Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Finances – Environnement'
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Barrieu, Pauline. "Produits dérivés météorologiques et environnement." Phd thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2002. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00918753.
Full textRisch, Anna. "Environnement et énergie : analyses et évaluation de politiques publiques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944138.
Full textXiong, Hang. "Décentralisation et environnement en Chine." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00713933.
Full textRaffin, Natacha. "Environnement, Santé, Education: Quels enjeux pour le Développement?" Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450845.
Full textLeconte, Arnaud. "Combler l'écart entre la gestion de l'information et du risque social : : le marché européen du carbone, un modèle pour un marché global du carbone?" Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0012.
Full textThe development of a new emerging market of carbon emission rights, the EU ETS (European Trading Scheme), since 2005 represents the first empirical attempt to capture new information (the carbon price) in climate risk management. A future global and efficent carbon price set by the market system assumes the existence of financial and technological transfer mechanisms to developing countries under the equity principle. The fair distribution of resources and risks is critical in the carbon market, and issues of equity are central to securing a global action programme to deal with climate change. Most economic studies consider that the carbon market is superior to other instruments (such as the carbon tax) in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. Formal modelisation in economics focuses on neo-classical models where perfect information is assumed. However, even a small amount of information imperfection has a profound effect on the nature of the equilibrium. The loss of confidence in the market mechanism observed in the current crisis leads to propose a new way of analysing financial markets. Under a framework of interactions between imperfect information and speculative flows, the new model developed in the present thesis, called PRISME, identifies and addresses the six key functions of financial markets: Price, Risk, Incentives, Social, Multiplier and Effectiveness. .
Kouakou, Thiédjé Gaudens-Omer. "La finance et l'éthique dans un environnement financiarisé : le cas de la finance solidaire." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768203.
Full textDrabo, Alassane. "SANTE, ENVIRONNEMENT ET DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE." Phd thesis, Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00721112.
Full textAkue, Adovi Segbeaya. "Finances publiques et politiques de protection de l'environnement dans les pays d'Afrique de l'ouest." Poitiers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003POIT3020.
Full textBOUGLET, Tania. "Incertitude et environnement: essai de représentation et analyse des choix publics." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002304.
Full textGlavas, Dejan. "Why do firms issue green bonds?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E041.
Full textThis thesis topic is the green bond market and the incentives pushing firms into issuing this new type of security. Three key hypotheses were stated to explain the motive for a firm to issue a green bond. The first hypothesis (“long-term value creation”) asserts green bond issuers invest in green technologies to generate long-term value. The second hypothesis (“delegated philanthropy”), professes stakeholder pressure engenders the fundamental reason for a firm to issue green bonds. The third hypothesis (“agency view”) contends that managers of green bond issuing firms serve their own objectives. This thesis aims at testing these hypotheses through three empirical articles and a synthesis article added in the appendix
Lecou, Sébastien. "Missions de service public et régulation en environnement concurrentiel : Application au secteur postal." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00187041.
Full textDans un premier chapitre, nous étudions le calcul du cout d'une mission de service public. nous montrons que l'existence d'une mission de service public va exercer des externalités sur la demande et les couts des activités concurrentielles de l'entreprise, ainsi que sur les entreprises concurrentes. ces externalités sont alors susceptibles de modifier le cout de la mission. nous appliquons nos resultats a l'exemple de la mission d'aménagement du territoire imposée a La Poste.
Dans un second chapitre, nous étudions les prix de transfert utilisés pour valoriser les transactions entre une maison mere régulée et une filiale concurrentielle. nous présentons dans le détail l'affaire chronopost qui a donne naissance a la jurisprudence européenne en matiere de prix de transfert.
Dans un troisième et dernier chapitre, nous reprenons les thématiques des chapitres précédents et ajoutons la possibilité pour un operateur d'adopter des stratégies anticoncurrentielles. nous présentons l'exemple de la poste allemande condamnée pour avoir adopté une strategie prédatrice sur un segment de son marché colis. nous tentons alors de verifier la conjecture selon laquelle les entreprises régulées seraient plus susceptibles d'adopter des comportements prédateurs.
Faure, Guy. "L'exploitation agricole dans un environnement changeant : innovation, aide à la décision et processus d'accompagnement." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00178531.
Full textLe, Lann Daniel-Wassim. "Four essays on sustainable finance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ORLE1012.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the burgeoning research field of sustainable finance. The first part of the thesis aims to address some of the criticisms raised by investors, regulators, and stakeholders on ESG ratings. Chapter 1 develops a backtest methodology to evaluate ESG ratings. Our empirical applications indicate that the informativeness of ESG ratings strongly depends on the location of firms' headquarters and the level of consensus among rating agencies. Chapter 2 proposes a new methodology for the production of ESG ratings based on supervised learning. The methodology has the advantage of eliminating any confusion regarding what ESG ratings truly measure. Our empirical applications highlight its usefulness, but also the limitations of using information from sustainability reports to predict corporate irresponsible behavior. The findings of Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 demonstrate the considerable challenges involved in building accurate measurement systems for corporate sustainability. The second part of the thesis takes a broader perspective on organizational behavior and investment flows in the context of climate change. Chapter 3 investigates organizations' strategic responses to the threat of climate activists through a case study of a French elite student climate movement that threatened to boycott polluting employers. While the initiative has raised concerns about the ability of large companies to attract human capital, our findings indicate that polluting firms could, at least temporarily, address this challenge by committing to improve their environmental impact. Chapter 4 examines the capacity of current climate governance to slow down fossil resource extraction through an empirical investigation of investment flows into fossil energy infrastructures. Our results emphasize the importance of climate policy-making, but also the limitations of fragmented climate governance, in effectively mitigating climate change
Lopez-Ruiz, Hector G. "Environnement & Mobilité 2050 : des scénarios sous contrainte du facteur 4 (-75% de CO2 en 2050)." Phd thesis, Université Lumière - Lyon II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523839.
Full textJean, Nicolas. "Environnement économique et élections : une étude des déterminants du vote appliquée aux élections municipales françaises." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL12015/document.
Full textThis thesis examines the impact of economic conditions and political context on the result of parties' candidates in local elections in France. It confirms hypothesis of economic voting, in the case of French local elections, on the basis of an original and detailed database, covering the 1983-2008 period. We show that the incumbent’party is considered as a victim of national political events (cohabitation notably) but it shares the responsibility for the level of economic variables and is consequently rewarded (or penalized). Furthermore, for the 2001 elections, environmental variables also impact incumbent’s share of vote. This thesis also investigates the behaviour of the voter, showing a complex mechanism of varied degrees of sociotropism: regional level is relevant for fiscal variables, but national level is in voter’s mind for economic factors (unemployment). Finally, the electoral rule (two rounds) is also crucial for identifying the decisive factors. Municipal budget structure is important for the first round, particularly; wages and investments expenditures increase the incumbent’s winning probability but consumption spending (wages off) decrease this probability. Political variables (number of candidates) come into play for the second round
Hennebel, Martin. "Valorisation des services système sur un réseau de transport d'électricité en environnement concurrentiel." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00362205.
Full textBourcet, Clémence. "Déploiement des énergies renouvelables : déterminants globaux et financement participatif en france." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 13, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA131032.
Full textIn the context of mitigation actions in the energy sector to reduce greenhouse gasemissions, renewable energy (RE) sources appear as relevant solutions. They canbe used for electricity production, in the heating and cooling, and the transportsectors. However, these low-carbon sources have only developed slowly andsignificant differences exist between countries.In this thesis, I first explore the empirical determinants of RE sources deploymentby systematically reviewing the existing quantitative country-level literatureon this topic. I find that this strand of literature is quite fragmented andanalyze the authors’ results based on the framework considered to investigatethe existence of a consensus on possible determinants of RE development at acountry level.To complement this multi-country approach, I focus on two significant barriersthat have been found to hinder a wide spread use of RE sources: financingand acceptance. More specifically, I look at the RE crowdfunding sector. Indeed,crowdfunding is an innovative financing tool that enables the participation ofcitizens in the funding of RE projects, thus involving them in the energy transitionprocess towards low-carbon sources. In particular, I focus on the FrenchRE crowdfunding sector because it has experienced a strong growth in the contextof a favorable regulatory environment. I conduct a case study of a Frenchcrowdfunding platform specialized in RE projects to better understand its businessmodel and the risks associated with it. Then, to shed some light on thecharacteristics of the sector, I give an overview of the different actors that are involvedin the French RE crowdfunding sector: platforms, project promoters, andcontributors. Finally, I carry out an empirical analysis of survey data regardingthe decision-making process of French citizens that have invested in RE crowdfundingprojects
Klein, Paul-Olivier. "Essays on the corporate bond markets." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAB008/document.
Full textThis dissertation studies the corporate bond market. Results emphasize the role of legal environment and governance. The first chapter demonstrates the role of creditors’ protection and information on the corporate bond market. It identifies a non-homogenous impact across firms. The second chapter uses a meta-analysis to scrutinize the effect of a bond offering on the firm’s value. It stresses the reasons underlying diverging results in the literature so far. The third chapter focuses on the Chinese corporate bond market and highlights the role of state and management ownership on the value created by a bond offering. The fourth chapter isolates a religious bias from professional investors and contributes to the literature on the impact of behavioural biases on the firm’s value
Morvan, Régis. "Les politiques publiques locales de protection de l'environnement : éléments d'analyse des systèmes comptables des administrations publiques locales." Montpellier 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON10050.
Full textPallesen, Trine. "L'assemblage d'un marché de l'électricité éolienne : analyse de la construction de dispositifs de marché." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874816.
Full textLoridan-Baudrier, Audrey. "Coûts de coordination, structures de gouvernance réglementaire et environnement institutionnel : une analyse économique néo-institutionnelle de la mise en œuvre du cadre réglementaire européen des communications électroniques." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165182.
Full textCette problématique nous a conduit à mobiliser les concepts de la théorie des coûts de transaction et à adopter une approche contractuelle de la régulation. Notre analyse pointe l'influence de l'environnement institutionnel européen sur le choix des modalités de mise en oeuvre de la régulation des marchés pertinents. Partant d'une analyse comparative des formes possibles de la régulation, nous défendons la thèse que la structure de gouvernance issue de la réforme répond au besoin de garanties face à l'incertitude, au pouvoir discrétionnaire et au risque d'opportunisme dans un contexte incertain. La dispersion des pouvoirs et des compétences apparaît délibérée. Elle sert des intérêts légitimes comme l'équilibre des pouvoirs et la transparence des relations entre les autorités nationales de régulation et de la concurrence, les institutions européennes et les acteurs du marché.
Allet, Marion. "Microfinance and the environmental bottom line." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209516.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
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Planchais, Gaël. "Stratégie et performance des agriculteurs dans un enjeu d'agriculture durable." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00418659.
Full textAujourd'hui, avec l'alternative du développement durable, la réflexion autour des problématiques liées à l'environnement sont omniprésentes et interpellent l'agriculture sur les questions relatives à l'eau, l'air, le sol, la biodiversité.
Cette recherche, qui est basée sur plusieurs théories, reste essentiellement centrée sur la théorie des parties prenantes, qui invite tous les acteurs (agriculteurs, consommateurs, Etat, collectivités locales...) à participer à cette évolution vers une agriculture multifonctionnelle et durable.
L'interrogation fondamentale est : l'agriculture durable est-elle aussi voire plus performante que l'agriculture conventionnelle ?
La recherche s'est appuyée sur des agriculteurs qui ont choisi de mettre en place des mesures en faveur de l'environnement dans un contrat territorial d'exploitation (entre 2000 et 2002). L'engagement, pour cinq ans, est un exemple concret d'agriculture durable. Il a servi de support pour cette thèse pour analyser la stratégie des agriculteurs dans cet enjeu d'agriculture durable, d'autant plus que ce contrat était une innovation en la matière.
La méthodologie consiste, à partir d'un questionnaire, a étudier les motivations qui ont conduit les agriculteurs à signer un contrat. En parallèle, une base de données sur les informations économiques et financières de ces exploitations, a été exploitée.
Boutry, Ornella. "Agriculture et Environnement : une analyse néo-institutionnelle de l'évolution des pratiques agricoles. Le cas de la gestion quantitative de la ressource en eau en Charente-Maritime." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00655767.
Full textZerbib, Olivier David. "Asset pricing and impact investing with pro-environmental preferences." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1207.
Full textThis thesis addresses the effects of investors’ pro-environmental preferences on asset pricing and impact investing. The first chapter shows how sustainable investing, through the joint practice of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) integration and exclusionary screening, affects asset returns. The effect of these two practices translates into two taste premia and two exclusion premia that induce cross-effects between excluded and non-excluded assets. By using the holdings of 453 green funds investing in U.S. stocks between 2007 and 2019 to proxy for sustainable investors' tastes, I estimate the model applied to green investing and sin stock exclusion. The annual taste effect ranges from -1.12% to +0.14% for the different industries and the average exclusion effect is 1.43%. In the second chapter, I use green bonds as an instrument to identify the effect of non-pecuniary motives, specifically pro-environmental preferences, on bond market prices. I perform a matching method, followed by a two-step regression procedure, to estimate the yield differential between a green bond and a counterfactual conventional bond from July 2013 to December 2017. The results suggest a small negative premium: the yield of a green bond is lower than that of a conventional bond. On average, the premium is -2 basis points for the entire sample and for euro and USD bonds separately. I show that this negative premium is more pronounced for financial and low-rated bonds. The results emphasize the low impact of investors' pro-environmental preferences on bond prices, which does not represent, at this stage, a disincentive for investors to support the expansion of the green bond market. Finally, the third chapter shows how green investing spurs companies to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by raising their cost of capital. Companies' emissions decrease when the proportion of green investors and their environmental stringency increase. However, heightened uncertainty regarding future environmental impacts alleviates the pressure on the cost of capital for the most carbon-intensive companies and pushes them to increase their emissions. I provide empirical evidence supporting the theoretical results by focusing on U.S. stocks and using green fund holdings to proxy for green investors' beliefs. When the fraction of assets managed by green investors doubles, companies’ carbon intensity drops by 5% per year
Vu, Hong van. "La relation de clientèle banque-entreprise et la structure du pool bancaire dans un environnement corrompu : trois essais." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2D020/document.
Full textThis thesis consists of three research on the firms’ bank financing. The first essay focuses the influences of bank–firm relationships and political connections on firms’ access to credit. It uses a manually collected data set of Vietnamese medium-sized enterprises to show that bank–firm relationships (length of relationship with main bank and number of banks) and political connections have complementary effects on maximizing firms’ availability of credit. This research has policy implications for emerging economies characterized by local government corruption; it suggests that policymakers should prefer transactional banking systems to relationship banking systems, and it exposes the dark side of bank–firm relationships. The second essay investigates the effects of political connections and local corruption on the structures of firms’ bank pools. Using the same data set with our first essay, it finds that politically connected firms tend to establish their main bank relationships with connected banks. It also finds that connected firms reduce their numbers of banks and their diversity of bank ownership types in their bank pools when they achieve main bank relationships with connected banks; such firms maintain these bank pool structures when corruption is prevalent in their home provinces. Results demonstrate that local corruption is associated positively with number of banks and diversification of bank ownership types. The last essay explores the structure of firms’ bank pools in emerging economies characterized by corruption. In the proposed theoretical model, firm managers maximize an expected utility function that depends on both firm value and personal consumption. According to the weight they assign to each component, managers choose among three bank pool structures to combine some number of banks and the choice of a main bank that is more or less corrupt. The test of this model relies on the same rich data set with our first essay. The results confirm that firms and banks match, in terms of their levels of integrity. Moreover, firms tend to increase the number of banks in the bank pool when they cannot achieve a relationship with a desirable main bank
Loher-Delalune, Carol-Anne. "Trois essais sur l’engagement actionnarial : contribution à la compréhension des origines, des pratiques et des acteurs dans le contexte français." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORIL651.
Full textFor more than thirty years, we have been witnessing a change in the financial system, especially with the rise of socially responsible investment and sustainable finance. Among socially responsible investment strategies, shareholder engagement consists in the use of the shareholders' rights in order to influence the strategy of the company in which they hold a share of capital towards an approach that is more respectful of environmental, social and governance criteria. It seems that shareholders are increasingly using this strategy. The thesis contributes, on the basis of an exploratory approach, to the understanding of the phenomenon of shareholder engagement in the French context through three essays. The first essay recounts the origins and emergence of shareholder engagement in France. The second essay presents the complexity of the ecosystem of shareholder engagement and identifies the obstacles to and levers for this practice in the French context. The third essay focuses on the complex role of non- governmental organizations and their contributions to the process of shareholder engagement
Detemple, Jérôme. "Modèles dynamiques d'équilibre des actifs financiers en environnement informatif." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR10005.
Full textMougin, Fanny. "Gouvernement d'entreprise et environnement légal." Besançon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BESA0008.
Full textZugravu, Natalia. "Croissance, Commerce, IDE et leur impact sur l'Environnement : cas de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale et de la Communauté des Etats Indépendants." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00450676.
Full textLacour, Pauline. "Quantifier le contenu environnemental des relations économiques entre la Chine et le Japon : Analyse de trois canaux de transfert de technologies vertes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENE006.
Full textThis dissertation provides an evaluation of the environmental content of economic relations between Japan and China, analysing three channels of climate-friendly technology transfers To identify the dynamics of green technology transfers (improvement of energy efficiency, pollutant recovery, cleaning up, exploitation of renewable energy sources), the demonstration is concentrated on three vectors: trade flows, international patent families and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects of the Kyoto Protocol. The analysis of trade flows from Japan to China shows that Chinese imports of environmental goods, capital goods and high technology goods are channels of technological diffusion. In particular, the econometric estimations reveal that imports of high technology goods affect negatively the energy and carbon intensity of the Chinese GDP. The analysis of international patent family data enable to identify that technologies aiming at reducing air pollution are dominant in transfers from Japan to China. Finally, transfers of knowledge and capital goods appear in the implementation of CDM projects financed by Japanese firms and implanted in China. The empirical analysis reveals that training plans are implemented in parallel to the transmissions of environmental equipments, knowing that transfers occur mainly through wind and water projects. This dissertation reveals that the density of economic relations between Japan and China is accompanied by the diffusion of green technologies. The development gap between Japan and China as well as the presence of absorptive capacity in China fosters technology diffusion through economic flows. The positive impact of these flows in terms of environmental quality is strengthened by the Chinese Government dedicated to technology transfers and the legislation concerning foreign investment
Morel, A. L'Huissier Alain. "Economie de la distribution d'eau aux populations urbaines à faible revenu dans les pays en voie de développement." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1990. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529771.
Full textHeitz, Carine. "La perception du risque de coulées boueuses : analyse sociogéographique et apports à l'économie comportementale." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00486960.
Full textRinaudo, Jean-Daniel. "Approches économiques de la gestion des eaux souterraines." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Montpellier I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829450.
Full textBao, Li. "Three Essays on Green Finance." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU10003.
Full textFirms are facing increasing expectations to address environmental issues, yet the conflicting goals of shareholder value-maximization and the costs of pollution prevention present significant challenges. This thesis explores two potential solutions: the long-term benefits of firms' early adoption of green practices and the preference of investors for green firms.The first chapter studies the long-term benefits that early adopters of green practices can obtain. Specifically, it investigates the impact of heightened enforcement of air pollution abatement regulations by local governments on the financial performance of Chinese listed firms. Using a two-stage least squares methodology, the study analyzes the impact of increased pollution control actions resulting from the transfer of monitoring station control rights from local governments to the central government. It compares the profitability of firms that implemented green practices early with those that did not. The findings reveal that firms with early green actions experience an increase in profitability, primarily attributed to reduced financial expenses. To further examine whether firms with early green actions can effectively manage and smooth the transition costs associated with adopting green practices in the initial years, the performances of firms with and without early green actions is tracked over time. The study discovers that their performances are similar until local governments intensify their enforcement efforts, and firms with early green actions outperform afterwards. The second chapter examines how stock and bond investors perceive firms' green status. Leveraging the Climate Bonds Initiative's three-tier verification system for green bonds, the study disentangles the influence of a company's green status and its issuance of green bonds. The analysis reveals that stock investors value a company's green status. The status is released to the market when a firm's green bond framework is verified or when it issues its first green bond if the framework is not verified. However, bond investors solely value certified green bonds and do not have a preference for other green bonds or conventional bonds issued by green firms. The third chapter investigates the growing trend of passive investors and their voting behavior during annual general meetings, aiming to shed light on their potential influence on green practices. While passive funds lack internal incentives to intervene in governance, external incentives from the same fund family's active funds may play a significant role. The study explores how active funds adjust their holdings based on passive funds' positions and how this affects voting patterns. Results show that active funds’ portfolios are affected by inflows of passive funds, while their own inflows do not have an impact. Moreover, when the product of passive and active funds’ ownership from the same fund family increases due to inflows of passive funds, both passive and active funds are more likely to vote against ISS recommendations.In summary, this thesis emphasizes the outperformance of firms with early green actions and highlights stock investors' preference for firms' green status. The findings contribute to the adoption of green practices in corporate decision-making
Caurla, Sylvain. "Modélisation de la filière forêt-bois françaiseÉvaluation des impacts des politiques climatiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0006.
Full textThis PhD thesis addresses the issue of assessing the impacts of various climate policies on the French forest sector. It starts from the observation that, in France, most climate policies are based upon the stimulation of additional fuelwood consumption through bottom-up processes. Besides assessing the economic and environmental impacts of these fuelwood policies, we also analyze the impacts of two alternatives climate policies : a policy based upon carbon sequestration in forest and a policy to stimulate the forest sector through a top-down carbon tax policy. In order to test these policies, we develop a bio-economic model of the French sector called French forest sector model (FFSM). It contains two interconnected modules: the economic module represents the economy of the national forest sector in a partial equilibrium framework while the biological module represents the French forest resources dynamics. FFSM takes into account the consumption of 6 final products, the production of 3 primary products and represents tradesbetween the 22 French administrative regions and between France and the rest of the world. From FFSM, we assess the economic effectiveness of policies by interpreting policies costs and by measuring the impacts on the sector through economic variables. We also assess the environmental effectiveness by comparing their carbon balances and their impacts on the forest resource dynamics
Hayek, Yasmine Wafic. "Ordre et chaos sur les marchés financiers : nouvel environnement de la gestion de portefeuille." Paris 9, 2001. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2001PA090042.
Full textStaropoli, Carine. "Choix Publics en Environnements Concurrentiels et Réglementés." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608328.
Full textOlivier, Ducourtieux. "Du riz et des arbres – L'élimination de l'agriculture d'abattis-brûlis, une constante politique au Laos." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00409644.
Full textL'étude du système agraire de Phongsaly, petite région du Nord Laos, a permis d'appréhender la diversité et la rationalité des pratiques paysannes d'abattis-brûlis, qui se sont différenciées au cours de l'histoire récente du fait d'une intervention croissante de l'Etat. Les résultats locaux sont cohérents avec la revue de la bibliographie existante : la plupart des critiques de ce système de production s'avèrent infondées. Quand elles participent à la déforestation, ce qui n'est pas systématique, les agricultures d'abattis-brûlis en rotation n'y jouent qu'un rôle limité ; l'exploitation forestière et les agricultures pionnières en sont les principales causes. La complexité et la logique des systèmes agraires d'abattis-brûlis sont classiquement méconnues par les groupes sociaux tiers. Les pratiques des essarteurs, généralement des montagnards et de minorités ethniques, sont évaluées par des habitants des plaines en fonction de leurs préoccupations et des utilités qu'ils assignent à la forêt et la montagne. Les scientifiques n'apportent que rarement un éclairage rigoureux et objectif dans ces débats au sein desquels abondent trop souvent les lieux communs. L'agriculture paysanne contribuant souvent positivement à la gestion de l'environnement, il convient de la revaloriser. Les politiques agricoles devraient donc prendre en compte les savoirs et l'expérience des paysans pour la gestion durable des ressources naturelles. L'unique possibilité pertinente est l'association des paysans à l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre des interventions publiques.
Christophe, Bernard. "Comptabilité et environnement : prise en compte des activités environnementales dans les documents financiers des entreprises." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA122004.
Full textLescuyer, Guillaume. "Evaluation économique et gestion viable de la forêt tropicale." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007987.
Full textElle est développée en trois temps.
La première partie décrit les présupposés théoriques et les instruments de mise en œuvre du modèle de gestion économique de l'environnement. L'exercice d'évaluation économique des ressources apparaît au centre de ce modèle car il fonde l'arbitrage entre les options envisageables d'utilisation de l'environnement. Une application est proposée pour l'étude de cas.
Après avoir passé en revue les caractéristiques économiques, sociales et écologiques de la zone d'étude, la deuxième partie teste l'applicabilité des méthodes d'évaluation monétaire des actifs naturels en forêt tropicale. Cette expérience est menée en deux temps : (1) estimation de la valeur d'usage direct de la forêt (valeur économique des bois sur pied, des produits pharmaceutiques traditionnels et des produits de cueillette alimentaires) ; (2) estimation des valeurs d'usage indirect et de non-usage.
La troisième partie discute la pertinence du modèle de gestion économique appliqué à la forêt tropicale. Elle montre que cette approche, car partielle et partiale, n'est pas en mesure d'apprécier les variables explicatives majeures de l'usage des ressources. Un autre mode de coordination des actions sur le milieu est présenté, celui d'une gestion " en bien commun ". Une application de cette approche " patrimoniale " est réalisée pour l'étude de cas.
Yang, Keun-Yul. "La restructuration des chemins de fer en Europe occidentale : les conséquences de la libéralisation des chemins de fer sur l'entreprise ferroviaire et les rôles de l'Etat dans le transport ferroviaire." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529485.
Full textJeanneaux, Philippe. "Les conflits d'usage dans les espaces périurbains et ruraux français : une approche par l'analyse économique de la décision publique." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424110.
Full textWignacourt, Alex. "Caractérisation, mesure et évaluation des indicateurs techniques, économiques et financiers des éco-matériaux : application au secteur du bâtiment." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Lille, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECLI0020.
Full textEco-materials, have revealed a number of interesting characteristics compared with more traditional technical or architectural solutions. The criteria so far used to differentiate them were often related to the preservation of the environment or health. The main research objective has been to study the technical, economic and financial advantages of such more environmentally friendly materials by collecting selected referential information- assessment indicators and criteria- inside a proposed system of reference. The first part of my work has been devoted to identifying eco-materials in the broader context of the conception of high environmental quality buildings. The position of eco-materials in international and European Environmental Quality Management Systems for Buildings- SMQEB- has then been reviewed in a second part. The third part of this work has consisted in designing a technical, economic and financial prescription decision tool for eco –materials. In the final part, the main concern has been to implement this designed and tested methodology within the Nord Pas De Calais region. An elaborate construction system - a flat roof - has been selected to compare a set of eco-built solutions with more conventional ones. The technical, economic, financial, environmental and health criteria have in-fine been used in easily understood language: the cost/profit ratio
Fakhfakh, Abbes Salima. "L'intégration de l'effort environnemental de l'entreprise dans ses états financiers : fondements et pratiques en Tunisie." Rouen, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ROUED011.
Full textThis thesis proposes to study the issues taking into account the environmental effort of a company in its accounting records. Our theoretical study has concluded that environmental responsibility is expressed toward stakeholders and is inevitably achieved, through sustained efforts in information and communication. Through a quantitative study conducted on 90 Tunisian companies and 86 charted accountants, we found out that the state is seen as the most privileged party of the environmental information and that it is the development that is sustainably the most affected by the actions taken to protect the environment. Current expenditure, investment environment and the provision of an environmental budget can be considered as an indicator for measuring the environmental performance of the company
Kanouni, Hassani Rams, and Hassani Rams Kanouni. "Impact de l'incertitude sur la gestion de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles : une analyse en temps continu par la programmation dynamique et les options réelles." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18709.
Full textCette thèse utilise la mathématique et la théorie de l'économie financière pour étudier la gestion de la pollution, la valeur d'une centrale électrique thermique et le prix d'une ressource naturelle non renouvelable. Elle est composée de trois essais. Le premier essai analyse la décision d'investir afin de réduire les émissions d'un polluant de type stock sous deux types d'incertitude : économique (ce qui rend les émissions stochastiques car elles sont une conséquence de l’activité économique) et environnementale (ce qui affecte directement le stock de polluant). La littérature économique récente semble indiquer qu'en présence d'incertitude et de coûts irréversibles, l'action d’investir devrait être retardée. Nous utilisons des concepts de la théorie des options réelles et formulons ce problème de planificateur central comme un problème d'arrêt optimal en temps continu. Nous dérivons la règle d'arrêt correspondante et montrons que lorsque l'incertitude environnementale ou économique est suffisamment élevée, il est optimal d'investir immédiatement pour réduire les émissions. Ces résultats ont des implications sur la gestion des stocks de polluant stock, notamment pour la gestion des gaz à effet de serre. Le second essai s’appuie sur la théorie des options réelles pour évaluer la valeur d’une centrale électrique dans un marché déréglementé. Ce travail est motivé par la vague de déréglementation qui a sévi récemment dans le secteur de l'électricité. La littérature existante cherche plutôt à trouver la valeur d'option de vente d'une certaine quantité d'électricité à un moment donné dans le futur ou modélise la décision d'opérer une centrale électrique par simulation. Notre formulation considère qu'une usine de production d'électricité peut être dans deux états (à l'arrêt ou en fonctionnement); dans chaque état, la firme possède une option « call américaine » sur l'autre état et le passage d'un état à l'autre est coûteux. Nous supposons que le « spark spread » suit un processus de retour à la moyenne avec changements de régime et nous utilisons des données du marché californien pour notre application empirique. Nous montrons qu'avec la prise en compte des coûts de suspension et de génération d'électricité, il y a un effet d'hystérésis: les seuils de spark spread pour les décisions de produire et d'arrêter la production diffèrent. Nous utilisons ensuite ces règles de fonctionnement à court terme dans une méthodologie basée sur des simulations Monte Carlo pour estimer la valeur de la centrale. Le troisième essai rend plus générale la formulation du modèle de Gaudet et Khadr (1991) en considérant une fonction d'utilité non espérée afin de dériver une généralisation de la règle d'Hotelling. Alors que dans le cadre de l'utilité espérée la différence entre le taux de rendement espéré de l'actif risqué (la ressource non renouvelable) et celui d'un actif certain égale une prime de risque qui ne dépend que du coefficient d'aversion relative au risque et de la covariance entre la consommation et le rendement de l'actif risqué, cela n'est plus vrai avec notre fonction d'utilité plus générale. Nous montrons que la prime de risque dépend alors aussi de l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle (qui n'est plus nécessairement égale à l'inverse du coefficient d'aversion relative au risque), de l'incertitude de l'utilité indirecte et de l'incertitude de l'utilité marginale de la richesse. La prise en compte de ces paramètres additionnels peut avoir des conséquences importantes. Supposons en effet que l'élasticité de substitution intertemporelle soit suffisamment élevée et que l'incertitude de l'utilité indirecte soit suffisamment faible relativement à celle de l'utilité marginale de la richesse. Alors, même si le consommateur est riscophobe et si la covariance entre la consommation et le rendement de la ressource non renouvelable est positive, il est possible que le consommateur exige une prime pour détenir l'actif risqué. Le taux de rendement espéré de ce dernier est inférieur au taux de rendement certain. Ce résultat est bien entendu exclu dans le cas de l'utilité espérée.
Using tools from mathematical finance and economic theory, this thesis studies the impact of uncertainty and irreversibility on decision-making related to the management of pollution, energy production, and the extraction of a non-renewable resource. It consists of three essays. The first essay analyzes the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under two types of uncertainty: economic (emissions are stochastic because of changes in economic activity) and environmental (which affects directly the stock of pollutant). A number of recent papers find that the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant should be delayed in the presence of sunk costs and uncertainty. Using concepts from the theory of Real Options, we formulate a social planning problem in continuous time, derive the corresponding optimal stopping rule, and show that when economic or environmental uncertainty is large enough, it is optimal to invest immediately to reduce emissions. These results have implications for the management of stock pollutants and particularly for global warming. The second essay is concerned with the valuation of energy generating assets in a deregulated electricity market. The recent wave of deregulation initiatives in the electricity industry has created the need to value energy-generating assets in an uncertain environment in order to facilitate their sale. However, a number of authors have noted discrepancies between valuations predicted by a conventional cost-benefit approach and observed transactions. In this chapter, I analyze the importance of explicitly accounting for technological constraints in the generation process by modeling the decision to start and stop the production of electricity by a gas-powered plant. With the inclusion of these constraints, the generator may be in two different states, idle or generating electricity. In either state its operator has a call option to switch to the other state. These options depend on the spark spread (the difference between the price of electricity and the price of the fuel used to generate it, adjusted for equivalent units), which is assumed to follow a mean reverting process with regime changes. I use data from the California deregulated market to estimate the thresholds for starting and stopping production. These results are entered in a simple simulation framework to estimate the value of the electricity-generating asset in a competitive market. I find significant differences between a standard cost-benefit analysis and this Real Options approach. In my third essay, I derive a testable form of the price dynamics of a non-renewable natural resource in the context of a general equilibrium portfolio choice model where the representative agent has a non-expected utility function. The non-renewable nature of the resource introduces an element of irreversibility in the portfolio choice. An analog of Hotelling's rule is derived. In an expected utility framework, the difference between the rate of return of the risky asset (the non-renewable resource) and that of the riskless one equals a risk premium that depends only on the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the covariance between consumption and the return of the risky asset. I show that with this more general specification of the utility function, the risk premium depends also on the instantaneous elasticity of substitution (IES, which is not necessarily equal to the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion), the uncertainty of the indirect utility function and the uncertainty of the marginal utility of wealth. These results have important consequences. If the IES is large enough and if the uncertainty of the indirect utility function is small enough, a risk-averse consumer may be willing to pay a premium to hold the risky asset even though the covariance between its return and consumption is positive. This case is of course excluded in the expected utility framework.
Using tools from mathematical finance and economic theory, this thesis studies the impact of uncertainty and irreversibility on decision-making related to the management of pollution, energy production, and the extraction of a non-renewable resource. It consists of three essays. The first essay analyzes the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant under two types of uncertainty: economic (emissions are stochastic because of changes in economic activity) and environmental (which affects directly the stock of pollutant). A number of recent papers find that the decision to invest to reduce the emissions of a stock pollutant should be delayed in the presence of sunk costs and uncertainty. Using concepts from the theory of Real Options, we formulate a social planning problem in continuous time, derive the corresponding optimal stopping rule, and show that when economic or environmental uncertainty is large enough, it is optimal to invest immediately to reduce emissions. These results have implications for the management of stock pollutants and particularly for global warming. The second essay is concerned with the valuation of energy generating assets in a deregulated electricity market. The recent wave of deregulation initiatives in the electricity industry has created the need to value energy-generating assets in an uncertain environment in order to facilitate their sale. However, a number of authors have noted discrepancies between valuations predicted by a conventional cost-benefit approach and observed transactions. In this chapter, I analyze the importance of explicitly accounting for technological constraints in the generation process by modeling the decision to start and stop the production of electricity by a gas-powered plant. With the inclusion of these constraints, the generator may be in two different states, idle or generating electricity. In either state its operator has a call option to switch to the other state. These options depend on the spark spread (the difference between the price of electricity and the price of the fuel used to generate it, adjusted for equivalent units), which is assumed to follow a mean reverting process with regime changes. I use data from the California deregulated market to estimate the thresholds for starting and stopping production. These results are entered in a simple simulation framework to estimate the value of the electricity-generating asset in a competitive market. I find significant differences between a standard cost-benefit analysis and this Real Options approach. In my third essay, I derive a testable form of the price dynamics of a non-renewable natural resource in the context of a general equilibrium portfolio choice model where the representative agent has a non-expected utility function. The non-renewable nature of the resource introduces an element of irreversibility in the portfolio choice. An analog of Hotelling's rule is derived. In an expected utility framework, the difference between the rate of return of the risky asset (the non-renewable resource) and that of the riskless one equals a risk premium that depends only on the coefficient of relative risk aversion and the covariance between consumption and the return of the risky asset. I show that with this more general specification of the utility function, the risk premium depends also on the instantaneous elasticity of substitution (IES, which is not necessarily equal to the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion), the uncertainty of the indirect utility function and the uncertainty of the marginal utility of wealth. These results have important consequences. If the IES is large enough and if the uncertainty of the indirect utility function is small enough, a risk-averse consumer may be willing to pay a premium to hold the risky asset even though the covariance between its return and consumption is positive. This case is of course excluded in the expected utility framework.
Héquet, François. "Fiscalité, instruments financiers et environnement : le cas des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale candidats à l'entrée dans l'union européenne." Nice, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NICE0041.
Full textDaumas, Louis. "The Balance Sheets of IPCC Trajectories : Assessing the Financial Stability Properties of Canonical Mitigation Pathways and Back." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENPC0044.
Full textThe low-carbon transition will require the disappearance or the adaptation of economic activities that emit large amounts of greenhouse gases. Their assets may become “stranded”, i.e, see their value diminish rapidly, and possibly come down to zero. These “stranded assets” include the financial assets backing these companies’ investments. The value of their equity, bond and of the loans they took may go down as the transition goes. The low-carbon transition will therefore affect financial agents. If too severe, these impacts may have adverse repercussion on financial stability, possibly down to a full-blown crisis.This PhD tackles this issue of financial low-carbon transition risks, by focusing on its macro-financial aspects. It studies how financial instability potentials may unravel along mitigation pathways compatible with the Paris Agreement. Since there exists a multiplicity of such pathways this PhD’s main contribution is to disentangle the characteristics of pathways leading to the highest macro-financial transition risks. To do so, this PhD develops a macro-economic model amenable to simulating transition pathways while providing relevant metrics for financial fragility. However, such an exercise is fraught with theoretical, empirical, and methodological uncertainties. Hence, this PhD complements his main assessment by providing some theoretical and empirical leads that may help improve future model-based assessment of transition risks. The PhD finally provides some policy discussions by studying a radical proposal for alleviating transition risks.This dissertation starts a critical review of the transition risk literature. This survey allowed to better map the relevant causality channels for the study of transition risks while highlighting different gaps in the literature (Chapter 1).In a second part, the thesis answers its main question, and studies transition risks along mitigation pathways. I first propose a stock-flow model amenable to transition pathways, the Financial Asset Stranding Model – Investment in Decarbonisation (FASM-ID) framework and applies it to series of well-established scenarios dedicated to studying transition risks (Chapter 2). Then, this methodology is extended to a broader set of scenarios taken from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s mitigation pathway database to disentangle what kind of scenarios are most prone to transition risks (Chapter 3).In a third part, by building on previous chapters, I propose some theoretical and empirical advances for a better assessment of transition risks. A new way to model economic expectations, which have been singled out as a key factor of transition risks, is developed (Chapter 4). Second, I explore how the equity exposures of financial agents to greenhouse-gas intensive companies have evolved between the Paris Agreement and the Covid crisis. This research aims to provide a better understanding of how the distribution of transition risks across the financial system may evolve through time, which could be helpful in modelling the dynamic behaviour of the financial sector and in designing sound policies (Chapter 5).Finally, in a final part, the dissertation proposes a case study of a radical policy in tackling transition risks: the setup of a climate bad bank (structure de défaisance climat). Such an institution would take those assets most at risk of stranding onto its balance sheet to abate transition risks. This chapter compares such policy with previous, regular bad banks set up during financial crises, and proposes a tentative blueprint for a climate bad bank (Chapter 6)
Pirard, Romain. "Les paradoxes apparents de l'expansion papetière en Indonésie : une exploration des liens finance-gouvernance-environnement pour l'analyse d'un secteur en terme de durabilité." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0027.
Full textThe rapid expansion of the Pulp & Paper industry in Indonesia has generated large overcapacities because fiber supplies were based mainly on the conversion of tropical forests. Using financial theory about financial expropriation and debt entrenchment in East Asia, we show that the ultimate owners of the groups have been able to capture most of the rents owing to a divergence between their control rights and their ownership rights. Their profits were done in the short term, but their costs were postponed owing to a capital structure based on debts. Politics and public gouvernance have also played an important role in favor of the interests of the ultimate owners, and all the apperances seem to suggest that the expansion followed a model of political economy. Recent efforts to develop large-scale fast-growing plantations have poor impacts on the sustainable developement of the rural areas, because of environmental irreversibilities and a loss of flexibility for the rural poor. However, economic irreversibilities lower the probability that the current trend be voluntarily modified
Jolivet, Patrick. "Représentation économique du comportement écologique des consommateurs : le cas des déchets ménagers." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003288.
Full textLa problématique centrale de cette thèse est donc la suivante : peut-on représenter économiquement le phénomène ‘déchet' dans l'acte individuel de consommation ? Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous proposons de représenter la sensibilité des consommateurs vis-à-vis de l'environnement, en général, et des déchets en particulier. Le postulat est que les individus peuvent intégrer la variable ‘environnement' dans leurs choix de consommation, dès l'achat de produits sur le marché : ceci définit ce que nous proposons d'appeler la rationalité environnementale continue des agents économiques.
Dans une seconde partie, nous caractérisons le comportement d'un individu qui choisit de trier ses déchets. A partir d'une enquête qualitative que nous avons réalisée, nous recherchons dans les discours et les pratiques des agents à définir ce qu'est le comportement du consommateur-producteur (-trieur) de déchets. Il apparaît, lors de cette enquête, que la sensibilité écologique des agents économiques, lorsqu'elle existe, ne se traduit pas prioritairement dans leurs choix de consommation. Les préoccupations vis-à-vis des déchets ménagers, postérieures aux décisions d'achat de biens, définissent une rationalité environnementale discontinue et nous conduisent à élargir le cadre d'analyse traditionnel du consommateur.