Relevant bibliographies by topics / Finance, Public – Germany (West)

Academic literature on the topic 'Finance, Public – Germany (West)'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Finance, Public – Germany (West)"

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Gunlicks, Arthur B. "Campaign and Party Finance in the West German “Party State”." Review of Politics 50, no. 1 (1988): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500036123.

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In contrast to the United States, where there is little or no public financing of parties and candidates below the presidential level, the German “party state” grants generous subsidies in a variety of forms to the political parties, though not to individual candidates. The German Basic Law (constitution), various laws passed by the national and Land (state) parliaments, and the Federal Constitutional Court have been important factors in the development of a complex and costly system of public financing for election campaigns, parliamentary parties and party foundations and for free television and radio time and billboard advertising space. In addition, the federal government incurs large tax expenditures through the encouragement of tax deductible contributions to political parties. In spite of the crucial role which public financing has assumed, recent scandals have occurred involving illegal contributions from business interests. A revised party law of 1984 and a Federal Constitutional Court decision in July 1986 have brought about significant changes, but controversy in Germany over public financing and the impact of recent reforms continues.
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Hesse, Mario, Thomas Lenk, and Philipp Glinka. "Öffentliche Haushalte in Ost- und Westdeutschland nach 30 Jahren – Vergleichende Bestandsaufnahme aus finanzwissenschaftlicher Perspektive." Sozialer Fortschritt 69, no. 6-7 (June 1, 2020): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.69.6-7.395.

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Zusammenfassung Das 30-jährige Jubiläum der Deutschen Einheit gibt Anlass zu einer Erfolgsanalyse. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht verschiedene Aspekte der Angleichung zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland aus einer finanzwissenschaftlichen Perspektive. Der Fokus liegt auf der Entwicklung der Länder- und kommunalen Haushalte. Einnahmenseitig haben sich das System des bundesstaatlichen Finanzausgleichs in Verbindung mit den Solidarpakten I und II sowie die kommunalen Finanzausgleichssysteme als besonders leistungsfähige Mechanismen erwiesen, um ein hohes Maß an Gleichwertigkeit zu erreichen. Zugleich sind die ostdeutschen Länder bis an den aktuellen Rand und voraussichtlich auch künftig auf hohe Finanzausgleichsmittel angewiesen, um ihre öffentlichen Aufgaben angemessen erfüllen zu können. Darüber hinaus beleuchtet der Beitrag die Entwicklung der Ausgaben- und der Verschuldungsniveaus Ost- und Westdeutschlands. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die deutsche Teilung weiterhin nicht vollständig überwunden ist. Abstract: Public Budgets in East and West Germany After 30 Years – Stocktaking and Success Analysis From A Perspective of Public Finance The 30th anniversary of German unification gives cause for a success analysis. This article examines various aspects of the alignment between East and West Germany from a perspective of public finance. The focus is on the development of state and municipal budgets. On the revenue side, the system of federal fiscal equalization in conjunction with the Solidarity Pacts I and II and the municipal fiscal equalization systems have proven to be particularly effective mechanisms for achieving a high degree of equivalence. At the same time, East Germany is, and will probably continue to be, dependent on high levels of fiscal equalisation in order to adequately fulfil their public tasks. In addition, the article examines the development of expenditure and debt levels in East and West Germany. Overall, it shows that the division of Germany is still not completely finished.
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GEYER, JOHANNES, and VIKTOR STEINER. "Future public pensions and changing employment patterns across birth cohorts." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 13, no. 2 (November 12, 2013): 172–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747213000334.

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AbstractWe analyse the impacts of changing employment patterns and pension reforms on the future level of public pensions across birth cohorts in Germany. The analysis is based on a microsimulation model and a rich data set that combines household survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) and process-produced microdata from the German pension insurance. We account for cohort effects in individual employment and unemployment affecting earnings over the life cycle as well as the differential impact of recent pension reforms. For individuals born between 1937 and 1971, cohort effects vary greatly by region, gender and education, and strongly affect life cycle earnings profiles. The largest effects can be observed for younger cohorts in East Germany and for the low educated. Using simulated life cycle employment and income profiles, we project gross future pensions across cohorts taking into account changing demographics and recent pension reforms. Simulations show that pension levels for East German men and women will fall dramatically among younger birth cohorts, not only because of policy reforms but also due to higher cumulated unemployment. For West German men, the small reduction of average pension levels among younger birth cohorts is mainly driven by the impact of pension reforms, while future pension levels of West German women are increasing or stable due to rising labour market participation of younger birth cohorts.
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Pohlan, J. "Processes of Suburbanisation and its Effects on the Finances of Cities in West Germany: The Example of Bremen and the Surrounding Communities." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 1 (March 1996): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140025.

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This paper is an analysis of the effects of suburbanisation processes on the finances of cities in West Germany, taking the metropolitan area of Bremen as an example. The main thesis is that, under the present socioeconomic conditions, the German system of public finance and public responsibilities has led to a growing gap between the financial situations of central cities and of their surrounding communities in urban agglomerations. For the purpose of describing the differences in developments in the central city of Bremen and its suburban area, the main local tax revenues, as well as some indicators of ‘fiscal stress’, and their developments between 1982 and 1992 were analysed. The empirical results verify a significant shift of economic and financial strength to the suburban belt during the period under investigation. Although since the beginning of the 1970s a severe imbalance between the development of revenue and of expenditure needs has generated a dramatic budget situation in Bremen, in the surrounding communities in Lower Saxony budgetaty situations were sound in every respect. Similar processes, which have led to a relative weakness of revenues and increasing debts, have been observed in other central cities in Germany. Obviously the negative effect of suburbanisation processes on the financial situation of the central city is not a problem specific to Bremen. Generally, the larger cities are convinced that their functions for the hinterland and the resulting burdens have not been adequately taken into account in the systems of municipal finance and fiscal equalisation.
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Conrad, Klaus, and Helmut Seitz. "The “Public Capital Hypothesis”: The Case of Germany." Recherches économiques de Louvain 58, no. 3-4 (1992): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044092.

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SummaryAccording to the “public capital hypothesis” public investment crowds in private investment by increasing the rate of return to private capital. The present paper uses an extended cost function with public capital included as an unpaid fixed factor of production to examine the impact public capital has on the private economy. Using a panel of four highly aggregated sectors of the West German Economy, it is shown, that the provision of public capital raises the demand for private capital, as suggested by the public capital hypothesis. In addition, it is shown that public infrastructure capital contributes to the productivity of the private economy.
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Lechner, Michael, Ruth Miquel, and Conny Wunsch. "LONG-RUN EFFECTS OF PUBLIC SECTOR SPONSORED TRAINING IN WEST GERMANY." Journal of the European Economic Association 9, no. 4 (April 28, 2011): 742–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01029.x.

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DUSTMANN, CHRISTIAN, and ARTHUR SOEST. "Wage Structures in the Private and Public Sectors in West Germany." Fiscal Studies 18, no. 3 (August 1997): 225–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5890.1997.tb00262.x.

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Düppe, Till. "WAR AFTER WAR: WILHELM KRELLE, 1916–2004." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 42, no. 3 (September 2020): 307–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837219000464.

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Wilhelm Krelle (1916–2004) had two careers: one before 1945 as an officer in the German army (Wehrmacht), and a second after 1945 as an economist in West Germany. After retirement, he was honored as the economist who brought modern modeling techniques, Lawrence Klein’s macroeconometrics in particular, from the US to West Germany. After his engagement in the reform of East German economics, however, he was discredited as his early career became public. This essay reconstructs Krelle’s career in his attempt and struggle to maintain moral integrity in and between the various domains of his troubled life as officer, economist, political adviser, father, and husband.
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Carlin, Wendy, and David Soskice. "Shocks to the System: the German Political Economy Under Stress." National Institute Economic Review 159 (January 1997): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019715900104.

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The German economy is recovering hesitantly from the sharp post-unification boom and recession. Two features of recent West German performance are novel: there has been an unprecedented loss of jobs in industry, and manufacturing profitability has been pushed to its lowest level ever and is now low relative to other OECD economies. Serious problems with labour costs and innovation would be expected to show up in a weakening in the trend of export performance. That this has not yet happened is the consequence of the existence of an apparently robust innovation system which enables companies to pursue high quality incremental innovation strategies. However, the experiment of transferring the West German model to the East has proved extremely costly and has not so far established the basis for self-sustaining growth. Problems in profitability, investment and employment in West Germany reflect the failure of the bargaining system—unions, employers, Bundesbank and public sector—to negotiate the sharing of the burden of unification.
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Uelzmann, Jan. "Building Domestic Support for West Germany's Integration into NATO, 1953–1955." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 2 (May 2020): 133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00941.

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Konrad Adenauer's government in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) engaged in a large-scale media campaign to create political consent for the FRG's integration into the West, a policy that rested to a large extent on rearmament and entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. To counter public criticism of rearmament, the West German authorities used Mobilwerbung, a company that maintained a fleet of mobile film screening vans. Clandestinely financed by the government, Mobilwerbung brought government-commissioned films and political speakers into the FRG's remotest areas. Based on archival records on deployments in Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, this article traces Mobilwerbung's role as a government unit that reacted dynamically to competing events. Through highly detailed reporting on audience reactions, Mobilwerbung served both as a public relations vehicle to foster consent and as an analytical tool that allowed the mapping of public sentiment regarding rearmament.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Finance, Public – Germany (West)"

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Peasey, Jeanette Helga. "Public service broadcasting in transition : the example of West Germany." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.256822.

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Donnelly, Jared. "Public Opinion of Conscription in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1954-1956." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc10994/.

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In 1955, barely ten years after the end of the most devastating war in Modern German history, a new German military was established in the Federal Republic, the Bundeswehr. In order properly fill the ranks of this new military the government, under the leadership of Konrad Adenauer, believed that it would have to draft men from the West German population into military service. For the government in Bonn conscription was a double-edged sword, it would not only ensure that the Bundeswehr would receive the required number of recruits but it was also believed that conscription would guarantee that the Bundeswehr would be more democratic and therefore in tune with the policies of the new West German state. What this study seeks to explore is what the West German population thought of conscription. It will investigate who was for or against the draft and seek to determine the various socioeconomic factors that contributed to these decisions. Furthermore this study will examine the effect that the public opinion had on federal policy.
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Donnelly, Jared Mierzejewski Alfred C. "Public opinion of conscription in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1954-1956." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-10994.

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Cleverdon, Stephen Michael. "The effects of federal land on rural population, employment, and income in the Rocky Mountain West." Diss., [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2009. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06012009-101138.

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Krüger, Jens. "Die Finanzierung der Bundeshauptstadt Bonn." Berlin New York de Gruyter, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2865476&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Gardner, Jocasta. "The public debate about the formulation of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1948-1949." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:22eacfe2-571c-4d8a-a4fa-a13061a47ee4.

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Four years after the end of the National Socialist dictatorship and a disastrous major war, basic rights and democratic government were enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Thus parliamentary democracy was formally and institutionally reintroduced to Western Germany at the Bund level. Successful implantation of democracy, however, requires not only constitutional arrangements but also, and perhaps more importantly, participation on the part of the people in the democratic process. Through analysis of the public involvement in the Basic Law's formulation and the impact of the public debate on the deliberations of the Parliamentary Council between September 1948 and May 1949, the degree of participation of Germans in the three Western zones of occupation, upon which the new West German state could subsequently build, is explored. Initial answers are suggested in chapter II and then developed in subsequent chapters as various contentious topics debated by the Parliamentary Council are examined. Anti-parliamentarianism, the search for a new symbol, newspaper perceptions as a reflection of the reality of interaction between occupier and occupied in the constitution's formulation, and the public debate about the nature and status of the second chamber, about the relationship between God and the Basic Law, and about full equality for women are analysed. The nature and extent of the public debate 1948-1949 make clear that the German population of the Western zones had already begun to think and function in a democratic fashion on the Bund level. This thesis suggests that the creation of an institutional framework, such as the Basic Law, should not be overemphasized at the expense of the developing democratic culture in post-war Western Germany. Without the gradual democratization of the population already well underway when the provisional constitution came into force on 23 May 1949, it is unlikely that the Federal Republic of Germany could have established itself so successfully so quickly.
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Sites, Jeanette Abdoney. "The development of the public school support plan in West Virginia." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49897.

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The purpose of the study was to trace the historical and legal development of the financial support system for public elementary and secondary education in West Virginia from 1863 through November, 1984. In addition, the study provided a compiled source of data on selected aspects of the West Virginia school support system which had bearing upon the 1975 legislation that successfully challenged the constitutionality of the state school finance system. In the case of Pauley et al. v. Bailey et al., the method of financing public schools in West Virginia was declared unconstitutional on May 11, 1982, and the court directed the Legislature to completely redesign the West Virginia system of public school finance. In order for the educational and legislative leaders to fulfill meeting the court's criteria, an awareness of the changes and carryover of past doctrines and practices into the present situation was deemed to be of great importance. The study provided a historical review of significant legislation and cases affecting the evolution of the West Virginia school finance system. Designated periods of time in education history were presented through the utilization of both a chronological and topical approach. Evaluative criteria, such as equity in funding, adequacy in educational opportunity, efficiency of organization, and formula alterations were incorporated into the study in order to identify the significant changes in the developmental process of school finance.
Ed. D.
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John, Simon. "Administration of the Public Finance Management Act 1999 in the North West Provincial Administration in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60496.

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In South Africa, the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act No. 1 of 1999) is a piece of legislation that is flexible and adaptable compared to the repealed Exchequer Act (Act No. 66 of 1975), which was prescriptive and rule driven. The administration of finance in the public sector involves numerous challenges such as the lack of adequate capacity, integrity of personnel and unqualified personnel. Solutions are sought simultaneously for prospects to achieve value for money through economy, efficiency and effectiveness. Those who manage public affairs and public finance are subject to public scrutiny. Transparency, accountability and honesty as well as prudence in the management and administration of public finance are imperative. The problem statement is divided into the following research questions: What is the PFMA (Public Finance Management Act) and how is it administered? How is the PFMA administered in the North West Provincial Administration? In order to research the above-mentioned problem and sub-problem, the following objectives were formulated: Determine from the literature the nature and scope of the PFMA and its administration; establish the reason for the introduction of PFMA in South Africa; and determine the administration of the PFMA in the North West provincial administration. In implementing policy, the following elements were considered: The availability of trained personnel, administrative arrangements to implement policy, material resources required for proper implementation, procedures and directives for effective implementation, role of auditing staff, and both internal and external, role of independent institutions such as the Public Service Commission, Provincial Public Accounts Committee and the Auditor-General (AG). The managerial control and fiduciary duties by the structures in government departments will have to be enhanced in order to ensure that financial management is aligned with the PFMA. Policy implementation requires the necessary tools, techniques, procedures, shared vision, strategy, structure, systems, skills and staff. The study critically determines and establishes various challenges experienced while managing finances through the administration of the PFMA. From the data gathered, analysis and interpretations were derived to arrive at the findings, interpretations, inferences and recommendations. There is evidence of financial qualifications in the audit opinion, shortcomings in various departments, capacity constraints, and a lack of a clear trail of supporting documentation, ineffective leadership, supervision, monitoring and support. Appropriate recommendations are provided to remedy the situation.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA)
PhD
Unrestricted
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Schneider, Christoph. "Der Warschauer Kniefall : Ritual, Ereignis und Erzählung /." Konstanz : UVK, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2755735&prov=M&dokv̲ar=1&doke̲xt=htm.

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Bonati, Charles. "Essais sur les déterminants des dépenses publiques en France, Allemagne, Italie, et Royaume-Uni (UE-04), du XIXe siècle à nos jours." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010042.

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L'objet de ce travail est d'analyser, du XIXe siècle à 2010, les déterminants politico-économiques du niveau des dépenses publiques, exprimé en pourcentage du PIB, pour les quatre principaux pays de l'Union européenne. (la France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni ; groupe que l'on notera « UE-04 »). Dans le chapitre 1, nous présentons les différentes mesures de la « taille de l'État », et mettons en évidence la croissance des dépenses publiques depuis le début du XIXe siècle. Nous recensons et testons les principaux modèles monofactoriels de détermination du niveau des dépenses publiques : loi de Wagner, modèle de développement de Rostow, effet de déplacement de Peacock et Wiseman, Granger-causalité entre dépenses et recettes, et interactions budgétaires internationales. Ces modèles ne peuvent expliquer que partiellement et superficiellement l'évolution séculaire des dépenses : ils sont trop simples pour appréhender la profonde complexité des processus. Les niveaux de dépenses publiques sont de plus en plus interdépendants, du fait de l'intensification du processus de globalisation. Ils varient de plus en plus de manière similaire : ce co-mouvement (ou cycle international) est probablement lié à l'émergence d'un « fédéralisme budgétaire européen » et à l'amplification de l'intégration. Enfin, ils ne semblent pas converger, du fait de la persistance de fortes et anciennes différences, notamment institutionnelles. Le chapitre 2 propose une première étude systématique des épisodes de baisse des dépenses publiques depuis le XIXe siècle. Après une recension de la littérature, nous procédons à une analyse quantitative. Le nombre d'années de hausse des dépenses est approximativement égal à celui des baisses. En revanche, l'intensité moyenne des hausses est supérieure à celle des baisses. Ces mouvements sont de plus en plus coordonnés entre les économies. La chronique politico-économique atteste que le PIB et les dépenses liées aux guerres constituent des facteurs fondamentaux, et que sur la période contemporaine les configurations institutionnelles et la volonté des dirigeants politiques exercent une influence essentielle. Enfin, les épisodes de baisse durable sont peu nombreux et sont généralement mis en œuvre lorsque la conjoncture économique est favorable, par des réductions opérées dans les trois grandes catégories de dépenses publiques : consommation, investissement et transferts. Dans le chapitre 3, nous effectuons une ample recension de la littérature sur les déterminants des dépenses publiques. Il existe plusieurs dizaines de facteurs potentiels. Les processus de détermination des dépenses publiques étant très complexes, le contenu interprétatif des modèles théoriques est limité. La littérature néglige deux éléments pourtant désormais fondamentaux : les interactions budgétaires entre les pays, et l'influence des institutions de l'Union européenne. Le creusement de la dette et la crise des finances publiques ont conduit à une homogénéisation des gouvernements : les décisions budgétaires sont désormais largement déconnectées du positionnement idéologique des dirigeants ainsi que du niveau de soutien dont ils disposent. Une analyse économétrique en panel des déterminants des catégories de dépenses publiques sur la période 1992-2010 pour l'UE-04 indique que la croissance du PIB agit de manière significativement négative. Les autres variables politico-économiques traditionnelles peinent à expliquer les évolutions des dépenses. Un panel dynamique permet d'apprécier le rôle joué par la variable dépendante retardée. Pour le total des dépenses publiques, il existe une force de rappel, pour laquelle les transferts jouent un rôle prépondérant
The purpose of this thesis is to analyze, from the 19th century to 2010, the politico-economic determinants of the public expenditures level, expressed in percentage of GDP, of the four major European countries. (France, Germany, Italy, and United Kingdom; group that will be abbreviated "UE-04") In Chapter 1, a presentation of the various measures of the "size of government" is undertaken, and the increase of public expenditures since the 19th century is highlighted. The most important monofactorial models determining public expenditures are reviewed and tested: Wagner's law, Rostow's development model, Peacock and Wiseman's Displacement effect, Granger causality between expenditures and receipts, and international budgetary interactions. These models can only explain partially and superficially the long-term evolution of expenditures: they are too simple to grasp the deep complexity of the determination processes. Public expenditures levels are more and more interdependent, because of the intensification of the globalization process. The levels vary more and more in a similar way: this comovement (or international cycle) is probably linked to the emergence of a "European budgetary federalism" and to the expansion of the integration. Finally, they do not seem to converge, because of the persistence of strong and old differences, especially institutional ones. Chapter 2 is a first systematic analysis of the episodes of the public expenditures' reduction from the 19th century. The literature is reviewed, and a quantitative analysis is carried out. The number of years of increase is approximately equal to the number of years of reduction. Nonetheless, the average intensity of increases is greater than the average intensity of reductions. These movements are more and more coordinated across economies. The politico-economic chronicles establishes that GDP and war-related expenditures are fundamental factors, and that in the contemporary period the institutional configurations and the will of the political leaders exert a major influence. Finally, there are few episodes of sustainable reduction. They are generally implemented when the overall economic situation is favorable, and cuts are then employed in the three major categories of public expenditures: consumption, investment, and transfers. In Chapter 3, the abundant literature related to the determinants of public expenditures is reviewed. There are several dozens of potential factors. The determination process of the public expenditures is very complex, and thus the interpretive content of theoretical models is rather limited. The literature disregards two elements that are henceforth fundamental: the budgetary interactions between countries, and the influence of the institutions of the European Union. The growing public debt and the public finance crisis have led to a homogenization of governments: budgetary decisions are henceforth largely unrelated to the ideological orientation of political leaders, as well as to the level of popularity that these leaders enjoy. An econometric analysis of panel data is performed to study the determinants of the main categories of public expenditures on the period 1992-2010 for the UE-04. GDP growth's impact is significantly negative. The other traditional politico-economic variables barely explain the evolution of public expenditures. The role played by the lagged dependent variable is estimated using a dynamic panel. There is a restoring force for the total of public expenditures, for which the transfers play a paramount role
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Books on the topic "Finance, Public – Germany (West)"

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Nils, Diederich, ed. Die Diskreten Kontrolleure: Eine Wirkungsanalyse des Bundesrechnungshofs. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1990.

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Die Kontrolle der Finanzverwaltung durch den Bundesrechnungshof. [Erlangen?: s.n., 1985.

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Dommach, Hermann A. Von Potsdam nach Frankfurt: Der Reichsrechnungshof im NS-Staat und die Neuordnung der staatlichen Finanzkontrolle im demokratischen Nachkriegsdeutschland. Berlin: Schelzky & Jeep, 1988.

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Zschaler, Frank. Öffentliche Finanzen und Finanzpolitik in Berlin, 1945-1961: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung von Ost- und West-Berlin (mit Datenanhang 1945-1989). Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1995.

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Mitsotaki, Alexandra Gourdain. Public development finance corporations: Their role in the new forms of investment in developing countries. Paris: Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1986.

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Office, General Accounting. Budget issues: Budgeting practices in West Germany, France, Sweden, and Great Britain : fact sheet for the chairman, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1986.

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Das, Priyajit. Public finance in West Bengal. Calcutta: Firma KLM, 1992.

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Board, Irish Export. Guide to public procurement: West Germany. Dublin: Co ras Tra chta la, 1990.

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Jabr, Muḥammad Hishām. The financial and banking policies in the occupied West Bank. Nablus: Documentation, Manuscripts and Publishing Center, An-Najah National University, 1993.

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Edwards, Jeremy. Banks, finance and investment in West Germany since 1970. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Finance, Public – Germany (West)"

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Färber, Gisela. "Public Finance." In Public Administration in Germany, 225–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_14.

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AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of public finance in Germany. In the first part, it describes the process of public budgeting, the main principles, and the budget cycle. Finally, it reports on budget reforms. Subsequently, it delivers information on the volume and structure of expenditure and revenue, the latter with a special focus on the tax system, the system of multilevel tax distribution among the levels of government and on public debt. The chapter refers also to the legal framework for public budgeting and accounting standards that differ between the levels of the Federation and the states. Some special information on local finance in Germany is also included.
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Person, Christian, and René Geissler. "Four Decades of Municipal Bailouts in Germany." In Local Public Finance, 227–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_13.

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Person, Christian, Falk Ebinger, and Steffen Zabler. "The Implementation of Fiscal Regulation: Insights from Germany." In Local Public Finance, 153–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_9.

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Roesel, Felix. "Fiscal Supervision and Party Politics: Lessons from Austria and Germany." In Local Public Finance, 173–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67466-3_10.

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Nathans, Eli. "Public Audiences and Official Networks." In Peter von Zahn's Cold War Broadcasts to West Germany, 113–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50615-9_5.

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Reissert, Bernd. "Public Finance as Drivers and Constraints for Public Sector Reform in Germany." In State and Local Government Reforms in France and Germany, 159–72. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-90271-5_9.

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Nathans, Eli. "American Public Opinion: Optimistic but Often Ignorant." In Peter von Zahn's Cold War Broadcasts to West Germany, 197–213. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50615-9_8.

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Sanzone, Donna S. "Women in positions of political leadership in Britain, France and West Germany*." In Women and the Public Sphere, 160–75. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003371502-19.

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Jones, Dennis P. "Higher Education Finance Policy in the Western States." In Public Policy Challenges Facing Higher Education in the American West, 91–106. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137403780_5.

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Wagner, Peter. "Social Sciences and Political Projects: Reform Coalitions between Social Scientists and Policy-Makers in France, Italy, and West Germany." In The Social Direction of the Public Sciences, 277–306. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3755-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Finance, Public – Germany (West)"

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TSE, CHING TAT. "A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Impacts of West Germany and Japan After the Plaza Accord." In 2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences (ICPRSS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211020.129.

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Tamtomo, Didik Gunawan, and Vitri Widyaningsih. "Determinants of Fertility in Indonesia: An Analysis from Basic Life Survey Data Year 2017." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.99.

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ABSTRACT Background: Indonesia is in the fourth position with the largest population in the world (274 million people) after China, India, and the United States. Currently, Indonesia is experiencing a demographic bonus and also has a high dependency ratio (46.6%). It resulting in heavy burdens that must be borne by the productive age population to finance the lives of the unproductive population. The high population in Indonesia is determined by the high number of children born alive. The purpose of this study was to examine the determinants of fertility in Indonesia. Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted using Indonesian Population Demographic Survey year 2017. A sample of 49,627 reproductive women aged 15-49 years who had ever give birth was selected for this study. The dependent variable was fertility (based on number of children born alive). The independent variables were contaceptive use, contraceptive method, source of information, knnowledge toward contraception, history of birth delivery, and residence. The data were analyzed by path analysis run on Stata 13. Results: Fertility increased with traditional contraceptive use (b= 0.51; 95% CI= 0.41 to 0.61; p<0.001), information from government (b= 0.59; 95% CI= 0.46 to 0.72; p <0.001), low education toward contraceptive (b= 0.89; 95% CI= 0.49 to 1.29; p <0.001), birth delivery <1 year (b= 0.10; 95% CI= -0.05 to 0.25; p= 0.187), health assurance participant (b= 0.54; 95% CI= 0.44 to 0.64; p<0.001), living in urban area (b= 0.32; 95% CI= 0.22 to 0.41; p<0.001), hormonal contraceptive use (b= 0.08; 95% CI= -0.10 to 0.25; p= 0.408), and living in west Indonesian (b= 0.57; 95% CI= 0.47 to 0.66; p<0.001). Fertility decreased with family decision on contraceptive use (b= -0.31; 95% CI= -0.42 to -0.21; p<0.001), education ≥Senior high school (b= -1.25; 95% CI= -1.35 to -1.16; p<0.001), and high family wealth (b= -0.50; 95% CI= -0.60 to -0.40; p<0.001). Conclusion: Fertility increases with traditional contraceptive use, information from government, low education toward contraceptive, birth delivery <1 year, health assurance participant, living in urban area, hormonal contraceptive use, and living in west Indonesian. Fertility decreases with family decision on contraceptive use, education ≥Senior high school, and high family wealth. Keywords: fertility, basic health survey year 2017 Correspondence: Karlinda. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: karlindalinda8@gmail.com. Mobile: +6282278924093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.99
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İrmiş, Ayşe, Mehtap Sarıkaya, and Hatice Çoban. "People's Sector as an Alternative Economic Model and the Example of Denizli." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00662.

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People’s sector is an establishment of an enterprise result of bringing together production tools take decisions related to the management of this property and create self-employment opportunities with people’s own savings. This is the most distinctive feature from the private sector and the public sector. As well as the public sector and the private sector, labor is a part of the production, but in people’s sector, employees participate in management, capital and profit. In private sector and public sector there is an up to down organization but in People’s Sector, organization settles from down to top. People’s Sector resemble to publicly held companies and worker companies in Western Europe and United States but differ from them in the form of establishment and statue of partnership. Because in these companies in the West, government or private sector open shares to public or make workers partner to the shares. In these companies, managerial decisions belong to the person or group that holds most of the shares. Whereas in public sector enterprises, people come together and have equal rights in establishment and management of the enterprise, without any person or group keeping the majority of shares in the hand. Without a precedent in the world, this sector is formed in 1970’s with the savings of the workers went from Turkey to Germany and other European countries. In this study, a literature rewiev in the people’s sector has been made, then exemplary research was carried out by the founders of the two People’s sector companies.
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Węcławowicz-Gyurkovich, Ewa. "Image of a Hanseatic city in the latest Polish architectural solutions." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8086.

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The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.
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Reports on the topic "Finance, Public – Germany (West)"

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Martin, Matthew, Jo Walker, Kwesi W. Obeng, and Christian Hallum. The West Africa Inequality Crisis: Fighting austerity and the pandemic. Development Finance International, Oxfam, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8045.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed and worsened the depth of inequality in West Africa. It has pushed millions into poverty. There is no end in sight due to the obscene global vaccine inequality, which means that less than 4% of West Africans had been fully vaccinated against COVID-19 as at September 2021, compared with 52% in the United States and 57% in the European Union. In 2021, when COVID-19 infections are rising in West Africa, the critical support health and socioeconomic programmes put in place by most governments in 2020 are being rolled back and replaced with austerity. Many governments are following advice from the IMF and World Bank, reminiscent of the severe cuts in spending imposed under the structural adjustment policies of the 1980s and 1990s. However, as this paper argues, the pandemic offers West African governments a once-in-a-generation opportunity to invest heavily in inequality-busting policies by boosting public spending (especially on healthcare, education and social protection), making tax systems more progressive, and tackling joblessness and precarious work. This report uses the Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index (CRII) framework devised by Oxfam and Development Finance International to assess the policies of West African governments. Visit the CRI Index website to learn more: www.inequalityindex.org.
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