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Farbmacher, Helmut. "Financial incentives and behavior." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-146559.
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Van, Alfen Tyson D. "ESSAYS ON FINANCIAL INCENTIVES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/finance_etds/9.
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In my first chapter, I use a novel dataset of customer reviews from Amazon.com to study the impact of managerial myopia on product market reputation. Using exogenous variation due to the timing of CEO equity vesting events, I show that short-term incentive shocks predict declines in reputation. A changing product market lineup and a deterioration of existing products are two mechanisms through which reputation is affected. The effect is larger when the CEO has other short-term concerns and when the firm has a low reputation in the product market. However, higher advertising expenses mitigate the negative reputational effect among consumers. Using an alternative empirical methodology, I find that higher short-term ownership in the firm is also associated with declining product market reputation, while higher long-term ownership is associated with increasing reputation. My second chapter uses a different setting to examine the consequences of personal wealth incentives. We test whether household wealth shocks affect professional misconduct by financial advisors. We use a panel of advisors' home addresses and examine within-advisor variation relative to other advisors who work at the same firm and live in the same ZIP code. We show that advisors increase misconduct following declines in their homes' values. The increased misconduct is due, in part, to willful actions, such as churning. We show that advisors' housing returns explain misconduct targeting out-of-state customers, breaking the link between customer and advisor housing shocks. Further, the results are stronger for advisors with lower career risk from committing misconduct.
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Hall, Jonathan. "Digitalization of Facility Management : Financial Incentives." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-236766.
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The digital reality is within this current moment debated and something that affects people. Upcoming years in real estate in general, it will be crucial of developments within the industry concerning digital solutions. The processes, business and approaches that have affected an industry for a very long time are changing in its foundations. Owning a property or managing an object in the coming years in an increasingly digitized world will bring new types of demands on organizations that intend to participate in the development. For a long time, digitization has existed as a concept seeming exciting and interesting. Smart devices have taken a larger part of time through telephones, televisions and likewise. Banking processes have evolved through phones and other digital tools to provide new variations of banking services. Airports have developed digital check-in services, which mean that you are actually virtually on the plane before you arrive at the airport. The development of these banking and tourism services changes the market and companies have been able to take part of the market by providing new solutions. In development and innovation, there is a term used repeatedly, the idea of a “disruptive innovation”. More explicitly, a new innovation that destroys the previously functioning market. As a concrete example, the previously well-functioning camera - today largely exchanged for the digital camera. Or the previously mentioned development of banks and flight processes. It has previously been functioning markets, however, these new processes and innovations have eliminated earlier working solutions by performing better. The study investigates possibilities closer if there are potential "disruptive innovations" in facility management and digital key control. The thesis has been focusing on the consequences of digital keys by using a model to analyse the impact on work in a future process. The physical key is one of the most ancient innovations that have been refined and developed over the centuries. With the new digital reality, it may be possible to find a new process that create better functions.Kommande år i fastighetsförvaltning i allmänhet kommer det att vara avgörande för utvecklingen inom industrin med digitala lösningar. De processer, affärer och tillvägagångssätt som har påverkat en bransch under en mycket lång tid är på väg att förändras i grunden. Äga en fastighet eller förvalta ett objekt de närmaste åren i en alltmer digitaliserad värld kommer att medföra nya typer av krav på organisationer som avser att delta i utvecklingen och vara aktuell på marknaden. Under lång tid har digitalisering funnits som ett koncept som synes spännande och intressant. Smarta enheter har tagit en större del av tiden via telefoner, tv-apparater och liknande. Bankprocesser har utvecklats genom telefoner och andra digitala verktyg för att ge nya variationer av banktjänster. Flygplatser har utvecklat digitala incheckningstjänster, vilket innebär att du faktiskt är på planet innan du kommer till flygplatsen. Utvecklingen av dessa bank- och turismtjänster förändrar marknaden och företagen har kunnat ta del av marknaden genom att erbjuda nya lösningar. Inom utveckling och innovation finns det ett begrepp vilket används återkommande, en idé om en ”disruptive innovation”. Mer explicit, att en ny innovation förstör den tidigare fungerande marknaden, där det konkreta exemplet är den tidigare väl fungerande kameran vilken idag i stor omfattning är utbytt till den digitala kameran. Eller den tidigare nämnda utvecklingen av bank och flygprocesser. Det har tidigare varit fungerande marknader, dock har nya processer och innovationer slagit ut tidigare fungerande lösningar. I det här arbetet har möjligheterna undersökts närmre ifall det går att finna potentiella ”disruptive innovations” inom fastighetsförvaltning. Den fysiska nyckeln är en utav de mest antika innovationerna som genom årtusenden och århundranden har förfinats och utvecklats. Med den nya digitala verkligheten kan det vara möjligt att finna en ny process vilken fungerar på ett bättre sätt.
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Liu, Chung-shu. "Objectives and incentives in financial markets." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40155.
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This dissertation is a collection of papers investigating objectives and incentives in financial markets.
The first essay (Chapter 2) deals with the endogenous determination of credit history, credit-worthiness, loans and efforts by borrowers over time. A financial market with adverse selection and moral hazard is analyzed. Facing the adverse selection, lenders are not able to offer separate contracts to different types of borrowers. However, knowing borrowers' credit histories, lenders are able to assign different credit worthiness to borrowers that have different credit histories, and offer different contracts to different groups. It is shown that if borrowers' credit rating is too low, they make low effort to repay their debts. As a borrower acquires a good credit history and has his credit-rating upgraded above a certain point, it becomes worthwhile for him to choose high effort. A low quality borrower may make high effort in early periods in order to build up a good credit history and obtain better terms in the future contracts then shift back to the low effort even though his project continues to succeed when he approaches the end of his life.Ph. D.
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Chen, Li. "Financial analysts' underreaction and reputation-building incentives." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/19643.
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This thesis examines the role of reputation in financial analysts' underreaction in earnings forecasts. Prior research suggests that the reputation effect mitigates short-term economic incentives that lead to overly optimistic forecasts, and hence, increases forecast accuracy (i.e., an aspect of high quality forecasts). In contrast, I hypothesise that certain factors affecting analyst reputation lead to analysts' underreaction. Specifically, when faced with uncertainty, analysts employ underreaction as a mechanism to improve consistency between their forecast revisions and subsequent news (i.e., another aspect of high quality forecasts), so as to protect themselves from incurring a higher reputation cost of inaccuracy for inconsistent versus consistent consecutive forecast revisions and forecast errors (i.e., asymmetric reputation cost). In my first research question, I examine the asymmetric reputation cost theory that predicts underreaction increasing with uncertainty and asymmetric reputation cost. I contextualise my study in business cycles where both factors change. I predict and find that uncertainty is greater during recessions than expansions whereas asymmetric reputation cost is greater during expansions than recessions (i.e., reputation concerns are greater during expansions). Further, I find that analysts' underreaction is greater during expansions than recessions. The implication is that the asymmetric reputation cost, rather than the uncertainty, drives analysts' underreaction. In my second research question, I investigate the differential underreaction to good news versus bad news in relation to short-term economic incentives and the reputation-building incentives simultaneously. If analysts put more emphasis on short-term gains, they will underreact more to bad news than good news, particularly during recessions where the short-term economic incentives are heightened. On the contrary, if analysts are more concerned with their reputations, they will underreact less (more) to bad news than good news during recessions (expansions), because bad (good) news is more likely to follow in bad (good) times and, accordingly, they can incorporate the current bad (good) news with greater confidence. My findings are consistent with the reputation-building incentive theory, but inconsistent with the short-term incentive theory. Robustness tests and further research considering industry/firm specific information provide consistent results. Overall, the thesis suggests that analysts underreact to information due to their reputation concerns.
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Papanicolas, Irene. "The new NHS : financial incentives for quality?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2011. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/144/.
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In April 2002, five years after the Blair government’s proposals to create a ‘New NHS [National Health Service]’, the government outlined the key priorities that would mark the NHS reform. The main reforms involved patient choice supported by a system of ‘Payment by Results’ (PbR) under which hospitals would be funded on the activity they undertook. PbR is a case based payment system, a type of system increasingly being adopted as the main form of provider payment across industrialised countries. The literature on this type of payment system and experiences from other countries identifies many di!erent behavioural incentives that can have both positive and negative impacts on quality of care. This thesis investigates the quality implications observed so far in England, for seven conditions which represent a spectrum of important clinical areas that are admitted through both emergency and elective admissions. In order to identify changes in quality, this thesis first considers how to construct an appropriate measure of quality. The first part of the thesis utilizes two di!erent methodological techniques used for quality measurement; a latent variable approach and a technique put forward by McClellan and Staiger (1999) using Vector Autoregressions. The results from these techniques indicate that quality measurement approaches di!er markedly with regards to how much measurement and systematic error they are able to filter out of raw outcome data. Finally, the new indicators created by these techniques are used to evaluate the quality impact the introduction of PbR as the main form of hospital payment has had in England. The analysis indicates that since the policy’s implementation, there have been di!erential quality e!ects on the di!erent conditions. However, for the most part this indicates an improvement in mortality outcomes, and a reduction in the variation of outcomes across hospitals. As found, the interpretation of readmissions has to be approached with caution as more severe patients being kept alive through quality improving measures on mortality create more mixed signals for the readmission indicators. In two conditions we find changes in activity that are indicative of e"ciency gains, in the form of better coding and adoption of new technology, both as a result of differences in reimbursement categories.
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Ohinata, Asako. "Financial incentives and the timing of birth." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49108/.
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This thesis studies how financial incentives affect women's fertility timing decisions. Each chapter investigates this question by looking at a policy that exogenously increased fertility related financial incentives. The timing impacts of these policies are estimated using a discrete-time proportional hazard model with unobserved heterogeneity. In the first chapter, the impact of the 1999 UK Working Families Tax Credit (WFTC) on the timing of birth is studied. This paper employs the 1991-2003 waves of the British Household Panel Survey and identifies the policy impact of WFTC by observing the change in the timing of birth using a difference in differences estimator. The main finding of this paper suggests little evidence of changes in the timing of all birth parity apart from first birth. Such a finding is likely to be explained by the policy design of WFTC that increased not only the fertility but also the labour supply incentives simultaneously. Moreover, a further analysis highlights the importance of other policies, which also in uenced women's labour supply during the period of study. The second chapter, on the other hand, studies the impact of the 1977-2001 US infertility health insurance mandates, which regulated the insurance companies to cover for infertility treatment cost. Although the majority of the past literature has studied impacts on older women who are likely to seek treatment, this paper proposes that the mandates may have had a wider impact on the US population. Specifically, it may have given an option for younger women to delay birth since these policies reduced the opportunity cost of having a child in the future. The chapter employs the 1980-2001 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Results suggest a significant delay of 1-2 years in the time of first birth among highly educated white women.
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Zheng, Lingling. "Incentives and imperfect learning in financial markets." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23928.
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This thesis aims to explore the impacts of investors' imperfect learning behavior on asset prices and the economic consequences of misaligned incentives of financial intermediaries in a world with asymmetric information.
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Chew, Tong-Gunn. "Incentives for voluntary disclosures of derivative financial instruments by financial institutions in Singapore." Monash University, Dept. of Accounting and Finance, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5301.
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Melence, Gatsinda. "Factors that influence intention to stay amongst health workers in Kabaya, Rwanda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4526.
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Magister Public Health - MPHBackground: Adequate human resources for health play a crucial role in improving access to services and quality of care. Human resources for health are often inequitably distributed between rural and urban areas within countries. In Rwanda, almost 88% of physicians and 58% of nurses in the country work in urban areas, despite the fact that 82% of the population lives in rural areas. Kabaya is located in a remote rural area in Ngororero District; its health facilities consist of one hospital and four health centers. Living and working conditions are poor for health workers. This results in constant migration out of health workers, which has negative impacts on service delivery and quality of care provided to the population. Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to assess factors that influence the intention to stay in Kabaya amongst health workers currently in Kabaya's health facilities. The specific objectives were to analyze the associations between the following factors and intention to stay among health workers in Kabaya: socio-demographic and job characteristics; working and living conditions; and financial and non-financial incentives. Study design: An analytical, cross-sectional survey of all health workers from five facilities in Kabaya was conducted. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire, adapted from one used in a study in Uganda (Hagopian, Zuyderduin, Kyobutungi & Yunkella, 2006), was used to collect data. Data were entered in Epi- Info 3.4 and analyzed using SPSS 16.0. Descriptive analyses and inferential statistics (Chisquare,Fisher‟s Exact) were done to test for associations with the main outcome, intention to stay. Results Out of 155 employees working in Kabaya‟s health facilities, 111 (72%) accepted to participate in the study. Of the 111 respondents, 34 (31%) indicated they intended to stay working in Kabaya indefinitely. Intention to stay (bivariate analysis) was associated with: employment category (p=0.001) and age (p<0.001); rural background - born in Kabaya (p<0.001); and born (p=0.001), grew up (p=0.001) and studied in a rural area (p<0.001); good quality supervision - encouraging employee development (p=0.029), caring for the employee as a person (p=0.011), and competent and committed facility managers(p=0.039); presence of workplace friends (p<0.001); conducive work and living environments - manageable workloads (p<0.001); good infrastructure (p<0.001); access to safe and clean water at work (p<0.001); adequate housing at home (p<0.001); having time to take lunch at work (p=0.001); access to adequate transportation to work (p=0.004); adequate shopping and entertainment(p=0.001); adequate incentives - sufficient salary (p<0.001); recognition for doing a good work(p<0.001); and adequate training (p<0.001). The small study sample precluded multi-variate analyses and it was therefore not possible to control for potential confounders such as age, sex and profession in the analysis of workplace factors. Conclusions: Intention to stay in Kabaya appears to be influenced by a complex set of factors that include: individual (age, profession, rural background), workplace, human, social, career and salaryrelated factors. Promoting retention in Kabaya‟s health facilities requires multi-faceted interventions, without which the majority of the employees are likely to continue to migrate away from the area.
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Carroll, Ashley Ann. "Financial Incentives for Educational Outcomes with Homeless Youth." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581321.
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Objective: For this dissertation, I investigated the characteristics of homeless, unaccompanied youth to determine which subgroups of students pursued and obtained financial stipends as an incentive for satisfactory educational outcomes- grades C and above. Method: The study was based on data obtained from a community-based, non-profit, drop-in center that serves homeless, unaccompanied youth enrolled in school. From each participant (n=965), demographic variables (including the student's age, grade, gender, race, and ethnicity) and life experience variables (including the student's reason for homelessness, current living situation, teen parenting status, and program enrollment status- either a new or returning student to the program) were obtained. These variables were used to determine the relationship between the student's characteristics and the outcome measurements: percent of the potential monthly stipends earned and the length of enrollment in the program. Results: The results demonstrated significant mean differences within the student's age, grade, and program enrollment status for both the percent of stipends earned and the length of program enrollment. A student's teenage parenting status also indicated a significant difference for the percent of stipend earned. Three student characteristics were significant predictors for the percent of stipends earned, and five characteristics were significant predictors for the length of program enrollment. Conclusions: Specific subgroups within the unaccompanied, homeless population pursue and obtain financial stipend incentives for educational outcomes at different rates. These results add to the literature needed to better align educational services and programs to the various subgroups within the homeless youth population.
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Nier, Erlend Walter. "Financial structure, managerial incentives and product market competition." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1999. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1584/.
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This dissertation provides a contribution to the understanding of the interactions between the firm's financial structure and its operating decisions. The main idea is that financial structure impacts the payoff to the firm's decision-maker and that this impact on the managerial payoff will in turn affect his optimal response when confronted with different possible operating decisions. A particular focus is on the case where the manager's optimisation problem arises in a strategic environment in which the firm competes with rival firms in a product market. The first main chapter reconsiders the strategic effect of debt, as first analysed by Brander and Lewis (1986), under the novel assumption that quantity choices are made by managers whose objective is to avoid bankruptcy. The basic result is that quantity choices, which are strategic substitutes under profit maximisation, may turn into strategic complements when the quantity choice is made by managers. This reversal in the nature of competition arises under reasonable assumptions on the firm's profit function. It allows debt to be used to sustain more collusive product market outcomes than in the benchmark case where firms maximise profits, thereby avoiding, and indeed reversing, the pro-competitive limited liability effect of debt, as described by Brander and Lewis (1986). Delegation of the quantity choice to a bankruptcy-averse manager is shown to occur in a dominant strategy equilibrium. The next chapter analyses the effect of asymmetric information between a firm and its outside investors on the firm's competitive position in a model where first-period competition is followed by a financing stage a la Myers and Majluf (1984). Interim profit generated by the competition stage takes the role of financial slack and determines the extent to which external equity finance is required for a new investment opportunity. The full set of equilibria of the financing game is characterised and financial slack is formally analysed as a comparative statics variable. Using this the firm's first period objective is derived from first principles. In contrast to models of predatory behaviour, one finds that in the presence of an adverse selection problem the need to finance externally may provide a strategic benefit rather than a strategic disadvantage. The reason is that the adverse selection problem may induce speculative behaviour, which will make the firm more aggressive vis a vis its rival. The last main chapter analyses a model where the firm's manager is asked to make an informed investment decision after evaluating the prospects of an investment project. In this model, which exhibits both moral hazard and hidden information on the part of the manager, different remuneration schemes are discussed and the optimal contract between financial investor and manager is derived. Assuming the manager is risk-neutral and protected by limited liability, a benefit from diversification is shown to exist, in that the right incentives can be provided more cheaply when the manager is supervising more than one project. This occurs even though the projects are technologically unrelated and choices made on one project do not constrain the choices on any other project.
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Matsa, David. "The impact of financial incentives on firm behavior." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34502.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2006.Includes bibliographical references.
This dissertation analyzes the impact of various financial incentives on firm behavior. The first two chapters examine product-market and input-market effects of a firm's capital structure and the incentives they create. The third chapter analyzes how incentives from the tort system affect physician location decisions. Chapter 1 examines the impact of union bargaining on capital structure determination. If a firm maintains a high level of liquidity, workers may be encouraged to raise wage demands. In the presence of external finance constraints, a firm has an incentive to use the cash flow demands of debt service payments to improve its bargaining position. Using both cross-sectional estimates of firm-level collective bargaining coverage and state changes in labor law to identify changes in union bargaining power, I show that firms indeed appear to use financial leverage strategically to influence collective bargaining negotiations. These estimates suggest that strategic incentives from union bargaining have a substantial impact on financing decisions. A firm's financial structure can also impact investments in marketing and operations management. Chapter 2 examines how capital structure affects a firm's provision of product availability - an important dimension of product quality in the retail sector.
(cont.) Using U.S. consumer price index microdata to measure the prevalence of out-of-stocks, I find that supermarket leveraged buyouts, which reduce liquidity, increase out-of-stocks by 10 percent. These findings suggest it is important for firms to consider these sorts of real effects on their operations when setting financial policy. Chapter 3 examines financial incentives created by medical malpractice liability. If patients bear the full incidence of cost changes and market demand is inelastic, then marginal changes in malpractice liability will not affect physicians' net income or location decisions. Using county-level, specialty-specific data on physician location from 1970 to 2000, I find that damage caps do not affect physician supply for the average resident of states adopting reforms. On the other hand, caps appear to increase the supply of specialist physicians in the most rural areas by 10 to 12 percent. This is likely because rural doctors face greater uninsured litigation costs and a more elastic demand for medical services.
by David Abraham Matsa.
Ph.D.
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Fereidounizadeh, Neda. "Hydrogen Fuel in Sweden, a Comparative Study of Five Countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105303.
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Under the shadow of the climate change dilemma and its consequence for the human’s future, the need for secured and stable energy sources is vital. Academia, political leaders, and influential business actors play a key role to introduce schemes to facilitate the adaptation of new technologies and energy systems improvement. Hydrogen as an energy carrier is one of the solutions to tackle environmental concerns in recent decades. However, hydrogen technology needs constant development to reduce its cost and to find production methods by which fossil fuels can be replaced by clean hydrogen. In this study, five different countries in terms of hydrogen technology introduction, their National Strategy on Hydrogen, influential variables on hydrogen application have been investigated. Along with a comparison between five countries, the differences in policies and political incentives and their effect on hydrogen applications have been studied. Policy incentives work differently according to the various cultural norms. In some countries such as Japan financial incentives work better but in some such as Sweden non-financial incentives work well. Along with policy introduction, collaboration between policy, industry, and academia contribute to the successful introduction, diffusion, and application of new technologies. Regarding hydrogen technology in Sweden, introduction of National Strategy on Hydrogen, a shift from hydrogen application in industry to transport section, and giving less priority to biogas and more to hydrogen fuel, applying suitable policy incentives can be helpful for Sweden to act faster and benefit more from hydrogen.
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Siegert, Caspar. "Essays on financial economics and the cost of incentives." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-150720.
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Furrow, Cory Benjamin. "Motivating Proenvironmental Behavior: Examining the efficacy of financial incentives." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56972.
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A key strategy to motivate proenvironmental behavior (PEB) involves the promise of monetary rewards. Financial incentives are intuitively appealing because they can increase an individual's expected benefits for engaging in the PEB; however, there is concern that incentives can transform motivations for the PEB. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of financial incentives on behavior across time. Specifically, I used an experimental design to examine the immediate effects payments on litter-removal effort (Phase 1) followed by effort after payments were no longer available (Phase 2). Undergraduate students were recruited for a trail evaluation study and randomly assigned to a control treatment or a financial incentive treatment. In Phase 1 I asked students to pick up discarded litter during their trail evaluation (PEB). The incentive condition offered students $0.25 for each of the possible 16 items of trash planted along the trail. The control condition simply asked students to help by picking up trash. Students were again asked to collect trash in Phase 2 but the financial incentive condition was not offered a payment. In accordance with self-determination theory I expected payments to increase effort in the short term and suppress effort when the incentive was no longer provided. Although there was an overall decrease in effort between phases within both conditions, the results of a repeated-measures ANOVA indicated no difference between the control and incentive condition in either phase. Given the lack of a statistically significant finding, it is possible that there are conditions under which payments provide no greater inducement than a simple request for help. This idea is supported by a meta-analysis, which identifies a consistent lack of effect for easily-performed tasks. Additional research is needed to further understand the conditions under which financial incentives can motivate and sustain PEBs.Master of Science
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Stolper, Anno. "The Incentives of Intermediaries in Financial Markets: A Critical Analysis." Diss., lmu, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-131915.
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Flagmeier, Vanessa [Verfasser]. "Financial statements tax disclosure - management incentives and usefulness / Vanessa Flagmeier." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1132193060/34.
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Brown, Rebecca. "The ethics of using financial incentives to encourage healthy behaviour." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8395.
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Efforts to encourage healthy behaviour often fail to bring about sustained changes in people’s lifestyles. New approaches to tackling chronic disease include the use of financial incentives: rewards paid to individuals conditional upon their achieving some pre-specified target, such as losing weight or quitting smoking. Incentives may provide an extra motivation to adopt healthy lifestyles, and structure behaviour change efforts in ways more conducive to success. Health incentives have, however, provoked controversy, attracting accusations of ‘bribing people to be healthy,’ ‘rewarding bad behaviour,’ and ‘wasting taxpayers’ money.’ It remains unclear how viable health incentives could be as a tool for health promotion; but, even if effective, their contentious nature may still give reason for hesitancy. Here, I explore whether such ethical concerns present us with convincing reasons not to use health incentives. I begin by looking at the nature of the criticisms of incentives in the media, and grouping these arguments into more general themes for discussion. I then proceed to consider each of these in turn, beginning first with debates about the requirements for the state to act efficiently without overstepping its legitimate sphere of influence. I then move on to concerns relating to the potential for incentives to undermine liberty and autonomy. Next, I discuss whether health incentives are unjust insofar as they are undeserved, and how this relates to agent freedom and responsibility for adopting healthy lifestyles. Finally, I consider the worry that using money as a healthcare intervention could corrupt certain values that we care about. In concluding, I seek to give an overall idea as to the ethical permissibility of health incentives, and identify some key features that are likely to render incentives more or less acceptable as a means of improving health.
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Jaffe, Caroline Adair. "Motivating urban cycling through a blockchain-based financial incentives system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112537.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
As cities become increasingly dense in the coming decades, they must turn to novel technologies and frameworks to address the imminent environmental, mobility, and public health issues that will arise with this population shift. The overwhelming use of single occupancy vehicles in the United States - they account for 76% of all trips - is a major contributor to pollution, traffic, and sedentary lifestyles. However, 50% of trips in the U.S. are less than 3 miles, and could likely be replaced by a more sustainable and space-efficient mode of transportation, such as bicycling, if effective policies and incentives were implemented. This thesis presents a blockchain-based financial incentives system where cyclists can leverage their activity and location data to receive financial compensation from organizations that would like to sponsor cycling activity. For example, an insurance company may want to reward its customers with lower premiums for partaking in healthy commuting behavior. A city government may wish to encourage cycling activity to mitigate urban congestion and pollution. A local business may sponsor bicycling activity in its vicinity to increase sales. The system presented in this thesis allows these organizations to internalize the positive externalities of cycling that have not historically been recognized or rewarded. This incentives system uses GPS data from sensors affixed to bicycles frames and powered by the cyclists themselves. The use of blockchain technology makes transactions in the marketplace secure, seamless, trustworthy, and transparent. Users are able to reveal "just enough" information about themselves to participate in the decentralized marketplace, instead of exposing their entire profile to a central entity. This market-driven system facilitates better matching between individuals and incentives, and delivers those incentives in a more timely, effective manner than current incentives programs. This thesis also envisions expanding this platform to include additional bicycle-based sensors that cyclists can leverage to collect and sell data, monetizing their commuting habits, and contributing to a scalable and stable solution for increasing the use of sustainable transportation in cities.
by Caroline Adair Jaffe.
S.M.
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Andersson, Adina, and Lina Hansson. "Hur belöningssystem påverkar Organizational Ambidexterity : en kvantitativ undersökning på bankkontor i Skåne." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-9823.
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Organizational Ambidexterity är ett relativt nyuppkommit begrepp och få undersökningar har gjorts kring ämnet. De tidigare undersökningar som har bedrivits har främst fokuserat på hur ledarskap framkallar Organizational Ambidexterity. Tidigare undersökning har även forskat i hur dess komponenter, utforskande och bearbetande, kan samexistera i en organisation då de två komponenterna konkurrerar om samma resurser. För att vända blicken bort från ledarens roll i en organisation att inverka på Organizational Ambidexterity, har studien fokuserat på belöningssystemets inflytande på Organizational Ambidexterity med bankorganisationer som objekt. Belöningssystem förekommer i både finansiell och icke-finansiell form. Finansiella belöningar kan tillkännages som en transaktion utav finansiell ersättning vid utfört arbete. Icke-finansiell belöning är ersättning vilket inte medför direkta kostnader för en organisation. Det kan ske i form av utbildning eller beröm från chefen. Studien har genomförts på så vis att de empiriska material som frambringats ska förklara om och i så fall vilka belöningssystem som motiverar organisationen att arbete i både en utforskande och bearbetande kapacitet för att uppnå Organizational Ambidexterity. Detta för att uppnå konkurrensfördelar på marknaden. Teorin stödjer sig på att finansiella belöningar leder till en mer bearbetande kapacitet och icke-finansiella belöningar framkallar en mer utforskande kapacitet. De empiriska material som samlats in stödjer inte detta resonemang till fullo då det visat sig att finansiella belöningar inte används i en större utsträckning och att det inte heller leder till en mer bearbetande kapacitet. Emellertid användes de icke-finansiella belöningarna i en större utsträckning och har till viss del påvisat att det inverkar över organisationens förmåga att arbeta i en utforskande kapacitet.Organizational Ambidexterity is a relatively new concept and few studies have been done on the subject. Previous studies have focused on how leadership develops Organizational Ambidexterity. Previous investigations have also done research into how its components, exploration and exploitation, can co-exist in an organization where the two components compete for the same resources. To turn your gaze away from the leaders’ role in organizations and how they affect Organizational Ambidexterity, this study has focused on the reward systems influence on Organizational Ambidexterity with the banking organizations as an object. Reward systems are present in both financial and non-financial terms. Financial rewards are transactions of financial compensation for work performed. Non-financial rewards are compensation which does not involve direct costs to an organization. It may take the form of training or appreciation from the boss. This study was conducted in such a way that the empirical material that has emerged will explain if and how the reward systems motivate the organization to work in both an exploration and exploitation capacity to achieve Organizational Ambidexterity. This is done in order achieve competitive advantages in the market. The theory relies on that financial rewards will lead to more exploitative capacity and non-financial rewards elicit more exploratory capability. The empirical material collected does not support this argument in full, since it was found that financial rewards are not used to a greater extent and that financial rewards does not lead to a more exploitative capacity. However, the use of non-financial rewards to a greater extent has partially demonstrated an impact on the organizations ability to work in an exploratory capacity.
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Mantzari, Eleni. "Financial incentives for health-behaviour change : assessing behavioural and cognitive consequences." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2013. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/financial-incentives-for-healthbehaviour-change(b4ca355a-4c2e-4456-9133-16703ce878e8).html.
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Offering individuals financial incentives for changing their health-related behaviour is one possible strategy for improving health and reducing morbidity and premature mortality. However, several important aspects of the behavioural and cognitive consequences of this type of intervention remain unclear. First, there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of financial incentives in achieving sustained changes in repeated health behaviours, as well as of the factors that might modify any effects. Second, the variables that might confound the impact of incentives on health-related behaviours remain unexplored. Third, the speculated unintended consequences of financial incentives on cognitive processes, including information processing and decision-making, have yet to be examined systematically. This thesis addresses these uncertainties. Study 1 is a systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to estimate the effectiveness of financial incentives in achieving sustained change across repeated health-behaviours (smoking cessation, healthier eating, including reduced alcohol consumption and increased physical activity) and to examine the factors that modify any impacts. Findings indicate that although financial incentives changed repeated health-behaviours, their role in reducing non-communicable disease burden is potentially limited, given effects were not sustained beyond three months after incentive removal. Results also highlight the role of recipients’ deprivation level in modifying incentive impacts on behaviour overall, as well as that of incentive value in modifying impacts on smoking cessation. Study 2 is a qualitative study exploring the variables that might confound the impact of financial incentives on health-related behaviours. The study describes and compares the stop-smoking experiences of pregnant smokers’ who were incentivised for smoking cessation with those of women who were not. Results highlight the need to be cautious about attributing the effects of financial-incentive schemes to incentives per se. Given that incentive schemes are complex behavioural interventions, their impacts could derive from indirect influences, mediated by changes to some aspects of the process involved in their delivery, including the provision of increased support. Study 3 is a randomised controlled trial aiming to estimate further the effectiveness of financial incentives in changing health-related behaviours, by assessing their impact on uptake of the HPV vaccinations. The study also aims to examine the modifying role of recipients’ deprivation level and to addresses the uncertainty regarding the speculated unintended consequences of incentives on decision-making processes. Results indicate that although incentives increased vaccination completion rates, impacts were not modified by recipients’ deprivation level and uptake remained lower than the national target, necessitating consideration of other ways of achieving it. The quality of decisions to get vaccinated was unaffected by the offer of incentives. Knowledge of the vaccination’s side-effects, however, was not assessed in this study. Findings therefore, are not conclusive about the impact of incentives on the processing of risk-relevant information. Study 4 is a web-based experiment addressing the uncertainty regarding the speculated unintended consequences of financial incentives on information processing. It aims to determine the impact of incentives on the processing of risk-relevant information associated with an incentivised behaviour with potential adverse effects, as assessed by participants’ perceived risk related to engaging in the behaviour and their knowledge of its side-effects. The findings provide no evidence for the unintended consequences of incentives on the processing of risk-information. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the main findings and related implications for practice, policy and future research.
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Xue, Yanfeng 1974. "Essays on the relation between managers' incentives and financial accounting information." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28685.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
(cont.) around thresholds do convey information about a firm's future performance, firms with a higher degree of information asymmetry between the management and investors are more likely to use this signaling mechanism, and the capital market recognizes the information content of the earnings management activities and rationally incorporates it in setting prices.
My thesis consists of two separate essays. Each essay, from different angles, examines the relation between managers' incentives and financial accounting information. The first essay examines how a firm's choice between competing innovation strategies can be affected by the use of accounting information versus stock prices as performance measures in the firm's CEO compensation contract. Firms obtain new technology either through internal R&D or through acquisitions. These two approaches are usually labeled as "make" and "buy" strategies. In this paper, I focus on the two major differences between the "make" and "buy" strategies: risk levels and accounting treatment. I hypothesize that the high risk level and unfavorable accounting treatment associated with "make" strategy relative to "buy" strategy lead risk-averse managers to favor "buy" over "make," should they be compensated heavily using accounting-based performance measures. Stock-based compensation, especially stock options, on the other hand, should encourage managers to innovate more through "make" strategies instead of"buying" them from the outside. Using data from US high tech industries, I find evidence consistent with the above hypotheses. The second essay examines whether managers of information-strained firms signal the firm's future performance by managing earnings to exceed thresholds. Because managers' reporting discretion is bounded by the accounting regulations, managing earnings to exceed the current period's thresholds reduces future earnings, making future earnings thresholds more difficult to attain. As a result, only firms with sufficient future earnings growth can benefit from doing so. My empirical results suggest that the earnings management activities
by Yanfeng Xue.
Ph.D.
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Meads, David Michael. "An economic framework for user financial incentives for health behaviour change." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13458/.
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Background: Diseases such as stroke and heart disease are chiefly caused by unhealthy behaviours and are a major societal burden. User financial incentives are being explored as a way to encourage healthier lifestyles. This research developed a framework to provide information on pricing and cost-effectiveness of incentives and guide design of future incentive schemes. Methods: The workstreams were: a) structured, configurative literature review to identify neo-classical/behavioural economic explanations for behaviour change and incentives; b) contingent valuation survey to identify willingness to accept (WTA) and incentive pricing; c) systematic review and meta-analysis of incentives for weight loss; d) development of decision-analytic model to estimate cost-effectiveness of incentives for weight loss. Results: The reviews identified a number of factors important for understanding the effect of incentives including internal motivation, self-control and time preference. A theoretical framework of incentive impact was developed to facilitate WTA survey design. The WTA survey was completed by 112 people (n=56 at 3 months). 57% strongly disagreed with incentive use. The mean incentive required per month depended on behaviour, ranging £103.69 for smoking cessation to £45.43 for reducing alcohol intake. The most important predictors of WTA were self-control, perceived difficulty of change and attitudes to incentives. There was some evidence that WTA incentives increased over time. Review and meta-regression provided efficacy parameters for the decision-analytic model which comprised the following health states: healthy, type II diabetes, stroke, myocardial infarction and dead. Analyses from NHS and employer perspectives indicated incentives for weight loss are cost-effective over a lifetime as they dominated usual care. Discussion: Incentives may be most powerful if they are personalised to account for individual factors and attitudes and are dynamic in response to these. Incentives may be cost-effective in a number of scenarios. Further research is required on the long term outcomes of incentives and financing models.
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Ihekwoaba, Kingsley Chigbo. "Veterans Affairs Employees’ Perceptions of Financial Incentives, Organizational Justice, Satisfaction, and Performance." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7664.
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Veterans Affairs (VA) inconsistently distributes financial incentives, which might affect how VA employees perceived organizational justice, affecting employees’ job satisfaction and performance. The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of VA employees that informed their perceptions of their workplaces’ levels of organizational justice, their job satisfaction, and their performances due to inconsistent distribution of financial incentives by gathering data through interviews with 13 VA employees from the Southeastern United States. The research question concentrated on the lived experiences of VA employees with respect to the inconsistent distribution of financial incentives, and how these experiences shaped their perception of the level of organizational justice in their workplaces. The study was guided by the conceptual framework of social exchange theory, and data was analyzed per Moustakas 7-steps of data analysis. Four major themes emerged from the analysis of interview transcripts: financial incentives, fairness of financial incentives, organizational justice at the VA, and perceptions at VA. The study findings indicated that the allocation of financial incentives by the VA, based on performance appraisals—a product of supervisors, is skewed by supervisor’s relationship with employees, and negatively affects VA employees job satisfaction and commitment. The results of this study could contribute to positive social change by assisting managers and employees in rectifying the perception of the unfair distribution of financial incentives at the VA.
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Greenwood, Margaret. "Financial accountability and managerial incentives in English NHS Hospital Trusts 2003-2008." Thesis, University of Bath, 2012. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558860.
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A continuing programme of NPM reforms, grounded in quasi-market modes of governance and private sector best practice, have been applied to English NHS hospitals over the last thirty years in response to concerns about their performance efficiency and accountability. However, in the transition to market modes of governance, the retention of hierarchical features gave rise to a multi-layering of accountability. From 2001-02 balanced scorecard inspired performance measurement systems (PMS), were introduced into the NHS, aimed at improving service standards through improved cost efficiency. Study 1 in this thesis finds that, in this context, the relationship between service standards and cost efficiency is positive and that, consistent with it being a more effective PMS, this was stronger for the ‘Annual Health Check’, a PMS characterised by features aimed at reducing manipulation, than the Star ratings, its predecessor. The approach to the manipulation of financial breakeven, a key accountability measure, was however more relaxed, particularly when service standards were under threat. The system of ‘financial support’ had its roots in previous hierarchical relationships and acted to shift revenue across the NHS in order to allow Trusts in financial difficulty to meet their financial objectives without damaging service standards. These transfers, which were effected through the revenue account, were generally reversed out in future years with the result that financial support accelerated revenue recognition in Trusts receiving it. In Study 2, the receipt of financial support by Trusts in financial difficulty was found to be associated with an improvement in service standards and in future financial performance but, in an increasingly demanding performance regime and multi-layered accountability, evidence was also found of opportunistic exploitation of the system. Financial support had a considerable impact on the accountability of both NHS Trusts and the wider NHS because of the limited transparency around financial support transactions.
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Powell-Jackson, Timothy. "Financial incentives for maternal health evaluation of a national programme in Nepal." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2010. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/682416/.
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People often behave in ways that are not in their best long term interest. Financial incentives are increasingly being used by governments to persuade individuals to improve health-related behaviours. In developing countries, financial incentives have been shown to increase uptake of preventive health interventions, but it is not well understood whether financial incentives are effective when targeted towards more complex types of care or when implemented at scale in low-income countries. This thesis explores the impact of financial incentives on health seeking behaviour, in the context of the Safe Delivery Incentive Programme (SDIP) in Nepal. Launched nationwide in 2005, the SDIP seeks to encourage greater use of professional care at childbirth by providing cash to women after they give birth in a health facility, as well as an exemption from user fees for those residing in the least developed districts. The thesis develops a theoretical model of the programme's causal pathway and draws on consumer choice theory to derive a set of predictions. These are tested empirically using a variety of econometric methods applied to household data (from a secondary data source and a primary data source). The analysis comprises three main parts. First, it estimates the demand for maternity care using discrete choice models to understand the most important factors influencing a household's decision of where to give birth. By focusing on the role of price, this analysis serves as an ex-ante evaluation of the SDIP. Second, it investigates implementation of the SDIP. The analysis uses a number of key process indicators that emerge from the conceptual framework to explore what factors may have constrained the implementation process. Third, it estimates the impact of the SDIP on health seeking behaviour at childbirth in two areas of Nepal using propensity score matching and longitudinal methods of analysis. It finds that the programme had a modest impact on utilisation of women who had heard of the SDIP, but because programme uptake was low, it has led to only a small increase in skilled birth attendance across the entire population. Implications for financial incentive programmes and maternal health care in low- income countries are explored.
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Webb, Kernaghan R. "The legal framework for financial incentives to the Canadian mining exploration industry." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6017.
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Protopapa, Marco. "An essay in corporate finance : managerial incentives, financial constraints and ownership concentration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2196/.
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I investigate the role of internal discipliners in the form of optimal equity ownership for the purpose of committing the management to the pursuit of shareholder value in the presence of separation between ownership and control. By rooting the conflicts of interests between managers and shareholders upon the control of internal funds, a simple model allows to analyse the link between profit uncertainty, growth options and decisional powers. I derive implications for the optimal degree of equity concentration, the effect of firm fundamentals on the allocation of income and control rights, and the pay for luck phenomenon. First, optimal equity ownership is positively related to the short-term performance of the firm and negatively related to both its growth options and riskiness. Second, optimal equity ownership is negatively related to the probability of the firm being financially constrained, in the sense that the level of desired investment exceeds internally available resources. Furthermore, I also show that straight debt alone does not implement the second best, in absence of a large shareholder. Finally, I show that, in presence of financial constraints, pay for luck is associated in equilibrium to a lower optimal degree of ownership concentration. In other words, pay for luck and looser governance, as implemented by the internal discipliner of equity concentration, emerge as the equilibrium result of a constrained incentive problem.
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Lau, Yiu-Shing. "Variations in hospital quality and outcomes under a financial incentive scheme." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/variations-in-hospital-quality-and-outcomes-under-a-financial-incentive-scheme(f61aa33d-44be-4f03-b6cf-b884c06f6272).html.
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High and equitable quality of care are core goals of the English National Health Service. Policy makers have experimented with various ways to improve quality, including use of financial incentives. The effects of these incentives on health outcomes and the distribution of care are not known. The aim of this study was to examine variations in hospital quality and outcomes at patient level under a financial incentive scheme in England. In October 2008 a financial incentive scheme under which quality of care was measured by process measures was introduced for 24 hospital Trusts in the North West of England. The process measures of care from this Advancing Quality initiative were linked at spell level to health outcomes and administrative hospital records. The data consisted of 252,284 spells between October 2008 and March 2013.First, I examined whether financially incentivised improvements in quality of care were associated with better patient outcomes. I examined how mortality and readmission were related to process measures using bivariate probit, probit, random effects and fixed effects estimations. I found that several of the incentivised process measures of care are associated with improved patient outcomes. I estimated that Advancing Quality saved 129 lives and avoided 121 readmissions over a four-and-a-half year period. Second I examined whether quality of care from a hospital incentive scheme is distributed equitably at a patient level. Multinomial and sequential logistic regressions were used to show that process measures of care overall were distributed in favour of patients from lower income score areas. Process measures of care delivered during an emergency admission were distributed in favour of patients from higher income score areas but this was driven by patient severity. Process measures based on advice appeared to be driven by capacity to benefit and were distributed in favour of patients from lower income score areas. Process measures of care for elective admissions regarding delivery of drugs were distributed equitably. Third, I examined if the quality of care was lower at the weekend. The in-hospital mortality rate is known to be higher for weekend admissions than for weekday admissions but it is not known whether this was due to lower quality of care. Using logistic regressions, incentivised quality of care was found to be consistent throughout the week. The weekend mortality effect can be explained by patient volume, which suggested that patient case mix may be different between weekdays and weekends. Overall, quality of care under an incentive scheme was found to positively impact on health outcomes, be distributed equitably, and be the same at weekends as weekdays. Further research is needed using quality of care indicators from all Trusts in the English National Health Service. Furthermore further research examining how trusts exclude patients from financial incentive schemes is also needed.
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Rudolf, Nicolas [Verfasser], and Jannis [Akademischer Betreuer] Bischof. "Essays on financial reporting incentives and bank transparency / Nicolas Rudolf ; Betreuer: Jannis Bischof." Mannheim : Universitätsbibliothek Mannheim, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1214593461/34.
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Kosi, Urska. "Studies on the importance of incentives and standards in the financial reporting process." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557294.
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This thesis consists of three self-contained studies on the factors affecting the financial reporting process. The first study investigates the role of reporting incentives in private firms. I observe significant decrease in asset -write-offs after an adverse change in tax treatment of write-offs. This change does not affect any other economic incentive to use accounting discretion and thus permits me to disentangle the tax- minimisation incentive from other incentives including debt contracting, dividends and employee relations that cause the anomalous positive relation between write-offs and profitability. I provide new and complementary evidence that tax incentives play an important role in firms' financial reporting behaviour. The second study examines whether mandatory adoption of IFRS affects the source and cost of debt financing. First, I find that mandatory IFRS adopters more likely issue public debt. Second, I show that IFRS adopters pay lower bond yield spreads but there is no significant effect on loan spreads. My findings are consistent with IFRS enhancing the quality and comparability of accounting information, and suggest that mandatory IFRS adoption is beneficial primarily for bond investors. Finally, I find that the positive effects of IFRS are present only in countries with strong institutions and less harmonised accounting standards. The third study investigates whether mandatory IFRS adoption affects credit relevance of accounting information. First, I find significant increase in credit relevance of mandatory IFRS adopters after the adoption. Second, I show that increase in credit relevance after IFRS adoption is greater for IFRS firms than for matched US \ \ firms, Third, I find that IFRS firms exhibit relatively higher credit relevance compared to US firms in the post-adoption period. Additionally, I show that IFRS effects vary between countries. I interpret higher credit relevance of IFRS-based accounting information relative to local standards as an increase in accounting quality from the debtholders' perspective. '.
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Schopp, Anne Verfasser], Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] [Neuhoff, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Grubb. "Financial incentives for low carbon investment / Anne Schopp. Gutachter: Karsten Neuhoff ; Michael Grubb." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106616133X/34.
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Cho, Joungill. "Effective use of customized incentives for trust-building in the online financial industry /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004233.
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Husung, Sabine. "The effects of financial incentives on groundwater use for irrigation in Western Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9919.
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Schopp, Anne [Verfasser], Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Neuhoff, and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Grubb. "Financial incentives for low carbon investment / Anne Schopp. Gutachter: Karsten Neuhoff ; Michael Grubb." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106616133X/34.
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Malmlund, Alexander. "The Financial Incentives to Adopting Corporate Social Responsibility and Socially Responsible Investing Practices." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2103.
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As corporate social responsibility and socially responsible investing practices have increased substantially over the past decade, the possible financial advantages have been examined in great depth. Utilizing firms from the S&P 500 I have investigated the possible outperformance of accounting based and market based measures. I did this by examining the relationship between ESG scores, a common measure of CSR level, and the following dependent variables: return on assets, total risk, systematic risk, and idiosyncratic risk. I obtained strong evidence that an increase in CSR levels are correlated with an increased return on assets.
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DeAngelo, Matthew Thomas. "Watershed Management and Private Lands: Moving Beyond Financial Incentives to Encourage Land Stewardship." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3034.
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Public water utilities are tasked with providing high quality, inexpensive water often sourced from watersheds representing a diverse mix of public and private land ownership. There is increasing recognition amongst water resource managers of the role that private landowners play in determining downstream water quality, but bringing together landowners with a wide variety of land management objectives under the umbrella of watershed stewardship has proven difficult. Recently, a large number of "Payment for Watershed Services" programs have aimed to engage private landowners in watershed stewardship initiatives by offering financial incentives for adopting watershed best management practices. However, a growing field of research suggests that financial incentives alone may be of limited utility to encourage widespread and long-standing behavior change, and instead understanding landowner attitudes and non-financial barriers to stewardship program enrollment has become a focus of research.
This research examines a population of rural landowners representing a diversity of agricultural, forestry, recreational, and investment objectives in the Clackamas River watershed, Oregon. I designed and distributed a mail and web-based survey instrument intended to measure land uses and land ownership objectives, attitudes towards watershed stewardship programs, barriers to enrollment in stewardship programs, and preferred incentives and goals that would promote enrollment. I received 281 valid responses for a response rate of 29%. I conducted two primary analyses: one focused on relating attitudes and barriers to intent to enroll in a watershed stewardship program, and one focused on identifying how diverse landowners differ according to factors influencing enrollment in stewardship programs. I found that landowners did not report financial considerations to be a primary barrier to enrollment and expressed low interest in receiving financial incentives. Instead, landowners reported that primary barriers related to lack of trust, ecological understanding, and concerns that stewardship program enrollment would be incompatible with their land management objectives. I do not discount the potential utility of financial incentives under certain circumstances, but emphasize the importance of addressing these other considerations before incentives can make a meaningful impact.
I compared how barriers to enrollment were perceived by landowners with different land management objectives relating to production, investment, and conservation. I found that landowner attitudes were differentiated from one another primarily by their use of land for production purposes; however, I found a large amount of diversity between producers and non-producers in the degree to which they considered investment and conservation objectives in their land management, and these two variables added further explanatory power to understanding fine-scale differences in how landowner typologies relate to conservation programs.
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Reis, Ebru. "Managerial Incentives and Takeover Wealth Gains." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2006. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/finance_diss/8.
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ABSTRACT MANAGERIAL INCENTIVES AND TAKEOVER WEALTH GAINS By EBRU REIS DECEMBER 5, 2006 Committee Chair: Dr. Jayant R. Kale Major Department: Finance This study examines the relationship between managerial equity incentives and takeover wealth gains both for target and acquirer firms. Although there is some research about the effect of acquirer managers’ incentives on acquirer wealth gains, this paper is one of the first to investigate the effect of target managers’ incentives on the wealth effects of target firms in corporate takeovers. In addition, prior research has focused on the alignment effect of equity incentives in takeovers. However, takeovers provide an opportunity to liquidate personal equity portfolio for managers who hold an undiversified portfolio of their firms’ stock. In this study, I identify two hypotheses that potentially explain the effect of target managers’ incentives on wealth gains. While incentive alignment hypothesis predicts a positive relationship, diversification driven-liquidity hypothesis predicts a negative relationship between target managerial incentives and target wealth gains. I use a sample of 656 successful and 104 failed acquisitions over the period 1994-2003 to test these competing hypotheses. I find that for targets that are less (more) diversified, equity incentives are negatively (positively) related to wealth effects. I also find that the target managerial incentives increase the success probability of a takeover bid and this positive effect is less pronounced for diversified target managers. Based on these results, I conclude that incentive alignment argument is dominated by liquidity argument in less diversified target firms, however, holds in diversified firms. For acquirer managers, I do not find any evidence that supports incentive alignment or diversification arguments.
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Rose, Timothy M. "The impact of financial incentive mechanisms on motivation in Australian government large non-residential building projects." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16680/.
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The use of financial incentives mechanisms (FIMs) in Australian government large nonresidential building projects is seen as a way to improve project motivation and outcomes and reinforce long-term commitment between participants. Yet very little empirical research has been conducted into how FIMs should be applied in the context of construction projects and what determines their impact on motivation. The primary aim of this research was to identify the motivation drivers impacting on the achievement of FIM goals. This allowed for the formulation of recommendations to improve Australian government building procurement strategies, creating the potential for better project outcomes. The research involved four major case studies of large construction projects. Analysis of motivation drivers on each project was based on interviews with senior project participants, secondary documentation and site visits. Once the motivation drivers were identified, they were ranked by the weighted number of motivation indicators impacted, to give an indication of their relative importance. The results provide Australian government clients with key areas for policy direction. The findings indicate that the following motivation drivers (in order of impact) were more important than FIM design in achieving FIM goals: equitable contract risk allocation and management scope for future project opportunities with the client harmonious project relationships early contractor involvement in design stages value-driven tender selection processes. A consequence of ignoring these key procurement initiatives can be a less than ideal FIM goal performance, despite the nature of FIM design, including the strength of the reward on offer. FIMs have the potential to be a valuable addition to any project procurement strategy. Yet, the main message of this thesis is: If clients rely solely on financial incentives as the driver of motivation it will likely result in failure.
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Olsson, Gustav, and Sara Hagve. "Sales professionals’ perceptions regarding financial incentives and motivation : A qualitative study in a B2B context." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54238.
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It is important for a selling company to have a motivated sales force. The motivation and what employees is motivated by have occupied the interest of human resource researchers for decades. There has been a large amount of research within motivational psychology, which has produced several theories regarding human needs and motivation factors. This study focused on sales professionals within business-to-business (B2B) with the purpose to explore and describe sales professionals’ perceptions regarding financial incentives and their motivation. The study also answers the questions of how sales professionals perceive that financial incentive affects their motivation and how the financial incentives relate to sales professional motivation. This study utilizes a qualitative approach, where the empirical data was gathered by six semi-structured interviews. By analyzing the findings, the researchers have concluded that financial incentive can both work as a motivator and a demotivator. Financial incentives can increase stress and pressure for the sales professional especially for individuals new to the profession. The study has found that this is something that the individual have to cope with since the organization is not providing support for this. If the sales professionals can cope with the stress, it will work as a motivator. Lastly, the study presents practical and managerial implications for sales organizations. They need to be aware of the business environment to ensure that financial incentive achieves the desired effect.
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Hutchinson, Robert Charles. "Enhancing preparedness adoption and compliance in the federal law enforcement community through financial incentives." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5073.
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CHDS State/LocalApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks and Hurricane Katrina, the federal law enforcement community has not adopted the level of emergency preparedness recommended or instructed by national directives, studies, and after-action reports. The importance of preparedness has been identified in numerous studies regarding the need for coordinated efforts on federal, state, local, and tribal levels. Failure to prepare and train employees has resulted in tort claims against local agencies and potential increased legal liability for the federal government. Through an analysis of specific costs and benefits of preparedness adoption and compliance, this thesis concludes that measurable and anticipated benefits often exceed costs for agencies. Analysis reveals that financial incentives, through the many federal preparedness grant programs, have encouraged preparedness adoption and compliance by state, local, and tribal governments. However, the federal law enforcement community, without access to these grants, has not achieved a level of preparedness adoption and compliance, raising the question: Would a new financial incentive concept designated for the federal law enforcement community increase preparedness adoption and compliance? Research indicates that a novel federal financial incentive concept would in fact increase preparedness adoption and compliance within the federal law enforcement community consistent with its state, local, and tribal partners.
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Hamilton, Fiona Louise. "Evaluating the impact of financial incentives on inequalities in smoking cessation in primary care." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/13696.
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Background: Smoking cessation interventions are underprovided in primary care. This thesis examines the impact of financial incentives on the provision of smoking cessation interventions, and inequalities in provision, in primary care. Methods: • Systematic review of financial incentives for smoking cessation in healthcare. • Cross sectional study using general practice data from Wandsworth, London, using logistic regression to examine associations between ethnicity and disease group with ascertainment of smoking status and provision of cessation advice following the introduction of the UK’s Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). • Before-and-after studies using general practice data from Hammersmith & Fulham, London, looking at the impact of a local financial incentive scheme (QOF+) on smoking outcomes for patients without smoking-related diseases (primary prevention), and antenatal patients, using logistic regression to examine inequalities. Results: Introduction of financial incentives was associated with increased recording of smoking status and advice to smokers, most evident for patients with smoking-related diseases compared with patients without smoking-related diseases, for whom there were much smaller incentives for recording smoking status and none for offering stop smoking advice. However, when specific incentives were provided for primary prevention large improvements in smoking outcomes were seen. The youngest and oldest groups of patients were less likely to be asked about smoking. White British patients were more likely to smoke than other ethnic groups, except Black Caribbean men with depression, 62% of whom smoked. Smoking advice was provided relatively equitably, but Black Caribbean men with depression were less likely to receive advice than White British men with depression (59% vs 81%). Disparities in smoking outcomes with respect to age and ethnicity persisted after the financial incentives were introduced. Conclusions: Introduction of financial incentives was associated with increases in recording smoking status and largely equitable provision of cessation advice, but variations in smoking outcomes between groups persisted. Extending financial incentives to include recording of ethnicity and rewarding quit rates may further improve smoking outcomes in primary care.
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Prastawa, Andhika. "An Analysis of the Financial Incentives Impact on the Utility Demand-Side Management Programs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46500.
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Many utilities implement the financial incentive plans in promoting their Demand-Side Management (DSM) programs. The plans are intended to reduce the customer investment cost for a high efficiency equipment option, so that to make the investment more attractive. Despite its potential to increase customer participation, the financial incentives could cause a considerable increase in program cost to the utility.
An analysis of financial incentive impact on the utility DSM program is conducted in this thesis. The analysis uses the combination of the customer participation modeling and the cost-benefit analysis of a DSM program. A modeling of customer participation by a discrete choice model is presented. The model uses the logistic probability functions. The benefit and cost of DSM programs are explored to develop the analysis methodology. Two typical energy conservation options of DSM programs are taken for case studies to demonstrate the analysis. The analysis is also conducted to see the effect of financial incentives on the performance of DSM programs in a fluctuating marginal energy cost. The result of this research shows that the financial incentive could induce the customer participation, thus provide an increase of benefit and costs. However, this research also reveals that, in certain circumstances, the financial incentive may result in a decrease of net benefit due to significant increase of cost. These imply that utilities must carefully evaluate the financial incentive plan in their DSM programs, before the programs are implemented.Master of Science
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Dowd, Frances S. "Municipal wastewater treatment plants' nitrogen removal response to financial incentives in Maryland and Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56479.
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As one of the largest and most productive estuaries in the United States, the Chesapeake Bay is a great economic, ecological, and cultural asset to the Mid-Atlantic region. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus discharge, however, has contributed to reduced levels of dissolved oxygen in various locations throughout the Bay. In 2010, the EPA developed a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for the entire watershed that established nutrient reduction targets to achieve Bay water quality objectives. The TMDL required states in the Chesapeake Bay watershed to create implementation plans to meet nutrient reductions. Maryland and Virginia specifically established stringent point source regulatory policies designed to meet point source reduction targets. Point source control programs created financial incentives for reducing nutrient discharge beyond regulatory requirements. This thesis will examine the extent to which Maryland and Virginia wastewater treatment plants undertake operational improvements to increase nutrient removal in response to state program incentives. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis, this thesis found evidence of lowered nitrogen discharges in response to financial incentives presented by each states point source control programs at municipal wastewater treatment plants. Maryland achieves modest improvements at a subset of advanced treatment WWTPs as a result of financial incentives presented by the state's public subsidy program. Although Virginia advanced treatment plants operating within a nutrient trading program have little incentive to over-comply, there is some evidence of operational improvements at less advanced nitrogen removal plantsMaster of Science
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FITZSIMMONS, VERNA MARIE. "THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE BASED, FINANCIAL INCENTIVES TO PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF WORK LIFE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1029162415.
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Stewart, Alistair Henry. "An assessment of financial incentives for encouraging South Africa's domestic solar water heater market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8987.
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Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-104).SA has a demand for domestic hot water, which is supplied by a number of different technologies. For a number of reasons, including health reasons and versatility, Government has encouraged the demand for electricity to meet domestic requirements. But currently there is a shortage of electricity supply, with negative impacts for the development of SA. Solar water heating (SWH) is a renewable energy technology that could relieve some of the demand for electricity, and the aim of this study is to assess which types of national financial incentive programmes should be implemented in order to encourage the use of SWH systems in households, within the context of SA's energy policy and the current electricity crisis. However, only hybrid SWH technologies were considered, due to a lack of information. A review of literature shows that domestic SWH technology use is uncommon, resulting from households preferring other technologies for reasons of cost and convenience. The modelling of current and hypothetical scenarios of energy consumption for domestic water heating show that the increased use of hybrid SWH technology would benefit SA's sustainable development. A literature review was used to identify the barriers stopping these benefits from being translated into the domestic sector. A literature review of energy policy documents confirmed SA's commitment to sustainable development and introduced a number of developments intended to reduce the barriers to renewable energy technologies. Investment incentives and set-asides were identified as potential financial incentive options for SA. A literature review of the SWH market identified the existing structures and capacity of expertise, and identified options for reducing SWH barriers. A criteria analysis was performed on a set-aside option and investment incentive options, which included a direct subsidy, an income tax deduction, and an interest rate subsidy. The criteria used for this analysis were derived from this study and a report of international experiences, and the analysis provided an assessment of the suitability of each of these financial incentives. The assessment resulted in the recommendation that a direct subsidy programme be implemented, possibly using a system of Tradable Renewable Energy Certificates (TRECs), which could allow for compatibility with developments that could enhance the success of the programme.
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Olmsted, Paige. "For love or money : harnessing environmental values and financial incentives to promote conservation stewardship." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61369.
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Despite broad agreement that large scale funding is needed to address the severe risks associated with habitat loss and ecosystem service degradation, financial and market-based interventions have brought substantial division in the conservation sector. This dissertation examines the values and attitudes associated with financial mechanisms and incentives, considering diverse groups with different relationships to natural landscapes: Costa Rican farmers, North American tourists in Costa Rica, and potential conservation donors. Despite diverse barriers and motives for participation, this dissertation investigates the opportunity for financial mechanisms to bolster and support values associated with environmental responsibility.
The first study pilots methods for assessing ‘relational values’, a concept that transcends traditional instrumental/intrinsic value divisions in linking people to ecosystems. Results suggest that relational values are distinct from standard methods of measuring ecological worldview and are predictive of farmer attitudes at the landscape level.
The second study assesses environmental values and attitudes of Costa Rican farmers regarding a national payment for ecosystem services program. The study investigates a set of claims regarding the negative effects of monetary incentives associated with the idea of “motivational crowding out”. Results indicate strong environmental concern across both participants and non-participants, and finds strong correlations between relational values and a series of farming attitudes associated with lifestyle and conservation.
The third study quantifies tourist preferences for specific attributes of conservation programs in Costa Rica, and explores the relationship between ecotourism and environmental values with knowledge of a prominent environmental challenge in the region. Stated interest in supporting conservation and strong environmental values presents an opportunity to leverage conservation values and increase financial support for conservation.
The fourth study introduces the concept of conservation impact investing, describes the unique challenges that differentiate it from other social issues, and outlines a research agenda for paths forward. I address the potential for conservation impact investing to expand the reach and constituency of support for conservation, and the risks associated with diverting funds from traditional conservation programs.
The dissertation lends support for the notion that appropriately designed incentive programs could significantly unite and expand interest and participation in conservation efforts rather than divide them.Science, Faculty of
Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Institute for
Graduate
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Stolper, Anno [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "The Incentives of Intermediaries in Financial Markets : A Critical Analysis / Anno Stolper. Betreuer: Klaus Schmidt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015064973/34.
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Siegert, Caspar [Verfasser], and Klaus M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Essays on financial economics and the cost of incentives / Caspar Siegert. Betreuer: Klaus M. Schmidt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1029040354/34.
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