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Journal articles on the topic 'Fin array'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Goldstein, R. J., and S. B. Chen. "Flow and Mass Transfer Performance in Short Pin-Fin Channels with Different Fin Shapes." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 4, no. 2 (1998): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x98000104.

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The mass transfer (analogous to heat transfer) and pressure loss characteristics of staggered short pin-fin arrays are investigated experimentally in the range of Reynolds number 3000 to 18,000 based on fin diameter and mean approach-flow velocity. Three different shapes of fins with aspect ratio of 2 are examined: one uniform-diameter circular fin (UDCF) and two stepped-diameter circular fins (SDCF1 and SDCF2). Flow visualization using oil-lampblack reveals complex flow characteristics associated with the repeated production of horseshoe vortices and fin wakes, and the interactions among these. The SDCF1 and SDCF2 arrays show flow characteristics different from the UDCF array due to downflow from the steps. For all arrays tested, the near-endwall flow varies row by row in the initial rows until it reaches a stable pattern after the third row. The row-averaged Sherwood numbers obtained from the naphthalene sublimation experiment also show a row-by-row variation pattern similar to the flow results. While the SDCF2 array has the highest mass transfer rate, the SDCF1 array has the smallest pressure loss at the same approach-flow velocity. The fin surfaces have higher array-averaged Sherwood number than the endwall and the ratio between these changes with fin shape and Reynolds number. The performance of the pin-fin arrays is analyzed under two different constraints: the mass[heat transfer rate at fixed pumping power, and the mass/heat transfer area and pressure loss to fulfill fixed heat load at a fixed mass flow rate. In both cases, the SDCF2 array shows the best performance.

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2

Chyu, M. K., Y. C. Hsing, and V. Natarajan. "Convective Heat Transfer of Cubic Fin Arrays in a Narrow Channel." Journal of Turbomachinery 120, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841414.

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The present study explores the heat transfer enhancement induced by arrays of cubic fins. The fin element is either a cube or a diamond in shape. The array configurations studied include both in-line and staggered arrays of seven rows and five columns. Both cubic arrays have the same geometric parameters, i.e., H/D = 1, S/D = X/D = 2.5, which are similar to those of earlier studies on circular pin-fin arrays. The present results indicate that the cube element in either array always yields the highest heat transfer, followed by diamond and circular pin-fin. Arrays with diamond-shaped elements generally cause the greater pressure loss than those with either cubes or pin fins. For a given element shape, a staggered array generally produces higher heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss than the corresponding inline array. Cubic arrays can be viable alternatives for pedestal cooling near a blade trailing edge.

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3

Bejan, A., and A. M. Morega. "Optimal Arrays of Pin Fins and Plate Fins in Laminar Forced Convection." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910672.

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This paper reports the optimal geometry of an array of fins that minimizes the thermal resistance between the substrate and the flow forced through the fins. The flow regime is laminar. Two fin types are considered: round pin fins, and staggered parallel-plate fins. The optimization of each array proceeds in two steps: The optimal fin thickness is selected in the first step, and the optimal thickness of the fluid channel is selected in the second. The pin-fin array is modeled as a Darcy-flow porous medium. The flow past each plate fin is in the boundary layer regime. The optimal design of each array is described in terms of dimensionless groups. It is shown that the minimum thermal resistance of plate-fin arrays is approximately half of the minimum thermal resistance of heat sinks with continuous fins and fully developed laminar flow in the channels.

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4

Uzol, Oguz, and Cengiz Camci. "Heat Transfer, Pressure Loss and Flow Field Measurements Downstream of Staggered Two-Row Circular and Elliptical Pin Fin Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 127, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 458–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1860563.

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This paper presents the results of heat transfer, total pressure loss, and wake flow field measurements downstream of two-row staggered elliptical and circular pin fin arrays. Two different types of elliptical fins are tested, i.e., a Standard Elliptical Fin (SEF) and a fin that is based on NACA four digit symmetrical airfoil shapes (N fin). The results are compared to those of a corresponding circular pin fin array. The minor axis lengths for both types of elliptical fins are kept equal to the diameter of the circular fins. Experiments are performed using Liquid Crystal Thermography and total pressure probe wake surveys in a Reynolds number range of 18 000 and 86 000 as well as Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements at ReD=18 000. The pin fins had a height-to-diameter ratio of 1.5. The streamwise and the transverse spacings were equal to one circular fin diameter, i.e., S/D=X/D=2. For the circular fin array, average Nusselt numbers on the endwall within the wake are about 27% higher than those of SEF and N fin arrays. Different local heat transfer enhancement patterns are observed for elliptical and circular fins. In terms of total pressure loss, there is a substantial reduction in case of SEF and N fins. The loss levels for the circular fin are 46.5% and 59.5% higher on average than those of the SEF and N fins, respectively. An examination of the Reynolds analogy performance parameter show that the performance indices of the SEF and the N fins are 1.49 and 2.0 times higher on average than that of circular fins, respectively. The thermal performance indices show a collapse of the data, and the differences are much less evident. Nevertheless, N fins still show slightly higher thermal performance values. The wake flow field measurements show that the circular fin array creates a relatively large low momentum wake zone compared to the SEF and N fin arrays. The wake trajectories of the first row of fins in circular, SEF and N fin arrays are also different from each other. The turbulent kinetic energy levels within the wake of the circular fin array are higher than those for the SEF and the N fin arrays. The transverse variations in turbulence levels correlate well with the corresponding local heat transfer enhancement variations.

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5

Chyu, M. K. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for Short Pin-Fin Arrays With Pin-Endwall Fillet." Journal of Heat Transfer 112, no. 4 (November 1, 1990): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910502.

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The effects of array configuration and pin-endwall fillet on the heat transfer and pressure drop of short pin-fin arrays are investigated experimentally. The pin-fin element with endwall fillet, typical in actual turbine cooling applications, is modeled by a spool-like cylinder. The arrays studied include an in-line and a staggered array, each having seven rows of five pins. These arrays have the same geometric parameters, i.e., H/D = 1, S/D = X/D = 2.5, and the Reynolds number ranging from 5 × 103 to 3 × 104. One of the present results shows that the staggered array always has a higher array-averaged heat transfer coefficient than its in-line counterpart. However, the pressure drop for the staggered array is higher compared to the in-line configuration. These trends are unaffected by the existence of the pin-endwall fillet. Another significant finding is that an array with pin-endwall fillet generally produces lower heat transfer coefficient and higher pressure drop than that without endwall fillet. This leads to the conclusion that pin-endwall fillet is undesirable for heat transfer augmentation. In addition, nai¨ve use of the heat transfer results obtained with perfectly circular cylinders tends to overestimate the pin-fin cooling capability in the actual turbine. The effects of endwall fillet on the array heat transfer and pressure drop are much more pronounced for the staggered array than for the inline array; however, they diminish as the Reynolds number increases.

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6

Wirtz, R. A., R. Sohal, and H. Wang. "Thermal Performance of Pin-Fin Fan-Sink Assemblies." Journal of Electronic Packaging 119, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2792197.

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Experiments are reported on the thermal performance of model fan-sink assemblies consisting of a small axial flow fan which impinges air on a square array of pin-fins. Cylindrical, square, and diamond shape cross section pin-fins are considered. The pin-fin heat transfer coefficient is found to be maximum immediately under the fan blades and minimum below the fan hub and near the corners of the array. The overall heat sink thermal resistance, R, decreases with an increase in either applied pressure rise or fan power and fin height. At fixed applied pressure rise, R is minimized when the fin pitch-to-diameter ratiois maximum. At fixed fan power, R is minimized when the pitch-to-diameter ratio is reduced toward unity. Finally, cylindrical pin-fins give the best overall fan-sink performance.

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7

Shyu, Jin-Cherng, and Jhih-Zong Syu. "Plate-fin array cooling using a finger-like piezoelectric fan." Applied Thermal Engineering 62, no. 2 (January 2014): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.10.021.

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8

Jubran, B. A., M. A. Hamdan, and R. M. Abdualh. "Enhanced Heat Transfer, Missing Pin, and Optimization for Cylindrical Pin Fin Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 115, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910727.

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This paper reports an experimental investigation on the effects of interfin spacing, shroud clearance, and missing pin on the heat transfer from cylindrical pin fins arranged in staggered and in-line arrays. The interfin spacing in the span wise direction was so small that the pins were almost touching each other. It was found that the optimum interfin spacing in both spanwise and streamwise directions is 2.5 D regardless of both type of array and shroud clearance used. The effect of missing pin for various interfin spacing arrays was found to be negligible for the in-line array but more significant for the staggered arrays.

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9

Desai, Sandeep R., and Rohit V. Kengar. "Experimental analysis of fluid elastic vibrations in rotated square finned tube arrays subjected to water cross flow." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 17 (July 9, 2019): 6124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219861132.

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The majority of the failures of shell and tube heat exchanger tubes are reported due to the flow-induced vibration caused by shell side cross flow. Fluid elastic instability, vortex shedding, and turbulent buffeting are the excitation mechanisms responsible for the failure of the tubes. The failure occurs due to tube-to-tube impacts leading to impaction marks on the tube surface and, subsequently, leading to the failure due to fretting wear and fatigue. The present research work deals with the determination of critical velocity at instability for rotated square finned tube arrays subjected to water cross flow. In all, total six tube arrays are tested with two different pitch ratios, each with a plain tube array, a coarse finned tube array, and a fine finned tube array. Pitch ratios considered in the study are 2.1 and 2.6, while fin densities considered are coarse (4 fpi = 6.35 mm) and fine (10 fpi = 2.54 mm). The effect of array pattern, pitch ratio, and fin density on the onset of instability is studied by conducting experiments in the water cross flow. The effect of tube array pattern is studied by comparing the results of the present study with authors' published results for parallel triangular finned tube arrays in the water cross flow. The study led to the conclusion that the instability threshold is delayed for rotated square tube arrays compared to parallel triangular tube arrays. It is also observed that instability thresholds for coarse and fine finned tubes are delayed compared to plain tubes and is found to be more for finned tubes with higher fin densities.

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10

Chyu, M. K., Y. Hsing, V. Natarajan, and J. S. Chiou. "Effects of Perpendicular Flow Entry on Convective Heat/Mass Transfer From Pin-Fin Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 668–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826031.

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Convective heat transfer with pin-fin arrays have been studied extensively in laboratory experiments where flow is introduced to the array uniformly over the channel span. However, the flow path in actual cooling designs is often serpentine-shaped with multiple turns, and the pin-fin array section is often located immediately downstream of a turn. The present study, using an analogous mass transfer technique based on naphthalene sublimation, investigates the effects of three different, nonaxial flow entries on array heat transfer for both an inline and a staggered arrangement of pins. The measurement acquires the mass transfer rate of each individual pin in a five row by seven column array for the Reynolds number varying from 8000 to 25,000. The mass transfer and associated flow visualization results indicate that the highly nonuniform flow distribution established at the array entrance and persisting through the entire array can have significant effects on the array heat transfer characteristics. Compared to the conventional case with axial-through flow entrance, the overall array heat transfer performance can be either enhanced or degraded, depending on the actual inlet arrangements and array configurations.

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11

Hwang, J. J., D. Y. Lai, and Y. P. Tsia. "Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Pin-Fin Trapezoidal Ducts." Journal of Turbomachinery 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841310.

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Experiments are conducted to determine the log-mean averaged Nusselt number and overall pressure-drop coefficient in a pin-fin trapezoidal duct that models the cooling passages in modern gas turbine blades. The effects of pin arrangement (in-line and staggered), flow Reynolds number (6,000 ≦ Re ≦ 40,000) and ratio of lateral-to-total flow rate (0 ≦ ε ≦ 1.0) are examined. The results of smooth trapezoidal ducts without pin arrays are also obtained for comparison. It is found that, for the single-outlet-flow duct, the log-mean averaged Nusselt number in the pin-fin trapezoidal duct with lateral outlet is insensitive to the pin arrangement, which is higher than that in straight-outlet-flow duct with the corresponding pin array. As for the trapezoidal ducts having both outlets, the log-mean averaged Nusselt number has a local minimum value at about ε = 0.3. After about ε ≧ 0.8, the log-mean averaged Nusselt number is nearly independent of the pin configuration. Moreover, the staggered pin array pays more pressure-drop penalty as compared with the in-line pin array in the straight-outlet-flow duct; however, in the lateral-outlet-flow duct, the in-line and staggered pin arrays yield almost the same overall pressure drop.

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12

Michna, Gregory J., Anthony M. Jacobi, and Rodney L. Burton. "An Experimental Study of the Friction Factor and Mass Transfer Performance of an Offset-Strip Fin Array at Very High Reynolds Numbers." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 9 (January 22, 2007): 1134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2739599.

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Thermal-hydraulic performance data for offset-strip fin arrays are readily available in the range Re<10,000. However, in emerging applications in automotive and aerospace systems, where fan power is not a constraint and compactness is important, it may be desirable to operate offset-strip fin heat exchangers at very high Reynolds numbers. In this paper, friction factor and mass transfer performance of an offset-strip fin array at Reynolds numbers between 10,000 and 120,000 are characterized. A scale-model, eight-column fin array is used in pressure drop and naphthalene sublimation experiments, and the data are compared to predictions of performance given by available analytical models and extrapolations of the best available correlations. The friction factor data follow the correlation-predicted trend of decreasing monotonically as the Reynolds number is increased to 20,000. However, at higher Reynolds numbers, the friction factor increases as the Reynolds number increases and local maxima are observed in the data. Over the range investigated, the modified Colburn j factor decreases monotonically as the Reynolds number increases. For Reynolds numbers in the range 10,000<Re<120,000, well beyond that covered by state-of-the-art correlations, both the friction factor and Colburn j factor are roughly twice that predicted by extrapolating the best available correlations. The higher-than-predicted Colburn j factor at very high Reynolds numbers is encouraging for the use of offset-strip fin heat exchangers in emerging applications where compactness is of high importance.

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13

Tafti, D. K., G. Wang, and W. Lin. "Flow transition in a multilouvered fin array." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 43, no. 6 (March 2000): 901–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(99)00190-8.

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14

Chung, B. T. F., and B. X. Zhang. "Optimization of Radiating Fin Array Including Mutual Irradiations Between Radiator Elements." Journal of Heat Transfer 113, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 814–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911208.

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The present study develops a new approach to minimize the weight of a radiating straight fin array so that the whole system of the fin array is optimized by minimizing the weight of the individual fin, which is subjected to radiation interaction with adjacent fins and base. The obtained system has the minimum weight possible, and also yields the best shape of the individual fins for a given total heat dissipation and uniform base temperature. Based on the present analysis, the optimum number of fins in a fin array is obtained.

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15

Bar-Cohen, Avram, Madhusudan Iyengar, and Allan D. Kraus. "Design of Optimum Plate-Fin Natural Convective Heat Sinks." Journal of Electronic Packaging 125, no. 2 (June 1, 2003): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1568361.

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The effort described herein extends the use of least-material single rectangular plate-fin analysis to multiple fin arrays, using a composite Nusselt number correlation. The optimally spaced least-material array was also found to be the globally best thermal design. Comparisons of the thermal capability of these optimum arrays, on the basis of total heat dissipation, heat dissipation per unit mass, and space claim specific heat dissipation, are provided for several potential heat sink materials. The impact of manufacturability constraints on the design and performance of these heat sinks is briefly discussed.

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16

Sparrow, E. M., and S. B. Vemuri. "Natural Convection/Radiation Heat Transfer From Highly Populated Pin Fin Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 107, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247377.

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Experiments were performed to determine the combined-mode natural convection/radiation heat transfer characteristics of highly populated arrays of rodlike cylindrical fins (i.e., pin fins). The fins were oriented with their axes horizontal and were attached to a vertical heated baseplate. The investigated parameters included the number of fins in the array, the fin length and diameter, the baseplate-to-ambient temperature difference, and the presence or absence of adjacent shrouding surfaces. Finning was found to be highly enhancing (up to a sixfold increase in heat transfer), and even the longest fins were highly efficient. When the number of fins was increased for fixed values of the other parameters, the heat transfer increased at first, attained a maximum, and then decreased. Arrays having different diameter fins yielded about the same performance when the surface area of the fin-baseplate assembly was held fixed. Shrouding surfaces positioned close to the array decreased the rate of heat transfer. Calculations showed that the contribution of radiation was substantial and was greatest for more populous arrays, for longer fins, and at small temperature differences.

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17

Zhao, Zhong Chao, Hao Jun Mi, and Long Yun. "Analysis on the Heat Transfer Performance of Jacketed Tube Heat Exchanger with Different Finned Array." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 1478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.1478.

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The heat transfer performance of heat exchanger dependents on the pattern of finned array. The heat transfer coefficient of jacketed tube heat exchanger with and without finned array was investigated by computational fluid dynamics. The results reveal that: the heat transfer coefficient of jacketed tube heat exchanger with in-line-fin and staggered-fin increase to the 87.8% and 98.2% of that without finned array, respectively, and with 35.1% and 37.6% increments of pressure drop correspondingly. The heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger with staggered-fin increased to 5.4% compared with that with in-line-fin.

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18

Kraus, A. D., and A. D. Snider. "Choking and Optimization of Extended Surface Arrays." Journal of Heat Transfer 107, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 746–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3247499.

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When individual extended surface components such as fins or spines are assembled into an array, the performance of the array may become limited by the performance of the fin closest to the base of the array. This paper draws upon previous work of the authors and provides guidance for the selection of the width or diameter of the innermost fin or spine.

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19

Moores, Kevin A., and Yogendra K. Joshi. "Effect of Tip Clearance on the Thermal and Hydrodynamic Performance of a Shrouded Pin Fin Array." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 6 (November 19, 2003): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1621897.

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The effect of introducing tip clearance to a liquid cooled array of shrouded pins fins is examined. Three arrays of height to diameter ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 were evaluated experimentally. The arrays were exposed to a uniform heat flux of 0.02 to 0.26 W/mm2 and cooled with water through a nominal Reynolds number range of 200 to 10,000. Tip clearance of 0 to 25% of pin height was assessed. Mean heat transfer rates and adiabatic pressure drop across the array were determined and empirical correlations are proposed. The introduction of clearance was seen to increase overall heat transfer in some cases.

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20

Zhou, Li Ming, Lei Zhu, Jing Quan Zhao, and Meng Zheng. "Numerical Simulation Study of Impinging Jet Impact Fin Surface on Heat Transfer Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.586.

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Three-dimensional numerical simulation was implemented to analyze the heat transfer characteristics for jet impingement impact fin surface. 60 calculation cases were simulated to investigate the effects of different fin surfaces on heat transfer characteristics, and 12 jet array impingement cases were calculated for comparison. The results shown that the fin shape, the height and the fin arrangement were the critical factors to affect the jet impingement and the best combination were existed in a certain range. The thermal resistance of cylinder fin arranged in order was34.7 percent higher than that of cylinder fin arranged staggered. The thermal resistance of square fin arranged in order was38.9 percent higher than that of square fin arranged staggered .The heat transfer coefficients of impinging jet impact fin surface were better than that of jet array impingement. The fitting correlations on heat transfer of impinging jet impact fin surface were given.

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21

Siu-Ho, Abel, Weilin Qu, and Frank Pfefferkorn. "Experimental Study of Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer in a Single-Phase Micropin-Fin Heat Sink." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 4 (May 14, 2007): 479–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804099.

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The pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of a single-phase micropin-fin heat sink were investigated experimentally. Fabricated from 110 copper, the heat sink contained an array of 1950 staggered square micropin fins with 200×200μm2 cross section by 670μm height. The ratios of longitudinal pitch and transverse pitch to pin-fin equivalent diameter are equal to 2. De-ionized water was employed as the cooling liquid. A coolant inlet temperature of 25°C, and two heat flux levels, qeff″=50W∕cm2 and qeff″=100W∕cm2, defined relative to the platform area of the heat sink, were tested. The inlet Reynolds number ranged from 93 to 634 for qeff″=50W∕cm2, and from 127 to 634 for qeff″=100W∕cm2. The measured pressure drop and temperature distribution were used to evaluate average friction factor and local averaged heat transfer coefficient/Nusselt number. Predictions of the previous friction factor and heat transfer correlations that were developed for low Reynolds number (Re<1000) single-phase flow in short pin-fin arrays were compared to the present micropin-fin data. Moores and Joshi’s friction factor correlation (2003, “Effect of Tip Clearance on the Thermal and Hydrodynamic Performance of a Shrouded Pin Fin Array,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 125, pp. 999–1006) was the only one that provided acceptable predictions. Predictions from the other friction factor and heat transfer correlations were significantly different from the experimental data collected in this study. These findings point to the need for further fundamental study of single-phase thermal/fluid transport process in micropin-fin arrays for electronic cooling applications.

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22

Deka, Abhijit, and Dilip Datta. "Multi-objective optimization of annular fin array with B-spline curve based fin profiles." Journal of Thermal Stresses 41, no. 2 (November 17, 2017): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495739.2017.1393321.

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23

Kraus, A. D. "Analysis of Extended Surface." Journal of Heat Transfer 110, no. 4b (November 1, 1988): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3250611.

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Previous work, by the author and others, pertaining to parameterizations for individual fins is reviewed. These parameterizations are the thermal transmission matrices and ratios that were devised to facilitate the analysis of an assembly of individual fins into an array of extended surface. An elaboration of the usefulness of these parameters, particularly with regard to their superiority over the notion of fin efficiency or fin effectiveness, is made. The concept of reciprocity is developed and the representation of an individual fin as a connection of just three simple resistances is developed. A procedure for the nodal analysis of finned arrays is developed via a matrix-oriented approach.

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24

Ames, F. E., and L. A. Dvorak. "Turbulent Transport in Pin Fin Arrays: Experimental Data and Predictions." Journal of Turbomachinery 128, no. 1 (February 1, 2005): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2098792.

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The objective of this research has been to experimentally investigate the fluid dynamics of pin fin arrays in order to clarify the physics of heat transfer enhancement and uncover problems in conventional turbulence models. The fluid dynamics of a staggered pin fin array has been studied using hot wire anemometry with both single- and x-wire probes at array Reynolds numbers of 3000, 10,000, and 30,000. Velocity distributions off the endwall and pin surface have been acquired and analyzed to investigate turbulent transport in pin fin arrays. Well resolved 3D calculations have been performed using a commercial code with conventional two-equation turbulence models. Predictive comparisons have been made with fluid dynamic data. In early rows where turbulence is low, the strength of shedding increases dramatically with increasing Reynolds numbers. The laminar velocity profiles off the surface of pins show evidence of unsteady separation in early rows. In row three and beyond, laminar boundary layers off pins are quite similar. Velocity profiles off endwalls are strongly affected by the proximity of pins and turbulent transport. At the low Reynolds numbers, the turbulent transport and acceleration keep boundary layers thin. Endwall boundary layers at higher Reynolds numbers exhibit very high levels of skin friction enhancement. Well-resolved 3D steady calculations were made with several two-equation turbulence models and compared with experimental fluid mechanic and heat transfer data. The quality of the predictive comparison was substantially affected by the turbulence model and near-wall methodology.

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25

Wu, Horng-Wen, Yi-Chen Ciou, Jun-Kuan Wu, and De-An Huang. "Study of Natural Convection of Lithium-Ion Battery Module Employing Phase Change Material." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 12, 2021): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9112023.

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When the Lithium-ion battery operates at high temperature, it would bring about short circuit; if it reaches a critical temperature, it will explode. It is important to reduce its maximum temperature by appropriate heat transfer technique. When it operates without an external force for cooling, it needs natural convection technique to take away heat dissipation. Therefore, this study numerically examines three-dimensional transient natural convection of cylindrical lithium-ion batteries inside a rectangular pack with air between cylinders. The heat transfer technique in this study applies PCM (phase change material) between cylinders without or with fin array on top changing distance between cells. The results indicated that for no fin array, the package adopting the PCM could achieve the peak temperature 14.2 °C smaller than the package adopting the air. However, the package adopting the PCM with fin array vertical to the top of the package can best enhance average Nusselt number by 120% compared with using air and no fin array. Replacing the air by the PCM can keep the peak temperature of the batteries within the desirable operation range.

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26

El-Sayed, Saad A., Shamloul M. Mohamed, Ahmed M. Abdel-latif, and Abdel-hamid E. Abouda. "Investigation of turbulent heat transfer and fluid flow in longitudinal rectangular-fin arrays of different geometries and shrouded fin array." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 26, no. 8 (October 2002): 879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1777(02)00159-0.

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27

Chung, B. T. F., and B. X. Zhang. "A novel design for a radiative fin array system." Journal of the Franklin Institute 330, no. 3 (May 1993): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(93)90093-a.

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28

Yeh, Rong-Hua. "Analysis of thermally optimized fin array in boiling liquids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40, no. 5 (March 1997): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(96)00173-1.

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29

Dou, Hua-Shu, Gang Jiang, and Lite Zhang. "A Numerical Study of Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Fin Ribbed Radiator." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/989260.

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This paper numerically investigates the thermal flow and heat transfer by natural convection in a cavity fixed with a fin array. The computational domain consists of both solid (copper) and fluid (air) areas. The finite volume method and the SIMPLE scheme are used to simulate the steady flow in the domain. Based on the numerical results, the energy gradient functionKof the energy gradient theory is calculated. It is observed from contours of the temperature and energy gradient function that the position where thermal instability takes place correlates well with the region of largeKvalues, which demonstrates that the energy gradient method reveals the physical mechanism of the flow instability. Furthermore, the effects of the fin height, the fin number, and the fin shape on the heat transfer rate are also investigated. It is found that the thermal performance of the fin array is determined by the combined effect of the fin space and fin height. It is also observed that the effect of fin shape on heat transfer is insignificant.

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Xu, Gaowei, Yingjun Cheng, and Le Luo. "Heat-Transfer Characteristics and Design Optimization for a Small-Sized Plate-Fin Heat Sink Array." Journal of Electronic Packaging 129, no. 4 (March 5, 2007): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2804102.

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The heat-transfer characteristics of 128 small-sized plate-fin heat sinks in a supercomputer chassis are investigated with CFD simulation. The V-shaped curves of the chip temperature versus fin pitch and fin thickness are derived and a thermal resistance model is built to explore the profile and obtain the convective heat-transfer coefficient of the heat sinks. It turns out that the V-shaped profile arises from the joint action of the thermal conduction and convection of heat sink, which can be attributed to the intricacy of the dependencies of thermal resistances on either fin pitch or thickness. It can be further concluded that Biot criterion is applicable to estimate the Biot number of large-scale plate-fin heat sink but not applicable for the small-sized one. The convective heat-transfer coefficient is a complicated function of fin pitch and fin thickness. The empirical formulas of heat transfer are obtained and the fin pitch and fin thickness are optimized.

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31

Armstrong, J., and D. Winstanley. "A Review of Staggered Array Pin Fin Heat Transfer for Turbine Cooling Applications." Journal of Turbomachinery 110, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3262173.

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A review of heat transfer and flow friction data for staggered arrays of pin fins in turbine cooling applications is presented. This review presents discussions on local-and array-averaged heat transfer, the effects of different geometric parameters such as pin height and pin spacing on heat transfer and flow friction, and the effect of the accelerating flow in converging pin fin channels. A review of current heat transfer correlations is also presented with recommendations for correlating parameter limits and correlation accuracy. The correlations currently available for friction factor are reviewed, with an attempt to account for the effects of the converging channels.

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32

Chyu, M. K., Y. C. Hsing, T. I. P. Shih, and V. Natarajan. "Heat Transfer Contributions of Pins and Endwall in Pin-Fin Arrays: Effects of Thermal Boundary Condition Modeling." Journal of Turbomachinery 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841309.

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Short pin-fin arrays are often used for cooling turbine airfoils, particularly near the trailing edge. An accurate heat transfer estimation from a pin-fin array should account for the total heat transfer over the entire wetted surface, which includes the pin surfaces and uncovered endwalls. One design question frequently raised is the actual magnitudes of heat transfer coefficients on both pins and endwalls. Results from earlier studies have led to different and often contradicting conclusions. This variation, in part, is caused by imperfect or unrealistic thermal boundary conditions prescribed in the individual test models. Either pins or endwalls, but generally not both, were heated in those previous studies. Using a mass transfer analogy based on the naphthalene sublimation technique, the present experiment is capable of revealing the individual heat transfer contributions from pins and endwalls with the entire wetted surface thermally active. The particular pin-fin geometry investigated, S/D = X/D = 2.5 and H/D = 1.0, is considered to be one of the optimal array arrangement for turbine airfoil cooling. Both inline and staggered arrays with the identical geometric parameters are studied for 5000 ≤ Re ≤ 25,000. The present results reveal that the general trends of the row-resolved heat transfer coefficients on either pins or endwalls are somewhat insensitive to the nature of thermal boundary conditions prescribed on the test surface. However, the actual magnitudes of heat transfer coefficients can be substantially different, due to variations in the flow bulk temperature. The present study also concludes that the pins have consistently 10 to 20 percent higher heat transfer coefficient than the endwalls. However, such a difference in heat transfer coefficient imposes very insignificant influence on the overall array-averaged heat transfer, since the wetted area of the uncovered endwalls is nearly four times greater than that of the pins.

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Sasikumar, M., and C. Balaji. "A Holistic Optimization of Convecting-Radiating Fin Systems." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 1110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1497358.

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A convecting-radiating fin array, which stands vertically outside of a horizontal rectangular duct, has been analyzed for various design constraints. Fully developed turbulent flow is considered inside the duct. This study takes into account the variation of fluid temperature along the duct, which has been ignored in most of the earlier studies. The one-dimensional governing equation for temperature distribution along the fin is solved for all the fins of the fin array and the total heat transfer rate per unit system mass, total entropy generation rate and optimum fin height based on maximum heat transfer rate per unit system mass are evaluated from the derived temperature profiles. These quantities are then correlated as functions of geometric and flow parameters for three types of fin profile. Optimum solutions are generated based on (i) maximum heat dissipation rate per unit system mass and (ii) minimum entropy generation rate. A procedure to combine these two optima in order to obtain a “holistic” optimum is also discussed.

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34

Sparrow, E. M., and D. S. Kadle. "Effect of Tip-to-Shroud Clearance on Turbulent Heat Transfer From a Shrouded, Longitudinal Fin Array." Journal of Heat Transfer 108, no. 3 (August 1, 1986): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3246965.

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Experiments were performed to determine the response of the heat transfer from a longitudinal fin array to the presence of clearance between the fin tips and an adjacent shroud. During the course of the experiments, the clearance was varied parametrically, starting with the no-clearance case; parametric variations of the fin height and of the rate of fluid flow through the array were also carried out. Air was the working fluid, and the flow was turbulent. The fully developed heat transfer coefficients corresponding to the presence and to the absence of clearance were compared under the condition of equal air flowrate, and substantial clearance-related reductions were found to exist. For clearances equal to 10, 20, and 30 percent of the fin height, the heat transfer coefficients were 85, 74, and 64 percent of those for the no-clearance case. The ratio of the with-clearance and no-clearance heat transfer coefficients was a function only of the clearance-to-fin-height ratio, independent of the air flowrate, the fin height, and the fin efficiency model used to evaluate the heat transfer coefficients. The presence of clearance slowed the rate of thermal development in the entrance region.

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35

Fu, Qiang, Xiaobo Luo, Wei Chen, and Minking K. Chyu. "Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Lattice Array Structures on Film Cooling Performance." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134711.

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To better understand the mechanism influencing the periodic lattice structures in gas turbine blade cooling, these numerical simulations present a systematic comparison of the effects in cases involving pin-fin, Kagome, and BCC lattice arrays on film-cooling effectiveness under three blowing ratios (i.e., M = 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5). The results indicate that the introduction of lattice array structures improves film-cooling effectiveness within the whole streamwise range, especially downstream of the film hole. With an increase in the blowing ratio, the superiority of lattice array structures relative to those without a lattice becomes increasingly evident. The local film-cooling effectiveness can be increased, to a maximum of about 100%, under a blowing ratio of 1.5. The secondary flow induced by the lattice array structure at the internal flow channel increases the TKE and accelerates the development of vortices in the film cooling hole. Using the lattice array model, the improvement of the Kagome and BCC lattice arrays in terms of film cooling is better than those of pin-fins. In addition, the effect of lattice arrays on film-cooling effectiveness is different at various blowing ratios, and the lattice array structures have little impact on the film cooling at a relatively low blowing ratio.

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Smotrys, M. L., H. Ge, A. M. Jacobi, and J. C. Dutton. "Flow and Heat Transfer Behavior for a Vortex-Enhanced Interrupted Fin." Journal of Heat Transfer 125, no. 5 (September 23, 2003): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1597616.

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The potential for enhanced air-side heat transfer in HVAC&R applications has been investigated using combined spanwise and streamwise vorticity. Spanwise vortices were created using an offset-strip fin array, and streamwise vortices were introduced into the flow using delta-wing vortex generators. Mass transfer measurements, obtained using the naphthalene sublimation technique, were used to quantify the heat transfer characteristics of a baseline and enhanced array, and these results were compared to flow visualization and particle image velocimetry measurements of the instantaneous velocity fields. Significant enhancement was observed over portions of the Reynolds number range tested (400⩽Re⩽3700), and a transitional Reynolds number range was identified within which the spanwise and streamwise vortices act to decrease the heat transfer performance of the array.

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Deka, Abhijit, and Dilip Datta. "Multiobjective Optimization of Annular Fin Array Subject to Thermal Load." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 33, no. 1 (January 2019): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.t5394.

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38

Nguyen, Thien-Binh, Dongdong Liu, Harshal Raut, Amitabh Bhattacharya, Atul Sharma, and Tuan Tran. "Enhancement of convective heat transfer using magnetically flapping fin array." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 129 (December 2021): 105638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2021.105638.

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39

Lee, Ching-Ting, and Hung-Yin Juo. "Multiple-Submicron Channel Array Gate-Recessed AlGaN/GaN Fin-MOSHEMTs." IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society 6 (2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jeds.2017.2786866.

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40

KUMAGAI, Satoshi, Gie Shi, Yoichi HIRONO, Ryohachi SHIMADA, and Toshiro TAKEYAMA. "Boiling heat transfer from circular surfaces with rectangular fin array." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 52, no. 473 (1986): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.52.151.

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41

Lin, W. W., and D. J. Lee. "Second-law analysis on a pin-fin array under crossflow." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 40, no. 8 (May 1997): 1937–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0017-9310(96)00240-2.

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42

Pastuszko, Robert. "Pool boiling on micro-fin array with wire mesh structures." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 49, no. 12 (December 2010): 2289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.07.016.

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43

Salila Ranjan Dixit, Salila Ranjan Dixit. "Numerical Analysis of Inverted Notched Fin Array Using Natural Convection." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 6, no. 4 (2013): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-644756.

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44

Dong, Suyan, Songling Liu, and Hongzhen Su. "An experimental investigation of heat transfer in pin fin array." Heat Transfer?Asian Research 30, no. 7 (2001): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/htj.10004.

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45

Liu, Fung-Bao. "A fuzzy approach to the convective longitudinal fin array design." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 44, no. 3 (March 2005): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2004.08.004.

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46

Dayan, A., R. Kushnir, G. Mittelman, and A. Ullmann. "Laminar free convection underneath a downward facing hot fin array." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47, no. 12-13 (June 2004): 2849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.01.003.

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47

Joardar, A., and A. M. Jacobi. "A Numerical Study of Flow and Heat Transfer Enhancement Using an Array of Delta-Winglet Vortex Generators in a Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger." Journal of Heat Transfer 129, no. 9 (December 6, 2006): 1156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2740308.

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This work is aimed at assessing the potential of winglet-type vortex generator (VG) “arrays” for multirow inline-tube heat exchangers with an emphasis on providing fundamental understanding of the relation between local flow behavior and heat transfer enhancement mechanisms. Three different winglet configurations in common-flow-up arrangement are analyzed in the seven-row compact fin-and-tube heat exchanger: (a) single–VG pair; (b) a 3VG-inline array (alternating tube row); and (c) a 3VG-staggered array. The numerical study involves three-dimensional time-dependent modeling of unsteady laminar flow (330⩽Re⩽850) and conjugate heat transfer in the computational domain, which is set up to model the entire fin length in the air flow direction. It was found that the impingement of winglet redirected flow on the downstream tube is an important heat transfer augmentation mechanism for the common-flow-up arrangement of vortex generators in the inline-tube geometry. At Re=850 with a constant tube-wall temperature, the 3VG-inline-array configuration achieves enhancements up to 32% in total heat flux and 74% in j factor over the baseline case, with an associated pressure-drop increase of about 41%. The numerical results for the integral heat transfer quantities agree well with the available experimental measurements.

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48

Fregosi, Selene, Danielle V. Harris, Haruyoshi Matsumoto, David K. Mellinger, Stephen W. Martin, Brian Matsuyama, Jay Barlow, and Holger Klinck. "Detection probability and density estimation of fin whales by a Seaglider." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): 2277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0014793.

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A single-hydrophone ocean glider was deployed within a cabled hydrophone array to demonstrate a framework for estimating population density of fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus) from a passive acoustic glider. The array was used to estimate tracks of acoustically active whales. These tracks became detection trials to model the detection function for glider-recorded 360-s windows containing fin whale 20-Hz pulses using a generalized additive model. Detection probability was dependent on both horizontal distance and low-frequency glider flow noise. At the median 40-Hz spectral level of 97 dB re 1 μPa2/Hz, detection probability was near one at horizontal distance zero with an effective detection radius of 17.1 km [coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.13]. Using estimates of acoustic availability and acoustically active group size from tagged and tracked fin whales, respectively, density of fin whales was estimated as 1.8 whales per 1000 km2 (CV = 0.55). A plot sampling density estimate for the same area and time, estimated from array data alone, was 1.3 whales per 1000 km2 (CV = 0.51). While the presented density estimates are from a small demonstration experiment and should be used with caution, the framework presented here advances our understanding of the potential use of gliders for cetacean density estimation.

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Wu, Horng-Wen, Tang-Hong Chen, Nugroho-Putra Kelana, and De-An Huang. "Influence of Dimple Height on Turbulent Heat Transfer of Fin Array with Alternate Convex/Concave Dimples." Inventions 5, no. 3 (July 18, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5030033.

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This study analyzes transient turbulent modeling of three-dimensional multiple dimpled fin array using large eddy simulation (LES). The Navier–Stokes equations as well as the energy equation were constructed by the finite volume method and then discretized to form algebraic equations, which were solved by semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equation (SIMPLE). The solutions of temperature and velocity were obtained by iterating computation until it converged within each step. This simulation places nine fins on the bottom surface of a channel and changes the height of the dimple (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mm) with three different levels of Reynolds number (Re) (3500, 5000, and 6500) to investigate the temperature and flow field without gravity in forced convection. The results indicate that the dimpled fin array can generate vortices between the convex/concave dimples and the fin base and increase the influences of the height of the dimple on the flow field around the fin array. The averaged time-mean of the Nusselt number (Nu) for the dimple height of 0.8 mm is higher than that of the no-dimple case up to 14.4%, while the averaged time-mean Nu for the dimple height of 1.2 mm is lower than that of the no-dimple case up to 11.6%.

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Shuja, S. Z. "Optimal fin geometry based on exergoeconomic analysis for a pin-fin array with application to electronics cooling." Exergy, An International Journal 2, no. 4 (January 2002): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1164-0235(02)00081-x.

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