Academic literature on the topic 'Final consumption sector'
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Journal articles on the topic "Final consumption sector"
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Cahyono, Bambang Priyo, and Yusro Hakimah. "DAMPAK PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI, PENGELUARAN RUMAH TANGGA, DAN KETERBUKAAN PERDAGANGAN TERHADAP KONSUMSI ENERGI FINAL DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Ecoment Global 4, no. 2 (August 19, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35908/jeg.v4i2.751.
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This study investigates the impact of economic growth on three main development sectors, household final consumption expenditure, and trade openness towards the growth of final energy consumption in Indonesia using annual data for the period 1972-2016. We applied autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) procedures which consist of stationarity test, cointegration test, as well as estimation the short-term and long-term relationships. The cointegration test revealed existence cointegration<br />relationship among the variables in the model. In the short-term and long-term model, our results indicated that the growth of value-added in agriculture sector and industry sector, household final consumption expenditures, and trade openness in the short-term and long-term have a significant effect toward final energy consumption in Indonesia, while the growth of value-added in the service sector only given a short-term effect toward final energy consumption in Indonesia. Based on these<br />results, it can be concluded that sustainable economic development in Indonesia needs to be accompanied by the development of new and renewable energy in order to fulfil domestic energy supply which is predicted to continue to increase rapidly in the future.<br />Keyword : final energi consumption, economic development, household final consumption expenditure, trade openness, autoregressive distributed lag modeling<br />JEL Classification : D1, E21, F14, O13, Q43.
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Soares, Rogério Barbosa, Samiria Maria Oliveira da Silva, Francisco de Assis de Souza Filho, and Witalo de Lima Paiva. "Macroeconomic Accounting of Water Resources: An Input-Output Approach to Linkage Analysis and Impact Indicators Applied to the State of Ceará, Brazil." Water 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13060869.
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This work aims to identify the key sectors of the economic structure, considering their water flows, and estimate each sector’s impact. The goal is to highlight systemic characteristics in the regional economy, establish water use priorities, and assess water security. Based on a regional input-output matrix, we use the following methodologies: the Rasmussen and Hirschman indices for the ‘forward and backward linkages’; simple multipliers of production, job, and income; and the elasticity of water consumption to final water demand. Thirty-two economic sectors and household consumption are analysed. From the elasticity of final water demand, we find that both trade and household consumption put more pressure on water consumption. Furthermore, a joint analysis of the applied methodologies shows that: (a) the trade sector is more relevant for the linkage of water flows, (b) the agriculture sector has the highest direct water consumption, and (c) the public administration sector has the highest intermediate water consumption.
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Miskinis, Vaclovas, Arvydas Galinis, Inga Konstantinaviciute, Vidas Lekavicius, and Eimantas Neniskis. "Comparative Analysis of the Energy Sector Development Trends and Forecast of Final Energy Demand in the Baltic States." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020521.
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The paper provides a comparative analysis of economic growth in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and discusses differences in development of the main sectors during the period 2000–2016. Based on detailed analysis of energy sector development, the driving factors influencing changes in primary energy consumption in each country and in the Baltic region are discovered. Increase of renewable energy sources (RES) consumption in the Baltic region over this period by 73.6% is emphasized. The paper presents valuable insights from analysis of trends in final energy consumption by sectors of the national economies, branches of the manufacturing sector, and by energy carriers. Long-term relationships between economic growth and final energy consumption are established. An econometric model was applied to predict final energy demand in the Baltic States for the 2020 horizon. It is emphasized that growing activities in the manufacturing and transport sectors will cause increase of final energy demand in all three countries. Based on detailed analysis of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trends some positive shifts are shown and the necessity of new policies in the transport sector and agriculture is identified. Changes of emission intensity indicators are examined and a potential for decoupling of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from economic growth in Estonia is indicated.
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Quaglini, Giulio, Simon Pezzutto, Andrea Grotto, and Eric Wilczynski. "Assessment of Final Space Cooling Consumption in the European Transportation Sector." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031491.
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The current study aims to investigate one of the most underexplored energy fields in scientific research, i.e., final energy consumption (FEC) of space cooling (SC) in the European (EU27+UK) transportation sector with 2019 as a baseline. The fundamentals of this study include a comprehensive literature review as well as the creation of a dataset characterized by completeness and reliability. Different essential input parameters have been investigated and the encountered data and information gaps have been filled. The transportation sector has been broken down into three main categories, namely, light, medium, and heavy vehicles. Throughout the EU27+UK, the number of vehicles, equivalent full load hours (EFLHs), system power capacities, and their related energy efficiency levels have been collected. The collected data and information have been computed and the EU27+UK FEC for space cooling in the transportation sector resulted in more than 125 TWh/year. It is worth underlining that the light vehicles category accounted for the majority of the total FEC, followed by the medium and heavy vehicle categories, respectively.
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Komarnicka, Anna, and Anna Murawska. "Comparison of Consumption and Renewable Sources of Energy in European Union Countries—Sectoral Indicators, Economic Conditions and Environmental Impacts." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 3714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123714.
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The use of energy is a precondition for global economic and civilisational development. However, the growing demand for energy is depleting traditional energy resources and, most importantly, causing environmental pollution, mainly through the emission of greenhouse gases. As energy is necessary for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, such as industry, services, transport as well as households, these sectors are the largest contributors to energy consumption. Renewable energy sources are an alternative to generating energy from conventional fossil fuels. The main objective of this paper was to determine and compare the level, trends and variation in energy consumption by different economic sectors in countries of the European Union in 2010–2019. An analysis of the share of renewable energy consumption in different economic sectors was also carried out, as well as an assessment of the relationship of these indicators with the level of economic development of the countries and environmental impacts in the form of greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. To explore the topics under discussion, a dozen of indicators have been considered in the article. The source of empirical data collected was the European Statistical Office. The researched period covered the years 2010–2019. The empirical data was statistically analysed. The article considers changes in the values of the studied indicators, differentiation between countries and the results of correlation and regression analysis. As shown by the data from 2010–2019, the countries of the European Union vary significantly in respect of primary and final energy consumption. The highest final energy consumption occurs in the transport sector, followed by slightly lower consumption in the industrial sector and households sector and the lowest but also significant consumption in the commercial and public services sector. Since 2010, total primary and final energy consumption has decreased in the EU (27) countries. Total energy consumption and consumption by individual sectors in modern economies of the EU (27) countries are reflected on the one hand in economic development and on the other—in exacerbation of adverse climate changes. Therefore, all EU Member States, aware of their energy consumption and their own contribution to environmental pollution, should take effective and sustainable corrective action in this area as soon as possible.
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Денисюк, С. П., Г. Г. Стрелкова, К. Ф. Пфайфер, М. Т. Стрелков, and О. С. Іщенко. "EUROPEAN TENDENCIES OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT FOR ENERGY SECTOR AND FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION." POWER ENGINEERING: economics, technique, ecology, no. 2 (October 1, 2018): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1813-5420.2.2018.147283.
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Mukherjee, Deeparghya. "Services traded for intermediate and final usage." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 459–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2016-0237.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and assess the trends of bilateral services trade in the world segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage across several service sectors. The differential trends, if any, are studied while examining the role of free trade agreements which have a chapter on services trade as well as the role of services trade restrictions. The study unravels differences across service sectors in this respect. Design/methodology/approach The author uses an augmented gravity model to address the above using OECD- World Trade Organization (WTO) TiVA data for bilateral trade in intermediates and final products (October 2015 release) and World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI). The poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique is used in light of the structure of the data. Trade creating and diverting effects are identified controlling for time and country-time specific effects. The following sectors are specifically looked at: total business sector services, computer and related services, financial intermediation, post and telecommunication, transport and storage, R&D and other business services, hotels and restaurants, construction, and wholesale and retail trade. Findings First, services free trade agreements (FTAs) have had a trade creating impact with no trade diverting impact for services trade in aggregate with stronger effects on services traded for intermediate usage. Second, financial intermediation and post and telecommunication have been left unaffected by services FTAs. While no trade diversion is concluded for any sector, R&D and other business services, transport and storage and wholesale retail trade show maximum trade creation effects in response to FTAs. Third, trade restrictions of mainly OECD countries are responsible for lowering exports for most sectors. Finally, in terms of policy implications, at a general level, the author does not find a significant difference in the author’s results for services traded for intermediate usage or final consumption except for a stronger effect of FTAs on intermediate services trade. Hence, the policies to foster services trade on both counts are concluded to be the same and deal with behind-the-border policies of domestic industrial policy reforms like national treatment of foreign firms, licensing requirements, FDI policies, etc. Research limitations/implications Statistics for services trade are limited. The data are only available for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Additionally, the conclusions on services trade restrictions are based on statistics for 2011 alone, since this is the only year for which the statistics are available. A complete time series for the entire sample period would increase robustness of the study with a better time variant version of the trade restrictiveness variable. Finally, in the construction of the OECD-WTO-TiVA database of a world IO table, there may have been approximations in constructing statistics for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption. The results remain sensitive to the same but this is the best possible statistics available for the purposes. Originality/value This is the first study which looks at services trade segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage taking advantage of the available data for a number of service sectors. The role of restrictions is also studied for the first time segmented by trade in intermediates and final consumption. The stronger effects of FTAs on intermediate services trade as well as financial intermediation and post and telecommunication services being insulated from effects of FTAs are important findings, especially since services are mainly thought to be traded for final consumption. Similar trends of results for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption and restrictions affecting exports from exporter countries and imports by importer countries highlight the importance of behind-the-border domestic policies in facilitating or inhibiting services trade on both counts and more importantly for intermediate usage which, in turn, would improve goods tradability.
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Teixeira, Cristiano André, Ana Paula Melo, Michele Fossati, and Roberto Lamberts. "Bottom-up modelling of electricity end-use consumption of the residential sector in Brazil." Ambiente Construído 22, no. 3 (September 2022): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212022000300611.
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Abstract Electricity consumption in the residential sector in Brazil has been increasing annually despite efforts to promote the energy efficiency of household appliances. One of the main goals for achieving more energy efficiency in dwellings is understanding its energy end uses. In this context, this paper presents a bottom-up model developed to analyse regional and national electricity end uses in the residential sector in Brazil based on a recent survey on Ownership of Appliances and Consumption Habits. The percentages of total electricity consumption associated with nine appliances (light bulbs, refrigerators, freezers, televisions, showers, microwaves, washing machines, fans, and air conditioners) were estimated. The values were obtained using the software EnergyPlus for air conditioners and electricity consumption equations for the other eight appliances. Results show that the proposed model gives reasonable estimates of electricity consumption, which were close to the values expected for most appliances. Regionally, the appliances for which ownership and pattern of use are influenced by the climate (electric showers, fans, and air conditioners) obtained the most significant variation in the percentage of electricity consumption.
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Leca, Aureliu. "Romania needs a strategy for thermal energy." Management & Marketing 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2015-0001.
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Abstract The energy sector in Romania consists of three sub-sectors: electricity, natural gas and heat. Among these, the sub-sector of thermal energy is in the most precarious situation because it has been neglected for a long time. This sub-sector is particularly important both due to the amount of final heat consumption (of over 50% of final energy consumption), and to the fact that it has a direct negative effect on the population, industry and services. This paper presents the main directions for developing a modern strategy of the thermal energy sub-sector, which would fit into Romania’s Energy Strategy that is still in preparation This is based on the author’s 50 years of experience in this field that includes knowledge about the processes and the equipment of thermal energy, expertise in the management and restructuring of energy companies and also knowledge of the specific legislation. It is therefore recommended, following the European regulations and practices, the promotion and upgrading of district heating systems using efficient cogeneration, using trigeneration in Romania, modernizing buildings in terms of energy use, using of renewable energy sources for heating, especially biomass, and modernizing the energy consumption of rural settlements.
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Pezzutto, Simon, Giulio Quaglini, Philippe Riviere, Lukas Kranzl, Antonio Novelli, Andrea Zambito, Luigi Bottecchia, and Eric Wilczynski. "Space Cooling Market in Europe: Assessment of the Final Energy Consumption for the Year 2016." Sustainability 14, no. 5 (February 24, 2022): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052667.
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This study investigates Europe’s space cooling energy field. The work aims to assess the European Union (plus the United Kingdom) final energy consumption for space cooling in both the residential and service sectors with 2016 as a baseline. An extensive literature review of datasets and journal papers has been conducted to fill the knowledge gaps of the investigated energy branch. The European space cooling market is mainly dominated by vapour compression (VC) technologies which, in this study, have been grouped as room air conditioners (RACs) and centralized air conditioners (CACs). These technology groups have been investigated, and their installed capacities, energy efficiency levels (seasonal energy efficiency ratio—SEER), equivalent full load hours (EFLHs), and amount of space cooling units installed have been identified as essential parameters to calculate the final energy consumption for space cooling. Overall, the total value of the European final energy consumption for the space cooling sector, including both the residential and service sectors, results in 106 TWh/year.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Final consumption sector"
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Яковлєв, Анатолій Іванович. "Розвиток методів визначення ефективності високоякісних інновацій." Thesis, Київський національний економічний університет ім. Вадима Гетьмана, 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25617.
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Запропоновано розрахувати ефект від реалізації високоякісних інновацій по кінцевій сфері їх споживання. Визначено кількість рівнів, за якими слід виконувати розрахунок ефекту. Наведено відповідні практичні розрахунки.A calculate the effect of the high-end of innovation in the field of consumption. Determined number of levels, which should perform the calculation of the effect. These relevant practical calculations.
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HSIAO, WEI-CHE, and 蕭維哲. "Index Decomposition Analysis and Structural Change Analysis of Final Energy Consumption in Taiwan Manufacturing Sector." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64en24.
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碩士國立臺北大學
自然資源與環境管理研究所
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Abstract In recent years, many countries' policies have been actively aimed at energy transformation, conservation and carbon reduction. However, many studies have confirmed that in the past 20 to 30 years, the global demand for non-renewable energy will continue to rise. Among various GHG reduction measures, the largest contribution is expected from energy efficiency. The improvement in global energy efficiency through 2060 is estimated to achieve a 40% reduction of GHG emission compared to the baseline technology scenario. Confronted with the difficulty of changing the structure of energy use and the deletion of fossil fuel resources, the enhancement of energy efficiency is an urgent issue and policy pathway that all countries must pay attention to. In recent years, the Taiwan government has also been committed to the transformation of industry structure. It hopes that through the implementation of low-energy-intensive and high-value-added industrial policies, a decouple trend of GDP growth and energy consumption could be accomplished, that a sustainable development could be realized in Taiwan. Relevant direct and indirect policy resource inputs, through multiple channels (such as tax incentives, investment, technical assistance, equipment subsidies, etc.), are provided to various energy users, hoping to induce changes in energy costs structure and technological innovation. Among them, the manufacturing sector is of special importance due to its share in final energy consumptions. This study will use the factor decomposition method to examine the final energy use consumption of Taiwan's manufacturing sectors from 1990 to 2016, and then by applying statistical tool of time series analysis, a statistical hypothesis verification analysis of structural changes is conducted to the major manufacturing sectors. A statistical conclusion for the period between 1990 and 2016 is performed to draw conclusions of structural changes. Finally, policy recommendations are drawn for each of the manufacturing sectors for its energy consumption features as well as energy management strategies.
Books on the topic "Final consumption sector"
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Administration, Bonneville Power. Market assessment of computers and miscellaneous equipment in the commercial sector: Final report. Seattle, WA: BR Associates, Inc., 1989.
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Lane, Christel. The Future of the Pub: Are Gastropubs the Saviour or the Nemesis of the Traditional Pub? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826187.003.0009.
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This final chapter underlines the weak impact of the gastropub on the pub sector as a whole in purely quantitative terms. It cannot decisively stem the pub dying, but nevertheless has made many positive contributions to the sector. These are examined under four headings: its impact on the built landscape; the wider pub sector; the provision of a community focus; and its effect on the upgrading of food and drink, as well as its positive effect on consumers’ expectations and, on the whole, their greater appreciation of good food. By way of a conclusion, the historical continuities and divergences between taverns, inns, and gastropubs are explored. The relaxed hospitality and the extremely informal and flexible nature of consumption of food and drink today have echoes of tavern sociality. In general, today’s gastropubs share many more features with the taverns of old than with ale and public houses of earlier centuries.
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Lusk, Jayson L., Jutta Roosen, and Jason F. Shogren, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569441.001.0001.
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Historically, the challenge for humans has been to secure a sufficient supply of food to stave off hunger and starvation. As a result, much of the research on food and agriculture in the past century has focused on issues related to production efficiency, food supply, and farm profitability. In recent years, however, farmers, agribusiness, policy makers, and academics have increasingly turned their attention away from the farm and toward the food consumer and to issues related to food consumption. The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Food Consumption and Policy provides an overview of the economics of food consumption and policy relevant to the areas of food and agriculture and policy making. The first section covers the application of the core theoretical and methodological approaches of the economics of food consumption and policy. The second part concentrates on policy issues related to food consumption. Several articles focus on the theoretical and conceptual issues relevant in food markets, such as product bans, labeling, food standards, political economy, and scientific uncertainty. Additional articles discuss policy issues of particular interest to the consumer-end of the food supply chain, such as food safety, nutrition, food security, and development. The final section serves as an introduction to particular issues and current topics in food consumption and policy.
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Popova, Svetlana, and Jürgen Rehm. Substance Involvement and Physical Health. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.13.
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Substance use, mainly defined as the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs, is a major risk factor for disease, disability, and mortality. Alcohol consumption can cause a number of chronic diseases, including several types of cancer, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, various cardiovascular diseases, alcohol use disorders and infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and pneumonia. Certain patterns of light moderate drinking, without heavy drinking occasions, may incur a protective effect on ischemic disease categories and diabetes. Finally, alcohol has been established as a causal factor for unintentional and intentional injury. Illegal drug use has been mainly linked to four health outcomes: overdose and other injury, noncommunicable diseases, certain mental disorders, and infectious diseases. In the final section, a comprehensive list of diseases attributable to tobacco smoking is provided, and the most important selected medical conditions are described. These include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and ischemic heart disease.
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Dean, Roger T., and Alex McLean, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Algorithmic Music. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190226992.001.0001.
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Algorithmic music appears to be at a turning point in its history, with many new systems and communities of practice developing together, as vibrant musical culture. This handbook brings together dozens of leading researchers and practitioners in the field, blending technical, artistic, cultural and scientific viewpoints into a whole that considers the making of algorithmic music as a rich, and essentially human activity. The book is organised into four sections, the first grounding the topic in the history, philosophy and psychology of algorithmic music. The second section asks 'what can algorithms in music do?', finding answers in computer science, mathematics, machine learning, bio-inspired computation, manipulation of pattern, computational creativity, and live coding. The third section focuses on the music maker, and the role of algorithms in supporting network music, sonification, music interface design, music in computer games, and spatialisation. The final section opens out to culture at large, and considers algorithmic music in terms of its audience reception, sociology, education, politics and the potential for mass consumption. Perhaps just as importantly, these sections are interleaved with reflective pieces from leading practitioners in the field, allowing us to to grasp the pragmatics of making music with algorithms. Combined, these diverse standpoints provide an absorbing, authoritative survey of research and practice from across the algorithmic music field.
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Thomson, C. Claire. We are a Little Land: Informational Film and Small-nation Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424134.003.0003.
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Et lille land’ - a little land - is a trope of Danish identity which recurs in many of the short informational films about Denmark made from the 1930s to the 1960s. This chapter outlines why the notion of Denmark as a small country has historically been fundamental to the nation’s self-understanding as an imagined community, and how and why it has been employed in informational films made for domestic and foreign consumption. The chapter discusses the role of film in the national imagination, and the importance of medium-specific qualities in that process of imagining: for the purposes of this book, such qualities include the films’ shortness, which impacts on narrative as well as distribution and exhibition. The chapter then discusses recent scholarship on ‘small-nation’ cinema, especially in the Nordic region, and the place of informational filmmaking within the small-nation context. A final chapter section outlines a further body of scholarship on cultural diplomacy, soft power, and nation-branding in the Nordic region as a framework for understanding how images (including informational films) move across borders and re-negotiate auto- and xenostereotypes.
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Ames, Melissa. Small Screen, Big Feels. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813180069.001.0001.
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While television has always played a role in recording and curating history, shaping cultural memory, and influencing public sentiment, the changing nature of the medium in the post-network era finds viewers experiencing and participating in this process in new ways. They skim through commercials, live tweet press conferences and award shows, and tune into reality shows to escape reality. This new era, defined by the heightened anxiety and fear ushered in by 9/11, has been documented by our media consumption, production, and reaction. In Small Screen, Big Feels, Melissa Ames asserts that TV has been instrumental in cultivating a shared memory of emotionally charged events unfolding in the United States since September 11, 2001. She analyzes specific shows and genres to illustrate the ways in which cultural fears are embedded into our entertainment in series such as The Walking Dead and Lost or critiqued through programs like The Daily Show. In the final section of the book, Ames provides three audience studies that showcase how viewers consume and circulate emotions in the post-network era: analyses of live tweets from Shonda Rhimes's drama, How to Get Away with Murder (2010--2020), ABC's reality franchises, The Bachelor (2002--present) and The Bachelorette (2003--present), and political coverage of the 2016 Presidential Debates. Though film has been closely studied through the lens of affect theory, little research has been done to apply the same methods to television. Engaging an impressively wide range of texts, genres, media, and formats, Ames offers a trenchant analysis of how televisual programming in the United States responded to and reinforced a cultural climate grounded in fear and anxiety.
Book chapters on the topic "Final consumption sector"
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Herbst, Andrea, Anna-Lena Klingler, Stephanie Heitel, Pia Manz, Tobias Fleiter, Matthias Rehfeldt, Francesca Fermi, Davide Fiorello, Angelo Martino, and Ulrich Reiter. "Future Energy Demand Developments and Demand Side Flexibility in a Decarbonized Centralized Energy System." In The Future European Energy System, 91–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60914-6_6.
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AbstractEuropean final energy consumption mainly stems from five sectors: transport, households, industry, residential, and agriculture using fossil fuels as dominant energy carriers. In order to achieve the climate targets, emissions in the demand sectors must be drastically reduced. Due to different characteristics and challenges each sector needs its own strategy how to achieve such decarbonization until 2050. In the following chapter, the impacts of an ambitious mitigation scenario on future energy demand and CO2 emissions for transport, industry, residential, and tertiary are analyzed discussing sector specific decarbonization strategies and mitigation options. Implications of such strategies for demand-side flexibility and its future need are analyzed.
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Kapsdorferová, Zuzana, Petronela Švikruhová, Radka Kataniková, and Veronika Zábojníková. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRIFOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION." In Socio-economic Determinants of Sustainble Consumption and Production II, 84–89. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8640-2021-9.
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In the management of agri-food companies in the Slovak Republic, significant changes have taken place in the last 4 decades, which were caused by social and economic changes in our society. After 1989, it was the transformation of agriculture into a market economy, gradually added to the pre-accession requirements for further changes in the agricultural sector. Accession to the EU meant great challenges, opportunities and risks for Slovak agriculture. However, the decline in agricultural production has not stopped, which is especially true of livestock production. Other obstacles had to be faced by farmers and food producers during the global economic and financial crisis from 2008 to 2010, and currently, in addition to environmental issues, the problems associated with the COVID 19 pandemic and food sufficiency and security are coming to the fore. In addition to addressing all external factors that affect the agri-food complex, managers must address agro-innovation issues and the penetration of new management models and approaches related to providing quality food to final consumers. The purpose of this paper is to point out key socio-economic determinants affecting production and consumption in the agri-food industry.
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Wegren, Stephen K., and Frode Nilssen. "Introduction: Is Russia’s Role in the International Agri-Food System Sustainable?" In Palgrave Advances in Bioeconomy: Economics and Policies, 1–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77451-6_1.
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AbstractThis introductory chapter examines the question whether Russia’s increased role in the international agri-food system is sustainable. Russia’s role in the international food trade system has changed from being a food importer to an importer and exporter. The first section discusses several factors that impact food imports: food production; knowledge-based innovation; politicalisation of food trade policy; and population and consumption. The second part examines factors that affect food exports: agri-food export policy; climate change; foreign competition; infrastructure; and regional foreign demand. The final section provides an outlook for the future, concluding that Russia will remain a food importer although the structure of imported commodities and trading partners will continue to evolve. Absent a major climatological disaster or significant economic downturn, we express cautious optimism that Russia will continue as a major food exporter.
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Yuan, Jihui. "Introduction of ZEB Technology in Japan." In Zero-Energy Buildings [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101464.
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It is necessary to reduce energy consumption in order to combat global warming and stabilize energy supply and demand. In particular, final energy consumption in the business sector (buildings such as office buildings and commercial facilities) accounted for about 16.1% of Japan\'s total in FY2018 database, an increase from about 12.6% in FY1990 database. Therefore, there is a need for the spread of zero-energy building (ZEB), which can significantly reduce the energy consumption in buildings. Since people are active in the building, energy consumption cannot be completely reduced to zero; however, it can be closer to ZEB by reducing the energy used in the building and creating energy in the building as much as possible. This chapter introduces some technologies of energy saving and energy creation to realize ZEB in general buildings in Japan.
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Zaman, Gheorghe, Mirela Clementina Panait, Marian Catalin Voica, and Corina Ene. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Agri-Food Sector." In Recent Advancements in Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility, 37–68. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2347-6.ch003.
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Sustainable development is desired not only for public institutions but also for private companies that have realized the importance of sustainable management of limited resources available to mankind. The activity of large transnational corporations is not guided only by the principle of profit maximization, but also by corporate social responsibility (CSR). This chapter focuses on CSR programs run by agri-food companies taking into account the particularities of their activity and the importance of the consumers` behavior to improve the activity of companies in the CSR area. On the one hand, making profits is a desideratum of any company, but on the other hand, companies in the agri-food sector must also ensure the observance of the food safety principles and consumer protection. This is also demonstrated by the major implications of the scandals generated by food contamination with various bacteria or chemicals. Consumer force shapes the activity of these companies, and intense competition leads the managers of these companies to run various CSR programs that eventually lead to increased visibility of the firm and to improving economic indicators. The objective of the chapter is to establish the specificities of the agri-food sector companies. These companies have a high responsibility taking into account the impact of food consumption on the health of the population in the short, medium, and long term and the consequences of this situation on the investments that had to be made in the health sector. The final consumer is a force that sanctions the inappropriate behavior of food producers, but he/she must have a good food education in order to be able to remodel the activity of agri-food companies.
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Zaman, Gheorghe, Mirela Clementina Panait, Marian Catalin Voica, and Corina Ene. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Agri-Food Sector." In Research Anthology on Strategies for Achieving Agricultural Sustainability, 815–40. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5352-0.ch043.
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Sustainable development is desired not only for public institutions but also for private companies that have realized the importance of sustainable management of limited resources available to mankind. The activity of large transnational corporations is not guided only by the principle of profit maximization, but also by corporate social responsibility (CSR). This chapter focuses on CSR programs run by agri-food companies taking into account the particularities of their activity and the importance of the consumers` behavior to improve the activity of companies in the CSR area. On the one hand, making profits is a desideratum of any company, but on the other hand, companies in the agri-food sector must also ensure the observance of the food safety principles and consumer protection. This is also demonstrated by the major implications of the scandals generated by food contamination with various bacteria or chemicals. Consumer force shapes the activity of these companies, and intense competition leads the managers of these companies to run various CSR programs that eventually lead to increased visibility of the firm and to improving economic indicators. The objective of the chapter is to establish the specificities of the agri-food sector companies. These companies have a high responsibility taking into account the impact of food consumption on the health of the population in the short, medium, and long term and the consequences of this situation on the investments that had to be made in the health sector. The final consumer is a force that sanctions the inappropriate behavior of food producers, but he/she must have a good food education in order to be able to remodel the activity of agri-food companies.
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Zaman, Gheorghe, Mirela Clementina Panait, Marian Catalin Voica, and Corina Ene. "Corporate Social Responsibility in the Agri-Food Sector." In Research Anthology on Developing Socially Responsible Businesses, 1335–60. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5590-6.ch066.
Full textAbstract:
Sustainable development is desired not only for public institutions but also for private companies that have realized the importance of sustainable management of limited resources available to mankind. The activity of large transnational corporations is not guided only by the principle of profit maximization, but also by corporate social responsibility (CSR). This chapter focuses on CSR programs run by agri-food companies taking into account the particularities of their activity and the importance of the consumers` behavior to improve the activity of companies in the CSR area. On the one hand, making profits is a desideratum of any company, but on the other hand, companies in the agri-food sector must also ensure the observance of the food safety principles and consumer protection. This is also demonstrated by the major implications of the scandals generated by food contamination with various bacteria or chemicals. Consumer force shapes the activity of these companies, and intense competition leads the managers of these companies to run various CSR programs that eventually lead to increased visibility of the firm and to improving economic indicators. The objective of the chapter is to establish the specificities of the agri-food sector companies. These companies have a high responsibility taking into account the impact of food consumption on the health of the population in the short, medium, and long term and the consequences of this situation on the investments that had to be made in the health sector. The final consumer is a force that sanctions the inappropriate behavior of food producers, but he/she must have a good food education in order to be able to remodel the activity of agri-food companies.
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Nmiri, Ahmed. "Incorporation of Phase Change Materials and Application of 3D Printing Technology in the Geopolymer Development." In Advances in Geopolymer-Zeolite Composites - Synthesis and Characterization. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96886.
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The building sector accounted for the largest share of both global final energy use and energy-related CO2 emissions. Despite the efforts made during the last decade to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, the demand for energy is increasing steadily. Thus, development of novel strategies to reduce energy costs and save the environment through a new building regulation has critical importance. Several new technologies are emerging to help achieve the aim of reducing energy usage in building sectors, eliminating greenhouse gas emissions, and recycling waste. Some of these technologies are: (1) the development of geopolymer binder that may be used as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement, (2) the adoption of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in the civil engineering, and (3) the integration of phase change materials (PCM) in cementitious materials to increase energy efficiency of buildings. In this chapter we review some research about phase change materials-based geopolymer cement, and the adoption of the additive manufacturing technology in geopolymer applications, as well as, point to further areas of study required for wide-scale industry adoption.
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Parausic, Vesna, and Svetlana Roljević Nikolić. "Utilization of Agricultural Biomass in Small and Medium-Scale Biogas Plants in Rural Areas." In Handbook of Research on Agricultural Policy, Rural Development, and Entrepreneurship in Contemporary Economies, 401–20. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9837-4.ch020.
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Serbia is a member of the Energy Community and for integrating its energy sector into the EU energy system the national strategic documents define a more efficient use of energy and an increased share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. Serbia has a significant agricultural biomass potential. However, agricultural biomass is still insufficiently or even inefficiently exploited for energy purposes. The authors of this chapter analyse the possibilities of a more efficient use of agricultural biomass for the production of biogas and electricity in Serbia, map small scale and medium biogas power plants on the domestic market, assess their economic sustainability and cost-effectiveness, and provide recommendations to farmers and potential investors which are interested in investing in this area, in the aim of generating new employment in rural areas in Serbia.
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Ganassali, Stéphane, Jean Moscarola, Anne Sophie Mestrallet, Renate Buber, Pirjo Laaksonen, Katarina Hellén, Klaus Grunert, et al. "Verbal and Pictorial Representations of Beverage Consumption Patterns." In Consumption Culture in Europe, 116–65. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2857-1.ch004.
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After a first section dedicated to the discussion of the methodological foundations of the image-based research protocols, the chapter introduces the “wall of pictures” protocol. The authors first present the preparation of instrument, the validity check, and the textual data coding process. In the final paragraphs, a large range of descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses is successively presented, and thanks to a combination of innovative technological devices, the wall of pictures outcomes has shown some promising perspectives. Triangulation opportunities are particularly promoted thanks to the combination of quantitative measurements with textual and/or pictorial variables.
Conference papers on the topic "Final consumption sector"
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Pyrogov, D. L., V. V. Bala, Ya Yu Yakovenko, and V. S. Korobka. "The role of the gas energy sector of Ukraine in the transformation and final consumption of energy." In Actual question of management of sustainable development in today’s society: problems and prospects. Kremenchuk Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi National University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30929/2227-3549.2021.10.105-106.
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Abd Alla, Sara, Vincenzo Bianco, and Sofia G. Simoes. "The Importance of Renewable Energy Systems in Meeting Rising Energy Needs of Megacities in a Sustainable Way: Case Study of Greater Cairo." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1629.
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Abstract Megacities are mainly located in developing countries and face challenges in building infrastructures to ensure modern and clean energy access to citizens while coping with lifestyle changes. This paper assesses the renewables impact on energy transition for megacities (supply and all demand sectors) using the Greater Cairo megacity as case study. The MARKAL-EFOM System (TIMES) model is applied to the Greater Cairo region to investigate how energy supply and demand will evolve till 2050, and what are the impacts in terms of final energy consumption, GHG emissions, as well as share of renewable energy sources consumption in total final energy consumption considering two different emissions mitigation caps, namely 50% and 80%. Compared to the business as usual scenario, the final energy consumption decreases of 46 PJ and 57 PJ respectively in the scenarios with the CO2 cap of 50% and 80%. Besides, the TIMES-Greater Cairo shows that the fossil free energy options are limited and thus, in order to meet the emission cap, it is necessary to deploy more energy efficient technologies than in the scenarios without the cap. Transport is the sector with the higher CO2 emissions contribution and the optimization results show that it may lower the environmental impact of 28% by 2050 with the sole deployment of more efficient technologies.
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Pedamallu, Lakshman Ravi Teja, Vivek Kumar Singh, and Alvaro Peixoto Filipe Gomes. "Quantitative Assessment of Advanced Energy Efficiency Retrofitting for Hospitals in India." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59307.
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Achieving energy efficiency in buildings is an important factor in developed and as well in developing countries in order to meet its energy demand. Over the past few years, a number of reports have been emerged stating that the buildings sectors are responsible for approximately 31% of global final energy demand. Buildings account for 35% of total final energy consumption in India and building energy consumption is growing about 8% per years. Final energy demand in Indian building sector will grow up-to five times by the end of this century, driven by rapid income and population growth. Hospitals are institutions for the care of people with health problems and are usually functional 24hrs a day, all year around, which demands a lot of energy. Health sector is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors in India. By 2020, it is expected to become a $ 280 billion industry. In India hospitals contribute 23% of total energy consumption and the hospital building growth rate 12–15% in last decade. The World Health Organization estimated that India need 80,000 additional hospital beds every year to meet the demands of India’s population. The aim of this study is to assess the energy demand, energy savings & reduced greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the energy efficiency using advanced retrofitting. Bottom-Up Energy Analysis System (BUENAS) is an end use energy demand projection model for Hospital buildings in India, to normalize the assessment of energy-saving models also going to fill the gap in energy demand reduction by energy system modeling and decomposition analysis. Energy efficiency retrofitting of existing buildings plays a major role in developing country like India in order improve its energy security and minimizing the greenhouse gases. The positive effects of retrofitting of energy efficiency and need the policies and target base proposal for government intention to achieve the potential for energy efficiency are discussed.
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Kamal, Athar, Sami G. Al-Ghamdi, and Muammer Koc. "Building Stock Inertia and Impacts on Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in Qatar." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3854.
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Abstract Greenhouse gas emission reduction and the consequent decrease in the environmental impacts of fossil fuel can be achieved by cutting back on energy consumption in the building sector that consumes around 30% of total final energy around the globe. The building sector is a complex component of the modern economy and life and includes diverse types of structures, uses, and energy patterns. Such variability is a result of the way that buildings are designed, built, and used in addition to the variations of their materials, equipment, and users. From the start of the construction phase until their demolition, buildings involve energy consumption. A single building’s energy consumption pattern can be called its energy inertia, that is the way it consumes energy throughout its lifetime. Energy consumption also varies according to the age of the buildings. As a building gets older, its structure and equipment start losing their efficiency and often lead to increasing energy consumption over time. At any given time, the building sector is composed of structures of various ages. Some are under construction, others are recently built, some have lived to be mature and some quite old enough to be demolished. This complexity in the building sector creates a momentum against implementation of policies that reduce energy consumption. In this study, a system dynamic model is developed to perceive the temporal evolution of energy consumption and efficiency measures for the villa-type building stock in Qatar. This model tests energy efficiency policy measures such as renovation rates of 15 and 30 years, for buildings that are considered old, and also examines implementation of technology and building codes for new buildings. Results reveal savings of between 157 GWh and 1,275 GWh of electricity and reduction in CO2 emissions ranging from 77,000 tonnes to 602,000 tonnes.
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Ahanchian, Mohammad, and Jose Bienvenido Manuel Biona. "Monitoring Transportation, Air Pollution and Energy Demand in the Philippines Using LEAP." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64995.
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This research is conducted to assess the present situation of energy demand and emission of air pollutants from road transportation sector in the Philippines along with the future forecasting of the environmental impacts from transportation sector. According to the published reports of the Department of Energy of the Philippines, transportation have the most energy-intensive sector amongst the sectors, which will account for the largest share in the country’s final energy demand registering an average of 34.5 percent. Hence, the past trend of energy consumption and emissions are applied in order to predict the future pattern. In addition, a model of transportation system using computer based software called “Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP)” has been developed together with the associated Environmental Database (EDB) model. The framework of calculation utilized official transportation database, fuel consumption of certain vehicle type and corresponding emission of each vehicle type. The base scenario called as Business -As- Usual (BAU) is surveyed and other different alternative scenarios are presented and discussed. The model is run under the database of 2001 as the base year and extrapolated until 2030 to predict the impact of transportation. The main objective of this study is to achieve an optimal transportation policy which contributes in decline of energy demand as well as air pollution in the Philippines.
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Özmen, Mehmet, and Sera Şanlı. "Seasonal Cointegration Approach on Expenditure Based Gross Domestic Product and Its Some Sub-Components for Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.01980.
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In this study, it has been aimed to investigate the existence of co-integration relationship between quarterly gross domestic product (GDP), final consumption expenditures of resident households (CONS), exports of goods and services (EXP), government final consumption expenditures (GOV) and private sector machinery-equipment (PRIEQ) series for the period 1998Q1-2014Q4 for Turkey. Since, Engle and Granger (1987) cointegration test does not take unit roots at seasonal frequencies into account; seasonal cointegration approach proposed by Engle, Granger, Hylleberg and Lee (EGHL) (1993) has been conducted in order to be able to detect the long-run equilibrium relationship among variables which are integrated at the same seasonal frequency. With the aim of determining the stationarity order of series, HEGY seasonal unit root test has been applied. Consequently, there has been found a cointegrating relationship only between GDP and GOV series at quarterly frequencies for only the auxiliary regression including constant term and seasonal dummies.
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Cagno, Enrico, and Andrea Trianni. "Energy Efficiency in Industrial Operations: An Evaluation of Benefits and Cost of the Most Effective Interventions Within the Italian Industrial Sector." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90410.
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The attention towards the topic of reducing the energy expenditures has dramatically grown in recent crisis times that have forced firms to reduce them. This reduction in energy expenditures of a firm can be pursued through a wise energy procurement (we can call it “administrative energy efficiency”), thus with a reduction in the specific cost of energy (both electricity and other energy sources). But, the highest effective saving — for the whole system — would come from a direct reduction of the consumption, thus increasing the so-called “operational energy efficiency”, the unique true energy efficiency, implying the effort of the whole firm, since it requires a lower and wiser use of energy, and new and more efficient technologies. It is quite diffused the perception that governments are now taking measures to reach a common and more efficient environmental and energetic policy, but the effort is still not sufficient. The attention has obviously been paid towards the industrial sector, that covers about 30% of the consumption, second just after transportation: since now several actions have been taken to achieve the energy performance of buildings, but very few in the operations. Furthermore, it should be clear that to be really effective in this field governments should focus their attention on Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs), usually less efficient than Large Enterprises (LEs), since SMEs represent the vast majority of the total number of industries and cover a consistent share of the energy consumption of a whole domestic industrial sector. This paper aims at providing an overview of the most effective interventions for reducing energy consumption in industrial operations that have been successfully implemented in a large number of case studies investigated in North America and Europe. The paper provides different scenarios according to the implementation of those interventions, characterized all by being Best Available Technologies and Practices, showing the impact on the energy consumption for a set of Italian industrial districts. The final results show that, under certain assumptions, the financial support of the most effective interventions eventually provided by governments’ energy efficiency policies, would lead to a widespread increase of the overall energy efficiency of a district with strong benefits for the whole industrial system.
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Özdil, Tuncer, Zamira Oskonbaeva, and Ainura Turdalieva. "An Evaluation of Independence of Kazakhstan Economy by Input-Output Analysis (2006-2009)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00262.
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Input-output analysis is an analytical technique widely used both in developed and developing countries which reflects the production consumption relationships of production sectors of a country’s economy.
At the same time it is the macroeconomic analysis tool that defines economic relations of each sector by production and consumption. During the process of globalization all developed and developing country economies are trying to open their economies in order to provide their economic development. However, the openness can lead to negative consequences in some countries such as increasing their external dependence. In this paper it is aimed to investigate the structure of foreign trade of Kazakhstan and to measure the external dependence of economy.
For this purpose, with the help of input-output tables prepared for the period of 2006-2009, the inverse import matrix will be calculated by using coefficients of foreign trade flows, consequently the import quantities necessary to meet final demand and their changes during the period will be examined. According to the results obtained the potential impact of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade structure on both Kyrgyzstan and other Central Asian Turkish Republics will be discussed.
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Salazar, Ricardo, Enrico Sciubba, and Claudia Toro. "Exergy Analysis and Optimization of a Building Air Conditioning System in Tropical Climate." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36764.
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The space conditioning sector is one of the highest exergy consumers and least efficient from the point of view of primary-to-end-use matching. Exergy analysis can be considered as a reliable tool for analyzing and optimizing energy consumption related to building conditioning systems. The present study presents a comparative exergy analysis of the air conditioning system of the TOTAL S.A. offices located in Caracas, Venezuela to finally achieve a reduction of the global electric energy use of the considered building. Starting from the provided thermal cooling load, different possible cooling chains (primary-to-final energy conversion chain) are considered in order to locate the thermodynamically more efficient one from an exergetic point of view. The internal air handler unit, which provides for the cooled and dehumidified air to the building, is fed by the energy obtained from different possible converters of renewable energy primary sources. Specifically, solar and hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) panels coupled with an absorption refrigeration machine and with an ejector refrigeration cycle are analyzed. The study that has been carried on leads to identify the most convenient matching between final use and primary sources allowing to substantially reduce the global non-renewable energy consumption of the considered building.
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Bajc, Tamara, and Milan Gojak. "Solar Thermal Energy For Buildings – Current State and Perspectives." In 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.33.
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Almost 50% of final energy consumption in Europe and worldwide is addressed to thermal energy, which is significantly higher than energy needs for electricity for lighting and electrical appliances and for traffic. Building sector takes a significant share (about 40 %) in total primary energy consumption. Limited amounts of fossil fuels, their negative impact on environment, high and unstable prices and import dependency of fuels caused intensive growth and usage of solar thermal energy in the world. Solar heating and cooling are the most important solar sector worldwide, where installed solar system power is about 500 GWth and it is higher than PV system power and also the power of solar thermal plants. Today, according to the total installed collector capacity, China dominates on first place, then Europe, while United States comes right after, according to the SHC Agency data for 2016. With a district solar thermal plant in municipality Pančevo, Republic of Serbia also has its place at a world solar thermal map. This paper presents a review of different sizes, number, installed power and types of solar collectors and other characteristics of built solar thermal systems worldwide. Potential for possible usage of solar thermal system was identified and technological and other challenges and perspectives for future growth in the field of solar thermal energy were discussed.
Reports on the topic "Final consumption sector"
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor