Journal articles on the topic 'Finance, Public China Kwangtung Province'

Political participation is a necessity of human life and the level of it reflects the degree of democracy which can be considered not only the right but also the obligation. Hebei province as a populous province has a large population of undergraduates, especially the expansion the university education policy carrying out in 2008. For the undergraduates in Hebei Province, they do not have adequate political knowledge, political skills and rarely practice in political activities. The objective of this article is to propose and evaluate students’ political participation behaviors in Hebei public universities of China. Data of this article is based on two sources; primary data were collected through questionnaire and 1990 informants were selected based on the cluster sampling method, the main statistical method for evaluation of research hypotheses is on the basis of on the basis of SmartPLS and SPSS software, meanwhile, secondary data which were collected from journal articles, reports and so on. Findings of this study indicate that, the level of students’ political participation was low in public universities in Hebei province in China. Moreover, the author elaborated four reasons that led to the low political participation behaviors in public universities of Hebei Province, which were the weak economic foundation, the backwardness of the cultural environment, the unsound political system and the influence of traditional culture. In addition, the author suggested that political participation among Hebei province public universities students need to improve and develop.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the market demand of sport lottery in China from the following perspectives: available types and varieties of sport lottery, number of retail outlets, public welfare funds, promotion costs, per capita income, and population. Design/methodology/approach As the earliest province of issuing the sales of sport lottery and having one of the largest sales volumes in China, Guangdong Province was chosen for conducting the current study. Data were obtained from 14 sport lottery administration and distribution centers and statistics bureaus of 14 corresponding municipal cities. Multiple regression analysis was used. Findings Multiple regression analyses revealed that number of retail outlets, promotion cost, per capita income, and public welfare funds were positively (p<0.05) predictive of sport lottery sales; however, available types and varieties of sport lottery were not found to be significantly (p>0.05) related to total sport lottery sales. The findings are discussed in the context of theories and practices in the marketing and administration of sport lottery sales in China. Research limitations/implications Similar studies are suggested to be conducted in provinces and regions beyond Guangdong Province. Originality/value This study combined socioeconomic characteristics of the population, lottery game characteristics and management factors for the first time.

Given the growing awareness of sustainable development, the environmental protection industry has attracted much attention. Green finance has developed rapidly in policymaking and practices. This study provides a framework for evaluating green finance via linkage analysis based on input–output theory. Measurements on industrial linkages are calculated in China in two provinces from 2002 to 2018, which study the relationship between finance and environmental protection sectors. The results show that the environmental protection sector (EPS) in China has gradually developed from a sector with weak backward and strong forward linkages to a sector with strong backward and weak forward linkages from 2002 to 2015; however, in 2017 and 2018, the EPS returned to a sector with weak backward and strong forward linkages. At the provincial level, the EPS used to be a key sector with strong backward and forward linkages. The connection between the finance sector and the EPS rose first, then declined in the country and the Zhejiang province; Guangdong had a similar evolution in the former period, but it had a rising trend in the latest year. The findings provide insights for further promoting the support from the finance sector to the environmental protection activities.

As a major carbon-emitting country, there is an urgent need for China to reduce carbon emissions. Studying the carbon emission efficiency of each province helps us to learn about the characteristics and evolution of regional carbon emissions, which is important for proposing effective and targeted measures to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. This paper measures the carbon emission efficiency of 30 Chinese provinces from 2006 to 2019 based on a three-stage SBM-undesirable model and explores external drivers using stochastic frontier models. The results of the SBM-undesirable model show that the inter-provincial carbon emission efficiency is unevenly distributed and shows a big difference. From the results of the stochastic frontier model analysis, external drivers such as the intensity of finance in environmental protection, the level of economic development, the industrial structure, the level of urbanization, the degree of openness and the level of science as well as technology innovation all have an impact on the emission efficiency. In terms of LSTM model prediction, the model shows an excellent fitting effect, which provides a possible path for carbon emission efficiency prediction. Finally, based on the empirical results and the actual situation of each province in China, this paper proposes relevant feasible suggestions.

This research randomly selected 362 households from 20 villages in Shaanxi Province to study the villager satisfaction with village committee. It divided the factors hypothesized to influence the satisfaction degree with village committee into three categories based on the method of factor analysis and applied logistic regression model to conduct empirical analysis. The result shows that influences including disclosure of village affairs and finance, fairness of village affairs, democratically-managed major events, democratic election, satisfaction with village cadres, satisfaction with the public services of education, roads, electric power, science and technology, hygiene and medical care provided by village committee have significant impacts on the satisfaction evaluation of the village committee. In addition, villagers gender and the status of village cadres also affect the satisfaction evaluation of the village committee. Further, the effect of the factors above has an important characteristic in order and phase.

Objectives‘Horizontal inequity’ in healthcare finance occurs when people with equal income contribute unequally to healthcare payments. Prior research is lacking on horizontal inequity in China. Accordingly, this study set out to examine horizontal inequity in the Chinese healthcare financing system in 2002 and 2007 through two rounds of national household health surveys.DesignTwo rounds of cross-sectional study.SettingHeilongjiang Province, China.ParticipantsAdopting a multistage stratified random sampling, 3841 households with 11 572 individuals in 2003 and 5530 households with 15 817 individuals in 2008 were selected.MethodsThe decomposition method of Aronsonet alwas used in the present study to measure the redistributive effects and horizontal inequity in healthcare finance.FindingsOver the period 2002–2007, the absolute value of horizontal inequity in total healthcare payments decreased from 93.85 percentage points to 35.50 percentage points in urban areas, and from 113.19 percentage points to 37.12 percentage points in rural areas. For public health insurance, it increased from 17.84 percentage points to 28.02 percentage points in urban areas, and decreased from 127.93 percentage points to 0.36 percentage points in rural areas. Horizontal inequity in out-of-pocket payments decreased from 79.92 percentage points to 24.83 percentage points in urban areas, and from 127.71 percentage points to 53.10 percentage points in rural areas.ConclusionsOur results show that horizontal inequity in total healthcare financing decreased over the period 2002–2007 in China. In addition, out-of-pocket payments contributed most to the extent of horizontal inequity, which were reduced both in urban and rural areas over the period 2002–2007.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is quickly spreading to the rest of the world, from its origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. And becoming a global pandemic that affects the world's most powerful countries. The goal of this review is to assist scientists, researchers, and others in responding to the current Coronavirus disease (covid-19) is a worldwide public health contingency state. This review discusses current evidence based on recently published studies which is related to the origin of the virus, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and all studies in Iraq for the effect of covid-19 diseases, as well as provide a reference for future researchers. The findings of this review show significant differences across gender, age group, area of residence, environmental agents (temperature, humidity), and people with chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, respiratory disorders, and immunocompromised disease). To control the pandemic, information about COVID-19 was disseminated to people, including wearing a face mask and using a social distancing strategy as an effective tool for controlling COVID-19. More education and progress are required to convince the public that the vaccine is both effective and safe.

Background: When the first Covid-19 case appeared in China in 2020, it didn't take long for it to spread throughout the world. In Indonesia, the entry of this disease is the most serious threat as a global pandemic with a fairly high morbidity and mortality rate that has a broad impact on life safety and disrupts the national economy. The availability of personal protective equipment in hospitals is an important part of patient care for the National Health Insurance (NHI). Objective: To determine the budget for the supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) for NHI patient services during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Bahteramas Regional Public Service Agency (RPSA) Hospital Southeast Sulawesi Province. Methods: This type of qualitative research with a case study approach. The research was conducted at the Bahteramas RPSA Hospital, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Kendari City. The research informants consisted of 1 regular informant and 3 key informants. The selection of informants is based on the depth of understanding or experience of the informants. Data was collected using observation, document review, and in-depth interviews. Data analysis is done by matrix Content Analysis. Results: The availability of funds for Covid-19 patient services is not yet available, funding sources are obtained from the regional government and the Central Government, but to fulfill the need for PPE in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic using the Hospital RPSA budget. The budget for purchasing PPE for Covid-19 services has not been planned in advance because the occurrence of the Covid-19 outbreak is an incident that appears spontaneously without being predicted beforehand. Planning for PPE needs based on the needs of each hospital service unit. The preparation of the budget is based on the applicable Standard Operating Procedures. Conclusion: The decision of the Bahteramas RPSA Hospital to use the RPSA Hospital's funds for the procurement of PPE in the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic was the right decision. When viewed from the increasing need for PPE in the early stages of the pandemic and the limitations of previous PPE planning, the RPSA Hospital budget became an option for Bahteramas Hospital as an alternative to procuring PPE prior to government assistance.

In 2021, the world will enter the post-epidemic era. China is at the end of the 13th Five-Year Plan for the integration of urban and rural development and rural revitalization. At the same time, the internal circular economy brings opportunities for rural development and regional revitalization. This article uses interdisciplinary research methods, integrates various design models involved in cultural ecology, and strengthens the connections between them, combined with innovative thinking in rural design, art promotion, cultural inheritance, and industrial upgrading paths. The article intends to solve how to use environmental art and public Art, experimental art and other art forms are involved in rural design, and based on the theoretical framework of cultural ecology, the rural design method is constructed through the case analysis of the Xun Jiansi village, and the innovative and characteristic development path of art intervention in rural design is studied.

The present quantitative study based on the review of literature and present management of various sector of Pakistan including the education, health and economy. As coronavirus declared as a global pandemic by WHO, the health Ministry of Pakistan prepared planes in response to coronavirus under the guideline issued by the Global Health Security Agenda. The COVID-19 started from China and spread all our world. After the identification of first case in Pakistan the infection of coronavirus spread in exponential rate and only few days reached in hounds and thousands. The infection curve remained upward at Sep 1, 2020 and became smaller horizontally from Nov 15, 2020 to Jan 15, 2021. The results indicated that COVID-19 infection reduced after the 1st Sep, 2020 due to proper public management by Pakistan. The lockdown polices of Pakistan reduced the social interaction between the public sector. After lockdown, government of Pakistan introduced the smart lock down polices. Representing comparison among the GDP% of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021. The total expenditure of Pakistan before the outbreak was 9.6% and budget deficit was only -2.3 % in July to Dec 2019. While after the outbreak the budget deficit of Pakistan reached at -8.1% and created an alarming situation in Pakistan due to the disturbance in import and export. But after proper management, Finance Ministry of Pakistan and Revenue Board offered the best budget in the past few years. The budget 2020-2021 schemes improved the total revenue of Pakistan up to 7.4% of the GDP and reduced the expenditure. In spite of coronavirus the GDP of Pakistan significantly improved with respect to last year. This data is based on the budget inauguration by the Finance Ministry of Pakistan. The above mentioned data provides the information about the health resources and trained human resources in Pakistan. The present health resources of Pakistan are not sufficient for the 212.82 million population (30). The above mentioned health resources are not sufficient for the population of Pakistan and in an emergency situation like COVID-19, the present data shows the painful condition. There is an urgent requirement of new nurses and medical students. The province Punjab has the highest capacity of beds ranging 45% among the total resources of beds in Pakistan which are 132663 including both dispensaries and public hospitals. According to the literature, only 1650 ventilators are working in Pakistan for such a huge population. The Government took a step toward the healthcare and imported 10000 ventilators from China and also started making their own ventilators in Lahore. After the complete review of the corona situation, the Education Ministry of Pakistan decided to reopen schools on 16 Sep, 2020. At that time, daily reported new cases were 400-300. But later on 26 Nov, 2020, schools were again closed by Education Ministry of Pakistan, because the daily reported new cases reached at more than 2000. The E-learning is powerful tool for achieving the educational goal during the COVID-19. All the educational institutes around world started online classes. The proper management by the Government of Pakistan to tackle the pandemic is to be admired in these difficult times.

Abstract Background Financial supervision is the general name of financial supervision and financial management. While reviewing the 30-year history of financial supervision, this paper uses scientific and objective quantitative methods to calculate the supervision cycle, which plays an important role in grasping the development law of financial market and implementing financial supervision policies. This paper aims to study the periodic change law of financial supervision and the change of “psychological state” of financial supervision institutions in the process of financial supervision. This paper introduces the dependent variable “financial supervision state” to reflect the “psychological state” of the government. In addition, by using observable macroeconomic indicators, an empirical measurement model is established to study the intangible state of financial supervision with visible macroeconomic data. Research Objects and Methods Seven factors are selected in this paper. They are real GDP growth rate (GDP), fixed price loan growth rate (FIL), CPI growth rate (CPI), M2 growth rate (MS2), foreign exchange reserve growth rate (FRS), social financing growth rate (SFC) and Shanghai composite index growth rate (SHI). Then, the econometric model is established by using logit method. At the same time, it analyzes the correlation between investors' psychological state and venture capital level, especially the factors of investors' anxiety. The reliability and validity of QSC scale revised by Chinese Academy of Sciences were analyzed. The total correlation coefficients of venture capital decision-making, emotional anxiety, job stress and job satisfaction were greater than 0.5. The scale has high reliability. For effectiveness analysis, the scales used in each structure in this paper, this paper takes emotional labor as independent variable and work stress as dependent variable to explore the impact of emotional labor on work stress., Results First, fil and CPI were significant in different models. At the same time, MS2 is of great significance in a model. In fact, CPI is an important factor when regulators design macroeconomic, monetary and financial policies. Second, GDP, FRS, SFC, Shi and other indicators are not significant at this stage and the lag stage of financial supervision. In some literatures, relevant factors are used to study and judge the financial supervision cycle, and some conclusions are drawn. However, based on the above results, we have reservations about these conclusions. Model 58 in SPSS macro compiled by Hayes (2013) is used to test the regulated mediation model. As shown in Table 4, the anterior / posterior pathways of mediating effect are regulated by regulation difficulty. The simple slope test of the anterior path showed that when the level of regulation difficulty was low, interpersonal emotion regulation had a significant positive predictive effect on expression inhibition (β = 0.08, t = 7.91, p ＜ 0.001); When the level of regulation difficulty is high, the positive predictive effect of interpersonal emotion regulation on expression inhibition is significantly enhanced (β = 0.12, t = 11.04, p ＜ 0.001). This shows that the predictive power of interpersonal emotion regulation on expression inhibition is significantly enhanced with the increase of the level of emotion regulation difficulty. β A positive value indicates that the level of psychological state has a positive and significant impact on drug investment. Conclusion Fil and CPI are helpful to analyze and judge the financial supervision cycle. In addition, the model can also be used to predict the state of financial supervision, so as to understand the “psychological state” of the government in the implementation of financial supervision. However, this paper still needs further discussion. Firstly, the fuzzy division of financial supervision has the nature of qualitative analysis and still has strong subjectivity. Second, multicollinearity exists in models that use all seven factors. With the help of principal component analysis and factor analysis, the information of multiple indicators can reflect the information of all factors. It will be discussed in depth in the forthcoming paper. Especially as a global public health emergency, the severity of novel coronavirus disease has caused great panic in the world, shaken the minds of investors and triggered fluctuations in the stock market. The pandemic has had varying degrees of impact on drug inventory returns in the world's most affected countries. However, with the control of Internet public opinion and the stability of investor sentiment, the impact is significant in the short term. This will help China improve the stock market emergency mechanism and formulate phased and differentiated economic incentive policies. It provides a theoretical basis for investors to reasonably deal with stock market fluctuations in an emergency. Acknowledgements Supported by Key Project of Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Science of Ministry of Education of China (No. 15JJD790013), Characteristic Innovation Project of Higher Education in Guangdong Province, China (No. 2016WTSCX131), Higher Education Reform Project of Undergraduate Finance Major in Guangdong Province, China (No. 2018JR030).

I am pleased to welcome you to Volume 4 Issue 4 of the Indian-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Finance (IPJAF). In this Issue 4, all the presentations are international research emphasising corporate social responsibility, accounting, financial reporting, and taxation. In the first paper captioned “Corporate Social Responsibility on Financial Performance: A Study of the Bangladeshi DSE Listed Private Commercial Banks”, Fatima Saki of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh, examines the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the financial performance (FP) of Private Commercial Banks (PCBs) in Bangladesh. Ten (10) PCBs are selected as samples for the study from the Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) listed companies. Statistical analysis tools such as regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation are applied to collected data to examine CSR's impact on selected banks' financial performance. In the study, net profit after tax (NPAT), earnings per share (EPS), net asset value per share (NAVPS), return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and market value per share (MVPS) are considered as dependent variables and the independent variable, corporate social responsibility (CSR). The findings reveal that the EPS, NAVPS and MVPS of the selected banks are significantly influenced by CSR 56.4, 62.0, and 59.8 per cent, respectively. In contrast, CSR has an insignificant relationship with NPAT, ROA, and ROE. The study also indicates a high degree positive and statistically significant correlation between CSR and financial performance (EPS, NAVPS, and MVPS). CSR influences financial performance essentially, so considering social benefits, the banks should perform CSR activities emphasizing educational, environmental, and health issues. In the second paper entitled “Financial Performance Measurement of a Commercial Bank: A Case of Bank of China Hongkong”, Dr Jeyaraj Sonai Singaram of Sino-British College (Partnership Program with Staffordshire University, UK), Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Province, P. R. China and Dr Sumathi, M. of NMSS Vellaichamy Nadar College, Madurai District, Tamilnadu State, India focus on measuring the financial performance of Bank of China's profitability, solvency, and liquidity using secondary data for the period from 2008 to 2017. Various techniques such as horizontal, vertical, and ratio analysis are employed to measure financial performance. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, and co-efficiency of variation measure financial data to emphasize the comparative and relative importance of presentation. The study reveals that BOC's horizontal and vertical analysis indicates a variable growth rate of percentage and amount of Hongkong Dollar (HK$) due to external and internal operating environmental factors. Ratio analysis reveals that the BOC was conducted in a rational and normal way except 2008, 2012, 2013, and 2015 due to the Lehman brothers' mini-bond issue, Global financial crisis, Backdrop of shrinking international trade, extreme movements in commodity prices (oil prices) and frequent swings in financial markets. Based on the findings, BOC formulates the policies to overcome the factors that would help the investors identify the banking sector's nature and assist in making their investment. In the third paper titled “Taxpayers’ Knowledge and Compliance: Evidence from Direct Assessment Tax in Lagos State”, Ishola Joseph O., Bello Abass O., and Raheed Lateef O. of Lagos State Polytechnic Ikorodu Nigeria examine the relationship between Tax Knowledge and Tax Compliance among Taxpayers: Evidence from Direct Assessment in Lagos State. The study adopts the survey research design to elicit responses from selected taxpayers in the Ikeja Lagos State of Nigeria to explore what they perceived as the relationship between tax knowledge and tax compliance regarding tax payment and tax filing of returns. Primary data was collected through a designed questionnaire and was administered using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test. Cronbach Alpha was also used in establishing the sampling adequacy and reliability of the research instrument. The survey results were collected from 200 respondents in three categories in Lagos State with 190 valid responses, including self-employed, taxpayers in public and private establishments in Ikeja from October to November 2020. The study adopted a judgmental sampling technique. The data extracted from the questionnaires were analyzed using a simple table as descriptive and Pearson Correlation at 1% Level of Significance as inferential statistics. The findings revealed that the general tax knowledge was significantly related to tax compliance in payment terms (r = .993, p =0.000) and tax compliance in terms of filing of returns (r = .986, p =0.000). thus, the study concluded that there is a positive relationship between tax knowledge and tax compliance. The IPJAF presence anchors on the service and perseverance of its editorial board, the editorial team, and authors. I want to express your participation profoundly in submitting high-quality papers for review and publication in IPJAF. Despite the success so far recorded, I implore all our friends and associates to continue to partner with IPJAF through submitting quality research and policy papers within our scope for publication. I assure our prospective authors, regardless of the acceptance of your manuscripts or not, to continue to enjoy the benefits of IPJAF by providing a review process, which offers high quality and helpful reviews tailored to assist authors in improving their manuscripts. Finally, I confess your support as you and I work hard to make IPJAF the most authoritative journal on accounting and finance for the community of academic, professional, industry, society and government. Thank you most sincerely for your continued interest, support, and patronage to IPJAF, while looking forward to more beneficial relationships in 2021.

Purpose - First, this study aims to understand the dynamic capabilities and innovation activities (technology innovation, management innovation) of companies in the era of the 4th industrial revolution, and to understand their impact on financial performance. In addition, we would like to consider the moderating effect of ESG management and the big data utilization. In order to achieve this purpose, related literature was reviewed and related hypotheses were derived. Design/Methodology/Approach - We think that a company’s dynamic capabilities will have a positive effect on financial performance, and innovation activities (technology innovation, management innovation) will play a mediating role and have a positive effect on financial performance, and a comprehensive model was established. The research model performs an empirical analysis on small and medium-sized enterprises in Zhejiang Province, China. Findings - Dynamic capabilities showed a positive effect on financial performance, technological innovation, and management innovation. In addition, technological innovation and management innovation showed a positive partial mediating effect between dynamic capabilities and financial performance. In the research model, the usefulness of ESG Management and the Big Data Utilization through the moderating effect was also revealed. Research Implications - This study provides theoretical implications for issues on dynamic capabilities, financial performance, ESG management, the utilization of big data, and innovation activities (technological innovation and management innovation) in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Furthermore, it also presents practical implications for how to establish strategies and use dynamic capabilities for small and medium-sized enterprises that actually operate. In particular, at a time when the 4th Industrial Revolution and ESG management are recognized as a major obstacle to SMEs, this study presents important implications for what dynamic capabilities are important, and how ESG management and the use of big data affect financial performance.

ABSTRAK Tujuan utama dari makalah ini untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh zakat, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) perkapita, Upah Minimum Regional/Provinsi (UMP), dan inflasi terhadap tingkat gini rasio di 34 provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2018-2020. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi zakat yang diproksikan dengan Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS serta tingkat inflasi secara statistik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Sementara itu, tingkat PDRB perkapita dan UMP memiliki arah hubungan negatif dan berpengaruh signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pengelola zakat untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan program zakat yang mampu memberdayakan perekonomian mustahik sehingga mampu mengurangi tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) harus bersinergi dalam upaya meningkatkan realisasi pengumpulan dana zakat di lembaga dengan melalui peningkatan literasi dan kesadaran masyarakat guna mengoptimalisasikan peran zakat dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Makroekonomi, Zakat. ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to empirically examine the effect of zakat, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) percapita, Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage, and inflation on the gini ratio in 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2018-2020. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of zakat, which is proxied by the BAZNAS Welfare Index, and the inflation rate has no statistically significant effect on the level of income inequality in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita and Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage levels have a negative and statistically significant relationship to the level of income inequality in Indonesia. In order to lessen the degree of income inequality in society, this study offers recommendations to zakat managers on how to design and develop zakat programs that can strengthen the mustahik's economy. In addition, all stakeholders must work together in an effort to increase the realization of zakat fund collection in institutions by increasing literacy and public awareness in order to maximize the contribution of zakat to raising the welfare of mankind. Keywords: Baznas Welfare Index, Income Inequality, Macroeconomics, Zakat. REFERENCES Abdelbaki, D. H. H. (2013). The impact of zakat on poverty and income inequality in Bahrain. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Reseacrh, 2(1), 133–154. Afandi, A., Rantung, V. P., & Marashdeh, H. (2017). Determinants of income inequality. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(2), 159–171. DOI: 10.20885/ejem.vol9.iss2.art5 Afandi, M. F. M., Zubairi, M. I. N., Hashim, M. J., & Khamis, M. R. (2021). The role of zakat in reducing income inequality among muslim society in Selangor. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 13(4), 1–12. Ahmad, M. U., & Mahmood, A. (2009). Zakat fund-concept and perspective. International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, 2(3/4), 197–205. DOI: 10.1504/IJMEF.2009.029058 Alamanda, A. (2021). The effect of economic growth on income inequality: panel data analysis from fifty countries. Info Artha, 5(1), 1–10. DOI: 10.31092/jia.v5i1.1176 Anshari, M., Azhar, Z., & Ariusni. (2019). Analisis pengaruh pendidikan, upah minimum provinsi dan belanja modal terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di seluruh provinsi di indonesia. Jurnal Ecogen, 1(3), 494–502. DOI: 10.24036/jmpe.v1i3.4990 Asongu, S., & Odhiambo, N. (2019). Inequality and the economic participation of women in sub-Saharan Africa: An empirical investigation. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. DOI: 10.1108/AJEMS-01-2019-0016 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021a). Gini rasio. Retrieved from https://sirusa.bps.go.id/sirusa/index.php/indikator/999 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021b). PDB/PDRB per kapita. Subdit Rujukan Statistik, Badan Pusat Statistik. https://sirusa.bps.go.id/sirusa/index.php/indikator/74 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021c). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia Maret 2021 (Issue 54/07/Th. XXIV). Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia September 2020 (Issue 17/02/Th. XXIV). Bucevska, V. (2019). Determinants of income inequality in EU candidate countries: A panel analysis. Economic Themes, 57(4), 397–413. DOI: 10.2478/ethemes-2019-0023 Caraka, R. E. (2017). Spatial data panel (Pertama). WADE Group. Carter, V. J., & Howard, M. W. (2020). Income inequality. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/income-inequality Charities Aid Foundation. (2021). CAF world giving index 2021 (Issue June). Chun, N., & Khor, N. (2010). Minimum wages and changing wage inequality in Indonesia (196). Asian Development Bank Darsono, S. N. A. C., Raihana, M., Jati, H. F., & Pachmi, A. (2019). The impact of productive zakat on the income inequality of mustahiq in Yogyakarta. Journal of Economics Research and Social Sciences, 3(1), 56–71. DOI: 10.18196/jerss.030107 Deyshappriya, N. P. R. (2017). Impact of macroeconomic factors on income inequality and income distribution in asian countries (No. 696). Asian Development Bank Institute Fadila, N. R. (2019). Correlation of zakat distribution with Gini index: Maximizing the potential of zakat for equitable income distribution in Indonesia. Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 2(1), 54-65. DOI: 10.20473/aijief.v2i1.21994 Fitri, C. D., Maulana, H., & Safitri, A. (2018). Analisis pengaruh penyaluran zakat terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh periode 2007-2017. Ekobis: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Syariah, 2(2), 45-54. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2015). Panel data regression models. In Basic Econometrics (Edisi Kelima, pp. 591–605). Douglas Reiner. Ha, N. M., Le, N. D., & Trung-Kien, P. (2019). The impact of urbanization on income inequality: a study in Vietnam. Journal Risk Financial Management, 12(3), 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/jrfm12030146 Hafidhuddin, D. (2002). Zakat dalam perekonomian modern (Pertama). Gema Insani. Halimatussa’idah, H., & Prasetyo, A. (2021). Bencana alam dan BI rate terhadap penghimpunan dana ZIS dengan inflasi sebagai variabel intervening pada BAZNAS Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 8(1), 32–42. DOI: 10.20473/vol8iss20211pp32-42 Hendri, D. (2014). Kriminalitas: sebuah sisi gelap dari ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(2), 239–252. Iqbal, I. (2020). Zakat: macroeconomic and microeconomic demands. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 4(3), 1-9. Kalsum, U. (2018). Distribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan dalam ekonomi Islam. Li Falah Jurnal Studi Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 3(1), 41–59. Kamaludin Yusup, D., Sobana, D. H., & Fachrurazy, F. (2021). The effectiveness of zakat distribution at the national zakat agency. Al-’Adalah, 18(1), 55–76. DOI: 10.24042/adalah.v18i1.9912 Karim, A. A. (2015). Ekonomi makro Islam (Ketiga). PT Rajagrafindo Persada. Kementerian Agama RI. (2013). Panduan zakat praktis. Kemenag RI. Kousar, R., Rais, S. I., Mansoor, A., Zaman, K., Tahir, S., Shah, H., & Ejaz, S. (2019). The impact of foreign remittances and financial development on poverty and income inequality in Pakistan : evidence from ARDL-Bounds testing approach. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 6(1), 71–81. DOI: 10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no1.71 Kurniawan, A. W., & Puspitaningtyas, Z. (2016). Metode penelitian kuantitatif (Pertama). Pandiva Buku. Lahjouji, H., & Rouggani, K. (2016). Zakat and distribution of wealth on Islamic economy: Case of Morocco. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2(3), 151–160. DOI: 10.12816/0036637 Lin, C., & Yun, M. S. (2016). The effects of the minimum wage on earnings inequality: evidence from China (No. 9715). DOI: 10.1108/S0147-912120160000044012 Logaritma, S. (2021). Produk domestik regional bruto provinsi-provinsi di Indonesia menurut lapangan usaha 2016-2020. Badan Pusat Statistik. Mahfuzha, A., Rizki, C. Z., Sapha, D., Fitriyani, F., Jamal, A., & Weri, W. (2019). Is zakat important in reducing poverty?. Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 292, 558–562. DOI: 10.2991/agc-18.2019.83 Mankiw, N. G. (2010). Principles of macroeconomics (Keenam). South-Western Cengage Learning. Monnin, P. (2014). Inflation and income inequality in developed economies. SSRN Electronic Journal. Munandar, T. A., & Wardoyo, R. (2015). Fuzzy-Klassen model for development disparities analysis based on gross regional domestic product sector of a region. International Journal of Computer Applications, 123(7), 17–22. DOI: 10.5120/ijca2015905389 Nabila, N., & Herianingrum, S. (2020). Pengaruh zakat sebagai salah satu produk filantropi terhadap tingkat inflasi di Indonesia periode 2015-2017. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7(3), 420–430. DOI: 10.20473/vol7iss20203pp420-430 OECD. (2021). Income inequality (indicator). DOI: 10.1787/459aa7f1-en Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2019). Indeks kesejahteraan BAZNAS. BAZNAS. Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2021). Hasil pengkuran kaji dampak zakat 2020. BAZNAS. Pusat Kajian Strategis BAZNAS. (2021). Outlook zakat Indonesia 2022. BAZNAS. Rahmadi, S., & Parmadi. (2019). Pengaruh ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi antar pulau di Indonesia. Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika, 14(2), 55–66. DOI: 10.22437/paradigma.v14i2.6948 Ramzai, J. (2020). Clearly explained: gini coefficient and lorenz curve. Medium. Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/clearly-explained-gini-coefficient-and-lorenz-curve-fe6f5dcdc07 Ratnasari, D., & Rosyidi, S. (2019). Dampak kesenjangan antara penerimaan dan penyaluran dana ZIS terhadap program-program LAZNAS Al-Azhar. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 6(3), 489–509. DOI: 10.20473/vol6iss20193pp489-509 Saputri, R. G. C. (2017). Pengaruh produktivitas sektoral dan laju PDRB terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2006 – 2015. Jurnal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan), 2(2), 103–112. DOI: 10.31002/rep.v2i2.226 Saripudin, U., Djamil, F., & Rodoni, A. (2020). The zakat, infaq, and alms farmer economic empowerment model. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal). 3566. Sarwono, J. (2006). Metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif (Pertama). Penerbit Graha Ilmu. Senadjki, A., Nachef, T., & Rusli, N. (2015). The impact of zakat on income inequality and poverty in Malaysia: a panel data analysis. Market Forces College of Management Sciences, x(1). Setiawan, B. (2015). Teknik hitung manual analisis regresi linear berganda dua variabel bebas. DOI: 10.31227/osf.io/gd73a Siami-Namini, S., & Hudson, D. (2019). Inflation and income inequality in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(3), 611–632. DOI: 10.1108/JES-02-2018-0045 Siyoto, S., & Sodik, A. (2015). Dasar metodologi penelitian (Pertama). Literasi Media Publishing. Srihardianti, M., Mustafid, & Prahutama, A. (2016). Metode regresi data panel untuk peramalan konsumsi energi di Indonesia. Jurnal Gaussian, 5(3), 475–485. DOI: 10.14710/j.gauss.v5i3.14703 Sukwika, T. (2018). Peran pembangunan infrastruktur terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi antarwilayah di Indonesia. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 6(2), 115–130. DOI: 10.14710/jwl.6.2.115-130 Sungkar, S. N., Nazamuddin, & Nasir, M. (2015). Pengaruh upah minimum terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 3(2), 40–53. Suryani, K. G., & Woyanti, N. (2021). The effect of economic growth, HDI, district/city minimum wage and unemployment on inequity of income distribution in province of D.I Yogyakarta (2010-2018). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 36(2), 170–180. DOI: 10.24856/mem.v36i2.1990 Syafiq, A. (2016). Zakat ibadah sosial untuk meningkatkan ketaqwaan dan kesejahteraan sosial. ZISWAF: Jurnal Zakat Dan Wakaf, 2(2), 380–400. DOI: 10.21043/ziswaf.v2i2.1558 Syahrum, & Salim. (2016). Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif (R. Ananda (ed.)). Citapustaka Media. Trimaya, A. (2014). Pemberlakuan upah minimum dalam sistem pengupahan nasional untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 5(1), 11–20. DOI: 10.46807/aspirasi.v5i1.448 Untari, R., Priyarsono, D. S., & Novianti, T. (2019). Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on economic growth and income inequality in Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 109–116. DOI: 10.32628/ijsrset196130 World Population Review. (2021). Muslim population by country 2021. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country Yuliani, R., Rahman, Y. A., Nuraini, D., & Khotimah, K. (2021). Determinants of income inequality in Yogyakarta Province. International Conference on Strategic Issues of Economics, Business and, Education (ICoSIEBE 2020), 301–305. DOI: 10.2991/aebmr.k.210220.053

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 25, 265-273. Doi: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00014-9. Alongi D.M., 2002. Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environmental Conservation, 29, 331-349. Doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000231 Alongi D.M., 2015. The impact of climate change on mangrove forests. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 1, 30-39. Doi: 10.1007/s404641-015-0002-x. Anderson F., Al-Thani N., 2016. Effect of sea level rise and groundwater withdrawal on seawater intrusion in the Gulf Coast aquifer: Implications for agriculture. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 4, 116-124. Doi: 10.4236/gep.2016.44015. Anguelovski I., Chu E., Carmin J., 2014. Variations in approaches to urban climate adaptation: Experiences and experimentation from the global South. Global Environmental Change, 27, 156-167. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.010. Arustienè J., Kriukaitè J., Satkunas J., Gregorauskas M., 2013. Climate change and groundwater - From modelling to some adaptation means in example of Klaipèda region, Lithuania. In: Climate change adaptation in practice. P. Schmidt-Thomé, J. Klein Eds. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK., 157-169. Bamber J.L., Aspinall W.P., Cooke R.M., 2016. A commentary on “how to interpret expert judgement assessments of twenty-first century sea-level rise” by Hylke de Vries and Roderik S.W. Van de Wal. Climatic Change, 137, 321-328. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1672-7. Barnes C., 2014. Coastal population vulnerability to sea level rise and tropical cyclone intensification under global warming. BSc-thesis. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Alberta Canada. Be T.T., Sinh B.T., Miller F., 2007. Challenges to sustainable development in the Mekong Delta: Regional and national policy issues and research needs. The Sustainable Mekong Research Network, Bangkok, Thailand, 1-210. Bellard C., Leclerc C., Courchamp F., 2014. Impact of sea level rise on 10 insular biodiversity hotspots. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 203-212. Doi: 10.1111/geb.12093. Berg H., Söderholm A.E., Sönderström A.S., Nguyen Thanh Tam, 2017. Recognizing wetland ecosystem services for sustainable rice farming in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Sustainability Science, 12, 137-154. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-016-0409-x. Bilskie M.V., Hagen S.C., Medeiros S.C., Passeri D.L., 2014. Dynamics of sea level rise and coastal flooding on a changing landscape. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 927-934. Doi: 10.1002/2013GL058759. Binh T.N.K.D., Vromant N., Hung N.T., Hens L., Boon E.K., 2005. Land cover changes between 1968 and 2003 in Cai Nuoc, Ca Mau penisula, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7, 519-536. Doi: 10.1007/s10668-004-6001-z. Blankespoor B., Dasgupta S., Laplante B., 2014. Sea-level rise and coastal wetlands. Ambio, 43, 996- 005.Doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0500-4. Brockway R., Bowers D., Hoguane A., Dove V., Vassele V., 2006. A note on salt intrusion in funnel shaped estuaries: Application to the Incomati estuary, Mozambique.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 66, 1-5. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.07.014. Cannaby H., Palmer M.D., Howard T., Bricheno L., Calvert D., Krijnen J., Wood R., Tinker J., Bunney C., Harle J., Saulter A., O’Neill C., Bellingham C., Lowe J., 2015. Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events during the 21st century in the region of Singapore. Ocean Sci. Discuss, 12, 2955-3001. Doi: 10.5194/osd-12-2955-2015. Carraro C., Favero A., Massetti E., 2012. Investment in public finance in a green, low carbon economy. Energy Economics, 34, S15-S18. Castan-Broto V., Bulkeley H., 2013. A survey ofurban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change, 23, 92-102. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.005. Cazenave A., Le Cozannet G., 2014. Sea level rise and its coastal impacts. GeoHealth, 2, 15-34. Doi: 10.1002/2013EF000188. Chu M.L., Guzman J.A., Munoz-Carpena R., Kiker G.A., Linkov I., 2014. A simplified approach for simulating changes in beach habitat due to the combined effects of long-term sea level rise, storm erosion and nourishment. Environmental modelling and software, 52, 111-120. Doi.org/10.1016/j.envcsoft.2013.10.020. Church J.A. et al., 2013. Sea level change. In: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Eds: Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.-K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P.M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Connell J., 2016. Last days of the Carteret Islands? Climate change, livelihoods and migration on coral atolls. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 57, 3-15. Doi: 10.1111/apv.12118. Dasgupta S., Laplante B., Meisner C., Wheeler, Yan J., 2009. The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: A comparative analysis. Climatic Change, 93, 379-388. Doi: 10.1007/s 10584-008-9499-5. Delbeke J., Vis P., 2015. EU climate policy explained, 136p. Routledge, Oxon, UK. DiGeorgio M., 2015. Bargaining with disaster: Flooding, climate change, and urban growth ambitions in QuyNhon, Vietnam. Public Affairs, 88, 577-597. Doi: 10.5509/2015883577. Do Minh Duc, Yasuhara K., Nguyen Manh Hieu, 2015. Enhancement of coastal protection under the context of climate change: A case study of Hai Hau coast, Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th Asian Regional Conference of IAEG, 1-8. Do Minh Duc, Yasuhara K., Nguyen Manh Hieu, Lan Nguyen Chau, 2017. Climate change impacts on a large-scale erosion coast of Hai Hau district, Vietnam and the adaptation. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 21, 47-62. Donner S.D., Webber S., 2014. Obstacles to climate change adaptation decisions: A case study of sea level rise; and coastal protection measures in Kiribati. Sustainability Science, 9, 331-345. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-014-0242-z. Driessen P.P.J., Hegger D.L.T., Bakker M.H.N., Van Renswick H.F.M.W., Kundzewicz Z.W., 2016. Toward more resilient flood risk governance. Ecology and Society, 21, 53-61. Doi: 10.5751/ES-08921-210453. Duangyiwa C., Yu D., Wilby R., Aobpaet A., 2015. Coastal flood risks in the Bangkok Metropolitan region, Thailand: Combined impacts on land subsidence, sea level rise and storm surge. American Geophysical Union, Fall meeting 2015, abstract#NH33C-1927. Duarte C.M., Losada I.J., Hendriks I.E., Mazarrasa I., Marba N., 2013. The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3, 961-968. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1970. Erban L.E., Gorelick S.M., Zebker H.A., 2014. Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 1-20. Doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2007.The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO Forestry Paper, 153, Rome, Italy. Farbotko C., 2010. Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 51, 47-60. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8373.2010.001413.x. Goltermann D., Ujeyl G., Pasche E., 2008. Making coastal cities flood resilient in the era of climate change. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on flood defense: Managing flood risk, reliability and vulnerability, 148-1-148-11. Toronto, Canada. Gong W., Shen J., 2011. The response of salt intrusion to changes in river discharge and tidal mixing during the dry season in the Modaomen Estuary, China.Continental Shelf Research, 31, 769-788. Doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.011. Gosian L., 2014. Protect the world’s deltas. Nature, 516, 31-34. Graham S., Barnett J., Fincher R., Mortreux C., Hurlimann A., 2015. Towards fair outcomes in adaptation to sea-level rise. Climatic Change, 130, 411-424. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1171-7. COASTRES-D-12-00175.1. Güneralp B., Güneralp I., Liu Y., 2015. Changing global patterns of urban expoàsure to flood and drought hazards. Global Environmental Change, 31, 217-225. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.002. Hallegatte S., Green C., Nicholls R.J., Corfee-Morlot J., 2013. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3, 802-806. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1979. Hamlington B.D., Strassburg M.W., Leben R.R., Han W., Nerem R.S., Kim K.-Y., 2014. Uncovering an anthropogenic sea-level rise signal in the Pacific Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 4, 782-785. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate2307. Hashimoto T.R., 2001. Environmental issues and recent infrastructure development in the Mekong Delta: Review, analysis and recommendations with particular reference to large-scale water control projects and the development of coastal areas. Working paper series (Working paper No. 4). Australian Mekong Resource Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, 1-70. Hibbert F.D., Rohling E.J., Dutton A., Williams F.H., Chutcharavan P.M., Zhao C., Tamisiea M.E., 2016. Coral indicators of past sea-level change: A global repository of U-series dated benchmarks. Quaternary Science Reviews, 145, 1-56. Doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.019. Hinkel J., Lincke D., Vafeidis A., Perrette M., Nicholls R.J., Tol R.S.J., Mazeion B., Fettweis X., Ionescu C., Levermann A., 2014. Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 3292-3297. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1222469111. Hinkel J., Nicholls R.J., Tol R.S.J., Wang Z.B., Hamilton J.M., Boot G., Vafeidis A.T., McFadden L., Ganapolski A., Klei R.J.Y., 2013. A global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea level rise: An application of DIVA. Global and Planetary Change, 111, 150-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002. Huong H.T.L., Pathirana A., 2013. Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 379-394. Doi: 10.5194/hess-17-379-2013. Hurlimann A., Barnett J., Fincher R., Osbaldiston N., Montreux C., Graham S., 2014. Urban planning and sustainable adaptation to sea-level rise. Landscape and Urban Planning, 126, 84-93. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.013. IMHEN-Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, 2011. Climate change vulnerability and risk assessment study for Ca Mau and KienGiang provinces, Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), 250p. IMHEN-Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Ca Mau PPC, 2011. Climate change impact and adaptation study in The Mekong Delta - Part A: Ca Mau Atlas. Hanoi, Vietnam: Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), 48p. IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Fifth assessment report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Jevrejeva S., Jackson L.P., Riva R.E.M., Grinsted A., Moore J.C., 2016. Coastal sea level rise with warming above 2°C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 13342-13347. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605312113. Junk W.J., AN S., Finlayson C.M., Gopal B., Kvet J., Mitchell S.A., Mitsch W.J., Robarts R.D., 2013. Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: A synthesis. Aquatic Science, 75, 151-167. Doi: 10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z. Jordan A., Rayner T., Schroeder H., Adger N., Anderson K., Bows A., Le Quéré C., Joshi M., Mander S., Vaughan N., Whitmarsh L., 2013. Going beyond two degrees? The risks and opportunities of alternative options. Climate Policy, 13, 751-769. Doi: 10.1080/14693062.2013.835705. Kelly P.M., Adger W.N., 2000. Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climatic Change, 47, 325-352. Doi: 10.1023/A:1005627828199. Kirwan M.L., Megonigal J.P., 2013. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rice. Nature, 504, 53-60. Doi: 10.1038/nature12856. Koerth J., Vafeidis A.T., Hinkel J., Sterr H., 2013. What motivates coastal households to adapt pro actively to sea-level rise and increased flood risk? Regional Environmental Change, 13, 879-909. Doi: 10.1007/s10113-12-399-x. Kontgis K., Schneider A., Fox J;,Saksena S., Spencer J.H., Castrence M., 2014. Monitoring peri urbanization in the greater Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area. Applied Geography, 53, 377-388. Doi: 10.1016/j.apgeogr.2014.06.029. Kopp R.E., Horton R.M., Little C.M., Mitrovica J.X., Oppenheimer M., Rasmussen D.J., Strauss B.H., Tebaldi C., 2014. Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites. Earth’s Future, 2, 383-406. Doi: 10.1002/2014EF000239. Kuenzer C., Bluemel A., Gebhardt S., Quoc T., Dech S., 2011. Remote sensing of mangrove ecosystems: A review.Remote Sensing, 3, 878-928. Doi: 10.3390/rs3050878. Lacerda G.B.M., Silva C., Pimenteira C.A.P., Kopp Jr. R.V., Grumback R., Rosa L.P., de Freitas M.A.V., 2013. Guidelines for the strategic management of flood risks in industrial plant oil in the Brazilian coast: Adaptive measures to the impacts of sea level rise. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, 104-1062. Doi: 10.1007/s11027-013-09459-x. Lam Dao Nguyen, Pham Van Bach, Nguyen Thanh Minh, Pham Thi Mai Thy, Hoang Phi Hung, 2011. Change detection of land use and river bank in Mekong Delta, Vietnam using time series remotely sensed data. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2, 370-374. Doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.04.011. Lang N.T., Ky B.X., Kobayashi H., Buu B.C., 2004. Development of salt tolerant varieties in the Mekong delta. JIRCAS Project, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam, 152. Le Cozannet G., Rohmer J., Cazenave A., Idier D., Van de Wal R., de Winter R., Pedreros R., Balouin Y., Vinchon C., Oliveros C., 2015. Evaluating uncertainties of future marine flooding occurrence as sea-level rises. Environmental Modelling and Software, 73, 44-56. Doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.07.021. Le Cozannet G., Manceau J.-C., Rohmer J., 2017. Bounding probabilistic sea-level projections with the framework of the possible theory. Environmental Letters Research, 12, 12-14. Doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5528.Chikamoto Y., 2014. Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 888-892. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate2330. Lovelock C.E., Cahoon D.R., Friess D.A., Gutenspergen G.R., Krauss K.W., Reef R., Rogers K., Saunders M.L., Sidik F., Swales A., Saintilan N., Le Xuan Tuyen, Tran Triet, 2015. The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature, 526, 559-563. Doi: 10.1038/nature15538. MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends. Island Press, Washington DC, 266p. Masterson J.P., Fienen M.N., Thieler E.R., Gesch D.B., Gutierrez B.T., Plant N.G., 2014. Effects of sea level rise on barrier island groundwater system dynamics - ecohydrological implications. Ecohydrology, 7, 1064-1071. Doi: 10.1002/eco.1442. McGanahan G., Balk D., Anderson B., 2007. The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate changes and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.Environment and urbanization, 19, 17-37. Doi: 10.1177/095624780707960. McIvor A., Möller I., Spencer T., Spalding M., 2012. Reduction of wind and swell waves by mangroves. The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International, 1-27. Merryn T., Pidgeon N., Whitmarsh L., Ballenger R., 2016. Expert judgements of sea-level rise at the local scale. Journal of Risk Research, 19, 664-685. Doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043568. Monioudi I.N., Velegrakis A.F., Chatzipavlis A.E., Rigos A., Karambas T., Vousdoukas M.I., Hasiotis T., Koukourouvli N., Peduzzi P., Manoutsoglou E., Poulos S.E., Collins M.B., 2017. Assessment of island beach erosion due to sea level rise: The case of the Aegean archipelago (Eastern Mediterranean). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 449-466. Doi: 10.5194/nhess-17-449-2017. MONRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2016. Scenarios of climate change and sea level rise for Vietnam. Publishing House of Environmental Resources and Maps Vietnam, Hanoi, 188p. Montz B.E., Tobin G.A., Hagelman III R.R., 2017. Natural hazards. Explanation and integration. The Guilford Press, NY, 445p. Morgan L.K., Werner A.D., 2014. Water intrusion vulnerability for freshwater lenses near islands. Journal of Hydrology, 508, 322-327. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.002. Muis S., Güneralp B., Jongman B., Aerts J.C.H.J., Ward P.J., 2015. Science of the Total Environment, 538, 445-457. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.068. Murray N.J., Clemens R.S., Phinn S.R., Possingham H.P., Fuller R.A., 2014. Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 12, 267-272. Doi: 10.1890/130260. Neumann B., Vafeidis A.T., Zimmermann J., Nicholls R.J., 2015a. Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. A global assessment. Plos One, 10, 1-22. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. Nguyen A. Duoc, Savenije H. H., 2006. Salt intrusion in multi-channel estuaries: a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 10, 743-754. Doi: 10.5194/hess-10-743-2006. Nguyen An Thinh, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, Luong Thi Tuyen, Luc Hens, 2017. Tourism and beach erosion: Valuing the damage of beach erosion for tourism in the Hoi An, World Heritage site. Journal of Environment, Development and Sustainability. Nguyen An Thinh, Luc Hens (Eds.), 2018. Human ecology of climate change associated disasters in Vietnam: Risks for nature and humans in lowland and upland areas. Springer Verlag, Berlin.Nguyen An Thinh, Vu Anh Dung, Vu Van Phai, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, Pham Minh Tam, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang, Le Trinh Hai, Nguyen Viet Thanh, Hoang Khac Lich, Vu Duc Thanh, Nguyen Song Tung, Luong Thi Tuyen, Trinh Phuong Ngoc, Luc Hens, 2017. Human ecological effects of tropical storms in the coastal area of Ky Anh (Ha Tinh, Vietnam). Environ Dev Sustain, 19, 745-767. Doi: 10.1007/s/10668-016-9761-3. Nguyen Van Hoang, 2017. Potential for desalinization of brackish groundwater aquifer under a background of rising sea level via salt-intrusion prevention river gates in the coastal area of the Red River delta, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability. Nguyen Tho, Vromant N., Nguyen Thanh Hung, Hens L., 2008. Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Geology, 54, 1739-1746. Doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z. Nguyen Thang T.X., Woodroffe C.D., 2016. Assessing relative vulnerability to sea-level rise in the western part of the Mekong River delta. Sustainability Science, 11, 645-659. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-015-0336-2. Nicholls N.N., Hoozemans F.M.J., Marchand M., Analyzing flood risk and wetland losses due to the global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses.Global Environmental Change, 9, S69-S87. Doi: 10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00019-9. Phan Minh Thu, 2006. Application of remote sensing and GIS tools for recognizing changes of mangrove forests in Ca Mau province. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 9-11 November, 1-17. Reise K., 2017. Facing the third dimension in coastal flatlands.Global sea level rise and the need for coastal transformations. Gaia, 26, 89-93. Renaud F.G., Le Thi Thu Huong, Lindener C., Vo Thi Guong, Sebesvari Z., 2015. Resilience and shifts in agro-ecosystems facing increasing sea-level rise and salinity intrusion in Ben Tre province, Mekong Delta. Climatic Change, 133, 69-84. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1113-4. Serra P., Pons X., Sauri D., 2008. Land cover and land use in a Mediterranean landscape. Applied Geography, 28, 189-209. Shearman P., Bryan J., Walsh J.P., 2013.Trends in deltaic change over three decades in the Asia-Pacific Region. Journal of Coastal Research, 29, 1169-1183. Doi: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00120.1. SIWRR-Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2016. Annual Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, 1-19. Slangen A.B.A., Katsman C.A., Van de Wal R.S.W., Vermeersen L.L.A., Riva R.E.M., 2012. Towards regional projections of twenty-first century sea-level change based on IPCC RES scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 38, 1191-1209. Doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1057-6. Spencer T., Schuerch M., Nicholls R.J., Hinkel J., Lincke D., Vafeidis A.T., Reef R., McFadden L., Brown S., 2016. Global coastal wetland change under sea-level rise and related stresses: The DIVA wetland change model. Global and Planetary Change, 139, 15-30. Doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.018. Stammer D., Cazenave A., Ponte R.M., Tamisiea M.E., 2013. Causes of contemporary regional sea level changes. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 21-46. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172406. Tett P., Mee L., 2015. Scenarios explored with Delphi. In: Coastal zones ecosystems services. Eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 127-144. Tran Hong Hanh, 2017. Land use dynamics, its drivers and consequences in the Ca Mau province, Mekong delta, Vietnam. PhD dissertation, 191p. VUBPRESS Brussels University Press, ISBN 9789057186226, Brussels, Belgium. Tran Thuc, Nguyen Van Thang, Huynh Thi Lan Huong, Mai Van Khiem, Nguyen Xuan Hien, Doan Ha Phong, 2016. Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam. Ministry of Natural resources and Environment. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tran Hong Hanh, Tran Thuc, Kervyn M., 2015. Dynamics of land cover/land use changes in the Mekong Delta, 1973-2011: A remote sensing analysis of the Tran Van Thoi District, Ca Mau province, Vietnam. Remote Sensing, 7, 2899-2925. Doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z Van Lavieren H., Spalding M., Alongi D., Kainuma M., Clüsener-Godt M., Adeel Z., 2012. Securing the future of Mangroves. The United Nations University, Okinawa, Japan, 53, 1-56. Water Resources Directorate. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2016. Available online: http://www.tongcucthuyloi.gov.vn/Tin-tuc-Su-kien/Tin-tuc-su-kien-tong-hop/catid/12/item/2670/xam-nhap-man-vung-dong-bang-song-cuu-long--2015---2016---han-han-o-mien-trung--tay-nguyen-va-giai-phap-khac-phuc. Last accessed on: 30/9/2016. Webster P.J., Holland G.J., Curry J.A., Chang H.-R., 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science, 309, 1844-1846. Doi: 10.1126/science.1116448. Were K.O., Dick O.B., Singh B.R., 2013. Remotely sensing the spatial and temporal land cover changes in Eastern Mau forest reserve and Lake Nakuru drainage Basin, Kenya. Applied Geography, 41, 75-86. Williams G.A., Helmuth B., Russel B.D., Dong W.-Y., Thiyagarajan V., Seuront L., 2016. Meeting the climate change challenge: Pressing issues in southern China an SE Asian coastal ecosystems. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 8, 373-381. Doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2016.07.002. Woodroffe C.D., Rogers K., McKee K.L., Lovdelock C.E., Mendelssohn I.A., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034025.

Introduction: A number of provinces have implemented a fiscal reform of flattening government since the first decade of this century in China. This study aims to quantitatively analyze the influences of this government fiscal reform on county-level health expenditure. We also bring forward policy suggestions for improving county-level fiscal system and healthcare delivery.Methods: We collected a novel longitudinal county-level data from 2003 to 2010, including counties' socioeconomic data, fiscal revenue, and health expenditure. Jilin Province, Hebei Province, and Anhui Province were selected as representative samples for this policy evaluation. The study employed a time-varying difference-in-difference model specification to investigate the impacts of flattening fiscal reform on health expenditure.Results: The analyses find that the fiscal system reforms of the three provinces have a significantly positive impact on the health expenditure of county-level governments. However, we find no policy effects on the proportion of health expenditure to fiscal expenditure of county-level governments. The estimation results are robust after controlling several background variables.Conclusion: The results yield important policy insights that public finance and its reform significantly impacts health expenditures in China. The government may still need to strengthen the transfer payment system to guarantee the social welfare provision in healthcare.

AbstractWe shed light on the importance of government disclosure in public emergency management. During the outbreak of COVID-19, provinces in China entered a government disclosure regime, which mandated the disclosure of the number of people infected with the virus on a daily basis. Each province also voluntarily disclosed its own virus situation. We find that various forms of province-level government disclosure generally reduced the number of trips made by the infected and sped up their diagnosis. They also raised attention paid to the virus and self-protection awareness as well as reduced mobility among the susceptible. Finally, government voluntary disclosure helped to reduce the duration of local epidemics. We conclude that government disclosure can be effective in instilling the correct human behaviors that are conducive to fighting the pandemic.

This article examines how civil society organizations navigate local government to secure more inclusive environmental governance. Based on an in-depth case study of water governance in Zhejiang Province between 2012 and 2018, we find that Green Zhejiang, a civil society organization, exercised informal power to hold the local government accountable based on two strategies: mobilizing citizens to collect information on water pollution and strategically leveraging the authority of provincial government to find citizen-focused solutions. Most existing studies foreground one stage of the policy process – advocacy in the agenda-setting phase, policy entrepreneurship during the design phase, or monitoring during the implementation phase; however, we examine strategies of civil society organizations throughout this policy lifecycle. With this approach, we are able to analyse the strategic interactions between different levels of the government and civil society organizations and locate the positive outcomes and limits under the current governance system. Despite policy successes, Green Zhejiang still acts informally, which limits long-term effectiveness. However, incorporating citizens into public administration in a meaningful way requires sharing policymaking power formally, and thus far, local governments are only willing to share power in an ad hoc and informal way. More institutionalized citizen participation is necessary to develop innovative solutions to the severe environmental degradation in China.

The epidemic outbreak of Corona-virus emerged in the capital of Hubei province of China in December 2019 has engulfed almost all the sections of the society across globe irrespective of age, sex, race, religion, and color. The exposure of Covid-19 has increased the risk of numerous problems like stress, disorder, unemployment, poverty and other numerous challenges. This paper talks about the socio-psychological implications pertaining to the spread of coronavirus and how it has caused deaths in lakhs and how developing cum developed countries alike have imposed lockdowns, curfews, restrictions on public movements, markets, workplace, constructions, and transport and instructed people to maintain social distance which has adversely affected the daily life of common masses; particularly the daily wage earners who have no other alternative to feed their respective family thereby putting them in a state of dilemma. Many health experts have given a warning that if the disease is not controlled, it will take a heavy toll on the global level. The paper discusses about the Covid-19 has created anxiety, stress, strain, confusion, trauma, mental health problems, violence against women, children and encourage the risks of suicidal behavior. It also talks about the effects of Covid-19 on the marginalized and poor sections of the society such as migrant workers, street vendors and daily wage labours and how keeping social distance, avoiding gathering, staying at home, avoid travelling, keeping away from doing daily routine work activities etc. are some of the important challenges faced by common masses.