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Academic literature on the topic 'Financial agreements'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 August 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Financial agreements"

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Johan, Suwinto, and Ariawan Ariawan. "Juridical Overview of the Syndication Financing Agreement Between Customers and Financial Institutions." Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 23, no. 3 (December 30, 2021): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/kanun.v23i3.21920.

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Companies need funding for business growth. Syndicated financing is financing in large amounts of funds and projects that require extensive and long-term financing. Syndi-cated financing has grown since the 1960s. Participating financial institutions have compliance and knowledge of syndicated financing agreements. Customers have low compliance and understanding of financing agreements. This discrepancy has given rise to several communication problems, which resulted in legal events. This research aims to examine syndicated financing agreements between financial institutions and customers from the juridical side. This research uses a normative juridical method. This research concludes that the financing agreement is a single agreement between customers and many financial institutions. Financial institutions cannot deal directly with customers in the syndicated financing agreements. The facility agent or trustee represents the financial institution in negotiations with the customer if there is a difference or discrepancy with the financing agreement.

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Vaitsekhovska, O. R. "INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS AS A SOURCE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL LAW." Constitutional State, no. 43 (October 26, 2021): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2021.43.241000.

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The article under studies is a legal analysis of the international contractual lawmaking in the field of finance. It lays particular emphasis on the role of international financial agreements in forming the international financial order enforcement. The article contains a classification of international agreements, which directly or indirectly aim at regulating financial relations according to the following criteria: 1) the subject of legal regulations; 2) the legal status of the parties that conclude an international agreement; 3) the number of the parties in an international agreement. In addition, the paper under discussion analyzes the contents of the statutes of certain international financial organizations, whose norms play a significant role for the legal-normative constituent of the international financial order enforcement. The research indicates that in compliance with the nature of the irfunctions and the number of the parties, international financial agreements are divided into: A) the international agreements, which set up the legal basics and a single procedure of the inter-state relations in a certain field of activities of the international financial relations (the fields of currency relations, settlement relations, countering terrorism financing, etc.) andserveas a basis for concluding other agreements in a respective area: 1) the international agreements that aim at coordinating states in the international financial relations (statutes of the international financial organizations); 2) the international agreements that have a mixed legal nature in the context of the ultimate legal entities, to which most of the provisions of the agreement are directed. Such inter-state agreements make the states fulfil their obligations by implementing the international norms into their national legislations, which concern the financial relations between legal and juridical persons. B) The international agreements, which contain individually determined financial norms (on the issues of financing, investing, etc.).

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Al-Rushou, Ahmad, and Mansour Al Saeed. "Repurchase Agreements in Financial Markets: Financial and Legal Prospective." Arab Law Quarterly 22, no. 2 (2008): 112–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/026805508x287658.

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GRAY, JOANNA. "FINANCIAL SERVICES: DRAFTING PRIVATE CLIENT AGREEMENTS." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 3, no. 2 (February 1995): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb024838.

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Mattesini, Fabrizio. "Capital accumulation under different financial agreements." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 15, no. 3 (July 1991): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(91)90008-o.

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Kholijah, Siti. "Akad Murakkab dalam Produk Keuangan Syariah." Jurnal BAABU AL-ILMI: Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/ba.v5i1.3122.

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The most important thing for creating sharia banking and financial products in addressing the demands of modern society is the development of multiple agreement.The form of a single agreement is not able to respond to contemporary financial transactions. Multiple agreement method should be superior in product development. Agreement in sharia transaction are modified from the exciting agreements in which such agreements are found in almost all sharia product. Multiple Agreement(al-Uqud al- Murakkabah) is one of contempory in Islamic banking whose implementation develops in line with business developments.

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Chernus, N. Yu, and E. P. Voytovich. "Place of Financial Rent (Leasing) Agreement in the System of Civil Legal Agreements." Juridical Science and Practice 15, no. 1 (2019): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2542-0410-2019-15-1-20-25.

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Morozov, Sergey Yu, Marina N. Ilyushina, Vitaly V. Izmailov, and Kama K. Dzhindzholiya. "Framework Agreement as a Regulator of Economic Relations, Business and Financial Activities." SHS Web of Conferences 110 (2021): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111001021.

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Very It seems relevant to consider a framework agreement on the implementation of economic activity, business and financial activities due to two circumstances: 1) framework agreements are most widespread in the sphere of economics, since it is the persons engaged in entrepreneurial activity who most of all need long-term planning of their economic interests and the distribution of financial resources; 2) certain types of framework agreements, named in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, are most widespread in the economy and the sphere of finance, digital technologies, that is, they are most often used in doing business. Purpose of research: the study of organizational relations developing in the field of economic activity, the definition of the problems of framework agreements both in doctrinal and legislative and law enforcement aspects in the field of economic and financial relations, as well as the development of proposals for improving legislation in this area. Methods: The methodological basis is general scientific methods of cognition of legal phenomena, such as synthesis, the method of analogy, formal logic and others, as well as private scientific research methods. problems of framework agreements applied in the field of economic activity. Results and novelty: Conclusions are formulated on the essential conditions of the framework agreement and practical recommendations are provided for the conclusion of such agreements as regulators of economic and financial activities. The place of framework agreements in the implementation of certain types of economic and entrepreneurial activities, such as banking and insurance activities, is analysed.

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Zavalna, Zh V., and M. V. Starynskyi. "Innovations in the legal regulation of contracts for the provision of financial services." Legal horizons, no. 26 (2021): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2021.i26.p72.

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The article is a topic study of the changes in Ukrainian laws that regulate financial services agreements. The study of this issue is caused by the need to improve the efficiency of the legal regulation of customer rights protection when concluding deposit, credit or escrow agreements with banks. The article provides theoretical analysis of the new provisions in the legislative instruments of the National Bank of Ukraine regarding their compliance with the theory of law and the provisions of the legislative acts, including in particular the Civil Code of Ukraine. As a result of the research the authors come to the conclusion that the additional requirements concerning financial services agreements do not include a clear definition of their legal status nor correlate to the established legislative requirements for the agreements of this type. Such ambiguity can influence both the contents of such agreements as well as the process and the result of their conclusion. Taking into consideration that banks usually conclude such agreements by providing prepared forms, the authors analyze whether it is reasonable to distinguish an individual and public part in the contents of such agreements. Consequently, such notions as “individual part” and “public part” of a financial services agreement that are used in the special legislative instrument requires further research. The practical value of the given study consists in the fact that coordination of new regulatory frameworks in the legal regulation of bank agreements should ensure a clearer definition of the provisions in financial services agreements and, as such, it should provide for the legal protection of customer rights in the area of financial (bank) services.

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Hapsari, Dwi Ratna Indri, and Kukuh Dwi Kurniawan. "Consumer Protection in the Banking Credit Agreement in Accordance with the Principle of Proportionality under Indonesian Laws." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 14, no. 4 (July 28, 2020): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v14no4.1884.

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The implementation of the principle of freedom of contract gives rise to the types of agreements not regulated in the law or The Indonesian Civil Code (ICC). We are familiar with the term Standard contract or standard agreement. Standard agreements are often used in the banking world, one of which is in banking credit agreements, as we all understand that the position of the customer is weaker than the bank, so it must be protected by law. In order to protect these interests, the customer is given protection contained in the Banking Act regulations as well as the Consumer Protection Act and its derivative regulations. Specifically, the credit agreement format as the standard agreement set out in Financial Services Authority Circular Number 13 / SEOJK.07 / 2014 Concerning Standard Agreements is that credit agreements that contain rights, obligations and requirements that are legally binding on customers, are required to use letters, writing, symbols, diagrams, signs, terms, readable phrases, and / or sentences simple ones in Indonesian that are easily understood by customers. This is in an effort to provide protection to customers and the regulatory and supervisory functions of the Financial Services Authority.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Financial agreements"

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Kennedy, Patrick C. (Patrick Conrad). "Renegotiating chapter 121A agreements : legal and financial considerations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75518.

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Heffernan, Grant B. "Effect of Lockup Agreements on Buyout Backed Initial Public Offerings." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/183.

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Using a sample of 279 buyout backed firms, I examined the effect of lockup agreements on the firm’s stock returns. I found there to be a negative .8 percent cumulative abnormal return for the three-day period surrounding lockup expiration. Consistent with my hypothesis the CAR for the three-day period surrounding lockup expiration was less negative for buyout backed IPOs compared to venture capital backed IPOs. In addition, I found there to be an abnormal 24.24 percent increase in trading volume for the three days surrounding lockup expiration.

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Nguyen, Duc Bao. "Essays on regional trade agreements and international trade." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0203/document.

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Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte de prolifération des accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) et traite des effets des ACR sur le commerce international. Nous visons à mieux comprendre et à apporter des points de vue nouveaux sur le rôle des ACR et du régionalisme en général en tant qu’élément important de la politique commerciale international aujourd’hui. Dans le premier chapitre, nous revisitons les effets ex post des ACR sur le commerce des pays membres et le commerce extrabloc en adoptant une approche empirique. Nous cherchons à déterminer la manière dont les blocs commerciaux régionaux affectent le commerce non seulement entre pays membres mais aussi entre pays membres et pays extérieurs à l’accord. Notre analyse confirme que les ACR augmentent de manière significative le commerce intra-bloc ; néanmoins, dans de nombreux cas, les ACR impliquent des effets de détournement d’échanges qui sont préjudiciables au reste du monde. Le chapitre deux examine de quelle manière la période de mise en œuvre de l’accord et les niveaux de développement des pays membres déterminent, en dynamique, l’effet des ACR sur le commerce international. Nous obtenons des tendances distinctes des effets ex post de l’ACR sur le commerce entre les accords Nord-Nord, Sud-Sud et Nord-Sud. Nous vérifions empiriquement que les ACR conclus par des partenaires commerciaux ayant un statut de développement économique analogue (les accords Nord-Nord ou Sud-Sud) sont susceptibles d’engendrer une augmentation plus forte du commerce des membres pendant une période de mise en œuvre plus courte. Le chapitre trois porte sur la manière dont les interactions entre ACR et développement financier influencent les flux d'échanges entre partenaires commerciaux. Dans ce travail conjoint avec Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, nous montrons que le développement financier (particulièrement sous sa forme intermédiée) encourage les échanges commerciaux mais que cet effet est atténué dès lors que les partenaires commerciaux ont signé un ACR
The subject of this dissertation focuses on the analysis of different aspects of the relationship between regional trade agreements (RTAs) and the multilateral trading system. We aim to provide a fresh understanding and views of the role of RTAs and regionalism in general as an important feature of international trade policy today. In chapter one we revisit the ex post effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade and extrabloc trade by adopting an empirical approach. We explore how regional trading blocs have influenced trade among members as well as trade with nonmembers. Our analysis confirms the widespread trade-enhancing effects of RTAs on member countries’ trade; however, in many cases, they lead to trade diversion effects that are detrimental to the rest of the world. Chapter two takes a closer look at how the implementation period of trade liberalization and partners’ levels of development affect the RTA dynamic effects on trade over time. We obtain distinct patterns of ex post RTA effects on trade across North-North RTAs, South-South RTAs and North-South RTAs. We empirically validate that RTAs formed by trading partners experiencing similar economic development status (North-North RTAs or South-South RTAs) are likely to lead to a larger increase in members’ trade during a shorter implementation period. Chapter three studies the mechanism through which RTAs impact the effect of financial development on trade flows between exporting and importing countries. In this joint work with Anne-Gaël Vaubourg, we show that the trade-enhancing role of financial development in the exporting country—especially through intermediated finance—is mitigated when there is an RTA between this country and its trading partner

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Hannemann, Henrik Jonathan Nicolai. "Conservation planning in Europe : ecological, financial, and political challenges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6180deed-8bab-4932-8a7c-e5bd54f765ed.

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Conservation of biodiversity and sustainable resource use are central aims within ecology. This thesis focuses on the current data and environmental frameworks used to support these aims across different states in Europe. In particular, it examines the impact of geo-political boundaries on data-use, funding and planning for temporal movement of species in response to climate change. It also examines the current environmental framework agreements in Europe and their capacity to deal with trans-boundary aspects of biodiversity change. Through examination of European biodiversity datasets, undertaking species distribution modelling of forest taxa, examining economic data, palaeo-ecological data, and assessing international environmental framework agreements, this thesis identifies a number of important knowledge gaps. Probably unsurprisingly, the distribution of biodiversity in Europe mostly does not match political entities, all of which have individual aims, financial resources, and biodiversity management regimes in place. All have a significant impact on biodiversity conservation planning because i) the use of geo-politically truncated data influences modelling predictions, ii) financial commitment to biodiversity conservation varies between countries influencing success outcomes, iii) biodiversity persistence in current and future climate change does not recognise geo-political boundaries, and iv) many of the key environmental frameworks are implemented within countries and do not considering trans-boundary issues. Overall these findings significantly improve the understanding of conservation and resource management in Europe and fill a number of important knowledge gaps. They highlight the importance of appropriate trans-boundary ecological datasets and the need for more consistency across Europe in financial resources for biodiversity conservation. They also highlight the need for appreciation of areas of high-persistent biodiversity regardless of geo-political boundaries and environmental framework agreements that support cross-border conservation measures.

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Arabaci, Mehmet Cengiz. "The IMF and the catalytic effect do IMF agreements improve access to international financial markets? /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/646196889/viewonline.

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Hoeft, Steven L. "A financial analysis of resource sharing agreements as part of the TRICARE Managed Care Support Contracts." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA359565.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1998.
Thesis advisor(s): Richard Doyle, Bill Gates. "December 1998." Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-84). Also available online.

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Dipholo, Thabo. "The potential impact of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement on a regional service provider." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74834.

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The advent of trade in services theory has been a developing research topic since 1980, where various factors are in place to determine trade flows and the impact of regulatory frameworks and policies. Services trade is an important contributing factor towards economic objectives and continues to drive development. With growth in services trade across the globe there is increased value in understanding the impact of the services sector on the African continent. The evolving reliance on services towards globalisation in low-income economies is proven to contribute significantly to gross domestic product. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement was instituted to integrate economies by creating ease of access for the intra-trade of goods and services across the continent. This study aimed to explore the impact of the AfCFTA agreement on a regional financial services provider. The research followed a semi-structured interview methodology, which measured and tested the impact of the agreement on trade in services for this qualitative study. The results indicated that the service provider would adopt the AfCFTA agreement’s requirements in the expansion of its operations, to establish services across the continent. Although the minimum number of countries required supported the ratification process, a lot of work is needed to develop and understand the effect of international trade, on the back of reformative policy changes such as the AfCFTA agreement.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MPhil
Unrestricted

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Hedberg, Peter. "Handeln och betalningarna mellan Sverige och Tyskland 1934-1945 : Den svensk-tyska clearingepoken ur ett kontraktsekonomiskt perspektiv." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3550.

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Zhang, Lin VanHoose David D. "Could sub-debts of banks be potential tools for supervision? Empirical study with data set 1999-2007 /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5183.

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Mudrochová, Petra. "Účtování o produktech oddělení finančních trhů v ING Bank." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114539.

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The banking industry is without a doubt one of the most innovative segments. Its products are continuously evolving with the advent of new technologies, globalization, competition and regulation. IASB attempt to capture what is happening to modify IFRS. On the other hand bank's lobbying actions can also be seen on countless amendments to International Accounting Standard on financial instruments. Therefore, IAS 39 has become difficult to understand, apply and interpret and thus IASB developed a new exposure draft IFRS 9. This diploma thesis compares Czech Accounting Standards, IAS 39 and IFRS 9 for derivatives, bonds and repurchasing agreements, focusing on their different classification, the concept of fair value and own credit risk. The practical part is based on products of Financial Markets department at ING Bank. Finally, it outlined the latest developments in the convergence process between IFRS and U.S. GAAP relating to the issues described.

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Books on the topic "Financial agreements"

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M, Langley Patricia, ed. Trade agreements and financial services. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing, 2002.

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Harris, Gregory Harrington. Annotated business agreements. Scarborough, Ont: Carswell, 1993.

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B, Draper Thomas, and Massachusetts Continuing Legal Education, Inc. (1982- ), eds. Negotiating loan agreements: From term sheets to financial documents. Boston, MA: MCLE, 1994.

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Understanding the use of financial accounting provisions in private acquisition agreements. Chicago, Ill: American Bar Association, 2012.

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Stephanou, Constantinos. Including financial services in preferential trade agreements: Lessons of international experience for China. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

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Limão, Nuno. Tariff retaliation versus financial compensation in the enforcement of international trade agreements. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2006.

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Ahmed, Ziauddin. WTO agreements & Bangladesh: Issues, concerns, & implications for Bangladesh's financial sector post-2005. Dhaka: South Asia Enterprise Development Facility, International Finance Corporation, 2005.

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Great Britain. Department of the Environment. and Laurence Gould Consultants Limited, eds. Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981: Financial guidelines for management agreements : final report. Warwick: Laurence Gould Consultants Ltd, 1985.

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United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ed. Policy space to prevent and mitigate financial crises in trade and investment agreements. New York]: United Nations, 2010.

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Pelaez, Carlos M. Globalization and the state: Trade agreements, inequality, the environment, financial globalization, international law and vulnerabilities. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Financial agreements"

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Eales, Brian A. "Forward Rate Agreements and Interest Rate Swaps." In Financial Engineering, 78–103. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27856-5_3.

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Charles, Oliver, and Umut Turksen. "Deferred prosecution agreements." In Organised Crime, Financial Crime, and Criminal Justice, 177–98. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003020813-11.

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Banks, Erik. "Repurchase/Reverse Repurchase Agreements." In The Credit Risk of Financial Instruments, 85–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13247-8_7.

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Mamayev, Robert. "Swaps and Forward Rate Agreements." In Data Modeling of Financial Derivatives, 163–87. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4302-6590-0_8.

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Chorafas, Dimitris N. "Central Banks, Commercial Banks and Repurchase Agreements." In New Regulation of the Financial Industry, 200–211. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780333977439_12.

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Taufik, Abdullah. "The Responsibility for Defaults on Financing Agreements in Shari’a Financial Institutions." In Proceedings of the 1st International Seminar on Sharia, Law and Muslim Society (ISSLAMS 2022), 241–49. Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-81-7_25.

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Nathanson, Michael J., Jeffrey T. Craig, Jennifer A. Geoghegan, Nadine Gordon Lee, Michael A. Haber, Seth P. Hieken, Matthew C. Ilteris, D. Scott McDonald, Joseph A. Salvati, and Stephen R. Stelljes. "Understanding and Negotiating Executive Employment Agreements for Success." In Personal Financial Planning for Executives and Entrepreneurs, 15–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98416-2_3.

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Nathanson, Michael J., Jeffrey T. Craig, Jennifer A. Geoghegan, Nadine Gordon Lee, Michael A. Haber, Max B. Haspel, Seth P. Hieken, et al. "Understanding and Negotiating Executive Employment Agreements for Success." In Personal Financial Planning for Executives and Entrepreneurs, 17–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65400-9_3.

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Jacur, Francesca Romanin. "Controlling and Assisting Compliance: Financial Aspects." In Non-Compliance Procedures and Mechanisms and the Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements, 419–37. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-557-5_25.

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Verney, Susannah, and Dimitris Katsikas. "Eurozone Crisis Management and the Growth of Opposition to European Integration." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy, 251–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_16.

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AbstractThe crisis that started in Greece in 2010 gradually spread to other Eurozone member states. Things were worse for the crisis-hit countries of the Eurozone periphery, some of which implemented harsh adjustment programmes in the context of financial assistance agreements, while others adopted similar policies even though they had not officially entered a bailout agreement (e.g. Spain and to a lesser degree Italy). In this environment of deteriorating material conditions, Euroscepticism reached new heights. This chapter examines the impact of the crisis, and the way it was handled, on regionalism in Europe, through its effects on Euroscepticism. The authors compare Eurobarometer data from European Union (EU) member states, in order to develop a comparative outlook on attitudes towards European integration during the crisis. The analysis employs data at discreet time intervals, in order to capture the evolution of attitudes from the pre-crisis environment in 2008, to the peak of the crisis in 2012, its gradual resolution in 2016 and its official ending (with the exit of Greece from its third bailout programme) in 2018. This analysis is complemented by an overview of the political developments in crisis-hit countries with the objective of documenting and analysing the emergence and, in some cases, dominance of Eurosceptic parties. The objective is to present a comprehensive overview of political developments and the public attitudes that shaped them, vis a vis the EU, during the crisis and offer a tentative conclusion on their impact on the European integration process.

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Conference papers on the topic "Financial agreements"

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Rakhaev, V. "Financial Model In Terms Of Concession Agreements." In 18th International Scientific Conference “Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.96.

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Fang, Pengcheng, Zhenhua Zou, Xusheng Xiao, and Zhuotao Liu. "iSyn: Semi-automated Smart Contract Synthesis from Legal Financial Agreements." In ISSTA '23: 32nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3597926.3598091.

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Kayani, Farrukh, and Zhongxiu Zhao. "Chinese Rationale for Free Trade Agreements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00387.

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In East Asia economic regionalism and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are proliferating at tremendous pace despite being the latecomer as compared to Americas and Europe. Proliferation of FTAs in East Asia started to spread after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The East Asian economies were dissatisfied with the way the IMF handled the crisis, particularly in Thailand and Indonesia. Presently, about over 100 FTAs are at various stages of development in East Asia. China is also actively engaged in FTAs like the other East Asian neighboring countries for achieving multiple objectives. In this paper we analyzed the detailed reasons that why China is pursuing FTAs? Furthermore, it is said that FTAs may jeopardize the multilateral trading system. As FTAs undermine the WTO policy of maintaining a liberal, non discriminatory and multilateral trading system by supporting the government interventions and prudential controls. Thus we would also explore that whether FTAs are building or stumbling blocks?

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Kovač, Rade, and Namik Čolaković. "Impact of the Application of Collective Agreements on the Financial Situation of Public Healthcare Institutions in the FBiH." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.235.

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The signing of collective agreements in the healthcare sector at the cantonal level in the FBiH has to increase funds for employees’ salaries in line with legal provisions as well as provisions of the collective agreements. The increase in salary allocations at the level of healthcare institutions, as a result of the application of collective agreements which was not accompanied by an adequate increase in revenue, could leave healthcare institutions in a difficult financial position. This paper focuses on assessing the financial impact of the application of healthcare collective agreements on the work of public institutions operating within the FBiH healthcare system. The primary aim of this research is to highlight the need for coordination and cooperation among all institutions of the system when entering into collective agreements with citizens. Lack of coordination may result in financial difficulties for public institutions when applying the collective agreements, which will be explained using the case of one public healthcare institution operating as part of the healthcare system in one of the cantons in the FBiH.

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Migliavacca, Alessandro. "DEBT, DAMAGE AND PENALTY IN THE LEASE AGREEMENTS: AN ACCOUNTING DRIVEN FINANCIAL CALCULATION." In 4th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2017. Stef92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/13/s03.028.

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Cardenas, Irvin Steve, and Jong Hoon Kim. "Robot-Human Agreements and Financial Transactions Enabled by a Blockchain and Smart Contracts." In HRI '18: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3173386.3177818.

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Lawsirirat, C., and A. Gupta. "Creating financial risk management framework for the service delivery of long-term service agreements." In Technology (ICMIT 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmit.2008.4654536.

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Vargek Stilinović, Ana. "THE RISE OF CLIMATE CHANGE LITIGATION: IS THERE A (REAL) LEGAL RISK FOR EU BANKING SECTOR?" In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22417.

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Banks had a crucial role in both major crises that hit the globe in the last fifteen years. While they were held responsible for onset of the global financial crisis in 2007, banks, oppositely, greatly contributed in mitigating the negative effects of recent health crisis caused by COVID- 19. The latter calamity showed us that certain natural events can represent significant threat not only to human lives and health but also to financial markets. Apart from pandemic, there is another nature related threat on the financial market horizon – the climate change. Recent actions on EU and international level show that role of the banks in tackling climate change crisis would not be negligible. For decades there were multiple attempts to encourage governments to take bolder measures to combat climate change by signing various international agreements. Nonetheless, only the Paris Agreement, that aims to reduce greenhouse gas emission to achieve a climate neutral world by 2050, proved to be a real game changer. Ever since the Agreement entered into force in 2015, there is a continuous and significant rise in climate change litigations. Such litigations are initiated primarily against governments for not reaching the Paris Agreements goals, but also against private sector – notably the emitters of CO2. However, not only are CO2 emitters held personally responsible for environmental damage in legal proceedings conducted, but also other parties that could influence CO2 emissions. Banks can indirectly influence CO2 emission, for example by providing credit lines to carbonintensive sectors. However, this indirect influence of banks to climate change is still not specifically recognized and regulated. Analysis of the climate change litigation landmark cases shows that national jurisdictions do not contain the legal basis for climate change responsibility stricto sensu. This legislative shortcoming is, however, overcome by interpreting legal principles and human rights obligations that arise from various international documents. Against this backdrop, it is necessary to ascertain is there a real climate change litigation risk for EU banks? Could banks, as private entities, be held responsible for contribution to climate change by invoking human rights? If the answer is affirmative, what can banks do in order to mitigate this risk? And finally, according to existing legal framework, are Croatian banks exposed to climate change litigation risk?

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Timčić, Ana. "SLOBODA UGOVARANjA I NAKNADA ZA USLUGU OBRADE KREDITA U PRAVNOM PROMETU REPUBLIKE SRBIJE." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.229t.

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Freedom of contracting assumes the economic and social equity of the contracting parties. Since absolute equality does not exist and most contracts of modern legal transactions are concluded on the basis of the general conditions of business of one of the contracting parties and/or as an adhesion agreement, "intervention" of the legislator is necessary in order to provide adequate legal protection for economically inequitable entities. The above stated aim is most often sought by the legislator to achieve by adopting imperative legal regulations which precisely limit the autonomy of the will of the contracting parties. Accordingly, the author deals with the interpretation of the reaching and meaning of the imperative legal regulations contained in the Law on Obligations, the Banking Law, the Law on the Protection of Financial Services Users and by-laws that limit the freedom to contract a loan processing fee. The subject matter of the analysis in the work was also the nullity of the provision that provides for the collection of a loan processing fee in a percentage of the total amount of the loan, which is containnged in the loan agreements concluded in accordance with the Law on Protection of Financial Services Users.

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Schretter, James, Steven Williams, and Jo¨rgen Brandett. "Two Financial Reasons Why Repowering Is Compelling Compared to Other Power Supply Options." In ASME Turbo Expo 2003, collocated with the 2003 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2003-38175.

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The past two years has been a period characterized by an emphasis on cost cutting, improving the operation of existing assets and a constrained financial market. In such an environment, repowering offers the potential to significantly improve existing power plant assets. A repowering of an existing steam power plant can result in a more than 50% improvement in the heat rate, leading to enormous operating cost savings. However, despite the potential operational and financial benefits of repowering, the experience we have found from first-hand research, is that there are a number of misconceptions regarding repowering economics. It appears that such misconceptions are limiting the extent to which repowering is being considered as a power supply resource option. The two most common misperceptions regarding repowering economics relate to 1) the relative installed cost compared to greenfield construction and 2) the comparative financial returns on a life-cycle basis. In this paper we analyze and discuss these two issues and try and make the case that repowering should be routinely included in power supply planning, along with options such as greenfield construction, power purchase agreements and spot purchasing.

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Reports on the topic "Financial agreements"

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CORPS OF ENGINEERS WASHINGTON DC. Financial Administration: EPA/Corps Superfund Program - Financial Closeout of Interagency Agreements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404225.

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Megersa, Kelbesa. Alternative Systems for Managing Financial Transactions in Humanitarian Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.136.

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Restrictions on the banking sector are having a growing adverse impact on the flow of funds to humanitarian agencies and assisting communities affected by humanitarian crises has also become much more difficult and costly. Delays, refusals of transactions by financial institutions and outright bank account closures worsen humanitarian crises by delaying aid distribution response times. The inability to channel funds and critical financial services into countries in humanitarian crisis prevents life-saving humanitarian assistance from reaching those who need it most. The absence of legal transfer channels means the financing vacuum is often filled by illicit means, which can facilitate the spread of crime and corruption (ODI, 2021). Humanitarian organisations have turned to a variety of transaction channels due to disruptions in legitimate transfer mechanisms. Without these alternative money transfer channels humanitarian organisations have been unable to run some parts of their programming. These alternatives means of obtaining funds requires humanitarian organisations to enter into less regulated financial agreements that are not subject to international standards.

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Kim, Jeong Won, and Sungjin Kim. International Agreements and Global Initiatives for Low-Carbon Cooling. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/rpae4386.

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Since the mid-1980s, the international community has controlled refrigerants that may damage the ozone layer and cause climate change based on several international agreements. In particular, the Montreal Protocol contributed to not only solving the ozone layer depletion problem but also limiting global warming. Given that the global demand for cooling would triple by 2050 and this rise would increase global greenhouse gas emissions significantly, the Montreal Protocol has expanded its regulatory scope to decarbonize the cooling sector through the adoption of the Kigali Amendment. Also, increasing interest in low-carbon cooling has driven the launch of various global initiatives to complement the international agreements and accelerate low-carbon cooling in developing countries. The experience of implementing the Montreal Protocol and its amendments suggests some lessons and insights for making the Kigali Amendment work well. First, each country should develop and enforce national policies aligned with international agreements. Second, financial and technical support mechanisms should be strengthened to facilitate developing countries’ compliance with the Kigali Amendment. Third, along with the improving energy efficiency of cooling, the substances that neither harm the ozone layer nor exacerbate climate change should be used as substitutes for hydrofluorocarbons. Last, the monitoring, reporting, and verification of controlled substances need to be strengthened.

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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.

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Holtom, Paul, Mark Bromley, and Verena Simmel. Measuring International Arms Transfers. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/fymr2694.

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Consistent, comprehensive data on international arms transfers enables the identification over time of trends in international arms transfers at the global, regional and national levels. There are several different methods for measuring international arms transfers. This Fact Sheet describes three sources of information for measuring international arms transfers: SIPRI’s measure of the volume of arms transfers; the financial value estimate of the United States Congressional Research Service (CRS); and national government data on the financial value of arms export agreements and deliveries. Using German arms exports in 2011 as a case study, it compares the methods used by SIPRI, the CRS and the German Government to measure German arms exports.

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Birch, Izzy. Financial Incentives to Reduce Female Infanticide, Child Marriage and Promote Girl’s Education: Institutional and Monitoring Mechanisms. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.005.

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The focus of this paper is on the complementary mechanisms and interventions likely to increase the effectiveness and impact of conditional cash transfer (CCT) schemes in South Asia that aim to reduce female infanticide and child marriage and promote girls’ education. The literature on the institutional aspects of these particular schemes is limited, but from this and from the wider literature on CCT programmes in similar contexts, the following institutional mechanisms are likely to enhance success: a strong information and communication strategy that enhances programme reach and coverage and ensures stakeholder awareness; advance agreements with financial institutions; a simple and flexible registration process; appropriate use of technology to strengthen access, disbursement, and oversight; adequate implementation capacity to support processes of outreach, enrolment, and monitoring; monitoring and accountability mechanisms embedded in programme design; coordination mechanisms across government across social protection schemes; an effective management information system; and the provision of quality services in the sectors for which conditions are required. There is a very limited body of evidence that explores these institutional issues as they apply to the specific CCT programmes that are the focus of this report, however, there is more available evidence of the potential impact of ‘cash-plus’ programmes, which complement the transfers with other interventions designed to enhance their results or address the structural barriers to well-being

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Brzoska, Michael, Wuyi Omitoogun, and Elisabeth Sköns. The Human Security Case for Military Expenditure Reductions. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/tmrz9944.

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Global military expenditure has reached record levels. At the same time, hundreds of millions of people face non-traditional ‘vital’ risks and threats to their security—threats to their lives, livelihoods and dignity. Accelerating climate change and growing loss of biodiversity add unprecedented urgency to investing in people’s security. The concept of human security, as explained in this paper, emphasizes the security of people without neglecting the security of states and state order. The human security approach stresses the necessity to balance the financial needs from all vital risks and threats, regardless of their cause. It logically leads to a reassessment of spending on the military. It also seriously considers the fear that reducing military expenditure will reduce the security of states, a major barrier to past international initiatives to reduce military expenditure. As a first step to initiate the rebalancing, this paper proposes three priority fields of activity to free resources from military spending: (a) arms control and disarmament negotiations and agreements; (b) sector-wide security sector reform for conflict prevention; and (c) financial responsibility in military expenditure and arms procurement. These can be taken without impairing the security of states and state order. If successful, these steps would remove barriers to further military expenditure reductions to improve the human condition in an increasingly dangerous Anthropocene.

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Putriastuti, Massita Ayu Cindy, Vivi Fitriyanti, and Muhammad Razin Abdullah. Leveraging the Potential of Crowdfunding for Financing Renewable Energy. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.002.

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• Renewable energy (RE) projects in Indonesia usually have IRR between 10% and 15% and PP around 6 to 30 years • Attractive return usually could be found in large scale RE projects, although there are numerous other factors involved including technology developments, capacity scale, power purchasing price agreements, project locations, as well as interest rates and applied incentives. • Crowdfunding (CF) has big potential to contribute to the financing of RE projects especially financing small scale RE projects. • P2P lending usually targeted short-term loans with high interest rates. Therefore, it cannot be employed as an alternative financing for RE projects in Indonesia. • Three types of CF that can be employed as an alternative for RE project funding in Indonesia. Namely, securities, reward, and donation-based CF. In addition, hybrid models such as securities-reward and reward-donation could also be explored according to the project profitability. • Several benefits offer by securities crowdfunding (SCF) compared to conventional banking and P2P lending, as follows: (1) issuer do not need to pledge assets as collateral; (2) do not require to pay instalment each month; (3) issuer share risks with investors with no obligation to cover the investor’s loss; (4) applicable for micro, small, medium, enterprises (MSMEs) with no complex requirements; and (5) there is possibility to attract investors with bring specific value. • Several challenges that need to be tackled such as the uncertainty of RE regulations; (1) issuer’s inability in managing the system and business; (2) the absence of third parties in bridging between CF platform and potential issuer from RE project owner; (3) the lack of financial literacy of the potential funders; and (4) lastly the inadequacy of study regarding potential funders in escalating the RE utilisation in Indonesia.

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Sajtos, Laszlo, George Marbuah, and Aaron Maltais. Financial flows of five leading banks in Sweden since the Paris Agreement: a report for the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Stockholm Environment Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.021.

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This study sheds light on the domestic and international financial flows from the largest lenders in Sweden and their alignment with the Paris Agreement. The results show the extent to which banks’ financial flows contribute to achieving climate goals consistent with Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement on climate change, or to delaying that achievement, with some limitations.

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Romero, Antonio. The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement and relations between European Union and Cuba. Fundación Carolina, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dtff01en.

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This document makes an assessment of the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between Cuba and the European Union (EU) in its four years of validity, and of the evolution of political and economic relations between both parties. The analysis is structured in five headings that address the background, determinants and significance of the PDCA between Cuba and the EU; the main elements discussed in the political dialogue —and in thematic dialogue— between the two parties since 2018, and the central aspects of trade, investment and cooperation relations between Cuba and the EU. The report concludes that, unlike the United States, the EU is able to support the complex process of economic and institutional transformations underway in Cuba, in four fundamental areas: i) technical assistance and advice for the design and implementation of public policies, macroeconomic management, decentralisation and local development; ii) cooperation to fight climate change and transform Cuba’s productive and technological structure; iii) the promotion and encouragement of foreign investment flows from Europe, targeting key productive sectors; and iv) the exploration of financial opportunities for Cuba through the European Investment Bank (EIB) under the current PDCA.

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