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Journal articles on the topic 'Finance, Public – Germany (West)'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Gunlicks, Arthur B. "Campaign and Party Finance in the West German “Party State”." Review of Politics 50, no. 1 (1988): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500036123.

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In contrast to the United States, where there is little or no public financing of parties and candidates below the presidential level, the German “party state” grants generous subsidies in a variety of forms to the political parties, though not to individual candidates. The German Basic Law (constitution), various laws passed by the national and Land (state) parliaments, and the Federal Constitutional Court have been important factors in the development of a complex and costly system of public financing for election campaigns, parliamentary parties and party foundations and for free television and radio time and billboard advertising space. In addition, the federal government incurs large tax expenditures through the encouragement of tax deductible contributions to political parties. In spite of the crucial role which public financing has assumed, recent scandals have occurred involving illegal contributions from business interests. A revised party law of 1984 and a Federal Constitutional Court decision in July 1986 have brought about significant changes, but controversy in Germany over public financing and the impact of recent reforms continues.

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2

Hesse, Mario, Thomas Lenk, and Philipp Glinka. "Öffentliche Haushalte in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach 30 Jahren – Vergleichende Bestandsaufnahme aus finanzwissenschaftlicher Perspektive." Sozialer Fortschritt 69, no. 6-7 (June 1, 2020): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.69.6-7.395.

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Zusammenfassung Das 30-jährige Jubiläum der Deutschen Einheit gibt Anlass zu einer Erfolgsanalyse. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht verschiedene Aspekte der Angleichung zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland aus einer finanzwissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Der Fokus liegt auf der Entwicklung der Länder- und kommunalen Haushalte. Einnahmenseitig haben sich das System des bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs in Verbindung mit den Solidarpakten I und II sowie die kommunalen Finanzausgleichssysteme als besonders leistungsfähige Mechanismen erwiesen, um ein hohes Maß an Gleichwertigkeit zu erreichen. Zugleich sind die ostdeutschen Länder bis an den aktuellen Rand und voraussichtlich auch künftig auf hohe Finanzausgleichsmittel angewiesen, um ihre öffentlichen Aufgaben angemessen erfüllen zu können. Darüber hinaus beleuchtet der Beitrag die Entwicklung der Ausgaben- und der Verschuldungsniveaus Ost- und Westdeutschlands. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die deutsche Teilung weiterhin nicht vollständig überwunden ist. Abstract: Public Budgets in East and West Germany After 30 Years – Stocktaking and Success Analysis From A Perspective of Public Finance The 30th anniversary of German unification gives cause for a success analysis. This article examines various aspects of the alignment between East and West Germany from a perspective of public finance. The focus is on the development of state and municipal budgets. On the revenue side, the system of federal fiscal equalization in conjunction with the Solidarity Pacts I and II and the municipal fiscal equalization systems have proven to be particularly effective mechanisms for achieving a high degree of equivalence. At the same time, East Germany is, and will probably continue to be, dependent on high levels of fiscal equalisation in order to adequately fulfil their public tasks. In addition, the article examines the development of expenditure and debt levels in East and West Germany. Overall, it shows that the division of Germany is still not completely finished.

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3

GEYER, JOHANNES, and VIKTOR STEINER. "Future public pensions and changing employment patterns across birth cohorts." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (November 12, 2013): 172–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000334.

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AbstractWe analyse the impacts of changing employment patterns and pension reforms on the future level of public pensions across birth cohorts in Germany. The analysis is based on a microsimulation model and a rich data set that combines household survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and process-produced microdata from the German pension insurance. We account for cohort effects in individual employment and unemployment affecting earnings over the life cycle as well as the differential impact of recent pension reforms. For individuals born between 1937 and 1971, cohort effects vary greatly by region, gender and education, and strongly affect life cycle earnings profiles. The largest effects can be observed for younger cohorts in East Germany and for the low educated. Using simulated life cycle employment and income profiles, we project gross future pensions across cohorts taking into account changing demographics and recent pension reforms. Simulations show that pension levels for East German men and women will fall dramatically among younger birth cohorts, not only because of policy reforms but also due to higher cumulated unemployment. For West German men, the small reduction of average pension levels among younger birth cohorts is mainly driven by the impact of pension reforms, while future pension levels of West German women are increasing or stable due to rising labour market participation of younger birth cohorts.

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4

Pohlan, J. "Processes of Suburbanisation and its Effects on the Finances of Cities in West Germany: The Example of Bremen and the Surrounding Communities." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 1 (March 1996): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140025.

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This paper is an analysis of the effects of suburbanisation processes on the finances of cities in West Germany, taking the metropolitan area of Bremen as an example. The main thesis is that, under the present socioeconomic conditions, the German system of public finance and public responsibilities has led to a growing gap between the financial situations of central cities and of their surrounding communities in urban agglomerations. For the purpose of describing the differences in developments in the central city of Bremen and its suburban area, the main local tax revenues, as well as some indicators of ‘fiscal stress’, and their developments between 1982 and 1992 were analysed. The empirical results verify a significant shift of economic and financial strength to the suburban belt during the period under investigation. Although since the beginning of the 1970s a severe imbalance between the development of revenue and of expenditure needs has generated a dramatic budget situation in Bremen, in the surrounding communities in Lower Saxony budgetaty situations were sound in every respect. Similar processes, which have led to a relative weakness of revenues and increasing debts, have been observed in other central cities in Germany. Obviously the negative effect of suburbanisation processes on the financial situation of the central city is not a problem specific to Bremen. Generally, the larger cities are convinced that their functions for the hinterland and the resulting burdens have not been adequately taken into account in the systems of municipal finance and fiscal equalisation.

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5

Conrad, Klaus, and Helmut Seitz. "The “Public Capital Hypothesis”: The Case of Germany." Recherches économiques de Louvain 58, no. 3-4 (1992): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044092.

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SummaryAccording to the “public capital hypothesis” public investment crowds in private investment by increasing the rate of return to private capital. The present paper uses an extended cost function with public capital included as an unpaid fixed factor of production to examine the impact public capital has on the private economy. Using a panel of four highly aggregated sectors of the West German Economy, it is shown, that the provision of public capital raises the demand for private capital, as suggested by the public capital hypothesis. In addition, it is shown that public infrastructure capital contributes to the productivity of the private economy.

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6

Lechner, Michael, Ruth Miquel, and Conny Wunsch. "LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPONSORED TRAINING IN WEST GERMANY." Journal of the European Economic Association 9, no. 4 (April 28, 2011): 742–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01029.x.

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7

DUSTMANN, CHRISTIAN, and ARTHUR SOEST. "Wage Structures in the Private and Public Sectors in West Germany." Fiscal Studies 18, no. 3 (August 1997): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00262.x.

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8

Düppe, Till. "WAR AFTER WAR: WILHELM KRELLE, 1916–2004." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 42, no. 3 (September 2020): 307–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837219000464.

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Wilhelm Krelle (1916–2004) had two careers: one before 1945 as an officer in the German army (Wehrmacht), and a second after 1945 as an economist in West Germany. After retirement, he was honored as the economist who brought modern modeling techniques, Lawrence Klein’s macroeconometrics in particular, from the US to West Germany. After his engagement in the reform of East German economics, however, he was discredited as his early career became public. This essay reconstructs Krelle’s career in his attempt and struggle to maintain moral integrity in and between the various domains of his troubled life as officer, economist, political adviser, father, and husband.

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9

Carlin, Wendy, and David Soskice. "Shocks to the System: the German Political Economy Under Stress." National Institute Economic Review 159 (January 1997): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019715900104.

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The German economy is recovering hesitantly from the sharp post-unification boom and recession. Two features of recent West German performance are novel: there has been an unprecedented loss of jobs in industry, and manufacturing profitability has been pushed to its lowest level ever and is now low relative to other OECD economies. Serious problems with labour costs and innovation would be expected to show up in a weakening in the trend of export performance. That this has not yet happened is the consequence of the existence of an apparently robust innovation system which enables companies to pursue high quality incremental innovation strategies. However, the experiment of transferring the West German model to the East has proved extremely costly and has not so far established the basis for self-sustaining growth. Problems in profitability, investment and employment in West Germany reflect the failure of the bargaining system—unions, employers, Bundesbank and public sector—to negotiate the sharing of the burden of unification.

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10

Uelzmann, Jan. "Building Domestic Support for West Germany's Integration into NATO, 1953–1955." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 2 (May 2020): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00941.

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Konrad Adenauer's government in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) engaged in a large-scale media campaign to create political consent for the FRG's integration into the West, a policy that rested to a large extent on rearmament and entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. To counter public criticism of rearmament, the West German authorities used Mobilwerbung, a company that maintained a fleet of mobile film screening vans. Clandestinely financed by the government, Mobilwerbung brought government-commissioned films and political speakers into the FRG's remotest areas. Based on archival records on deployments in Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, this article traces Mobilwerbung's role as a government unit that reacted dynamically to competing events. Through highly detailed reporting on audience reactions, Mobilwerbung served both as a public relations vehicle to foster consent and as an analytical tool that allowed the mapping of public sentiment regarding rearmament.

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11

Gieseck, Arne, Ullrich Heilemann, and Hans Dietrich von Loeffelholz. "Economic Implications of Migration into the Federal Republic of Germany, 1988–1992." International Migration Review 29, no. 3 (September 1995): 693–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839502900304.

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An analysis of the effects of the last wave of migration into West Germany on labor markets, public finances and economic growth, this study points at the often ignored fact that the migrants were rather successful in finding jobs and thus helped in eliminating labor shortages in certain industries. Simulations with a macroeconometric model for the FRG indicate that in 1992 the GDP was almost 6 percent higher than without migration, that 90,000 jobs were created and that migration created a surplus of DM14 billion in the public sector, compared to the baseline. This study also makes clear, however that these effects mainly depend on a quick absorption of migrants by FRG labor markets, and as to the social system, the relief may be only transitory.

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12

Klimiuk, Zbigniew. "Germany’s Economic Growth In 1950–60 and the Problem of the Country’s Balance of Payments Sustainability." Internal Security 13, no. 1 (September 27, 2021): 31–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2899.

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The 1950s in Germany, especially the period 1953–1958, were later recognised as the ‘golden years of the post-war period’. By the end of this period, most of the war damage had been removed and the economy was in a state of dynamic growth. In the period 1949–59, the average real GDP growth rate was about 7.4% with an average investment rate of 24.2% (in current prices). In the years (1950–53), a massive housing construction programme was carried out that was financed almost in half from public funds. Germany’s economic growth in 1950–60 mainly influenced by investment activities and the growth of exports. During this period, state expenditure did not play a major role in the growth of the West German economy (its share in national income steadily declined during the period in question). A the same time, the share of exports in national income was very high and showed a continuously increasing trend. A long-term growth of exports — affecting constantly the expansion of demand — became an important factor stimulating investment activity, which is the main lever of economic growth. At the same time, unusually strong export activity improved the balance of payments, which showed systematic surpluses. It should also be stressed that private consumption was not a factor driving economic prosperity in West Germany in this period. The share of consumption in Germany’s national income showed a declining trend in favour of investment.

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13

Boismenu, Gérard. "Modèles politico-institutionnels et politique macroéconomique : analyse comparée de douze pays industrialisés 1960-1988 (Note)." Études internationales 26, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 237–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703455ar.

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This study evaluates the impact of institutional forms on public policies in areas related to the wage relationship. We suggest that four political-institutional models, based on the configuration of political and social forces and of Systems of interest representation are accompanied by differentiated macroeconomic policies. This relationship is studied, with regression equations, for many issues of macroeconomic policies (unemployment, inflation, public expenditure, social transfers, public finances, economic growth), for two periods (1960-1975,1976-1988) and for twelve countries (Canada, United States, France, Italy, Great Britain, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Denmark). It is possible to conclude that there is a relationship between models and shapes of macroeconomic policies, but there is not necessarily stability in political choices from one period to the other.

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14

Ehrlich, Maximilian v., and Tobias Seidel. "The Persistent Effects of Place-Based Policy: Evidence from the West-German Zonenrandgebiet." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 10, no. 4 (November 1, 2018): 344–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20160395.

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Using a natural experiment, we show that temporary place-based subsidies generate persistent effects on economic density. The spatial regression discontinuity design controls for continuous local agglomeration externalities, so we attribute an important role to capital formation in explaining persistent spatial patterns of economic activity. This persistence is driven by higher local public investment levels, which local governments could maintain after the end of the program because of a persistently higher tax base. We also find evidence for significant local relocation of economic activity, which raises doubts that the net effect of the policy is positive. Finally, we show that transfers have capitalized in land rents such that pretreatment landowners have benefited from the program. (JEL H71, H76, O18, R11, R12, R51, R58)

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15

Zachura, Krzysztof. "INNOVATION IN PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ON BUILDING INDUSTRY OF POLAND." sj-economics scientific journal 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.331.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze and rate ideas related to functioning of the public procurement system, in particular the so called “green orders”, in terms of its impact on the development of eco-innovative solutions in the construction industry. The public procurement system, due to its obligatory character for many business entities and significant value, establishes the directions of development for many industries, especially the construction industry. The pace of technological progress accomplished after Poland’s accession to the European Union and competing on the global market requires constant implementation of innovative solutions. Public procurement also amplifies the demand for ecological goods and services from public institutions, being one of the most effective instruments of implementing such solutions. The European Union has issued a number of directives, decrees and communiques governing the rules, capabilities and desired range of applying ecological criteria of conferring public procurement. The essay outlines the current situation of ecological public procurement and provides practical examples of creating innovative and sustainable growth, based on the construction industry. Construction significantly drives the economy, which vulnerable to crises and turbulence. Green public procurement, together with ecological innovations, can positively impact the development and stabilization of the industry, due to its orientation towards sustainable growth. Experience drawn from other, particularly Western European, countries, such as Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries, which have a high level of energy efficient and passive constructions based on ecological innovations thanks to research and implementations performed by various institutions and government grants, is a significant benchmark for Poland and the only way of reducing construction costs, which could comply with the EU directive in the near future. It seems that both researchers and practitioners appreciate the West European line of work, as institutions and initiatives towards implementing sustained construction are being created in Poland. These include, among others: operations of the Polish Institute of Passive Building in Gdansk or Center for Energy Efficient Buildings in Lesser Poland, in Kraków. Referring to Western European experience, the solution lies in developing our own research facilities, institutions testing and implementing new, native (ie. less expensive) and innovative technological and material solutions. Cooperation and skill sharing between researchers and practitioners, such as architects, constructors, producers and developers is necessary, as are initiatives towards training staff qualified in building such houses and constructing appropriate equipment on a high school level. The practical examples of Lesser Polish public finance units outlined in this article denote the existence of ideas and willingness to create new solutions among the Polish engineering staff. These initiatives, however, require sufficient financial support and research facilities, which can be achieved thanks to the current implementation of a new public procurement law, increasing the role of sustainable procurement. Furthermore, public investor awareness is increasing in the range of introducing sustained development rules, especially in the utilization of green procurement in the building sector, as evidenced by public facilities constructed in the passive and energy efficient standard.

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16

Farkas, Beáta, Andor Máté, and Tamás Rácz. "A contested foundation of European integration: The free movement of labour." Society and Economy 44, no. 3 (August 22, 2022): 310–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2022.00015.

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Abstract Since the eastern enlargement of the European Union (EU), the movement from east to west has become the main driver of intra-EU mobility. Recently, the free movement of labour has been contested not only in the debates around Brexit, but also in other receiving countries. It is not on the political agenda, but several studies have highlighted the economic and demographic effects of massive emigration in eastern EU Member States. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the functioning of free movement. Economic integration theory assumes that migration continues until wages are equalized in the receiving and sending countries. This paper analyses the perception of intra-EU mobility in the literature and empirically tests whether there is a relationship between the dynamism of income growth in the receiving (Germany, Austria and Spain) and sending (Central and Eastern European) countries, and the dynamism of migration. The empirical results do not support the neoclassical assumption that an equalization mechanism can function, even in the long run. To cope with recent challenges, this paper argues that free movement should not be considered as an element of a spontaneous market mechanism, but as an economic-political product, based on a constitutional order.

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17

Neumann, Hans L. "Popularizing Astronomy at Public Observatories in West Germany." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100087133.

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Based on the pedagogical ideas of A. Diesterweg, a number of science associations have been founded since about 1880 under the name of URANIA; astronomy has been one of their subjects. In the 1920–1930’s, the works of Bruno H. Bürgel and Robert Henseling initiated the founding of many more local and regional associations and of public observatories all over the country. But most of the currently active associations were founded to answer the sharp increase of general interest that followed the early successes and spectacular results of space science.- Aims of the associations always have been manyfold:- to share a fine hobby with like-minded people;- to participate theoretically or practically in scientific research as far as technical and local circumstances allow;- to offer to the public means and advice for celestial observations, and to share the joy of deep-sky wonders with guests;- to mediate the progress, and the results of astronomical research to the public.

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18

Ball, Michael, Maartje Martens, and Michael Harloe. "Mortgage finance and owner occupation in Britain and West Germany." Progress in Planning 26 (January 1986): 185–260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-9006(86)90003-6.

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19

Kang, Tae-Woong. "Are Japanese Blood Different?: A Study on the Blood Type and Ethnicity of Takeji Furukawa." Korean Association For Japanese History 59 (December 31, 2022): 257–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2022.12.59.257.

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The blood type discovered in 1901 was used as a sign of racial characteristics, as it was found that it had hereditary in 1910. In conjunction with eugenics, there was a tendency to perceive that the difference between Westerners‘ blood type characteristics was a criterion for determining superiority and inferiority, leading to research that divided Japanese and their neighbors. This paper examined the ‘scientific’ movement to define the Japanese through blood type as well as the popularity of eugenics discourse in Japan since the late 1920s. Tanemoto Furuhata, a researcher who represented Japanese blood type studies before and after the war, surveyed 300,000 people and measured the results with the biochemical race index made in Germany. Furuhata used the results to emphasize the differences between the surrounding peoples, ignoring the big differences from the West, and argued that the Japanese blood was “different” from the neighbours. On the other hand, based on the biochemical race index and the research results of Tanemoto Furuhata, Takeji Furukawa created blood type and personality discourse, while at the same time creating an argument that blood type and personality discourse could measure temperament in a group, that was, an ethnic unit. This paper found that his blood type and personality discourse was closely related to blood type and racist discourse, and that personality discourse was also used as a mechanism to overcome Japanese enthusiasm in racist discourse and discriminate Japanese from other ethnic groups. Takeji Furukawa's blood type and personality discourse had been criticized by academia, but on the contrary, it had received enthusiastic support from the public. It can also be seen that academia in Japan before the war also continued to study blood types with such personality discourse in mind. Although Tanemoto Furuhata and Takeji Furukawa had different specialties in forensic science on one side and psychology and pedagogy on the other, the two continued to have something in common in terms of trying to find the characteristics of the Japanese people through blood types. The two used common statistical data, and this paper found that they were similar in the direction of trying to reveal the existence of a unique blood type for Japanese based on a nationalistic perspective in analyzing the data.

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20

Decressin, Jörg W. "Internal migration in West Germany and implications for East-West salary convergence." Review of World Economics 130, no. 2 (June 1994): 231–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02707708.

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21

Helmert, Uwe, Andreas Mielck, and Steven Shea. "Poverty and health in West Germany." Sozial- und Präventivmedizin SPM 42, no. 5 (September 1997): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01592324.

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22

Burda, Michael C., and Jeffrey D. Sachs. "Assessing High Unemployment in West Germany." World Economy 11, no. 4 (December 1988): 543–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1988.tb00148.x.

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23

Spitz-Oener, Alexandra. "Human Capital, Job Tasks and Technology in East Germany After Reunification." National Institute Economic Review 201 (July 2007): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107083054.

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At the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall, employees in East Germany were at least as well educated as employees in West Germany in terms of formal educational qualifications. However, it is unclear to what extent the skills and knowledge acquired through the East German education system, and through employment in a socialist labour market, are transferable to the new market-based economy. This study aims to shed light on this issue by giving a comprehensive description of the work of those employees who remained employed after the first phase of restructuring (i.e. in 1991) in East Germany, and comparing it with work in West Germany. Overall, the similarity between workplaces in East and West Germany soon after reunicication is striking. In addition, the patterns of task changes between 1991 and 1999 were very similar in both parts of Germany. Neither the level of task inputs in1991 nor the changes in task inputs between 1991 and 1999 were driven by cohort effects, a surprising finding given how differently the age groups were affected by the historical event. The Largest difference between the east and the west exists in terms of workplace computerisation. Although East Germany has caught up rapidly, it was still lagging behind the west in terms of computer use in 1999.

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24

Locher, Lilo. "Public Library Fees in Germany." Journal of Cultural Economics 29, no. 4 (November 2005): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10824-005-7976-5.

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25

Klar, R�diger, Udo M�ller, and J�rgen Schulte M�nting. "Medically inappropriate inpatient care in West Germany." Sozial- und Pr�ventivmedizin SPM 35, no. 6 (November 1990): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01369088.

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26

Roayaei, Abbas J. "Hyperinflation in the United States, West Germany, and France." Atlantic Economic Journal 15, no. 4 (December 1987): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02304212.

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27

Robel, Yvonne. "“Protest? Bollocks!” On Public Perceptions of Punk in West Germany." Moving the Social 66 (October 31, 2021): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/mts.66.2021.89-110.

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The article thematizes the phenomenon of punk as an example of “unconventional” and “unwelcomed” protest. It focuses on the public perception of West German punks from the late 1970s into the 1980s. In this early phase, punks caused confusion especially because of their alleged passivity. Their seeming rejection of a concept of being (politically) active was regarded as provocative, as the idea of “activity” largely dominated notions of legitimate political protest at that time. Punk was considered destructive and contentless, but non-political and as such “non-real” as a form of protest. Moreover, “experts” from the social sciences and pedagogy, politicians, and journalists interpreted the behaviour of the youth in social terms and responded to the “problem” with attempts to “understanding” and “help.” From their point of view too, Punks seemed to be unable to detect any political issues of their own or to fulfil notions of meaningful forms of protest. Using the example of punk perceptions, the article examines how collective knowledge about legitimate and proper forms of protest is negotiated through demarcations.

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28

LESSMANN, Sabine. "Incremental and cyclical developments in public expenditure in West Germany." European Journal of Political Research 15, no. 2 (March 1987): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1987.tb00875.x.

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29

Friehe, Tim, and Mario Mechtel. "Conspicuous consumption and political regimes: Evidence from East and West Germany." European Economic Review 67 (April 2014): 62–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.01.005.

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30

Schmidt, Manfred G. "West Germany: The Policy of the Middle Way." Journal of Public Policy 7, no. 2 (April 1987): 135–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005213.

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ABSTRACTThis article focuses attention on the distinctive characteristics of economic and social policy in West Germany during the last four decades. It will be argued, that the distinctiveness of state intervention in West Germany resides in a combination of policies of conversative-reformist, liberal and social democratic complexion. The policy of the middle way which results from this combination differs from the extreme poles that are marked by the model of Social-Democratic welfare capitalism on the one hand and market capitalism on the other, but it also comprises elements of both types of political economies. The emergence and the maintenance of the policy of the middle way can largely be attributed to distinctive characteristics of the policy process, and of processes of learning from historical catastrophes.

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31

von Beyme, Klaus. "Letter from Germany." Government and Opposition 23, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1988.tb00099.x.

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VIEWED FROM THE OUTSIDE WEST GERMANY SEEMS TO BE AN oasis of stability. The dullness of such a political system has been alleviated, however, by the rise of the Green and alternative movements. Why should Germany become a Mecca for the alternative movements, when so many scholars have testified over the years that its political culture tends to be legalistic, not conflict-oriented or tolerant of unconventional behaviour? Most observers from abroad have attempted to answer this question in terms of value change, motivational or economic crisis theories.

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32

Oettle, Karl. "CURRENT ISSUES IN EXTERNAL ACCOUNTING OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES AND PUBLIC ENTERPRISES IN WEST GERMANY." Financial Accountability and Management 4, no. 4 (December 1988): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0408.1988.tb00072.x.

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Zimmermann, H. "Fiscal Equalization between States in West Germany." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 7, no. 4 (December 1989): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c070385.

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Almost from the beginning of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, a sophisticated horizontal equalization mechanism with strong equalizing effects has existed between its states ( Länder). Its historical and social background is shown briefly, and the equalization procedure, which compares the revenue potential of each state with a rough measure of its fiscal need, is described in detail. The far-reaching equalization of state revenues that results is evaluated under distributional objectives and above all on allocative grounds: There are few incentives for states to care for their own tax base, particularly because states have no tax-rate authority which would enable them to vary their revenues from own sources.

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Suedekum, Jens. "Selective migration, union wage setting and unemployment disparities in West Germany." International Economic Journal 18, no. 1 (March 2004): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1351161042000180629.

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Mielck, A. "Comparison of health inequalities between East and West Germany." European Journal of Public Health 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2000): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/10.4.262.

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Helmert, Uwe, and Steven Shea. "Family status and self-reported health in West Germany." Sozial- und Pr�ventivmedizin SPM 43, no. 3 (May 1998): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01359720.

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Galchynska, Julia, Yaroslava Larina, Olga Varchenko, Nataliya Struk, and Olena Gryshchenko. "Perspectives of Ukrainian bioenergy development: estimation by means of cluster analysis and marketing approach." Economic Annals-ХХI 187, no. 1-2 (February 28, 2021): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v187-06.

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Development of the world economy requires energy supply, which under stable growth must be based on alternative energy resources. Bioenergy is an integral part of energy security supply in volatile countries. It can satisfy a considerable part of energy demand of agribusinesses and other companies as well as facilitate problem-shooting in energy, ecological and social sectors in some regions. Enhancing bioenergy in Ukraine is one of the strategic ways in the development of the alternative energy sector, taking into account high volatility of the country and significant potential of biomass available for energy production. This research intends to determine conditions and mechanisms of development and functioning of bioenergy clusters based on preliminary specification of the bioenergy potential of the territories, taking into account modern marketing approaches. This article contains evaluation of the bioenergy production growth in countries such as China, Germany, France, the USA, Canada, Brazil and Ukraine. The feasibility of the cluster approach for Ukrainian bioenergy development has been proved. In order to combine Ukrainian regions according to all types of energy resources the authors applied the method of clustering analysis. The key point of the method implies that, based on the given set of indicators which are defined as the main characteristics of the object, every object of the population belongs to a similar class. Therefore, in order to study the efficiency of usage of bioenergy resources in a particular region, it is necessary to classify a set of indicators to identify standard forms. To systemize Ukrainian regions, the Isodata algorithm Isodata, based on the types of the economic and energy potential of biomass, is taken into account. To implement the analysis, the following indicators are considered: the biomass energy potential of primary cell waste, the biomass energy potential of trimming, the biomass energy potential of refining, the energy potential of wooden biomass, the mold biomass potential, the energy potential of bioenergy crops, the corn energy potential (biogas). Market players organize groups with regard to their industries, territories and other factors, namely clusters which are likely to become effective tools in while carrying out scale projects under tough competition. In the minor energy sector cooperation between research and manufacturing enterprises, which satisfies energy needs both of cities and individual customers, is growing. This approach perfectly meets all requirements of the regional development of Ukrainian bioenergy. The main goal of bioenergy clusters is to develop competitive advantages of regions by increasing all types of biomass and biofuel production. This implies the following priorities: creation of a database of agribusiness enterprises, which potentially are members of the cluster and corresponding infrastructure, establishment of marketing communications in order to inform members and potential investors about bioenergy advantages, introduction of regional databases by means of webpages, newsletters, public discussions etc., enhanced vocational training of bioenergy industry employees and investment attraction to finance bioenergy projects. As a result, the authors of the paper propose a classification of Ukrainian regions based on the indicators of the economic energy potential of wastes and energy crops in agribusinesses, which is the basis for cluster formation. Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Poltava, Sumy, Khmelnitsky and Chernihiv regions refer to the first type with the biggest bioenergy potential, which makes it possible to create 2 energy clusters by combining central-west and north-east regions. Such a methodology gives an opportunity to satisfy the needs of the regions and districts which need additional energy resources taken from own biomass. Priority tasks of the bioenergy cluster include: development of the database of agribusiness entities which potentially are the cluster members and corresponding infrastructure, informing members and investors about bioenergy benefits, creation of the regional information database identifying the resources, capacity and the transport system, vocational training, investment attraction in order to implement bioenergy projects. Based on clusters, economic relations build up a competitive and sound investment climate to support the economy, which, in turn, provides high living standards. The authors have defined the procedure for exercising the cluster initiative and determined the structure of marketing support for cluster projects.

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Badenoch, Alexander. "Troubling Territory: West Germany in the European Airwaves." German Politics and Society 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2014.320106.

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Until recently, broadcasting in Europe has been seen by historians and broadcasters alike as intricately related to national territory. Starting immediately after the Second World War, when West German national territory was still uncertain, this article explores how the broadcasting space of the Federal Republic (FRG) shaped and was shaped by material, institutional, and discursive developments in European broadcasting spaces from the end of World War II until the early 1960s. In particular, it examines the border regimes defined by overlapping zones of circulation via broadcasting, including radio hardware, signals and cultural products such as music. It examines these spaces in part from the view of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the federation of (then) Western public service broadcasters in Europe. By reconstructing the history of broadcasting in the Federal Republic within the frame of attempts to regulate European broadcasting spaces, it aims to show how territorial spaces were transgressed, transformed, or reinforced by the emerging global conflict.

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BOMHOFF, EDUARD J. "MONETARY TARGETING IN WEST GERMANY, HOLLAND, AND SWITZERLAND." Contemporary Economic Policy 3, no. 5 (September 1985): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.1985.tb00825.x.

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Bauer, Manfred. "Psychiatry in former East and West Germany since reunification." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 10 (October 1994): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.10.637.

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Discussion of the need to reform psychiatric services in former West Germany started relatively late. It was only in the late 1960s, when the government changed from the conservative Christian Democrats to a coalition of the Social Democratic and Liberal Parties, that psychiatry became a public issue for the first time since World War II. Parliament appointed an expert commission, which after four years gave a comprehensive report in which the inadequate care of mentally ill patients was criticised.

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von Beyme, Klaus. "A United Germany Preparing for the 1994 Elections." Government and Opposition 29, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1994.tb01236.x.

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The Unification of Germany — not as a Confederation as most DDR intellectuals and many West German leftists and Greenish citizens had hoped for but by means of the Anschluss of the GDR — was a daring venture: would the East Germans accept the new national state? The Anschluss by the ‘unconditional surrender’ of the East Germans entailed enormous costs. Destabilization of West German democracy and non-acceptance of democracy by the East Germans was always a latent danger.

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Engel, Dirk, and Torge Middendorf. "Investment, internal funds and public banking in Germany." Journal of Banking & Finance 33, no. 11 (November 2009): 2132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.05.006.

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Günther, Jutta. "Innovation cooperation: experiences from East and West Germany." Science and Public Policy 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154304781780073.

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Anger, Silke. "Unpaid Overtime in Germany: Differences between East and West." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 125, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.125.1.17.

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McAdams, A. James. "Towards a New Germany?—Problems of Unification." Government and Opposition 25, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1990.tb00585.x.

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IT HAS NOW BECOME COMMON FOR OBSERVERS TO NOTE that German reunification, an unthinkable prospect only a year ago, will be realised before anyone, either the East and West Germans themselves or any of their neighbours and allies, is fully prepared for this eventuality. As the conservative Alliance for Germany's stunning successes in the GDR's first free Volkskammer (parliamentary) elections on 18 March demonstrated, a near majority of the country's population was eager to cast its vote for those forces which promised to facilitate East Germany's absorption into the FRG on the fastest possible terms. By the same token, the vote was also a victory of sorts for all of the West German parties who rushed to lend material and financial aid to their GDR counterparts, for their involvement in the East German election campaigns clearly helped to accelerate the momentum behind national reunification.

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von Donat, Marcell. "Neutralism in Germany." Government and Opposition 21, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 406–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1986.tb00029.x.

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IN 1986, THE FRENCH PRESIDENT FRANÇOIS MITTERRAND reminded us that neutralism in Germany was not just a simple reaction to political facts but a very complex constant in recent German history. Is the idea of a neutral Germany or of two neutral German states of any political importance today? Are there still supporters for neutrality in Central Europe? Would it not be normal for some people to think in those terms?In today's relatively tension-free period of East-West relations, the fact may be overlooked that the German situation remains exceptional and that the Germans have a burden to carry which other nations do not have. The Federal Republic of Germany does not have full freedom of choice like for instance, Norway, which is a member of NATO without being a member of the EC, or Ireland which is an EC-member without belonging to NATO. What is considered as a normal option for any other nation might not be permitted for the Germans. Thus the frontline state at the frontier of the two world ideologies cannot claim normal freedom of action.

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Hofhansel, Claus. "Explaining Foreign Economic Policy: A Comparison of U.S and West German Export Controls." Journal of Public Policy 10, no. 3 (July 1990): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00005845.

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ABSTRACTThis article analyzes differences between United States and West German export controls. It shows that United States controls are more extensive and stricter than controls in West Germany. Three possible explanations for this variation in policy are considered. First, these two states differ in regard to their positions in the international system and in their choice of economic strategies. Second, the extent of domestic political support for strict export control policies varies between the two countries. Finally, West Germany lacks the institutional framework to adequately control its foreign trade. The evidence presented corroborates the first two alternatives, while institutional explanations receive relatively little support. The article then discusses the historical development of United States and West German export control policies and institutions. The analysis shows evidence of both change and stability. More specifically, the article questions the argument that institutions in foreign economic policy, once established, persist and resist change, instead of adapting to environmental changes. Several hypotheses are considered to explain why in the area of export controls changes in policy, and to some extent institutions, occurred more frequently in West Germany than in the United States.

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Hallett, Graham. "Unemployment and Labour Market Policies: Some Lessons from West Germany." Social Policy & Administration 19, no. 3 (September 1985): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.1985.tb00233.x.

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Schumann, Abel. "Persistence of Population Shocks: Evidence from the Occupation of West Germany after World War II." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.3.189.

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In the immediate aftermath of World War II, millions of German expellees were resettled into the new borders of Germany, but not into the parts of Germany that were occupied by France. Using a spatial regression discontinuity framework, I estimate the persistence of the population shock over a 20-year-period. Between 1945 and 1950, the inflow of people increased the population in municipalities where expellees could settle by 21.6 percent. The difference in population levels is highly persistent and remained 17.8 percent in 1970. The results suggest that population patterns in the region that I study were not determined by locational fundamentals. (JEL J11, N34, R12, R23)

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Hoskin, Marilyn. "Public Opinion and the Foreign Worker: Traditional and Nontraditional Bases in West Germany." Comparative Politics 17, no. 2 (January 1985): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421729.

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