Relevant bibliographies by topics / Finance Climat

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Finance Climat'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 1 June 2024
Last updated: 13 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Finance Climat"

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Espagne, Étienne. "Climat, finance et croissance : l'introuvable tango à trois des modèles économie-climat ?" Revue d'économie financière 127, no. 3 (2017): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecofi.127.0237.

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Lamarque, Danièle. "Finance verte : l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental des finances publiques enjeux et méthodes." Gestion & Finances Publiques, no. 2 (March 2021): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/gfp.2021.2.007.

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L’évaluation de l’impact environnemental des concours financiers, au regard des critères couramment admis, est rendue difficile par la nature et l’objet mêmes de ces concours, et la multiplicité des objectifs attachés aux interventions qui leur servent de cadre. La connaissance a néanmoins progressé depuis les années 1990, avec la définition normalisée d’une comptabilité environnementale européenne et divers instruments d’analyse des interactions entre économie et environnement. Les engagements internationaux pour le climat comme la pandémie ont récemment accéléré la réflexion et permis l’élaboration du « budget vert » français, émis en appui du projet de loi de finances pour 2021. Ces avancées restent perfectibles. Elles mettent surtout en évidence l’ampleur des enjeux liés à la prise en compte de l’environnement, source de recomposition des priorités de l’action publique, dans un contexte d’interaction accrue des politiques et de leurs modes de financement.
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Puig, Axel. "Elle veut mettre la finance au service du climat." DARD/DARD N° 4, no. 2 (April 6, 2021): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dard.004.0126.

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Espagne, Étienne, Jean-Charles Hourcade, and Baptiste Perrissin Fabert. "La finance au secours du climat ? La Nature entre prix et valeur." Natures Sciences Sociétés 23 (2015): S117—S121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/nss/2015027.

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Laïdi, Zaki. "Climat, biotechnologies, finance, guerres : l'Europe a-t-elle une aversion pour le risque ?" Esprit Juin, no. 6 (2010): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/espri.1006.0035.

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David, Bastien, and Sophie Giordano-Spring. "Connectivité entre le reporting financier et extra-financier : une exploration à travers la comptabilité « climat »." Comptabilité Contrôle Audit Tome 28, no. 4 (September 22, 2022): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cca.284.0021.

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Cavailhès, Jean, Daniel Joly, Mohamed Hilal, Thierry Brossard, and Pierre Wavresky. "Économie urbaine et comportement du consommateur face au climat." Revue économique 65, no. 4 (2014): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.654.0591.

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Baudet, Émeline. "Jean-Charles Hourcade, Emmanuel Combet, FISCALITÉ CARBONE ET FINANCE CLIMAT, Un contrat social pour notre temps." Projet 363, no. 2 (2018): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pro.363.0098.

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Bureau, Dominique. "Économie d'un accord global sur le climat : une introduction." Économie & prévision 190-191, no. 4 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ecop.190.0001.

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Facchini, François. "Pour une politique d’assainissement de la dette publique par la baisse de la dépense publique." Revue française d'économie Vol. XXXVIII, no. 2 (October 31, 2023): 115–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rfe.232.0115.

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Cet article se place dans une tradition des sciences économiques finalement peu présente en France dans les débats autour de la dette, à savoir la nouvelle économie politique. Il soutient que le gouvernement devrait dégager des excédents budgétaires grâce à une baisse des dépenses publiques pour stimuler la croissance économique et donner ainsi aux acteurs des marges de manœuvre pour s’adapter aux conséquences du dérèglement climatique. Il rappelle, en introduction, l’actualité des débats et explique pourquoi la question posée par la dette publique porte plus sur les bienfaits des dépenses publiques que sur les déficits. Une dette publique n’est pas productive en elle-même. Elle est productive si elle finance des dépenses productives. L’existence d’une courbe de BARS pour la France à hauteur probablement d’un ratio dépenses publiques sur PIB de 30 % et l’échec relatif des conférences internationales pour le climat, conduisent à soutenir une politique d’austérité expansive, antikeynésienne et de vérité des prix sur l’énergie et le marché foncier afin de gérer un problème complexe, le climat, par un système complexe, le prix. Ne pas réduire la dette publique serait, pour ces raisons, réduire la capacité de résilience de l’économie française face aux chocs à venir (climatiques, démographiques, sanitaires et/ou militaires). Privatiser les entreprises publiques et certains services publics et baisser les coûts de production des services publics seraient, au contraire, un moyen de l’accroître et de préserver l’intérêt des générations futures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Finance Climat"

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Glavas, Dejan. "Why do firms issue green bonds?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E041.

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Cette thèse porte sur le marché des obligations vertes et les motivations qui poussent les entreprises à émettre cette nouvelle forme d’instruments financiers. Trois grandes hypothèses ont été émises pour expliquer les motivations des émetteurs d’obligations vertes. Selon la première hypothèse appelée « création de valeur à long-terme », les émetteurs d’obligations vertes cherchent à créer de la valeur actionnariale en investissant dans des technologies vertes. Selon la seconde hypothèse appelée « délégation de philanthropie », une entreprise émet une obligation verte pour répondre à la pression de ses parties prenantes. Selon la dernière hypothèse appelée « problèmes d’agence », un manager d’entreprise émettrice d’obligations vertes chercherait à servir ses intérêts propres plutôt que ceux de l’entreprise. Cette thèse vise à tester ces hypothèses par le biais de trois articles empiriques et d’un article de synthèse situé en annexe
This thesis topic is the green bond market and the incentives pushing firms into issuing this new type of security. Three key hypotheses were stated to explain the motive for a firm to issue a green bond. The first hypothesis (“long-term value creation”) asserts green bond issuers invest in green technologies to generate long-term value. The second hypothesis (“delegated philanthropy”), professes stakeholder pressure engenders the fundamental reason for a firm to issue green bonds. The third hypothesis (“agency view”) contends that managers of green bond issuing firms serve their own objectives. This thesis aims at testing these hypotheses through three empirical articles and a synthesis article added in the appendix
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Banga, Josué. "Essays on climate finance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALE001.

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Cette thèse est constituée de cinq essais sur la thématique de la finance climatique. En combinant des méthodes d’analyse qualitatives et quantitatives, elle fournit aux décideurs publics et aux investisseurs de nouvelles perspectives pour leurs décisions dans un contexte marqué par le changement climatique. Si la finance climatique est indispensable pour lutter contre ce dernier, les résultats de ces essais montrent que, utilisée de manière productive, elle pourrait être un moteur de transformation structurelle durable dans les pays en développement. De plus, risques climatiques auront des impacts significatifs, bien que différenciés, sur la stabilité financière. En tant que garant de cette dernière, les banques centrales devraient jouer un rôle proactif dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Le développement d’instruments financiers innovants, tels que les obligations vertes, pourraient aider à minimiser les risques climatiques tout en débloquant des capitaux pour la transition-bas carbone
This dissertation is a collection of five supportive essays on the topic of climate finance. By combining qualitative and quantitative methods, it provides policymakers and investors with new insights for rethinking their decision making in a time of a changing climate. While climate finance remains critical to addressing climate change, the results of these essays show that it can also be an effective driver of sustainable structural transformation in developing countries, provided it is allocated productively. Furthermore, climate risks would have significant yet differentiated impacts on financial stability. As guardians of this latter, central banks should play a proactive role in addressing climate change. The development of innovative financial instruments, such as green bonds, can help mitigate climate risks while unlocking investment for the low-carbon transition
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Ilasca, Constantin. "Économie politique internationale des négociations climat et prise en compte des coûts d’atténuation et d’adaptation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAE008/document.

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Cette thèse traite de la coopération et de la gouvernance climat dans l'ère post Copenhague. Son objectif est de caractériser l'évolution du régime climatique, prenant appui sur les positions de l'Union européenne, la Chine et les États-Unis, qui peuvent être désignés, à la fois en tant que gros émetteurs, économies majeures et grandes puissances. Deux déterminants sont considérés structurants pour cette analyse : les coûts d'atténuation des émissions et les coûts d'adaptation. Le point de départ de notre thèse se trouve dans l'évolution polarisée du régime climatique. Le fait le plus marquant de cette « métamorphose » est le passage, en 2009, de l'approche top-down à une approche bottom-up.Pour ce faire, nous mobilisons un cadre théorique hybride, qui comprend l'Économie politique internationale et l'économie du changement climatique. L'apport combiné de ces deux approches permet d'analyser la politique internationale du climat à travers l'économie de l'environnement et inversement, de renseigner l'incidence que ces relations peuvent avoir sur la logique économique. Nous proposons une approche spécifique de la coopération, basée sur la théorie du « k-groupe » de Duncan Snidal (1985).Dans ce cadre coopératif minilatéral, la thèse que nous soutenons est qu'il est possible d'avoir un k-groupe pour le climat et que celui-ci peut avoir un effet bénéfique sur la mise en place du régime climat. Nous argumentons que ce groupe peut être considéré comme un « club of the relevant » et que, pour former un k-groupe, il est nécessaire que les pays constituent une « coalition of the willing ». Ce qui structure la capacité et la volonté de l'action, ce sont principalement les coûts que cela implique, coûts d'atténuation et d'adaptation. En même temps, l'engagement de ce groupe se base sur le conditionnement. Le dispositif incitatif est constitué par l'idée d'une coopération de plus en plus large, qui atténue le problème du passager clandestin.Les résultats de recherche sont appréciés à la lumière de l'aboutissement de la COP 21. Si le k-groupe fonctionne, c'est que les trois pays décident d'aller de l'avant et acceptent d'endosser des coûts d'atténuation plus importants que les autres pays. Cet engagement collectif déclencherait un mouvement vertueux qui imposerait au régime climat un leadership partagé entre ces trois pays, ouvrant la voie aux autres. Si le k-groupe ne fonctionne pas, c'est parce que nos acteurs considèrent les coûts à court terme trop importants au regard de leurs propres intérêts et au regard du risque du free riding de la part des autres États. Compte tenu de la conjoncture économique dans laquelle se trouvent nos trois acteurs, ce scénario apparait comme étant probable.Enfin, dans notre modèle de l'analyse de la coopération nous privilégions le tandem Europe-Chine. Nous montrons que cette coopération tripartite devrait se construire à partir de ce binôme, du moment où, à la différence des États-Unis, c'est l'Europe qui apparait comme étant plus volontaire. La Chine, l'acteur incontournable du climat, qui risque de subir les conséquences du changement climatique de plein fouet, a plus d'intérêt à se rallier à l'Europe si elle souhaite obtenir un accord qui ne soit pas basé uniquement sur des contributions (nationales) minimales
Our research focuses on the cooperation and climate governance in the post-Copenhagen era. Its main purpose is to observe and define the evolution of the climate regime, based on the positions of the European Union, China and the United States. These three countries can be considered as big emitters, major economies, as well as great powers. Two main drivers are taken into account in our analysis: mitigation and adaptation costs to climate change. The starting point for our research is to be found in the polarized evolution of the climate regime. The most illustrative aspect of this “metamorphosis” is the shift, in 2009, from the top-down to the bottom-up architecture of the climate regime.Thus, we resort to a hybrid theoretical background, which consists of both international political economy and climate change economy. The joint contribution of the two approaches allows us to analyze international political economy with climate economy as an input, as well as the impact of international relations on the main economic framework of climate change. Our research is based on a specific cooperation model, known as the “k-group” theory, as developed by Duncan Snidal (1985).Within this framework of minilateral cooperation, the thesis that we defend is that it is possible to have a climate k-group which may have a trigger effect in order to obtain an ambitious regime. The starting point for our argument is that this group can be considered as a “club of the relevant”, and that what it needs to achieve in order to constitute a k-group is to establish a “coalition of the willing”. The capacity and the willingness to act are mainly influenced by the costs they have to bear, that is the costs to mitigate their emissions and to adapt to the climate change consequences. Meanwhile, the group's collective commitment depends on other countries' actions. More precisely, the incentive mechanism is built on the idea that cooperation is meant to widen, in order to eventually prevent free riding.Our main results are to be regarded in the light of the COP 21 outcome. If the k-group works, it is because our three countries decide to move forward and accept to bear mitigation costs that are higher than those of other countries'. Their collective commitment should trigger a virtuous dynamic which would impose on climate regime a collective leadership of these three countries, thus leaving the others with no other way than to follow. If the k-group does not work, it is because our three actors consider upfront costs too high with respect to their own interests, as well as to the risk of free riding (if the others do not go along). Given our three actors' economic and political context, this scenario seems likely.Finally, we rather favor in our work the Europe-China tandem. We argue that the k-group should be built on this joint cooperation, since, unlike the United States, Europe appears to be more willing to endorse an ambitious regime, whereas China seems an unavoidable actor. Thus, China, which faces a major impact of climate change, should play along with Europe if it wishes to obtain an agreement that is not solely based on minimal (national) contributions
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Philippe, Roudier. "Climat et agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest : Quantification de l'impact du changement climatique sur les rendements et évaluation de l'utilité des prévisions saisonnières." Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00874724.

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Cette thèse cherche à étudier les relations climat/agriculture en Afrique de l'Ouest dans un contexte de croissance démographique nécessitant une augmentation des rendements agricoles futurs. Nous cherchons à caractériser dans un premier temps les changements climatiques passés et futurs dans la région, puis à passer en revue plusieurs études qui donnent une estimation de l'impact du climat futur sur les rendements agricoles de la sous-région, afin de produire des résultats robustes et de souligner les limites de ces études. La valeur médiane d'évolution des rendements futurs se situe ainsi vers -11%, et cette valeur est robuste au type de modèle agronomique employé. Il semble de plus nécessaire de travailler plus en détail sur les scénarii futurs, parfois trop limités et sur les différences entre variétés qui peuvent être importantes. Nous soulignons également l'hétérogénéité des résultats à l'échelle de la sous-région. Nous nous fondons dans un deuxième temps sur ces constatations pour réaliser une étude d'impact originale utilisant des données observées sur 35 stations météorologiques en Afrique de l'Ouest. Pour cela, nous définissons 35 scénarii possibles fondés sur cinq anomalies de pluie (de -20% à +20%) et sept de température (de +0°C à +6°C) et nous simulons les rendements pour trois variétés contrastées de mil et trois de sorgho. Les résultats montrent entre autre une évolution négative du rendement moyen principalement due à l'augmentation de température que la pluie peut seulement atténuer ou aggraver. On note également un impact plus négatif pour les variétés à cycle court et constant que pour les variétés sensibles à la photopériode. Enfin, pour une même anomalie de température, si on considère comme équiprobables les cinq scénarii de pluie, la probabilité d'avoir une forte baisse des rendements est plus importante dans le Sud de la sous-région. Les constatations sur la forte variabilité interannuelle de la pluie (et donc des rendements) et sur le climat futur incertain nous poussent donc à étudier l'intérêt pour les paysans sahéliens de prévisions climatiques saisonnières qui donnent avant le début de la saison des pluies une information sur la catégorie du cumul pluviométrique (plutôt sec, normal ou humide). Cette prévision permet ainsi de minimiser l'impact de l'aléa pluviométrique et est robuste à l'incertitude du changement climatique. Nous calculons de ce fait la valeur d'une telle information pour les cultivateurs de mil nigériens en utilisant un modèle économique représentant les stratégies des agents considérés (choix culturaux, aversion au risque...). Les résultats montrent un impact sur le revenu globalement positif, même en années sèches et avec une prévision d'une précision proche de l'existant. Ainsi, cette prévision imparfaite donne une augmentation du revenu de +6.9% sur les 18 années. Ce gain est légèrement supérieur avec une prévision parfaite (+11%) et atteint +34% si on fournit des informations supplémentaires sur le début et la fin de la saison: ces informations permettent en effet d'utiliser de nouvelles stratégies culturales. Enfin, afin d'étudier des points que l'évaluation théorique laissait en suspens nous élaborons au Sénégal des ateliers participatifs qui visent à étudier avec les acteurs locaux les changements de stratégies culturales en réaction à des prévisions climatiques (saisonnières et décadaires), ainsi que le gain engendré par ces prévisions sur les rendements. L'impact sur les rendements est évalué avec l'aide d'un expert et montre que les prévisions ont certes un effet nul dans 62% des cas, mais qu'il est positif dans 31%. Ces résultats dépendent cependant des villages étudiés.
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Espagne, Etienne. "Trois essais d’économie sur les politiques climatiques dans un monde post-Kyoto." Paris, EHESS, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EHES0066.

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Cette thèse aborde sous trois angles complémentaires les enjeux économiques des négociations climatiques. Plus précisément, elle utilise trois cadres distincts pour analyser la nature du blocage actuel de ces négociations, ses causes et enfin ses issues envisageables. Le premier cadre est celui de la modélisation intégrée économie-climat, qui agrège en un petit nombre de fonctions essentielles les éléments clés de l'interaction entre ces deux champs. Nous analysons ainsi la façon dont les différentes hypothèses sur ces fonctions essentielles peuvent refléter les positions et les visions du monde des acteurs de la négociation. Le second cadre est celui des viscosités de l'économie réelle, qui met l'accent sur les facteurs, les secteurs, les institutions, en ce qu'elles réagissent à la contrainte climatique ou aux politiques climatiques mises en œuvre. Enfin le troisième cadre inclut l'intermédiation financière et la monnaie, comme éléments clés de compréhension de l'orientation plus ou moins intensive en énergie des investissements, et comme sources possibles d'une issue au blocage actuel des négociations
This thesis deals with three complementary economic approaches of the climate challenge. First, a critical analysis of integrated assessment models is carried out using the RESPONSE model. It concludes to their relative usefulness as a transparency tool for reasonings and hypotheses of the negociating parties in the climate diplomacy. A methodology to compare modelization structures is then proposed and tested. Finally the economic conditions for not trespassing the 2°C threshold are put into light, inside a cost-benefit framework, as well as their implications for the diplomatic agenda. Second, we analyze some obstacles and driving forces of a real economy in its interaction with the climate constraint. Three levels of viscosity of an economy are highlighted, having sufficiently different properties to justify a different analytical treatment. On the institutional level, we lower the importance of the pure time preference in the Stern/Nordhau controversy. On the infrastructure level, we show that the introduction of climate uncertainty can justify precautionary investment in the long-term sector and also define some properties of an infrastructure relevant to the climate question. On the technical change side, we build a critic of the AABH model and present some elements of an alternative research program on the subject of its redirection. Third, we introduce money in this description of a real economy, or more precisely the financial sector. We describe and modelize an innovative tool for the energy transition respecting the constraints highlighted in the two preceding parts
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Aassouli, Dalal. "L'eau, le soleil et le vent : des énergies pour le monde. Quels modes de financement "éthiques" ?" Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEN001.

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L’observation des défis économiques, sociaux et environnementaux qui préoccupent l’humanité aujourd’hui nous amène à revoir les modèles de croissance économiques adoptés, à reconnaitre leurs limites et à apporter un jugement critique sur la gouvernance de l’homme et sa manière d’exploiter le monde. La thèse cherche à démontrer comment l’épuisement des ressources naturelles et le recours aux principales énergies renouvelables, l’eau, le soleil et le vent, peuvent être utilisés pour approfondir la compréhension de la relation de l’homme vis-à-vis de l’environnement, le compromis nécessaire entre sa liberté et sa responsabilité et les principes moraux qui doivent informer sa conduite. Ces défis mettent en évidence l’urgence d’une réflexion critique sur l’activité financière aujourd’hui et sa contribution au développement réel et durable de l’économie. Ce travail propose, donc, d’explorer quelques possibilités de l’intégration contemporaine de principes « éthiques » dans les modes de financement de projets relatifs à l’utilisation de l’eau, du soleil et du vent. Nous donnons d’abord un état des lieux des modes de financement et d’investissement dits éthiques ou alternatifs. Nous considérons, en particulier, l’investissement socialement responsable, les marchés de capitaux durables, les institutions ayant pour mission l’inclusion financière, les banques multilatérales de développement et la finance participative. L’objectif est d’examiner comment des principes éthiques peuvent être intégrés dans les modes de financement modernes de projets verts et durables, c’est-à-dire comment l’expertise financière rejoint la préoccupation pour le changement climatique et les énergies renouvelables mondialement. Cette analyse démontre aussi l’intérêt croissant pour les questions de durabilité et de justice sociale, bien que sa concrétisation reste encore à questionner
The observation of the economic, social and environmental challenges facing humanity today leads us to reconsider the models of economic growth pursued, to recognise their limitations and to give a critical assessment of human governance and his way of exploiting the world’s resources. The thesis seeks to demonstrate how the depletion of natural resources and the use of the main renewable energy sources, namely water, sun and wind can be used to deepen the understanding of man's relationship with the environment, the compromise between his freedom and responsibility and the moral principles that must govern his conduct. These challenges highlight the urgency of a critical thinking on the financial activity today and its contribution to the real and sustainable development of the economy. Thus, this work proposes to explore few examples of the contemporary integration of "ethical" principles in the financing modes of projects related to the use of water, sun and wind. We first give an assessment of the modes of financing and investment called ethical or alternative. We consider, in particular, socially responsible investing, sustainable capital markets, financial inclusion institutions, multilateral development banks and participatory finance. The objective is to examine how ethical principles can be integrated into the modern financing modes of green and sustainable projects, i.e. how the financial expertise integrates the concerns for climate change and renewable energies globally. This analysis also demonstrates the growing interest in issues related to sustainability and social justice, although their effective implementation can sometimes be questioned
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Thomä, Jakob. "Optimal diversification and the transition to net zero : a methodological framework for measuring climate goal alignment of investor portfolios." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1177.

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La thèse vise à développer un cadre pour mesurer l'alignement des portefeuilles financiers avec les objectifs climatiques, prenant comme point de départ à la fois la théorie traditionnelle du portefeuille moderne et les cadres d'analyse des risques financiers, ainsi que la science du climat. Il s'agit de la première tentative d'élaboration de points de repère scientifiques pour le portefeuille financier. Le cadre utilise comme point de départ le concept de «diversification optimale» basé sur la théorie moderne du portefeuille et l'hypothèse de marché efficace. Selon cette théorie, les stratégies optimales impliquent l'achat du «portefeuille de marché». Il postule que cette stratégie ne peut toutefois pas être alignée sur une stratégie de portefeuille alignée avec un scenario 2 ° C. Une telle stratégie de portefeuille basée sur la science peut toutefois avoir un sens pour les institutions financières qui considèrent des objectifs multiples (financiers et non financiers) ou des institutions financières qui pensent que les marchés évaluent mal les risques financiers associés à la transition vers une économie 2°C. Les stratégies associées à 2°C peuvent surperformer le marché. Sous l'hypothèse que la transition vers une économie bas-carbone présente un facteur de risque, pour lequel la thèse fournit une série de preuves théoriques, les stratégies de portefeuille peuvent chercher à acheter le «marché à 2 ° C» en cherchant et gérant une «diversification optimale». Le modèle étend ainsi la logique de la diversification pour réduire le risque, inhérent à la théorie moderne du portefeuille, de la classe d'actifs au niveau sectoriel et technologique. Après le développement du modèle, le modèle a été testé par une série de compagnies d'assurance, de gestionnaires d'actifs et de gestionnaires de portefeuille. Au total, plus de 250 investisseurs institutionnels ont appliqué le modèle au moment de la publication. En outre, le modèle a été testé sur environ 10000 fonds. De plus, deux banques centrales européennes ont appliqué le modèle en interne dans le cadre d'une analyse de scénario à 2 ° C de leurs entités réglementées (fonds de pension et compagnies d'assurance). Dans le cadre d'un sondage auprès de 25 investisseurs, 88% ont déclaré que le cadre était tout aussi pertinent ou plus pertinent que les évaluations climatiques existantes, et 88% ont indiqué qu'ils étaient susceptibles ou très susceptibles d'utiliser la méthodologie pour aller de l'avant
The thesis seeks to develop a framework to measure the alignment of financial portfolios with climate goals, taking as point of departure both traditional modern portfolio theory and financial risk analysis frameworks, as well as climate science. It represents the first attempt to develop science-based benchmarks for financial portfolios. The framework uses as the starting point the concept of ‘optimal diversification’ based on the modern portfolio theory and efficient market hypothesis. Under this theory, optimal strategies involve buying the ‘market portfolio’. It posits that a 2°C aligned, science-based portfolio strategy is not aligned with such a strategy. Such a science-based portfolio strategy, in turn, may make sense for financial institutions that consider multiple objectives (e.g. financial and non-financial) or financial institutions that think markets are mispricing financial risks associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy and that associated low-carbon, or 2°C aligned strategies can outperform the market. Under the assumption that the transition to a low-carbon economy presents a risk factor, for which the thesis provides a range of theoretical evidence, portfolio strategies can seek to buy the ‘2°C market’ by managing ‘optimal diversification’ to the 2°C aligned technology set, in addition to managing sector exposures. The model thus extends the logic of diversification to reduce risk, intrinsic to the modern portfolio theory, from asset class to sector and technology level.Following the development of the model, a range of insurance companies, asset managers, and portfolio managers tested the model. In total, over 250 institutional investors have applied the model to date. In addition, the model has been tested on around 10,000 funds. Moreover, two European central banks have applied the model internally as part of 2°C scenario analysis of their regulated entities (pension funds and insurance companies). As part of a feedback survey with 25 investors, 88% said the framework was equally or more relevant than existing climate assessments, and 88% said they were likely or very likely to use the methodology moving forward
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Opoku, Emmanuela A. "Gender in Climate Policy and Climate Finance in Ghana." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1538740/.

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This dissertation makes use of theoretical frameworks drawn from development theory, ecofeminism, climate science, environmental and distributive justice, and human rights to provide gender analysis of climate policy, including climate finance.The problem addressed is that climate impacts are exacerbating food insecurity that is women's responsibility in the global South. First, I use literature in climate science to detail the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Africa and show how this exacerbates women's poverty that is driven already by persistent socioeconomic inequalities and gender bias. I conclude that women as food producers are especially vulnerable to climate impacts on food security. Next, I assess international climate policy through gender analysis of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) against other United Nations (UN) gender policies, followed by gender assessment of Ghanaian climate policy. I conclude that both international and Ghanaian policy fail adequately to address gender and women's needs, despite making advances on gender-inclusion and gender-sensitivity since the turn of the century. I then present a case study in climate finance by evaluating the capacity of an Adaptation Fund Project (AFP) in northeast Ghana to meet women farmers' needs. I gather data from Project implementers and intended beneficiaries, i.e. women in village communities, using interviews and focus group discussions. I conclude that the Project is not successful in engaging women and identify reasons for this failure, including slow distribution of funds to implementers, petty corruption, and community gender biases. In the final chapter, I summarize my findings and make recommendations for policy interventions better to meet women's climate adaptation needs in order to maintain food security and avert the humanitarian crises in hunger that are already well underway in Africa.
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Pinsky, Vanessa Cuzziol. "Experimentalist governance in climate finance: the case of REDD+ in Brazil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-14122017-163027/.

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Climate change is a daunting problem that results in actions-interactions from a number of actors in complex global systems, which require multi-level governance and a myriad of national policies. Academics and policy makers alike have been grappling with how to devise effective strategies on the international coordination of climate change policies. It is challenging because climate change problems involve actors with different positions, interests and motivation to cooperate due to the risks involved, the uncertainty and the high costs of adaptation and mitigation. Deforestation is the second largest source of GHG emissions. Success in this area can have a large impact on mitigation. This study focuses on the case of REDD+, a large scale governance experiment in climate finance and a promising cost-effective mitigation mechanism to motivate developing countries to implement policy approaches to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. REDD+ is considered a breakthrough mechanism in international cooperation under the UNFCCC regime as it was designed to be performance-based. Brazil is the world\'s largest recipient and has the most important REDD+ experiment - the Amazon Fund. The lack of developed theory in this domain led to the use of grounded theory methodology to understand the REDD+ governance process in Brazil. The \'REDD+ Governance Theoretical Framework\' emerged from the data. It is a substantive theory formed by seven major categories (Governance, Strategy, Financing, Implementation, Participation of stakeholders, Joint action and Collective learning) that are related to each other and explain the phenomenon. This study suggests that the lack of institutional arrangements to stimulate collective learning and incorporate lessons learned from the ground experience has been a major constraint on improving its governance in Brazil. Improving the effectiveness of the policy cycle may depend upon the establishment of specific arrangements focused on peer review processes involving lower-level entities responsible for implementation and experts from civil society. The establishment of a recursive learning system could solve certain policy coordination problems and create new opportunities to improve the effectiveness of the REDD+ governance process and implementation. This theory adds to the limited body of literature in the field by extending the knowledge on climate finance, stimulating discussion, and creating opportunities for further research and theoretical advances. The theoretical framework and lessons learned in Brazil from success and failure can help other developing countries to implement a national REDD+ strategy, system or regime. The theory can contribute to the international debate on the principles of good governance in official development assistance and aid effectiveness. This study provides an opportunity for policy makers and practitioners to learn about the challenges and constraints faced by Brazil when implementing an unprecedented results-based mechanism focused on mitigation.
A mudança climática é um problema desafiador resultante de ações e interações entre diversos atores em sistemas globais complexos, o que demanda governança em vários níveis e uma miríade de políticas nacionais. Acadêmicos e policy makers vêm se desafiando sobre como elaborar estratégias eficazes na coordenação internacional das políticas em mudança climática. É desafiador porque os problemas relacionados à mudança do clima envolvem atores com diferentes posições, interesses e motivação para cooperar, já que existem riscos envolvidos, alto nível de incerteza e custos de adaptação e mitigação. O desmatamento é a segunda maior fonte de emissões de gases causadores do efeito estufa. Sucesso nesta área pode ter um grande impacto em mitigação. Este estudo enfoca no caso de REDD+, um experimento de governança no financiamento do clima e um promissor mecanismo de mitigação com baixo custo para incentivar os países em desenvolvimento a implementar abordagens políticas que reduzam emissões oriundas do desmatamento e da degradação florestal. O REDD + é considerado um mecanismo inovador em acordos de cooperação internacional sob o regime da UNFCCC, pois foi idealizado para ser baseado em desempenho. O Brasil é o maior receptor do mundo e tem o mais importante experimento de REDD+ - o Fundo Amazônia. A ausência de teorias desenvolvidas nessa área levou ao uso da metodologia grounded theory para compreender o processo de governança de REDD+ no Brasil. A partir dos dados primários foi desenvolvido o \'REDD+ Governance Theoretical Framework\'. Trata-se de uma teoria substantiva formada por sete categorias (Governança, Estratégia, Financiamento, Implementação, Participação de stakeholders, Ação coletiva e Aprendizagem coletiva) que se relacionam e explicam o fenômeno. Este estudo sugere que a ausência de arranjos institucionais para estimular a aprendizagem coletiva e incorporar as lições aprendidas durante a implementação tem sido um grande obstáculo para melhorar a governança de REDD+ no Brasil. Melhorar a efetividade do ciclo político pode depender do estabelecimento de arranjos específicos com foco em processos de revisão por pares que envolvam entidades responsáveis pela implementação e especialistas da sociedade civil. O estabelecimento de um sistema de aprendizagem recursiva poderia facilitar a resolução de alguns problemas de coordenação política e criar novas oportunidades para aprimorar o processo de governança de REDD+. Esta teoria contribui para a construção do conhecimento científico focado no financiamento do clima, estimula a discussão, sugere oportunidades para novas pesquisas e avanços teóricos. O framework teórico pode ajudar outros países em desenvolvimento a implementar estratégia, sistema ou regime nacional de REDD+. As lições aprendidas no Brasil, baseadas no sucesso e fracasso, podem ser absorvidas por outros países em desenvolvimento. A teoria contribui para o debate internacional sobre os princípios da boa governança nos acordos de cooperação internacional e na eficácia da ajuda financeira. Este estudo oferece uma oportunidade para que os policy makers e os profissionais aprendam sobre os desafios e obstáculos enfrentados pelo Brasil ao implementar um inovador mecanismo de financiamento do clima baseado em resultados.
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Bortoletto, Andrea <1995&gt. "The relation between climate change and finance." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20735.

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L'elaborato ha lo scopo di presentare la relazione che sussiste fra cambiamento climatico e finanza. Nella prima parte della tesi verrà presentato ciò che sta accadendo al nostro pianeta a livello sia ambientale che economico: si evidenzierà sia come gli eventi climatici estremi stiano aumentando esponenzialmente nella loro frequenza sia come le organizzazioni sovranazionali si stiano muovendo per combattere il problema del riscaldamento globale. Verrà analizzato il concetto di “rischio di transizione”, un rischio ed un’opportunità per tutte le aziende che saranno costrette ad affrontare una transizione tecnologica necessaria per ridurre le emissioni di CO2 e diminuire la crescita del livello di riscaldamento globale rispetto ai livelli pre-industriali. Nella seconda parte della tesi verrà analizzato un campione di 50 imprese europee del settore “Energy” e “Utility”. Verranno analizzate diverse variabili economiche e ambientali di queste aziende con l’obbiettivo di scoprire quanto certe variabili siano più determinanti di altre ai fini della transizione energetica e tecnologica. Queste variabili saranno confrontate fra valori pre-Covid e valori alla fine del 2020 per capire se la pandemia e i mercati finanziari abbiano sensibilizzato maggiormente i temi ESG (environmental, social and governance) fra gli investitori. Lo scopo della tesi sarà cercare di capire se i mercati finanziari nel 2020 abbiano premiato maggiormente le aziende più “green” rispetto a quelle più inquinanti e quali potranno essere i possibili scenari economici per queste imprese nel futuro.
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Books on the topic "Finance Climat"

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Finance, Canada Dept of. Creating a healthy fiscal climate : the economic and fiscal update =: Instaurer un climat financier sain : la mise à jour économique et financière. Ottawa, Ont: Dept. of Finance = Ministère des finances, 1994.

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Le climat, otage de la finance, ou, Comment le marché boursicote avec les droits à polluer. [Paris]: Mille et une nuits, 2008.

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Halonen, Mikko, Julia Illman, Markus Klimscheffskij, Henrik Sjöblom, Pasi Rinne, Frauke Röser, Marie-Jeanne Kurdziel, Niklas Höhne, Aaron Atteridge, and Nella Canales. Mobilizing climate finance flows. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2017-519.

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Naifar, Nader, ed. Climate Change and Finance. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56419-2.

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Network, Zambia Climate Change. Climate change adaptation finance in Zambia: A call to transparency and accountability. Lusaka: Zambia Episcopal Conference, 2015.

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Burrup, Percy E. Financing education in a climate of change. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1988.

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Vern, Brimley, and Garfield Rulon R, eds. Financing education in a climate of change. 7th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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Vern, Brimley, and Garfield Rulon R, eds. Financing education in a climate of change. 6th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1996.

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Burrup, Percy E. Financing education in a climate of change. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1993.

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Zahar, Alexander. Climate Change Finance and International Law. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315886008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Finance Climat"

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Brewer, Thomas. "Finance." In Climate Change, 185–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42906-4_11.

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Romano, Antonio A., Giuseppe Scandurra, Alfonso Carfora, and Monica Ronghi. "Climate Finance." In Climate Finance as an Instrument to Promote the Green Growth in Developing Countries, 23–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60711-5_3.

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Guttmann, Robert. "Climate Finance." In Eco-Capitalism, 169–208. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92357-4_6.

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Waldén, Pirjetta, Minna Havukainen, and Helena Kahiluoto. "Climate Finance." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 585–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25984-5_1034.

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Ferreira, Miguel A. "Climate Finance." In The Palgrave Handbook of ESG and Corporate Governance, 137–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99468-6_7.

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Bazbauers, Adrian Robert, and Susan Engel. "Climate finance." In The Global Architecture of Multilateral Development Banks, 231–49. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge explorations in development studies: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003007128-10.

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Waldén, Pirjetta, Minna Havukainen, and Helena Kahiluoto. "Climate Finance." In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Management, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02006-4_1034-1.

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Tzouvanas, Panagiotis. "Climate-Finance." In Applications in Energy Finance, 195–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92957-2_8.

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Pinninti, Krishna Rao. "Global Climate Finance." In SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies, 33–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39564-2_4.

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Arruda, Gisele, and Lara Johannsdottir. "Public Climate Finance." In Climate Change Adaptation and Green Finance, 101–17. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003312178-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Finance Climat"

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Fell, Hans-Josef. "Finance Initiative for Climate Cooling." In Optical Instrumentation for Energy and Environmental Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/e2.2014.jth5b.1.

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Banks, Leo. "Institutionalization of Climate Finance in the Green Climate Fund." In Conference of the Youth Environmental Alliance in Higher Education. Michigan Technological University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.yeah-conference/2020/all-events/19.

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Jasem Alnasrawi, Asst Pro Dr Sultan. "THE MACROECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ROLE OF GREEN FINANCIAL INNOVATIONS IN CONFRONTING THEM, WITH REFERENCE TO IRAQ." In IV. International research Scientific Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ist.con4-6.

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In the current era, the world is facing climate changes, which are a clear threat to all aspects of life, as a result of human activities, to result from these changes multiple effects that have environmental damage. Moreover, the natural changes that occurred in the climate have economic and social repercussions; hence the issue of mitigating the severity of changes has become a very important matter. Therefore, the aims of research to diagnose climatic changes, it effects, and it various negative repercussions in the world, whether economic, health and social. It also shows recent trends in facing climate change, and the role of green finance (green bonds, green investments, etc.) in order to mitigate these changes. The research also indicates the repercussions and challenges facing the Iraqi economy as a result of the phenomenon of climate change, and what are the measures taken to confront it.
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Barjaktarović Rakočević, Slađana, Nela Rakić, and Nevenka Žarkić Joksimović. "Sustainable Finance and Investments in Western Balkans- Where Are We?" In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.8.

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Nothing has united world in recent years as global climate change issues and its environmental impact. Situation is alarming and world has recognized negative consequences industrial development has on the environment. With the aim to struggle with growing needs for sustainable solutions of environment preserving, finance and investments have crucial role. Sustainable and green finance and investments have rising importance in achieving sustainable environmental projects. Also, environmental, social and governance (ESG) criteria have new vital role today in financial and investment decision making. The aim of this paper is to examine the role of sustainable finance and investments in Western Balkans countries. This study has an essentially exploratory character. The intention is to analyze current situation and to seek for potentials regarding development of green finance products like green bonds. The idea is to find incentives in sustainable finance area to further promote and develop capital market in this region.
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Alexoaei, Alina Petronela, and Raluca Georgiana Robu. "ECO-INCLUSIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION. THE CASE OF CLEANTECH INDUSTRY." In 14th Economics & Finance Conference, Lisbon. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2020.014.002.

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Quiroga, Sonia, and Emilio Cerdá. "EXPLORING FARMERS’ SELECTION OF CROP PROTECTION LEVELS AS AN ADAPTATION STRATEGY TO CLIMATE RISKS." In 7th Economics & Finance Conference, Tel Aviv. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2017.007.021.

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"Customer Focused Organizational Climate and Customer Loyalty in Housing Finance Institutions." In International Conference on Humanities, Literature and Management. International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/icehm.ed0115093.

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Quiroga, Sonia, Cristina Suárez, Juan Diego Solís, and Pablo Martínez-Juárez. "A MICROECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE CHANGE DRIVERS FOR COFFEE CROPS TRANSITION TO CACAO IN MESOAMERICAN COUNTRIES." In 7th Economics & Finance Conference, Tel Aviv. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2017.007.020.

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Sakız, Burcu, and Ayşen Hiç Gencer. "European Union’s Green Deal and Sustainable Finance." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02773.

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The European Union (EU) unveiled the European Green Deal (EGD) in the year 2019 with the aim of transforming the union into a climate-neutral economy by 2050. The European Union’s Green Deal aims to mobilize private capital toward sustainable investments in this regard, and to ensure that the financial system is resilient to environmental risks. Hence, sustainable finance is a crucial part of the deal. This paper explores the EU's Green Deal and its sustainable finance agenda. The first two sections provide a comprehensive overview on the background and the significance of the EU’s Green Deal and its sustainable finance agenda, while underlining the theoretical and the practical ramifications of directing private money toward sustainable investments and making sure that the financial system is resistant to environmental threats. The Taxonomy Regulation, the Green Bond Standard, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation, and the Non-Financial Reporting Directive are a few of the regulatory tools and data sources for the EGD’s sustainable financing framework, and these are covered in the third section of this study. The fourth section discusses the conditions for a sustainable finance agenda for required for implementing the EGD, and the fifth section elaborates on the challenges to be faced along the process. The paper's key conclusions, which are presented in the final sixth section, include the necessity of harmonizing and standardizing sustainable finance processes, the significance of high-quality environmental, social and governance (ESG) data, and the implications for the financial sector, businesses, and investors.
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Suriani, Suriani, Raja Masbar, Athalla Daffa Khairul, Sopira Qori Amelia, and Naizatul Asifa. "Green Finance and Climate Change Nexus in Indonesia: Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach." In 2023 International Conference on Decision Aid Sciences and Applications (DASA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasa59624.2023.10286724.

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Reports on the topic "Finance Climat"

1

Giglio, Stefano, Bryan Kelly, and Johannes Stroebel. Climate Finance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28226.

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Hamro-Drotz, Dennis, and Kristian Brüning. Nordic Climate Finance Opportunities. Nordic Council of Ministers, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2015-910.

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Almeida, Juliana, and Rossemary Yurivilca. 2020 IDB Climate Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003253.

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Under the current IDBG Corporate Results Framework (CRF) 2020-2023 (https://crf.iadb.org/en), the IDB committed to reach 30% of the total amount approved (including all lending operations) of climate finance during this period. In 2020, the IDB Group - composed of the IDB, IDB Lab (formerly the Multilateral Investment Fund) and IDB Invest - approved US$3.9 billion in climate finance as per the MDB climate finance tracking methodology. This resource is aimed at development activities carried out by the public and private sectors that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus mitigate climate change, and/or that reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute to an adaptation process. This amount represented 19.5% of the IDB Groups total approved amount for 2020. The IDB only climate finance in 2020 was 15%, equivalent to US$ 2 billion. If the COVID-19 related investments are excluded, the IDB climate finance reached 30%. Changes in demand from countries to respond to the pandemic affected the overall climate finance results by shifting the priority to social and fiscal sectors and to projects that could provide faster liquidity.
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Morandi, Paula, and Amy Lewis. 2023 Climate Finance Database. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012872.

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Under the current IDBG Corporate Results Framework (CRF) 2020-2023 (https://crf.iadb.org/en), the IDB committed to reach 30% of the total amount approved (including all lending operations) of climate finance during this period. In 2022, the IDB Group - composed of the IDB, IDB Lab (formerly the Multilateral Investment Fund) and IDB Invest - approved US$7.8 billion in climate finance as per the MDB climate finance tracking methodology. This resource is aimed at development activities carried out by the public and private sectors that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus mitigate climate change, and/or that reduce vulnerability to climate change and contribute to an adaptation process. The IDB approved US$6.1 billion in climate finance (45.3% of total approvals). The IDB Group is composed of two separate legal entities: the IDB and the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC), which was rebranded as IDB Invest in 2017. The IDB Lab is a trust fund administered by the IDB and serves a unique function as the IDB Group s innovation laboratory. This dataset pertains to the IDB. Climate finance for the entire IDB Group (IDB, IDB Lab, and IDB Invest) in 2023 was US$8.3 billion.
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Yurivilca, Rossemary. IDBG Climate Finance 2017 Dataset. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001632.

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Yurivilca, Rossemary. 2016 IDBG Climate Finance Data. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001954.

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Yurivilca, Rossemary. 2018 IDBG Climate Finance Data. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001955.

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Yurivilca, Rossemary. 2019 IDBG Climate Finance Data. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002841.

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Kovacs, P., G. Beal, M. Golnaraghi, P. Koval, G. McBean, and B. Li. Climate disclosure, litigation and finance. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328404.

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Srinivasan, Madhumitha. Climate Finance in India 2023. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/cfi11.2023.

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Abstract:
This report takes stock of the current climate finance landscape in India, along with the estimated financing requirements, enabling conditions and macro policy instruments to achieve national 1.5oC and 2oC goals. Climate change will negatively affect India’s economy leading to annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) loss of 3 per cent to 10 per cent by 2100 (Kompas et al., 2018; RBI, 2023). In a business-as-usual scenario, India is estimated to face GDP per capita loss of 2.6 per cent, 6.7 per cent and 16.9 per cent in 2030, 2050, and 2100 respectively (Kahn, 2019).
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