activity are obtained. First, FHLB membership is found to be associated with lower total risk and market risk while having no association with interest rate risk. Second, and similarly, greater reliance on FHLB advances is associated with lower total risk and market risk but is not associated with interest rate risk. These results are consistent with the view that the risks created by government backing of the FHLB system and some of the system’s policies are mitigated by FHLB policies and products that reduce risk. In addition, THC stocks are found to have lower total and market risk than the portfolio of BHC stocks. The second essay investigates the relationship of both FHLB membership and funding with BHC and THC risk by using the cost of uninsured debt as a measure of risk. These relationships are analyzed in a simultaneous equation regression framework using data from the start of the third quarter of 2002 through the end of the first quarter of 2009. The cost of uninsured debt is proxied by yield spreads calculated from trading data on holding company (HC) bonds. Several interesting results are obtained. Reliance on advances is found to have a negative effect on the cost of debt throughout the sample period (the third quarter of 2002 through the first quarter of 2009). Cost of debt has a significant effect on the level of advances only during the recent financial crisis (the third quarter of 2007 through the first quarter of 2009), when the effect is negative. The negative association between cost of debt and the level of advances suggests that BHCs and THCs, on the whole, do not use FHLB advances to make unusually risky loans and supports the argument that FHLB policies and services have some risk-reducing effects. FHLB membership, independent of advances, is found to have no influence on HC cost of debt. Additional analysis indicates that THC status is associated with higher cost of debt than BHC status. The third essay examines the influence of real estate investment by BHCs from the third quarter of 1990 through the fourth quarter of 2010 on their risks and returns. Portfolios are formed of BHC stocks according to BHCs’ ratio of real estate investment to total assets and according to the type of regulation - lenient or strict - under which they invest in real estate. Tests of differences in median portfolio returns between these portfolios are performed. In addition, the effects of real estate investment on risk and return are estimated using univariate GARCH models of portfolio returns. The main results are as follows: 1) BHCs that invest in real estate have greater total risk and lower risk-adjusted returns than those that do not; 2) greater real estate investment is associated with lower returns and greater market risk for some types of BHCs while it is not associated with significant differences in total risk or risk-adjusted returns; and 3) BHCs that invest in real estate under relatively lenient rules have lower returns, greater total risk, and lower risk-adjusted returns than those that invest in real estate under relatively strict rules. The results indicate that benefits from real estate investment by banks - such as diversification of cash flows, economies of scale and scope, and increased charter value - are outweighed by greater variability of returns and lower returns due to BHCs’ lack of expertise in the field. The findings also provide evidence that rules granting banks greater freedom to invest in real estate result in increased risk but not increased returns.
Temple University--Theses
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Felisberto, Francisco Luís. "Equity research - The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14632.
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Mestrado em FinançasEste relatório contém uma avaliação do grupo financeiro The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., elaborado como Projeto Final do Mestrado em Finanças do ISEG - Universidade de Lisboa. O estudo segue o formato recomendado pelo CFA Institute (Pinto, Henry, Robinson, e Stowe, 2010). Para efetuar a avaliação, foi considerada informação pública a 5 de outubro de 2017, recolhida de diversas fontes, tais como relatórios anuais ou Bloomberg L.P. Consequentemente, eventos ocorridos após esta data não são considerados nesta análise. As razões que levaram à escolha da Goldman Sachs foram essencialmente duas: devido à complexidade que empresas financeiras apresentam, é um maior desafio quando comparando com empresas industriais (como realizado durante o mestrado); e é, na opinião do autor, uma das empresas mais interessantes a nível mundial por toda a sua história, controvérsias e poder nos principais mercados financeiros. Para obter uma recomendação, foi utilizado um modelo de Excesso de Retorno para valorizar o capital próprio do banco e uma avaliação por múltiplos para complementar o modelo principal. Com um preço-alvo de $ 230.25 e potencial de desvalorização de -5.0% a partir do preço atual de $ 242.55, a nossa recomendação final para The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (NYSE: GS) é "Reduzir".
This report encompasses a valuation of The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. elaborated as a Master's of Finance Final Work Project at ISEG - University of Lisbon. The study follows the format recommended by the CFA Institute (Pinto, Henry, Robinson, and Stowe, 2010). To conduct this research, we considered public available data on October 5th, 2017, collected from various sources, such as company reports and Bloomberg L.P., among others. Therefore, events after this date are not reflected in this analysis. We decided to conduct a valuation of Goldman Sachs for two main reasons, them being: conducting this type of work on financial service firms represents, in my opinion, a greater challenge compared to industrial companies (as it was previously performed during the master degree); the second reason is because, in my opinion, The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is one of the most interesting companies in the world for all its history, controversies and power in the major financial markets. To reach a recommendation, we used an Excess Return model to value the equity of the firm, as well as a multiples analysis to complement the previous model. With a price target of $ 230.25 for YE18 and a downside potential of -5.0% from the current price of $ 242.55, our final recommendation for The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (NYSE: GS) is "Reduce".
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Sherstnieva, J. "Banking crisis in Ukraine and ways of its overcoming." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61318.
Full textBooks on the topic "Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)"
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Gup, Benton E. Banking and Financial Institutions. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118266663.
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Kolb, Robert W. Financial institutions. Cambridge, Mass., USA: Blackwell, 1996.
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Rose, Peter S. Financial institutions. 2nd ed. Plano, Tex: Business Publications, 1985.
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Great Britain. Central Office of Information. Britains banking and financial institutions. London: H.M.S.O., 1986.
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Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Britain's banking and financial institutions. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1994.
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Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Britain's banking and financial institutions. London: Foreign and Commonwealth Office, 1997.
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Everett, Dianne. Banking and Financial Institutions Law. Australia: Serendip Publications, 1992.
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Everett, Dianne. Financial institutions law. 2nd ed. Wamberal: Serendip Publications, 1990.
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Mishkin, Frederic S. Financial markets & institutions. 4th ed. Boston, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 2003.
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R, Presley John, ed. Directory of Islamic financial institutions. London: Croom Helm, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)"
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Lees, Francis A., James M. Botts, and Rubens Penha Cysne. "Banking Institutions." In Banking and Financial Deepening in Brazil, 139–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10639-4_6.
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Cousin, Violaine. "Rural Financial Institutions." In Banking in China, 138–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230306967_11.
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Molyneux, Philip. "The Classification of Financial Institutions." In Banking, 41–47. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21153-1_4.
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Lees, Francis A., James M. Botts, and Rubens Penha Cysne. "Non-Banking Financial Institutions." In Banking and Financial Deepening in Brazil, 154–87. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10639-4_7.
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Geisst, Charles R. "Commercial Banking." In A Guide to Financial Institutions, 22–49. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18807-9_3.
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Geisst, Charles R. "Investment Banking." In A Guide to Financial Institutions, 50–65. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18807-9_4.
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Geisst, Charles R. "Commercial Banking." In A Guide to Financial Institutions, 25–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230379077_3.
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Geisst, Charles R. "Investment Banking." In A Guide to Financial Institutions, 53–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230379077_4.
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Grady, John, and Martin Weale. "Risk and Financial Institutions." In British Banking, 1960–85, 20–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07535-5_3.
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Molyneux, Philip. "The U.K. Banking Crisis." In Financial Institutions and Markets, 71–92. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230117365_3.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)"
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Hasan, Raza, Salman Mahmood, Mohammad Sohail Hayat, and Syed Imran Ali. "Role of financial institutions in boosting e-banking in Pakistan." In 2015 2nd World Symposium on Web Applications and Networking (WSWAN). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wswan.2015.7210355.
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Perevozchikov, Nikita, and Oleg Golovnin. "Decision-Making Support for Supervisory Control of Non-Banking Financial Institutions." In 8th Scientific Conference on Information Technologies for Intelligent Decision Making Support (ITIDS 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aisr.k.201029.011.
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Bataev, Alexey V. "Innovative Forms of Interaction between Financial Institutions and Clients: Automated Banking Offices." In 2018 Third International Conference on Human Factors in Complex Technical Systems and Environments (ERGO). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ergo.2018.8443876.
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Hameed Hindi, Ali, and Sarah Salam Sarhan. "Adopting the financial health model to improve banking reality." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/9.
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"The health reality of financial and banking institutions is achieved only through optimal financial management, and correct application of financial decisions. This study came to contribute to improving the Iraqi banking reality by adopting the financial health model to assess the reality of working in Iraqi private banks. Financial health is one of the modern and important topics in the field of banking, which is used to assess the financial condition of any financial institution as a tool that shows the institution’s ability to use its financial resources efficiently, as well as its ability to generate profits with minimal risks. In the current study, some financial indicators were used, which include: net current assets, employment of undistributed profits, real production capacity, and the expected bankruptcy value, as basic indicators of the financial health model after incorporating them into the established model. The study was applied to a sample of ten banks on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The most important results that have been achieved are the lack of financial health of some banks, which may be the beginning of a financial health decline in the near future, while some banks have achieved financial health that qualifies them to continue their work in the future. The recommendations are to use the model that has been adopted to calculate and evaluate the financial health of all financial institutions in general, and banks in particular because it provides a basic rule to avoid financial crises."
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Hameed Hindi, Ali, and Sarah Salam Sarhan. "Adopting the financial health model to improve banking reality." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/9.
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"The health reality of financial and banking institutions is achieved only through optimal financial management, and correct application of financial decisions. This study came to contribute to improving the Iraqi banking reality by adopting the financial health model to assess the reality of working in Iraqi private banks. Financial health is one of the modern and important topics in the field of banking, which is used to assess the financial condition of any financial institution as a tool that shows the institution’s ability to use its financial resources efficiently, as well as its ability to generate profits with minimal risks. In the current study, some financial indicators were used, which include: net current assets, employment of undistributed profits, real production capacity, and the expected bankruptcy value, as basic indicators of the financial health model after incorporating them into the established model. The study was applied to a sample of ten banks on the Iraq Stock Exchange. The most important results that have been achieved are the lack of financial health of some banks, which may be the beginning of a financial health decline in the near future, while some banks have achieved financial health that qualifies them to continue their work in the future. The recommendations are to use the model that has been adopted to calculate and evaluate the financial health of all financial institutions in general, and banks in particular because it provides a basic rule to avoid financial crises."
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Tikhomirova, E., and A. Soia. "Banking on blockchain: how banks and financial institutions can implement the blockchain technology." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Technologies in Logistics and Infrastructure (ICDTLI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icdtli-19.2019.82.
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Parne, Prudhvi. "Cloud Computing Strategy and Impact in Banking/Financial Services." In 5th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (COMIT 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111704.
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With recent advances in technology, internet has drastically changed the computing world from the concept of parallel computing to distributed computing to grid computing and now to cloud computing. The evolution of cloud computing over the past few years is potentially one of the major advances in the history of computing. Unfortunately, many banks are still hesitant to adopt cloud technology. New technologies such as cloud and AI will have the biggest impacts on the banking industry. For banks and credit unions wanting to achieve greater business agility, cloud technology enables organizations to respond instantly to changing market conditions, leveraging data and applied analytics to achieve customer experience and operational productivity benefits. As a result, cloud computing comes in to provide a solution to such challenges making banking a reliable and trustworthy service. This paper aims at cloud computing strategy, impact in banking and financial institutions and discusses the significant reliance of cloud computing.
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Simões, Jaira Patricia Francisco, and Abel Corrêa de Souza. "Angolan banking system: a perspective of granting credit to new entrepreneurs." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-004.
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Abstract The main focus of this study is to understand how the banking system works in the perception of financial institutions (BANKS) regarding lending to new ventures or businesses. Considering the forms and methods of granting credits available by Angolan banks, taking into account that the stage of business introduction, ends up being the most difficult and risky, after the business needs the future time to make its operations sold, thus increasing the risk for both financial institutions, when for those who assume the risk of financing, investors. The study sand delimits in researching alternatives or availability of credit in some of the banks. One of the objectives is to explore the market and the behavior of financing institutions since private investors need to use the economic and financial system to provide means or conditions that facilitate the collection and application of savings. Qualitative and descriptive research models will be used. The research will be applied to some of the banks with greater financial soundness in Angola, which have their headquarters or headquarters in their territory, to answer the research objectives.
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Valuyskaya, Anastasia Dmitrievna. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN THE SAMARA REGION." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-709/712.
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The article analyzes the development of the banking sector in the regional context. The problems faced by regional financial institutions in carrying out their economic activities are shown. This method of minimizing risks in the process of banking functioning as diversification is considered.
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Кабанова, Алена Михайловна, and Людмила Ивановна Кругляк. "IFRS 9 «FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS» IN THE CONTEXT OF SECURITY ECONOMIC SECURITY OF CREDIT INSTITUTIONS." In Национальная безопасность России: актуальные аспекты: сборник избранных статей Всероссийской научно-практической конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Январь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nb189.2021.67.54.006.
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В статье рассматриваются актуальные особенности Между-народного стандарта финансовой отчетности (IFRS) 9 при их внедрении в российской банковской отчетности. Применение МФСО требует новых знаний, принципов и навыков специалистов соответствующих служб. МСФО - это не свод строгих, конкретных правил, а определенный набор требований и принципов. The article discusses the current features of the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) 9 in the implementation and transformation of Russian banking reporting. The application of IFRS requires new knowledge, principles and skills of specialists of the relevant services. IFRS is not a set of strict, specific rules, but a specific set of requirements and principles.
Reports on the topic "Financial Institutions (incl. Banking)"
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Nor, Shifa Mohd, Rahmatina Awaliah Kasri, and Syajarul Imna Mohd Amin. Non-Banking Islamic Financial Institutions and Models Report: Indonesia-Malaysia. İLKE İlim Kültür Eğitim Vakfı, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26414/ur11.
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Vestergaard, Jakob. Monetary Policy for the Climate? A Money View Perspective on Green Central Banking. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp188.
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Central banks can potentially influence the investment decisions of private financial institutions, which in turn will create incentives towards green technology adoption and development of lower emission business models. This paper examines how monetary policies can be deployed to promote a greening of finance. To guide the efforts, the paper mobilizes the Money View literature. This enables a comparative assessment of different monetary policy options. The main finding is that a promising way forward for green monetary policy is to adopt a strategy of expanding collateral eligibility through positive screening and widening haircut spreads to change relative incentives in favor of green over brown assets.
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Alternative Systems for Managing Financial Transactions in Humanitarian Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.136.
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Restrictions on the banking sector are having a growing adverse impact on the flow of funds to humanitarian agencies and assisting communities affected by humanitarian crises has also become much more difficult and costly. Delays, refusals of transactions by financial institutions and outright bank account closures worsen humanitarian crises by delaying aid distribution response times. The inability to channel funds and critical financial services into countries in humanitarian crisis prevents life-saving humanitarian assistance from reaching those who need it most. The absence of legal transfer channels means the financing vacuum is often filled by illicit means, which can facilitate the spread of crime and corruption (ODI, 2021). Humanitarian organisations have turned to a variety of transaction channels due to disruptions in legitimate transfer mechanisms. Without these alternative money transfer channels humanitarian organisations have been unable to run some parts of their programming. These alternatives means of obtaining funds requires humanitarian organisations to enter into less regulated financial agreements that are not subject to international standards.
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Coli, Pedro, Caroline Pflueger, Tyler Campbell, and L. Javier Garcia. Blockchain Uses for Microfinance Institutions in the Water and Sanitation Sector: Pilot Study. Edited by Mauro Nalesso and Keisuke Sasaki. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003273.
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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) are organizations that provide small loans to borrowers who typically lack collateral, steady employment, or a verifiable credit history and therefore do not have access to traditional commercial banking. Blockchain technology could be used to create a more holistic view of the financial position of a potential borrower, which could result in better lending decisions. This study explores how blockchain technology has the potential to assist Microfinance Institutions in the water and sanitation sector through a pilot project developed in Peru. The improvements seen in the existing microfinance ecosystem during the implementation of the blockchain platform can be sorted into two main groups: improved institutional performance, and data ownership for the individuals.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Trend Of “De-Risking” In International Finance and Its Impact on Small Island Developing States. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.079.
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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic sources, knowledge institutions, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and trusted independent media outlets on the challenges small island development states (SIDS) face when they lose correspondent banking relationships (CBRs). The rapid review concludes that, although the loss of CBRs is a global phenomenon, regions with SIDS, such as the Pacific and Caribbean, have seen the highest rates of withdrawals. During the last decade, local and regional banks in SIDS have lost and continue to lose bank accounts at large global banks to a critical level, sometimes having only one or none CBRs with banks in major economies, such as the Unites States, the United Kingdom, the European Union or Australia. This means that local banks have reduced access to financial services related to cross-border financial transactions, impacting on remittances and trade finance.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
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From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.
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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
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With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor