Journal articles on the topic 'Finance, Public – Former Soviet republics'
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Mabbett, Deborah. "Reforming social security in economies in transition: Problems and policies in the former Soviet Republic of Moldova." International Social Security Review 50, no. 1 (January 1997): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246x.1997.tb01058.x.
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Sebentsov, A. B., M. S. Karpenko, A. A. Gritsenko, and N. L. Turov. "Economic Development as a Challenge for “De Facto States”: Post-Conflict Dynamics and Perspectives in South Ossetia." Regional Research of Russia 12, no. 3 (September 2022): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079970522700277.
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Abstract The significance of economic factors in the emergence and development of “de facto states” remains insufficiently studied and debatable. This article deals with the case of South Ossetia, one of the six unrecognized republics that emerged in the post-Soviet space. Based on the study of statistical data, secondary sources and expert interviews with representatives of local authorities, business, and the academic community, the authors analyzed structural changes and the state of the economy of South Ossetia and views on development prospects in the context of state building. It has been shown that as a result of large-scale assistance from Russia, a structurally weak hyperservice economy has formed, whose key industries depend on government demand and Russian investments. Limited economic self-sufficiency, cross-border settlement of Ossetians and Georgians, as well as numerous family ties contribute to the emergence of a variety of cross-border practices (shuttle trade, smuggling, and peculiar payment systems) that reduce social tensions. The case of South Ossetia confirms that unrecognized status is not in itself an obstacle to economic development, but the lack of external legitimacy limits access to markets and creates difficulties for financial and trade transactions. As a result, Eurasian integration has become rather a source of problems for this republic, creating obstacles difficult to overcome for local businesses in trade with Russia, the only EAEU country that recognizes the Republic of South Ossetia as a sovereign state. As a result, economic problems, along with security issues, serve as a key argument for South Ossetia’s support for the idea of joining the republic to Russia.
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Vlasenko, V. M., and M. O. Bondarenko. "TO THE BIOGRAPHY OF AMET OZENBASHLY." Sums'ka Starovyna (Ancient Sumy Land), no. 54 (2019): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/starovyna.2019.54.2.
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The article is devoted to the public and political activity of Amet Ozenbashly who was one of the leaders of the Crimean Tatar national movement in the first half of the XX century. His public activity during the period of the national liberation movement (1917-1920) is characterized in the article. Amet Ozenbashly’s participation in convening and conducting the Constituent Assembly of the Crimean Tatar nation (the first Kurultai), his activity within the Directory and the Central Committee of the Crimean Tatar national party “Milliy Fyrqa” is also emphasized in the work. A. Ozenbashly didn’t immigrate after the defeat of the national revolution. At the beginning of the 1920s he participated in the establishment of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and was the member of its Central Executive Committee. He also held the position of the headmaster in the Crimean pedagogical college, the Deputy People’s Commissar of Finance; he practiced as a neurologist in Simferopil and was engaged in the literature activity. He was repressed in 1928. He was sentenced to death but his verdict was changed to 10 years of imprisonment. He was released from prison prematurely in 1934. A. Ozenbashly’s activity during the period of the German occupation is characterized in the study. He wrote the memorandum about the collaboration with the German although the document was not manifested. He made covert public statements against the collaboration with the German. He urged the Crimean Tatars to choose the third way (neither Hitlerism nor Stalinism) and value their own national interests above all. Because of risk of being arrested he had to hide. According to H. Porokhovsky’s (the former colonel of the UNR army, the leader of the Ukrainian military emigration in Romania, the employee of the Romanian special information service) archive-investigation file A. Ozenbashly moved to Odesa and then to Romania with his assistance. Being in this Balkan country he established linkages with the leaders of the Crimean Tatar emigration in Turkey, helped the refugees from the Crimea to settle in Romania and got ready to move to Istanbul. However he was arrested and repressed by the Soviet intelligence agency for the second time in spring 1945. Key words: Amet Ozenbashly, the Crimea, the Crimean Tatars, Milliy Fyrqa, Romania, Hnat Porokhovsky.
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Vavilov, A. "Current Political Manifestations of Regionalism in the Context of the Power Crisis in Ukraine." International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 19, no. 2 (2021): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2021.19.2.65.5.
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This article analyzes the manifestations of regionalism in the context of a deep socio-political crisis in Ukraine. With the development of the political crisis that followed the coup d'etat in February 2014 in Ukraine, there was a noticeable actualization of issues and problems related to regionalism, society as a whole demonstrated a request for the redistribution of powers between the power center and the regions. This is reflected in numerous initiatives of regional authorities and public organizations aimed at expanding the financial base, functions and rights of local authorities and self-government, as well as in policy documents of political forces. At the same time, in some cases, the idea of establishing a contractual relationship between the Central government and the regions was put forward, which is typical for the Federal model of government. In response to this request, the Executive branch made another attempt to implement local government reform under the slogan of decentralizing the country's state structure. Since 2014, Ukraine has developed two multidirectional trends – centrifugal and centripetal, the ratio of which will determine the dynamics and severity of political manifestations of regionalism. Despite numerous autonomist statements, Ukrainian regionalism remains within the "rigid" model formed in the post-Soviet period. The conflict in the South-East of the country and the deep involvement of the leading powers – Russia, the United States and the European Union-are the determining factor that predetermined the "freezing" of regionalization processes in Ukraine after 2014. After the signing of the Minsk agreements, the implementation of which means for Ukraine to introduce elements of Federal relations into the system of state structure, the reform of the state structure and territorial administration has become inextricably linked with Kiev's strategy towards the self-proclaimed republics of Donbass. Manifestations of regionalism were perceived by Kiev to a large extent in the context of threats to the territorial integrity of the country, which significantly limited the possibility of implementing the policy of decentralization. In addition, Russia and the United States have demonstrated in practice different approaches to the interpretation and implementation of the Minsk agreements, which has had a negative impact on the regionalization processes in Ukraine. The nature of the processes of regionalization in Ukraine allows to draw Parallels with the situation in Transnistria and around him, and to talk about common Moldovan and Ukrainian models hard regionalism, the hallmark of which is the transformation of the regionalization processes in a tool to achieve political goals of Russia and the West in conflict with the nature of their interaction on post-Soviet space.
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Groenewold, W. G. F., and J. K. van Ginneken. "Health status of Russian minorities in former Soviet Republics." Public Health 125, no. 8 (August 2011): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2011.04.009.
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Kan, Denis, Bernadette Andreosso-O'Callaghan, and Helena Lenihan. "Assessing the Feasibility of Monetary Integration in the Former Soviet Republics." International Economic Journal 25, no. 1 (March 2011): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10168737.2010.487538.
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Bluth, Christoph. "Arms Control and Nuclear Safety: The National and International Politics of Russia's Nuclear Arsenal." Government and Opposition 30, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 510–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1995.tb00141.x.
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RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY IS STILL IN A STATE OF FLUX. LIKE the other former republics of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation seeks to come to terms with being an independent state needing to define its national interests and foreign and security policy objectives.The principal element in the new frame of reference for Moscow is the disintegration of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union itself. For forty years, most of the territories controlled by Moscow were adjacent to territories protected by the United States, or else to China. The Russian Federation is now virtually surrounded by former Soviet republics, all with deep political, social and economic problems, and some of which are highly unstable and subject to violent civil conflicts. The territory of the Russian Federation itself, about 75 per cent of the territory of the former USSR with about 60 per cent of its population, is still not properly defined, given that significant sections of the borders are purely notional, and the degree of control that Moscow can exercise over the entire Federation is uncertain.
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Pottenger, John R. "Civil Society, the Economy, and Educational Assistance in Former Soviet Republics." International Journal of Public Administration 27, no. 11-12 (October 2004): 851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pad-200037351.
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Monobayeva, Agipa, and Cosmo Howard. "Are post-Soviet republics ready for the new public management? The case of educational modernization in Kazakhstan." International Journal of Public Sector Management 28, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-08-2014-0102.
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Purpose – Since the collapse of the USSR, former Soviet republics have embarked on public service modernization, in most instances drawing on internationally dominant new public management (NPM) principles. Are post-Soviet republics ready for these administrative prescriptions? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses Kazakhstan’s experience with the implementation of NPM through a qualitative case study of the country’s adoption of the European Bologna higher education reforms. Findings – While implementation of the NPM-inspired Bologna program has produced significant achievements, there are also gaps and shortcomings. These are due to a remnant Soviet administrative practices including strong control by educational ministries, as well as incompatible organizational cultures and a tendency toward superficial formalism in the implementation process. Research limitations/implications – NPM tends to be introduced in a top-down fashion as a taken-for-granted component of state transformation, without sufficient attention to the capacities, cultures and systems required for effective and accountable performance-driven administrative reform. Originality/value – Kazakhstan’s experience provides crucial insights into the governance structures, professional cultures and managerial capacities required for successful implementation of NPM in post-Soviet states.
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Smallbone, David, and Friederike Welter. "Entrepreneurship and Government Policy in Former Soviet Republics: Belarus and Estonia Compared." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c0834b.
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In this paper we analyse the role of government in relation to the development of entrepreneurship in countries where private business activity was illegal until the beginning of the 1990s. By focusing on Estonia and Belarus we are concerned with countries with an ostensibly similar political heritage, yet with contrasting experiences during the post-Soviet period. Various authors have argued the need for entrepreneurship research to acknowledge the heterogeneity of environmental conditions, outcomes, and behaviours that exist with respect to entrepreneurship. Government policies and actions are a key element contributing to the heterogeneity of external conditions in which entrepreneurship occurs and are thus part of social embeddedness. The findings have implications for policy makers in transition and developing countries by emphasising the variety of ways in which the state can influence the nature and pace of private business development and the central role of institutional behaviour in this process. The findings also have implications for researchers interested in extending analysis of entrepreneurship into a wide range of business environments.
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Erkam, Serkan, and Tarkan Cavusoglu. "Modeling inflation uncertainty in transition economies: The case of Russia and the former Soviet Republics." Ekonomski anali 53, no. 178-179 (2008): 44–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka0879044e.
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This study investigates the linkage between inflation and inflation uncertainty in seven transitional economies (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation and the Ukraine) which experienced hyper-inflation until the mid-1990s. This linkage is investigated in the ARCH modeling framework by using both conventional Granger noncausality testing and the Holmes-Hutton approach, which has significant small- and large-sample power advantages over the former. The results support the Friedman- Ball hypothesis in Azerbaijan, the Russian Federation and the Ukraine. The Cukierman-Meltzer hypothesis is favored in the Kyrgyz Republic and in the Russian Federation using a different model. In Azerbaijan, greater inflation uncertainty preceded lower rates of inflation, indicative of the strong monetary stabilization policies pursued in this economy.
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ANNAMURADOV, ALYM K., OVEZDURDY B. MUKHAMMETBERDIEV, and MURAD O. HAITOV. "Evolution of public administration in the post-Soviet. Turkmenistan." Public Administration 22, no. 5 (2020): 98–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2070-8378-2020-22-5-98-118.
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The article examines the formation of the statehood of modern Turkmenistan through the prism of historical changes that have occurred in the post-Soviet countries. It is noted that after 1991 all former republics of the USSR built new independent states on a fundamentally different basis – interaction between government and society. The authors emphasize that the establishment of trust between the state as an institution and citizens is possible under certain conditions, among which a special place is occupied by a clear organization of civil service and the professionalism of civil servants. The measures that have already been implemented and are being taken by the leadership of Turkmenistan at the present time to solve these problems are considered. It is noted that Turkmenistan acts within the framework and in accordance with the key world-class standards regarding the requirements for the organization of civil service. The measures taken in the country to combat corruption are analyzed.
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Davis, James H., J. Dennis Patterson, and Igor Grazin. "The collapse and reemergence of networks within and between Republics of the Former Soviet Union." International Business Review 5, no. 1 (February 1996): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-5931(95)00030-5.
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Hausman, Daniel M. "Liberalism, Welfare Economics, and Freedom." Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 2 (1993): 172–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004192.
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With the collapse of the centrally controlled economies and the authoritarian governments of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics, political leaders are, with appreciable public support, espousing “liberal” economic and political transformations—the reinstitution of markets, the securing of civil and political rights, and the establishment of representative governments. But those supporting reform have many aims, and the liberalism to which they look for political guidance is not an unambiguous doctrine.
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Saari, Sinikukka. "Russia's Post-Orange Revolution Strategies to Increase its Influence in Former Soviet Republics: Public Diplomacypo russkii." Europe-Asia Studies 66, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2013.864109.
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Marková, Alena. "Society and Language: Debates Surrounding the National Language in Belarusian Society at the Beginning of the 1990s." HISTORICKÁ SOCIOLOGIE 14, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23363525.2022.15.
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The dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s sparked a wave of political and national emancipation in its republics that led to the creation of new successor states. This also applied to the former Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), which declared its independence on 27 July 1990. Even before this, however, a project concerning a wholly new and groundbreaking law was introduced in the country for public debate. According to the law, the Belarusian language – as the national language of the majority population – would become the one and only state and official language in the republic.
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Fominykh, Alexey. "Russia’s Public Diplomacy in Central Asia and the Caucasus: The Role of the Universities." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2017): 56–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341350.
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The article discusses the outreach practices of Russian universities in former Soviet republics in Central Asia and the Caucasus as a part of Russia’s public diplomacy effort. Perceiving the competitive environment of international education in the Commonwealth of Independent States in terms of geopolitical rivalry, the Russian government encourages state-owned universities to recruit more students and establish partnerships in this strategic region. As a result, focusing on Central Asia and the Caucasus for international student recruitment, Russian higher educational institutions not only pursue higher reputation and tuition revenues, but also perform as public diplomacy actors, supplementing and sometimes substituting the activities of official institutions.
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Birnir, Jóhanna Kristín. "Public Venture Capital and Party Institutionalization." Comparative Political Studies 38, no. 8 (October 2005): 915–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005275429.
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Funding of parties is common and controversial in new democracies. Nonetheless, the nascent literature about the effects of money in new party systems largely sidesteps the issue of public funding. This article seeks to begin filling this theoretical and empirical void. Two hypotheses are formulated about the expected effects of introduction and marginal increases in public funding on institutionalization of the party system. The hypotheses are then tested in a statistical study of all new democracies in Eastern Europe, the Baltics, and other former Soviet Republics. The results show strong support for the idea that public funding increases institutionalization of new party systems. This is in stark contrast to theories about more established democracies that hold introduction of public funding decreases institutionalization of the party system. Furthermore, the results suggest that differing thresholds to public funding have divergent effects on political institutionalization, but this effect is not necessarily linear.
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Graham, Seth. "History, Power, and Incomplete Epistolarity in Post-Soviet Cinema." Área Abierta 19, no. 3 (November 4, 2019): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/arab.65501.
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This article examines epistolary enunciation in the recent cinema of former Soviet republics (Russia, Ukraine, and Estonia), and in particular how filmmakers use the letter device in their engagements with their nations’ past, present, and future. After discussing the post-Soviet epistolary through the prism of the region’s history, with reference to Altman (1982) and Naficy (2001), the article analyses the device in specific films. Recent examples often follow the Soviet-era model of the letter as a medium for contact not only (or primarily) between individuals, but also for more abstract kinds of contact, between distinct realms of human existence and consciousness: East and West, Public and Private, Life and Death/Afterlife, Freedom and Captivity, Science and Superstition, Authenticity and Imposture, History and Contemporaneity. The meanings created via epistolary efforts to bridge such gaps – by the characters and the filmmakers – are central to the post-Soviet cinematic project of national and individual introspection.
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Askerbek, Assel, Ardak M. Yesdauletova, Gulnara Ibragimova, Dana K. Akhmedyanova, and Sagdat Adilbekov. "Methods of implementation of the U.S. policy to ensure the sustainable development of the post-Soviet states." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 2 (January 2022): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2021-002010.
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The main aim of the article was to determine the key ways in which the United States of America conducts its foreign policy in the post-Soviet countries. The methods of observation, comparative analysis, and the principle of chronological sequence were used to study the U.S. foreign policy and its implementation. The article was based on empirical research methods, studying facts and analysing causes and consequences of the countries policy. Firstly, the authors highlight the ways of economic cooperation, exactly, the activities of transnational corpora-tions in the former socialist republics. In addition, the authors characterized the influence of transnational corporations. Secondly, it was pointed out that the U.S. actively implemented such method as support "colour revolutions" in the process of pursuit of their political interests in the post-Soviet territory. Thirdly, the United States seeks to establish ties with the countries of the former Soviet Union, primari-ly Central Asia, to ensure security in the region and in Afghanistan. The C5+1 initi-ative, Northern Distribution Network, were developed for greater involvement in security issues. Fourthly, following the principles of "soft power", American politi-cians actively use the tools of public diplomacy, communication, support of civil society.
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Pomerleau, Joceline, Martin McKee, Aileen Robertson, Sirje Vaask, Iveta Pudule, Daiga Grinberga, Algis Abaravicius, and Roma Bartkeviciute. "Food security in the Baltic Republics." Public Health Nutrition 5, no. 3 (June 2002): 397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001265.
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AbstractObjectives:Food insecurity has become an important issue in many countries of the former Soviet Union following the transition to a market economy. This study examined three aspects of food security in the Baltic Republics: reasons for choosing foods; level of dependence on home-grown or raised foods; and use of home-grown vegetables.Design:Cross-sectional surveys.Setting:Data from surveys conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the summer of 1997 were used to describe the three aspects of food security and their socio-economic correlates (using descriptive statistics and logistic regression).Subjects:Representative samples of adults were selected in each country (Estonia, n = 2018; Latvia, n = 2308; Lithuania, n = 2153).Results:Cost was the most commonly reported reason for choosing foods, particularly in Lithuania (67%) and Latvia (60%) (Estonia 41%), and especially among people with lower income levels. In each country, large proportions of respondents depended partially or entirely on home-grown or raised foods (Latvia 47%, Lithuania 42%, Estonia 32%) or used home-grown vegetables frequently (Lithuania 66%, Latvia 53%, Estonia 29%); this was particularly the case in rural areas.Conclusions:The issue of food security needs to be examined further in the Baltic Republics and other transitional economies as increased access to safe, healthy foods for all could help improve dietary intake and reduce the high mortality from non-communicable diseases. Access to affordable, high-quality fresh foods by different social groups should be monitored and the potential contribution of home-grown and raised foods to reduce food poverty should be explored further1.
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Calchei, Gheorghe. "Establishment and development of small and medium business in the Republic of Moldova in the context of independence." Review of Philosophy, Sociology and Political Sciences, no. 3(187) (March 2022): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53783/18572294.21.187.10.
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The independence of the Republic of Moldova in 1991 had both positive and negative consequences. It has contributed to the severance of many economic ties between the former Soviet republics and regions of the former USSR, to the supply of raw materials, heaters, many markets have been lost, a large part of the able-bodied population has lost source of income etc. On the other hand, the privatization of public patrimony has taken place, the number of owners has increased signifificantly, now the state of the Republic of Moldova guarantees to all citizens the respect of social, economic, cultural rights, political freedoms, etc. It is the foundation of the market economy. A special place in the formation of the market-based economy belongs to small and medium-sized enterprises, which are the main sector of the national economy and the most important factor in the absorption of labor.
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Skrzypczak, Zofia, and Ewa Rogoś. "POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL/EASTERN EUROPE AND FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS AND ITS EFFECT ON HEALTHCARE SYSTEM AND ITS OUTCOMES." Economics & Sociology 4, no. 1a (July 20, 2011): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2011/4-1a/5.
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Murshudli, F. F. "Effect of Foreign Banking Capital on the Financial Innovativeness of the Country: Evidence from Former Soviet Union and Young EU Members Countries." Finance: Theory and Practice 26, no. 4 (September 11, 2022): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2022-26-4-181-198.
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The main hypothesis of the paper was the assumption that the increase in the level of innovation of the financial sector in the post-Soviet states and young European Union (EU) members with an imperfect banking sector and a protracted financial crisis is accompanied by difficulties accessing financing sources and significantly depends on the volume foreign banking capital. The aim of the study is to identify the correlation between the growth of financial innovativeness of the country and the level of foreign banking capital, using Panel data analysis from 2009 to 2019. Unlike previous studies, it was taken into account that the level of financial innovation of the republics of the former Soviet Union is increasingly dependent on external credit resources, while the innovative development of the EU countries becomes financially independent, and this constitutes the scientific novelty of the research. The results confirm the relationship between foreign banking capital and the growth of financial innovativeness of the country, especially with its low and medium levels. To test his hypothesis, the author presented empirical models with the conditions of interaction with the Financial Innovativeness Index. Based on a comparison of indicators of the financial innovation of the country and foreign banking capital, clusters of countries are distinguished according to the nature and direction of the relationship of the analyzed indicators. The author concludes that the increase in the level of innovation in the financial sector of the countries of the former Soviet Union and young EU members depends on the amount of foreign banking capital and the need to consistently expand the tools for the country’s economic growth by attracting it.
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Ablaeva, E. B., A. R. Ensebaeva, and M. A. Utanov. "Administrative Justice in the Soviet Period: An Analysis of the Theory, Legislation and Practice of the Second Half of the 20th Century." Lex Russica 74, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.171.2.119-133.
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In the Soviet theory, the complex and confusing path that administrative justice overcame in its formation is conditionally divided into four stages. Based on the periodization identified by Soviet scientists (A.V. Absalyamov, V. I. Piunova, and D. M. Chechot) the authors conclude that the institute under consideration was more or less developed in 1961-1993. The administrative justice of the second half of the 20th century has a relatively high quality characteristic, because, first, at the fourth stage of the Soviet period, the right to judicial appeal was assigned to a wider range of persons and was provided for in the most important spheres of society. Second, with the adoption in 1961 of The Foundations of the civil procedure in the USSR and Union republics disputes between the bodies of Soviet power and citizens were separated from other cases and formed a separate category. These two circumstances determined the choice of the research topic.The authors analyze the normative legal acts adopted in the post-war years, which regulated public-legal relations. Familiarization with the theory of the Soviet administrative justice and the practice of its application in the second half of the 20th century is of interest to the former Union Republic, namely the Kazakh SSR. The paper describes the Soviet way of development and improvement of the institute of administrative justice in the period from the end of the Great Patriotic War to the beginning of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The purpose of the work is to study the public legal relations that arose between Soviet citizens and the Soviet state in the person of its bodies and institutions, as well as officials and employees.
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White, Stephen. "Rethinking Postcommunist Transition." Government and Opposition 38, no. 4 (2003): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-7053.t01-1-00022.
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AbstractVery different views have been taken of the changes in Eastern Europe at the end of the 1980s, and whether they can properly be considered a ‘revolution’. The evidence of Freedom House's annual surveys suggests that at least four distinct groups of countries may be identified, and that over time there has been no common trajectory. A majority of the former Soviet republics, indeed, have scores that were lower than those of the USSR in its final year. In the view of ordinary citizens individual liberties have improved considerably since the end of communist rule, but levels of political efficacy remain very low in comparative terms. Rather than conceive of these regimes as ‘in transition to democracy’, one may more fruitfully see them as a distinct system that has much in commun with semiauthoritarian regimes in other parts of the world.
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Abdullahzade, Cavid. "The Status of International Treaties in the Legal System of Azerbaijan." Review of Central and East European Law 32, no. 2 (2007): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092598807x195188.
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AbstractAs part of the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Azerbaijan Republic ended its protracted existence as one of the fifteen members of the Soviet Union and became an independent state. As a result, on 30 August 1991, she became a full subject of international law. Currently, Azerbaijan is a party to a number of international treaties, virtually all major human rights treaties registered with the UN Secretary-General, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as well as a number of related Council of Europe human rights agreements.A tendency towards internationalization and a general 'opening' to international law can also be seen in the Azeri Constitution, which was adopted by public referendum on 12 November 1995. Like many other former Soviet Republics, Azerbaijan, in its 1995 Constitution, has rejected the traditional Soviet dualist approach of the implementation of international law in the domestic legal system and has established a monist system within the context of a relationship between national and international law. This article discusses these changes in the Azeri attitude towards international law, in particular the status of international treaties, with special reference to those problems stemming from the implementation of international treaties in the domestic legal system of Azerbaijan.
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Kenderdine, Tristan. "Kazakh Land, China Capital: Exporting China’s Project System to External Geographies." Central Asian Affairs 5, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 313–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00504002.
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China’s Belt and Road geoindustrial policy is dependent on upgrading transport logistics throughout the Middle East and the former Soviet Republics of Central Asia. However, the key International Capacity Cooperation policy also aims to move industrial plants abroad in support of China’s wider import strategy. Planning this industrial offshoring not only requires significant domestic industrial policy governance coordination, with policy being formed at the center and transmitted to lower levels of China’s administrative hierarchy, but also involves traversing largely unmapped policy territory, namely international multilevel governance cooperation with host countries in Central Asia. Taking the International Capacity Cooperation policy as its focus, this paper examines China’s geoeconomic industrial policy in Kazakhstan, arguing that greater public administration interdependence is needed to develop China’s foreign policy into genuine regional economic cooperation.
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Blanc, Florentin. "Moving Away From Total Control in Former Communist Countries – the RRR in Inspections, and Lessons Learned from Reforming them." European Journal of Risk Regulation 3, no. 3 (September 2012): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00002233.
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Former Soviet republics and other countries of the ex-Communist “block” may seem unlikely places to look for inspiration in “better regulation”. In fact, their experience in moving away (with varying degrees of success) from an approach based on “total control” and complete risk-aversion (an absolute RRR, as it were) may be an opportunity to get many insights. Data from surveys conducted by the World Bank Group allows to shed light on trends in regulatory delivery, and in particular in inspections, which is the primary way in which the RRR is felt by businesses. This paper describes the starting situation, analyses the reform processes and their outcomes, and attempts to draw some lessons – as well as some comparisons with situations and experiences in EU and OECD countries. Tentative conclusions suggest both that addressing the inspections and control issue (and not just regulations themselves) is crucial to success in reform, and that reducing the “pressure” from total control through a “risk-focused” approach leads to real improvements in the business climate without negatively affecting public safety.
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Muruzidi, A. V., and N. V. Olinder. "THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND INVESTIGATIVE ACTIVITIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF EXAMINATION OF PREMISES, BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, CRIME SCENE EXAMINATION, AND SEARCH." Vektor nauki Tol’attinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seria Uridicheskie nauki, no. 1 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2220-7457-2021-1-39-48.
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In practice, criminal intelligence as a form of control is often carried out without proper procedural arrangement. This issue is very urgent and problematic as, according to the criminal procedure code, evidence obtained when examining a crime scene in respect of procedural legislation violation often cannot be considered admissible. The paper considers the existing forms of gathering evidence and facts of a crime when investigating a crime scene; two of them – inspection and search – are procedural; one is a criminal intelligence action – premises, buildings, structures, terrain compartments, and vehicles examination. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of these forms and concluded on the gaps in the Russian criminal procedure legislation. The paper gives a brief overview of obtaining evidence when investigating crime scenes in the legislative acts of the former republics of the Soviet Union, in particular the Republics of Kazakhstan, Belarus, Estonia, and Azerbaijan. The authors considered the legislation on the operative search activity of foreign countries. The paper presents a comparative table reflecting the positive and negative aspects of the applicable legislation, the advantages and disadvantages of investigative activities and criminal intelligence under the study; studies the issues of entering the materials of operative search activity into the crime case file. As the basic conclusion, the authors highlight that by nature and inner content, the investigative activities under the study (a crime scene examination, a search) and criminal intelligence (premises, buildings, structures, terrain compartments, and vehicles; public and non-public examination) duplicate each other in some degree.
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Shapira, Dan. "Īrān-o Tūran: On Iranian (and Quasi-Iranian) in the Ruhnama." Iran and the Caucasus 14, no. 2 (2010): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338410x12743419190188.
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AbstractAfter the disintegration of the Soviet Union, political élites of some of the former Soviet republics, especially the Turkic-speaking ones, found themselves in ideological limbo. The first President of Turkmenistan, Saparmurat Niyazov (Saparmyrat Nyýazow), has trodden his way out from the vacuum of legitimacy in the most original and interesting manner. In 2001, Niyazov, known also as Turkmenbashi (Türkmenbaşy), made public his book, Ruhnama, which later has been translated into about fifty languages. The book, appealing to the Oğuz Turkic heritage of the Turkmen nation, to her remote Parthian past, and to vague Islamic cultural inheritance, was supposed to provide guidelines for nation-building and cohesiveness. Atatürk's Nutuk was one of the literary models of Niyazov's book. Having fixed the newly-invented national mythology in writing, Niyazov was not only shaping his society in the desirable manner, but also legitimising his own rule. This paper analyses fragments of different—and not identical—versions of the first part of the work in several languages, mostly in Turkmen, Turkish, Russian, and English. The author suggests that the text of the Ruhnama was updated several times, with different translations reflecting different stages of fixing the original; the English text was translated faithfully from the elaborated Turkish translation, not from the Turkmen.
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Wittke, Cindy. "“Test the West”: Reimagining Sovereignties in the Post-Soviet Space." Review of Central and East European Law 43, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04301005.
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With the incorporation of the Crimean Peninsula into Russian territory, the armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine and the temporary formation of the confederation of Novorossiia (New Russia), the international community of states has been witness to complex processes of reimagining territories, boundaries, citizenship, and fragmented sovereignties in the post-Soviet space. In its foreign policy agenda, Russia conceptualizes all former Soviet republics as the ‘Near Abroad’, a special sphere of its interests and influence. This paper explores Russia’s use of the vocabulary of international law to legitimize its interventions in the Near Abroad, which is connected to the ‘Russkii Mir’ (Russian World), another foreign policy concept that resonates with ideas of Neo-Eurasianism and the Fourth Political Theory and with the creation of a Eurasian space as a counter-concept to the West. Russia and its conceptualized antagonist, the West, take positions on public international (legal) front lines, evoking counter-narratives concerning their understandings of the meaning of the vocabulary of international law and politics, the regulation of international relations, and the foundations of world order. These clashes leave observers wondering: Russia may instrumentalize and manipulate the vocabulary of geopolitics, international law, and politics, but what if these clashes are also rooted in different imaginaries of international law and politics? Against this background, this article aims to develop conceptual approaches to further investigate and gain a better understanding of the complex dimensions of the clashes between Russian and Western counter-narratives and discourses concerning the meanings and functions of basic principles of international law and politics as powerful societal regulative imaginaries.
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Cwikel, Julie G., Tal Lazer, Fernanda Press, and Simcha Lazer. "Sexually transmissible infections among illegal female sex workers in Israel." Sexual Health 3, no. 4 (2006): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh06048.
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Due to the mobile and clandestine nature of those who enter a country illegally, female sex workers (FSWs) who are working without papers or work permits often have no access to sexual health care. This study reports on the sexually transmissible infection (STI) prevalence among a sample of 43 sex workers working illegally. Brothel workers from republics of the Former Soviet Union (FSU), working in two locales in Israel were tested for the presence of eight pathogens and the presence of pathology by Pap smear. Of these brothel workers, 48.8% had at least one positive STI result, 14% had two STIs and one woman had three STIs. There were no cases of HIV, gonorrhoea or malignancy detected; high rates of ureaplasma (26.8%) and chlamydia were found (16.7%). Four cases of hepatitis C (9%) and three cases of hepatitis B (7%) and mycoplasma (7%) were detected. There was no relationship between reported symptoms and the detection of STIs. The level of STIs is high among this population of FSWs and it is imperative to develop more accessible health services for these women.
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Epstein, Rachel A. "The Economic Successes and Sources of Discontent in East Central Europe." Canadian Journal of European and Russian Studies 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cjers.v13i2.2619.
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By some measures, the European Union’s Eastern enlargement, and the attendant securitization of East Central Europe through membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, have brought significant economic and welfare benefits to the former Soviet satellites or republics that have joined these organizations. All of their economies are considerably larger than in 1989. Foreign investment has helped fuel significant growth in the region, and financial linkages between East and West had a stabilizing influence during and after the US financial crisis of 2008-09. But economic success in absolute terms has not prevented a sense of disappointment from settling over the region, nor has it forestalled an illiberal backlash in a number of countries, which has had economic, political, and in some cases ethno-populist dimensions. This article examines some of the main economic trajectories around growth, consumption, investment, and finance. It explains why, despite numerous positive measures, both economic and political liberalism are under intensifying scrutiny. Growing inequality within countries, as well as continuing inequality – including power disparities between East and West Europe – have fueled discontent with the terms on which many East Central European states have integrated into the EU.
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Marushiakova, Elena, and Veselin Popov. "Central Asian Gypsies: identities and migrations." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 46 (December 4, 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2015.031.
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Central Asian Gypsies: identities and migrationsDuring recent years the topic of Gypsy/Roma migration and identities became burning topic of pan-EUropean public discourse. Much less attention is paid to the Gypsy migrations outside the borders of European Union. The present article has ambitious goal to fulfill this gap and to present contemporary Gypsy migrations in Post-soviet Central Asian in order to see how this “burning” topic looks outside European space. After breakdown of Soviet Union and establishing of new independent republics in Central Asia and in connection to economical difficulties, wars and social unrest, in order to make their living, the communities of Central Asian ‘Gypsies’ revitalised their former nomadic traditions and migrate towards Russian Federation and in frames of Central Asia towards Kazakhstan. There they are earning their living through begging and sporadic work in construction and scrap collection.A central point of this article is the impact of these contemporary migrations on the development of identities and well being of Central Asian ‘Gypsies’. The multilevel, hierarchically structured identities of Central-Asian ‘Gypsies' are analysed as demonstrated in different historical contexts – as former “Soviet people”, member of former ruling class of agricultural proletariat, and as declassed community today; as Central-Asian ‘Gypsies’ or as citizens of respective Central Asian Republics during migrations in Russian Federation in front of Russian majority society and in front of Roma; and in context of the Central Asian region during the migrations to Kazakhstan and in their home countries. Cyganie środkowoazjatyccy – tożsamości i migracje W ostatnich latach tematyka migracji i tożsamości Cyganów (Romów) stała się tematem palącym w unijnoeuropejskim dyskursie publicznym. O wiele mniej uwagi poświęca się w nim migracjom Cyganów, które mają miejsce poza granicami Unii Europejskiej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wypełnienie tej luki i ukazanie współczesnych migracji Cyganów w posowieckiej Azji Środkowej, po to by móc spojrzeć, jak ów „palący” problem przedstawia się poza obszarem europejskim. Po rozpadzie Związku Sowieckiego i ustanowieniu w Azji Środkowej nowych niepodległych republik, a także wobec trudności gospodarczych, wojen i niepokojów społecznych, w dążeniu do uzyskania środków do życia, wspólnoty „Cyganów” środkowoazjatyckich powróciły do swych dawnych tradycji nomadycznych i migrują na teren Federacji Rosyjskiej jak też w obrębie Azji Środowej do Kazachstanu. Zarabiają tu na życie żebraniem, okazjonalnie podejmują pracę na budowach, zajmują się też zbieraniem surowców wtórnych.Zasadniczą kwestią rozpatrywaną w niniejszym artykule jest ukazanie, jak te współczesne migracje wpływają na budowanie tożsamości i dobrobytu środkowoazjatyckich „Cyganów”. Przedstawiona została analiza wielopoziomowych hierarchicznie ustrukturyzowanych tożsamości „Cyganów” środkowoazjatyckich, przejawiających się w różnych kontekstach historycznych: jako „ludzi sowieckich”, członków dawnej klasy przewodniej – wiejskiego proletariatu, i jako zdeklasowanej dziś wspólnoty; jako „Cyganie” środkowoazjatyccy lub jako obywatele odnośnych republik środkowoazjatyckich podczas migracji na terenie Federacji Rosyjskiej vis a vis dominującej wspólnoty społeczeństwa rosyjskiego, jak też vis a vis Romów; a także w kontekście regionu środkowoazjatyckiego podczas migracji do Kazachstanu oraz w ich krajach ojczystych.
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Garkāje, Līva. "Soviet Serial Apartment Buildings in Riga Historical Centre Streetscape. 1945–1990." Architecture and Urban Planning 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2019-0017.
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AbstractToday’s European historical city centre streetscapes, many of which are designated cultural heritage sites, consist of a mix of urban and architectural housing heritage of different periods, including post World War II period buildings. Nevertheless, knowledge of history of historical centre post-war housing and their artistic and cultural-historical values of this recent past is still insufficient, to a certain degree contradictory, and in some cases even incorrect. This is particularly accurate regarding Modern Movement serial or type Soviet housing in former Soviet republics. This paper presents an ongoing research intended to identify valuable housing streetscape architecture and urban layout traits of post-war period in Latvia (1945–1990) in the environment of historic centre. The goal is to provide specialists in planning and heritage fields with appropriate evaluation criteria and correct know-how material on the theme, as well as general public with cultural historical information considering post-war housing heritage. In this study an example of post-war Modern Movement serial Soviet housing in the historical centre of Riga, the capital city of Latvia, and its protection zone is drawn. The research is based on mapping and auditing streetscapes using Maryland Inventory with this housing typology in historical built environment to identify most common characteristics and qualities of these buildings. The main conclusions are that historical street-scapes do not have significant qualitative differences from historical mixed with post-war housing streetscapes, whereas the quality of streetscapes with dominating post-war modern housing tends to differ from historical streetscapes, as well as has similar shortcomings to those of the large-scale housing block streetscapes.
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Protassova, Ekaterina Yu. "INTERCULTURALITY IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE." Philological Class 26, no. 2 (2021): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.51762/1fk-2021-26-02-04.
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The purpose of this article is to give a quick overview of intercultural tendencies in certain Russian regions’ modern linguistic landscapes: where they can be found, why languages other than Russian are used, what the purpose of their use is, and who uses them. The material for this study includes several thousand photos taken between 2010 and 2018 in different regions of Russia, representing advertising material and signboards where different languages and cultures meet. Methodologically, the photos were classified and analyzed according to the types of code-switching and hybrid structures appearing in and on them. Some history is given on the cities studied, as well as the state of the languages that are part of their linguistic repertory. A few particular situations are scrutinized, involving national republics and other areas where linguistic minorities exist (major cities, provinces, villages). A strong tendency for the use of foreign culture was evident in the findings all over the country; the English language was preferred, but not perfect; an Asian influence was emerging everywhere. Wordplay characterized the creative employment of letters and words. Yet the cultures of the former Soviet Union, as well as the cultures of linguistic minorities (other languages besides Russian) were underrepresented, even in the national republics. The conclusion is that the modern language of the street is oriented towards the fusion of diverse cultures, but not necessarily those that represent the ethnic and cultural richness of Russia. Multiculturalism as reflected in public signage is more lively than multicultural policy because of emotionality and linkages with styles and scripts.
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Muth, Sebastian. "War, language removal and self-identification in the linguistic landscapes of Nagorno-Karabakh." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 1 (January 2014): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.856394.
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The disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) resulted in demographic shifts and drew new boundaries in a once borderless region. The South Caucasus, an area that has been characterized by its linguistic diversity witnessed one of the most destructive interethnic wars in the former USSR. Fought between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, it resulted in the removal of the Azerbaijani population. Two decades later the political status of the self-declared Nagorno-Karabakh Republic remains unresolved, but apparently a new linguistic self-identity of the population takes shape. While possibilities for extensive sociolinguistic research are limited, linguistic landscape research provides insights into patterns of individual and public language use. This paper analyzes the linguistic landscapes of Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, and establishes functional domains of the languages visible. Furthermore, it traces remnants of an Azerbaijani linguistic landscape in abandoned settlements and documents patterns of language use in rural parts of the territory. The demographic situation suggests a majority of Armenians, yet the results point toward a bilingual situation with Russian as a language of wider communication. On the other hand, the study shows the link between the removal of Azerbaijani from the public sphere and the eradication of Azerbaijani culture.
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Lopatina, Maria, Eva-Maria Berens, Julia Klinger, Diane Levin-Zamir, Uliana Kostareva, Altyn Aringazina, Oxana Drapkina, and Jürgen M. Pelikan. "Adaptation of the Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS19-Q) for Russian-Speaking Populations—International Collaboration across Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the USA." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 3572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063572.
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The Russian language is the eighth most spoken language in the world. Russian speakers reside in Russia, across the former Soviet Union republics, and comprise one of the largest populations of international migrants. However, little is known about their health literacy (HL) and there is limited research on HL instruments in the Russian language. The purpose of this study was to adapt the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS19-Q) developed within the Health Literacy Survey 2019–2021 (HLS19) to the Russian language to study HL in Russian-speaking populations in Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Russia, and the USA. The HLS19-Q was translated either from English or from a national language to Russian in four countries first and then critically reviewed by three Russian-speaking experts for consensus. The HLS19 protocol and “team approach” method were used for linguistic and cultural adaptation. The most challenging was the adaptation of HLS19-Q questions to each country’s healthcare system while general HL questions were flexible and adaptable to specific contexts across all countries. This study provides recommendations for the linguistic and cultural adaptation of HLS19-Q into different languages and can serve as an example of international collaboration towards this end.
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Weaver, L. Michael. "Biosafety and Biosecurity Activities of the International Science and Technology Center in the Republics of the Former Soviet Union: Accomplishments, Challenges, and Prospects." Applied Biosafety 15, no. 2 (June 2010): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153567601001500201.
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Afanasieva, N. D. "On the current situation with the russian language in the cis and foreign countries." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-2-14-115-125.
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In recent years, the situation with the Russian language presence in the CIS and foreign countries has changed. Statesmen of range of former Soviet republics in their plans to involve schoolchildren and students in further development of relations with Russia and encourage the use, the Russian language in their work, consider the possibility of the labor market expansion, closer cooperation in the sphere of education in Russian largest universities, and of science partnership with Russian scientific institutions. Europe, Asia and Africa face an increase in interest in the studying of the Russian language. Homever, its position declines in some countries, for example in Germany. Russian was a compulsory course in public schools of former socialist countries till 1990, but after the collapse of the socialist system, their governments abandoned this practice. But in recent years Russian language is gaining popularity among students, for example, in Poland and the Czech Republic. The Chinese, South Koreans and the Indian people also show interest in studying Russian language, literature and culture. En Africa Russian is spoken by the graduates of Russian universities and people who worked with Russian partners. Due to positive changes in the Russian economy, its business relations with foreign partners, and the need to communicate in Russian when working together, there is some increase in the number of foreigners who choose to study the Russian language. En addition, this is often associated with the desire to learn Russian language in order to embrace national Russian values.
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Abylkalikov, Salavat I., and Vitaly S. Sazin. "Migration in the Kaliningrad region reflected in the 1989—2015 censuses and microcensuses." Baltic Region 11, no. 2 (2019): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2019-2-3.
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The Kaliningrad region stands out for its history and geographical location. In the post-war period, the region was completely repopulated. People from many parts of Russia and other republics of the former USSR were recruited to develop the new territory. Although demographic processes and migration in the Kaliningrad region have been studied in detail, we believe that census and micro-census data can significantly advance the current knowledge of this unique region. This holds true for the data relating to the results of pre-survey migration. This approach differs markedly from traditional migration studies in Russia, which rely on migration flow data, in both data sources and migration criteria employed. Our study uses the place of birth data from the 1989, 2002, and 2010 censuses and the 1994 and 2015 microcensuses. We conclude that the proportions of residents born locally and in post-Soviet Asian countries have been increasing in recent decades. At the same time, the contribution of the natives of Belarus and Ukraine to the region's population is rapidly declining, largely due to the change of generations having a different migration history.
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Schelokov, Denis V. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN RUSSIA AND BELARUS." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 2. HUMAN SCIENCES, no. 1 (2021): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4685-2021-1-03.
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The collapse of the Soviet Union had numerous consequences for all its constituent republics. The analysis of these elements of social reality is implemented in the context of the institutional component. These were both constructive and destructive. These consist in the transformation of existing, both official and unofficial, laws and norms of interaction in the direction of utilitarianism. But if in Russia this was done through a total rejection of such elements of social existence, then Belarus tried to combine aspects of the organization of social life under socialism with the new conditions of capitalist reality. The unique results obtained in each society had their own positive and negative consequences. They affected all spheres of public life. Each of the subjects of such a Union reacted differently to the new conditions. Similar processes in Belarusian and Russian societies are of considerable interest in the context of analysis of transformational mechanisms of public administration. This is possible because of the territorial location of these States, as well as the cultural and historical similarity of their peoples. Transformations of previously existing management models, in accordance with the new conditions, are presented as a specific response of each social system to the challenges of the external environment. The most significant of them are functional utility in specific historical conditions, as well as proximity to the norms and values of the corresponding society. Then presented results of the analysis of the mechanism of formation of new internal conditions will allow, in the author’s opinion, in the future to implement a more extensive analysis of the processes occurring in the countries of the former Soviet Union.
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Cohen, S. I. "EXTERNAL FINANCE IN TRANSITION ECONOMIES: CGE MODELS APPLIED TO POLAND AND HUNGARY." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.3.
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The transition economies of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have implemented at the eve of the transition public measures to promote economic growth and income protection. The success of the policies is very much dependent on the availability of external finance. By calibrating for a country like Poland CGE models for 1987 and 1990 and simulating such measures it is possible to explore likely changes over these years and the effects of these measures on the sectoral and total levels of production, prices, as well as factor remuneration and use. The analysis is complemented with applications for Hungary in 1988 and 1990. The results show commonalties but also differences between the two countries in their dependence on foreign financial resources necessary for the transition.
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Isaeva, Humay Islam. "Some stages of the formation of youth subcultures in Azerbaijan (historical aspects)." KANT Social Sciences & Humanities 9, no. 1 (January 2022): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2305-8757.2022-9.7.
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The purpose of this article is to describe the forms in which the phenomenon of subculture manifested itself and developed in Azerbaijan from the 1980s to 2010, first as part of the USSR, and then during the period of independence. It is noted that in almost all the republics of the former USSR, including Azerbaijan, subcultural social groups were formed, consisting of pro-Western, creative adolescents and youth, which radically differed from official public organizations, pioneer movements and other Soviet ideological lines, were even officially registered under the name of public associations and operated openly. Methods used. The article mainly used the methods of content analysis, the method of generalization, the method of historical analysis and other general scientific methods. Novelty in the article. For the first time in the domestic scientific literature, the issues of the formation and development of the youth subculture in Azerbaijan were subjected to careful analysis. Conclusions. The final part of the article summarizes the analysis of the stages of formation and development of the youth subculture in Azerbaijan, shows the main motives for the emergence of various types of this culture in social and spiritual life. It is also noted that when comparing informal associations in the former USSR with Western subcultural models, first of all, it should be noted that there was censorship in this system, lack of information, inaccessibility of foreign music and periodicals, etc. Due to these factors, the culture of young people was monotonous, dry and gray. Thus, in the examples of 3 types - club, hip-hop and emo, the formation and development of subcultures that existed in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods in Azerbaijan were laid not characteristic of the national mentality of values, forms of behavior and thinking. It is noted that there has always been a chaotic, unstable picture of the subculture in Azerbaijan. In most cases, instead of constancy and staticity, a process of fluidity can be observed in the subcultures of Azerbaijan. This can be seen in the example of almost all subcultural media. In the West, the human subculture is usually both a way of life and a source of income. However, due to the underdevelopment of the phenomenon of subculture in Azerbaijan, carriers of the subculture become a kind of amateurs.
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Burkitbay, A. G. "ELECTIONS IN THE CONDITIONS OF REBUILDING BY M.S. GORBACHEV. ELECTION OF THE FIRST SECRETARY OF THE CENTRAL COMMISSION OF KAZAKHSTAN N.A. NAZARBAYEV." History of the Homeland 95, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/1814-6961_2021_3_153.
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The article analyzes the history of the election as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev. A historiographic review of works on the subject under study is carried out, including the works of famous scientists Z. Bzezinski, M.B. Olcott, F. Fukuyama, as well as memoirs of public and political figures of that time: M.S. Gorbachev, B.N. Yeltsin, N.A. Nazarbayev, K.K. Tokayev, E.A. Shevardnadze, T. Suleimenov and others. Based on the analysis of the sources of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (PA RK), an attempt is made to recreate the historical situation associated with the elections of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. The main goal of the researcher was to impartially and objectively reproduce the situation and relations in the Center-Republic format during the period of completion of the restructuring of union relations, when the Soviet republics acquired a new status of sovereign states, but the Center, represented by Moscow, still tried to retain certain power. The article also briefly analyzes the results of the activities of the former head of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan G.V. Kolbin and the tasks that faced the new leader of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev are determined.
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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Gyene, Pál István. "“Rentier states” or the relationship between regime stability and exercising power in post-Soviet Central Asia." Society and Economy 38, no. 2 (June 2016): 171–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2016.38.2.3.
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The paper intends to give an insight into the relations of the economic and political systems of the Central Asian republics using the theoretical framework of the “rentier economy” and “rentier state” approach. The main findings of the paper are that two (Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan) of the five states examined are commodity export dependent “full-scale” rentier states. The two political systems are of a stable neo-patrimonial regime character, while the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan, poor in natural resources but dependent on external rents, may be described as “semi-rentier” states or “rentier economies”. They are politically more instable, but have an altogether authoritarian, oligarchical “clan-based” character. Uzbekistan with its closed economy, showing tendencies of economic autarchy, is also a potentially politically unstable clan-based regime. Thus, in the Central Asian context, the rentier state or rentier economy character affects the political stability of the actual regimes rather than having a direct impact on whether power is exercised in an autocratic or democratic way.
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Babaev, Tamerlan Z. "Economic and Cultural Adaptation of the Rehabilitated Peoples of the North Caucasus in their Former Places of Residence." Vestnik of North Ossetian State University, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29025/1994-7720-2022-4-12-18.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines measures aimed at the economic and cultural adaptation of the repatriated North Caucasian peoples, which followed the well-known Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 28 and July 16, 1956 on the removing restrictions on the special settlements of deported peoples, although without the right to return to their places of former residence. The measures taken by the state authorities aimed at legitimizing the spontaneous resettlement of representatives of the North Caucasian peoples from the places of special settlements are considered. Issues related to rehabilitation have repeatedly attracted the attention of Russian researchers, however, in their writings, much attention is paid to the fate of special settlers, but not to the state, which acted as a regulator of the process of rehabilitation and territorial reintegration of the North Caucasian peoples. This process expressed in the unification of titular groups within the national republics. Along with social actions, economic measures are being taken to support new territorial entities through the construction of industrial and household infrastructure facilities. The state paid great attention to public education, as well as to the training of the national intelligentsia from the representatives of the returned population. In the interests of further democratization and strengthening the role of working people in the political and economic life of the country, the work of local soviets, trade unions and other public organizations was reorganized, which included representatives of the rehabilitated peoples on an equal basis. The restoration of the economic potential in the foothill and mountainous regions of the KBASSR, KChASSR and ChIASSR, carried out at the expense of the federal budget, allows us to conclude that the state was interested in the speedy fulfillment of its obligations to the affected North Caucasian peoples. Of course, not all issues were resolved on time, but the beginning of the process of correcting mistakes made earlier by the state indicates a positive trend towards the democratization of the USSR.
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Szymańska, Agata. "Economic Performance in Post-Soviet and Post-Communist Countries – Evidence from Panel Data and Multivariate Statistical Analysis." South East European Journal of Economics and Business 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2021-0011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The study examines the effect of sets of determinants of economic growth, which are widely emphasised in the literature, in a group of 27 selected post-Soviet, post-communist and transition countries from Central and Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and Mongolia during 1997–2017. The set of baseline variables includes, among others, trade openness, investment rate, public consumption spending, and selected demographic factors. The methodology uses panel data and it is supported by multivariate statistical methods of grouping objects. The panel data provides results that are mainly consistent with the literature review. However, the effects of demographic factors are rather not significant, but the role of investment has been emphasised. In turn, the multivariate statistical approaches indicate the shifts in regional (dis)similarity between the analysed countries with respect to the performance of the selected variables over the last 20 years.