Journal articles on the topic 'Filter products'
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Abe, Koji. "Virus Removal Filter for Biotherapeutic Products." membrane 41, no. 5 (2016): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.41.251.
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VOIKIVA, Vanda, Arturs ZARINS, Liga AVOTINA, Inesa BARMINA, Vita RUDOVICA, and Gunta KIZANE. "Influence of Biomass Combustion Products on Element Content and Thermal Stability of Latvian Sheep Breed Wool Filter Fibres." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 438–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.23942.
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Sheep wool is natural, easy obtainable, renewable and biodegradable material with a perspective application as a sorbent in filters for purification of industrial emissions from various environmental pollutants. The element content and thermal stability of Latvian dark-headed sheep wool filter fibres was analysed and described before and after exposure to biomass combustion products. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the sheep wool filter fibres can sorb various gaseous combustion products, such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), however, the sorption processes of these gases are irreversible. The obtained results of total reflection X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry suggest that the concentration of heavy metals, such as lead, zinc and iron, significantly increases in the sheep wool filter fibres after exposure to biomass combustion products. In thermogravimetric curves, no significant changes were detected for the sheep wool filter fibres after exposure to combustion products, while in differently thermal analysis curves, the formation of exothermic peak at around 580 °C was observed and could be related to autoignition. Using X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, the solid particles of biomass combustion products were observed on the scaly surface of the sheep wool filter fibres, and these particles mainly consist of potassium chloride, carbon, sulphur and various metal oxides.
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Abd El-Latif, Ahmed Aref, and Ahmed Abd Elkader Ramadan. "(L,⊙)-Fuzzy (K,E)-Soft Filter." Mathematics 9, no. 22 (November 13, 2021): 2895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9222895.
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In the present study, we preface the notion of the (L,⊙)-fuzzy (K,E)-soft filter and probe many of its characteristics. Using certain operations, we induce (L,⊙)-fuzzy (K,E)-soft topologies from (L,⊙)-fuzzy (K,E)-soft filters. Finally, we introduce the products of the (L,⊙)-fuzzy (K,E)-soft filters and (L,⊙)-fuzzy (K,E)-soft topologies on strictly two-sided commutative quantale lattices (L,⊙) and (L,∗).
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Meierhofer, Regula, Carola Bänziger, Sandro Deppeler, Bal Kunwar, and Madan Bhatta. "From Water Source to Tap of Ceramic Filters—Factors That Influence Water Quality Between Collection and Consumption in Rural Households in Nepal." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112439.
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The study assessed changes in water quality between the water source and the tap of locally produced low cost ceramic water filters used by a community living in hygienically critical conditions in a remote mountainous area in Western Nepal. Data was collected from 42 rural households during two visits. The effectiveness of filter handling on its performance was assessed through microbiological analysis, structured household interviews and structured observations. Water quality decreased significantly when source water was filled into transport containers, while the use of the filters improved drinking water quality for about 40% of the households. Highly inadequate filter cleaning practices involving the use of contaminated raw water, hands (geo mean = 110 E. coli CFU/100 mL) and cleaning tools (geo mean = 80 E. coli CFU/100 mL) stained hygienic parts of the filter. The use of boiling water to disinfect the filters was significantly correlated with improved filter performance and should be further promoted. However, even disinfected filters achieved a very low average LRV for E. coli of 0.4 in the field and performed worse than during laboratory tests (LRV for E. coli of 1.5–2). Comprehensive training on adequate filter handling, as well as better filter products, are required to improve the impact of filter use.
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Ilyushchankа, A. Ph, R. A. Kusin, I. M. Charniak, A. R. Kusin, and E. N. Eremin. "Selecting a Method for the Manufacture of Porous Powder Filter Products." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 10 (739) (October 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2021-10-24-34.
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The article considers three methods of increasing the distribution uniformity of properties over the filtration area of powder filter materials at different stages of their manufacturing. It is shown that granulation of metal powders with a pore former increases the uniformity of permeability distribution over the filtration area by a factor of 2.3–3.5. Dry radial isostatic pressing ensures high distribution uniformity of properties, while the coefficient of variation of local permeability does not exceed 0.17. Radial compression allows increasing the uniformity of permeability distribution over the filtration area by 15 ... 22 % compared to that for the original powder filter materials. The selection of the method used in practice is determined by the shape, size and properties of the manufactured products and initial powders. The considered methods can be used in petrochemical engineering for the manufacture of porous powder products for filtering purposes, used to trap catalyst particles, filters for fine and coarse fuel and oil purification.
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Chryssomallis, M. T., and J. N. Sahalos. "Filter synthesis using products of Legendre polynomials." Electrical Engineering 81, no. 6 (April 1999): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01387163.
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Kennedy, Juliette, and Saharon Shelah. "On regular reduced products." Journal of Symbolic Logic 67, no. 3 (September 2002): 1169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1190150156.
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AbstractAssume (ℵ0, ℵ1) → (λ, λ+). Assume M is a model of a first order theory T of cardinality at most λ+ in a language of cardinality ≤ λ. Let N be a model with the same language. Let Δ be a set of first order formulas in and let D be a regular filter on λ. Then M is Δ-embeddable into the reduced power Nλ/D, provided that every Δ-existential formula true in M is true also in N. We obtain the following corollary: for M as above and D a regular ultrafilter over λ, Mλ/D is λ++-universal. Our second result is as follows: For i < μ let Mi, and Ni, be elementarily equivalent models of a language which has cardinality ≤ λ. Suppose D is a regular filter on λ and (ℵ0, ℵ1) → (λ, λ+) holds. We show that then the second player has a winning strategy in the Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé game of length λ+ on ΠiMi/D and ΠiNi/D. This yields the following corollary: Assume GCH and λ regular (or just (ℵ0, ℵ1) → (λ, λ+) and 2λ = λ+. For L, Mi and Ni be as above, if D is a regular filter on λ, then ΠiMi/D ≅ ΠiNi/D.
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CARROLL, SHANNON A., LEWIS E. CARR, EDWARD T. MALLINSON, CHINTA LAMICHANNE, BRANDT E. RICE, DAVID M. ROLLINS, and SAM W. JOSEPH. "Development and Evaluation of a 24-Hour Method for the Detection and Quantification of Listeria monocytogenes in Meat Products." Journal of Food Protection 63, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-63.3.347.
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A 24-h filter monitor-based test, Listeria-SELeCT, has been developed to quantify Listeria monocytogenes organisms in meat samples with a sensitivity of ≤1.0 CFU/g. The technique comprises a filter monitor–based system and a colony lift immunoassay to identify and enumerate the target organism. Meat homogenates were centrifuged and the eluate was filtered to trap and immobilize the microorganisms on the filter. Fraser broth was then added to the filter apparatus to allow the organisms to become established overnight and to inhibit contaminants, after which the filters were transferred onto Modified Oxford medium agar, a selective medium for L. monocytogenes. After 10 to 12 h, a colony lift immunoassay was used to confirm and enumerate suspect colonies on the filter. A correlation study between the Listeria-SELeCT method and the most probable number technique showed the Listeria-SELeCT to be considerably more accurate than the most probable number for quantitatively determining the number of viable organisms in meat samples. Because of ease and speed of testing, the Listeria-SELeCT system also provided major advantages over the most probable number technology.
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Ramagiri, Santhosh Kumar, Arvind B. Shukla, Ramaniklal B. Bavaria, Surinder Singh, and Kaushik S. Parikh. "Connector-less test setup for measurement of passive inter-modulation products at UHF band." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 5, no. 6 (August 28, 2013): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078713000731.
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This paper describes the establishment of a test setup for measurement of passive inter-modulation (PIM) products generated by various device(s) under test (DUT(s)) (filters, coaxial cables etc.) at ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The paper begins with a brief discussion of an ideal PIM test setup using a quiet load. It then discusses the establishment of the setup in the absence of quiet load and demonstrates a PIM level of −192 dBc of the test setup. Finally it shows the PIM performance of a band-stop filter, a flexible cable, cascade of band-stop filter, and flexible cable, measured using the established test setup. These components are required for UHF payload of a communication satellite.
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Haidash, Sоfiia, and Viktor Kostenko. "PROBLEMS OF POLLUTION OF MINING ENTERPRISES AND THEIR CLEANING FROM PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Journal of “Problems of Ecology”, no. 1 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2073-8102-2021-1-32-38.
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Introduction. In the process of coal mining and beneficiation, a large amount of wastewater is formed at enterprises. Sewage has a variety of origins, which can be classified into: natural (mine, quarry, drainage); technological (water for carrying out technological process, water for cooling of cars and devices); surface (water from rain, snow and maintenance of the enterprise); household (water is formed from showers, bathrooms, dining rooms). Wastewater from mines and factories is highly polluted and can have toxic effects on the environment. Problem Statement. Natural waters have a high rate of mineralization, salts of heavy metals, iron. Waters are polluted with organic matter, large and small particles of coal and rock. Surface and process effluents are contaminated with coal dust and petroleum products. Domestic waters are contaminated with surfactants, fats, animal and plant food residues, alkali, cadmium, nickel. Purpose. The aim is to study in detail the sources of pollution of mine effluents, to determine their composition and properties. Identify the seasonality of sources. Describe the method of water treatment and suggest possible improvements to existing technology. Materials and methods. The water must undergo some purification before it enters the environment. One of the main processes of wastewater treatment is filtration. This process is the most common and effective, so it should be part of the cleaning technology. The filter element can be a thin partition with pores or three-dimensional elements with a porous filler. This paper presents a technology with a granular filter, also called fast. The fast filter works on the principle of volume filtration, impurities are retained in the entire volume of the filter medium, in the pores and on the surface of the grains. Before filtration, the water is treated with coagulants. Types of granular materials: quartz sand, anthracite, expanded clay, expanded polystyrene, ceramic sand, mesoporous coal. Mesoporous coal is a promising material for filtration. Results. In the result of consideration of the composition and properties of wastewater, the appropriate technological scheme of mine wastewater treatment is selected and described. The technology provides purification from large impurities in open hydrocyclones, water treatment with flocculant, provides a filter and clarifier, enhanced purification from petroleum products in the oil trap and carbon filter. Filling the filter is sent to the coal warehouse, which is a cost-effective solution. Conclusions. The effluents of mining enterprises are saturated with pollutants and have a very aggressive composition, so it is unacceptable to release them into the environment without prior lighting. Should attention be paid to the purification of petroleum products that fall into the water as a result of the operation of machines and devices. As one of the possible methods, the technological scheme, improved by the department with oil trap and filter, is presented. Filter backfill is mesoporous coal, which is a very promising sorbent. Water treated with this technology can be used for recirculating water supply. This is justified not only by the economic aspect, but also by the environmental one. Keywords: mine drains, mining, pollution, petroleum products, filtration, technological scheme.
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Kim, Yong-Hyun, Young-Ji An, and Jae-Won Shin. "Carbonyl Compounds Containing Formaldehyde Produced from the Heated Mouthpiece of Tobacco Sticks for Heated Tobacco Products." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 5612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235612.
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Diverse harmful compounds can be emitted during the heating of tobacco sticks for heated tobacco products (HTPs). In this study, the generation of harmful compounds from the filter, instead of tobacco in tobacco sticks, was confirmed. The heat of a heated tobacco product device can be transferred to the tobacco stick filter, resulting in the generation of harmful compounds from the heated filter. Since the heating materials (tobacco consumable) of the tobacco sticks evaluated in this study were different depending on the brand, the harmful compounds emitted from the heated tobacco stick filters were examined by focusing on the carbonyl compounds, using three different tobacco stick parts. Acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde exhibited the highest concentrations in HTP aerosols produced by heating the tobacco consumable (conventional case) (63.5 ± 18.4 µg/stick and 1.71 ± 0.123 µg/stick, respectively). The aerosols produced by heating tobacco stick filters had higher formaldehyde and acrolein concentrations (0.945 ± 0.214 µg/stick and 0.519 ± 0.379 µg/stick) than the aerosols generated from heated tobacco consumable (0.641 ± 0.092 µg/stick and 0.220 ± 0.102 µg/stick). As such, formaldehyde and acrolein were produced by heating small parts of the mouthpiece of a tobacco stick, regardless of the heated tobacco product brand. In addition, acetone was only detected in the aerosols generated from heated filters (0.580 ± 0.305 µg/stick). Thus, safety evaluations of heated tobacco products should include considerations of the harmful compounds generated by heating tobacco stick mouthpieces for heated tobacco products in addition to those found in heated tobacco product aerosols.
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Liu, Shurong. "Research on Performance of Automotive Air Conditioning Filter." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 01057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124801057.
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Explains the main sources and types of air pollutants in automobiles, and introduces methods to evaluate the effect of automobile air filters on the purification of the above-mentioned automobile air pollutants, and the purification effects of existing automobile air filter products on the market Evaluate and discuss its purification level to provide a theoretical basis for the future formulation of relevant specifications.
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Lemons, Ansley, Ariel Branz, Mesiaki Kimirei, Tracy Hawkins, and Daniele Lantagne. "Assessment of the quality, effectiveness, and acceptability of ceramic water filters in Tanzania." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 6, no. 2 (May 10, 2016): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2016.006.
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Globally, approximately two billion people drink contaminated water. Use of household water treatment (HWT) methods, such as locally manufactured ceramic filters, reduces the diarrheal disease burden associated with unclean water. We evaluated the quality, effectiveness, and acceptability of ceramic filters in two communities in Arusha, Tanzania, by conducting: 1) baseline household surveys with 50 families; 2) filter flow rate testing; 3) filter distribution with training sessions; 4) follow-up surveys at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after distribution; and 5) project end focus group discussions. We tested Escherichia coli (E. coli) and turbidity at baseline and the first two follow-ups. We found: 1) filter quality was low, as only 46% of filters met recommended flow rate guidelines and 18% of filters broke during the 6-week study; 2) filter effectiveness was moderate, with 8% and 35% of filters effectively reducing E. coli to <1 CFU/100 mL and <10 CFU/100 mL, respectively, at follow-ups; and, 3) filter acceptability was high, with 94% overall satisfaction and 96–100% reported use in the previous day. These results highlight the importance of mixed methods research as HWT product quality, effectiveness, and acceptability all impact product efficacy, and the need for quality assurance/quality control and certification schemes for locally manufactured HWT products.
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Lant, Neil J., Margaux M. A. Defaye, Andrew J. Smith, Chimdia Kechi-Okafor, John R. Dean, and Kelly J. Sheridan. "The impact of fabric conditioning products and lint filter pore size on airborne microfiber pollution arising from tumble drying." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): e0265912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265912.
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Vented tumble dryers release moist warm air from the drying process to the external environment, usually through pipework linking the appliance to a vent in an exterior wall. Although such dryers contain a lint filter to remove fibers from this air stream, recent reports suggest that this process is incomplete, leading to microfibers being released in the ducted warm air and subsequently polluting the external environment. Microfiber release from wash loads comprising 10 100% cotton and 10 100% polyester T-shirts (total load mass ratio 48% cotton, 52% polyester) was measured at different stages of the washing and drying process to compare the quantities of fibers released ‘down the drain’, collected in the dryer lint filter, and released to air from the tumble dryer. Testing under both European and North American washing conditions found that the quantities of microfibers released to air during tumble drying were significant and comparable to levels released ‘down the drain’ during washing. Use of conventional rinse-added liquid fabric conditioner increased microfiber accumulation on the dryer lint filter, with reduced release from the dryer exhaust observed at the highest fabric conditioner dose tested (21.6% and 14.2% reduction under North American and European conditions, respectively). Conventional liquid fabric conditioner did not significantly impact microfiber release from the washing machine, in line with previous studies. A fabric conditioner specially designed for anti-wrinkle performance reduced microfiber release from the dryer exhaust at all levels tested (by 17.6–35.6%, depending on dose), apparently by increasing the efficiency of microfiber accumulation in the lint filter. Tumble dryer sheets were also found to cause a reduction in microfiber release from the dryer exhaust (by 14.1–34.9%, depending on the dose/product), likely driven by collection of liberated fibers on the sheet during the drying process. The use of both antiwrinkle liquid fabric conditioner and dryer sheet enabled a 44.9% reduction in microfiber emissions from the dryer exhaust. In all studies, the fiber mass collected on the lint filter or emitted from the dryer exhaust was richer in cotton fibers (range 83.4–96.3% on the lint filter, 93.0–99.8% from the dryer exhaust) than the wash load composition (48% cotton). Moreover, fibers collected by the lint filter contained a higher proportion of polyester than emissions from the dryer exhaust (range 3.7–16.6% on the lint filter, 0.2–7.0% from the dryer exhaust). There is significant variation in the porosity of lint filters among installed vented tumble dryers. Single-variable testing of the impact of lint filter design concluded that reducing screen pore size significantly reduces airborne microfiber release during tumble drying; a reduction in lint filter pore size from 0.2 mm2 to 0.04 mm2 reduced release by 34.8%. As some lint filters have pore sizes of around 1 mm2, there is enormous scope to reduce microfiber release from dryers though improved lint filter design. However, it is suggested that a step-change in appliance design away from vented dryers to only fully-sealed condenser dryers might be necessary to eliminate the contribution of tumble drying to airborne microfiber pollution.
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Laradji, A. "α-compactness of reduced products and filter quotients." manuscripta mathematica 81, no. 1 (December 1993): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02567859.
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Yunusova, Z. G., F. Kh Rakhimov, and M. Kh Zhabiev. "Study on knitted filled knits for fruit juice filtering." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 939, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/939/1/012090.
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Abstract This article discusses the essence of the formation of knitted filled filter cloths, in which the mass fraction of the filler exceeds more than 50% of the total surface density. The new method was tested in the production environment of the ‘Gani Rakhimov Ishonch’ enterprise (Samarkand) by modernizing the existing equipment, and also a pilot batch of products and final products were produced for filtering fruit juices.
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Govorova, Zhanna, and Alexey Andrianov. "The use of pulsed flushing to improve the efficiency of polymer floating media filters." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000022.
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Surface runoff from urban area is a potential source of pollution of water bodies. The composition of pollutants in surface runoff depends on various factors and seasons. The main pollutants are oil products, suspended solids, COD, chlorides and other mineral salts. Traditional wastewater treatment plants include the mechanical removal of large items, debris and leaves; sand removal; water clarification in accumulating settling tanks; chemical dosing, contact filtration and deep purification on sorption filters. Filters with inert floating polystyrene media of various types are widely used as first stage filters. The operation of industrial filters in the technological schemes of wastewater treatment strongly depends on the backwash efficiency. Floating media flushing is carried out in the direction from top to down using the water accumulated in the over-filter space. The article presents the results of the study of pulsed flushing on a model plant. Experimental study was conducted on the real wastewater treatment plant. The kinetics of suspended solids and oil products removal from filter media was studied. The operational parameters and mode of pulsed flushing were determined. The research results were used during the reconstruction of Moscow surface runoff water treatment plants.
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Rafienko, V. A. "Improvement of Filter-Fabrics for Mining Industry." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 2/2021 (May 10, 2021): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2021-2-86-89.
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The publication represents a review of three major types of filter-fabrics which are actively applied by domestic industrial enterprises. It's specially noted that contemporary high-technological manufacturing is impossible without highquality materials. The domestic technologies on filter-fabric production deserve attention unconditionally. Nevertheless, together with modernization of domestic industrial production, the technologies on filter-fabric accumulation have to change also. Namely that's why the functioning of such enterprises, which lean on competitive ability principles, product quality and its high technology, is utterly important now. In this regard, it represents an interest the activity of research-production enterprise Filter-Fabrics (RPE Filter-Fabrics Ltd) where from 2013, there has been started the manufacturing of innovational products which basis on, polyamide mini-thread and filament (complex) thread from high-test polyamide with glass filler which is stable to abrasion and having lower shrinkage during exploitation in the liquid medium. Besides, RPE Filter-Fabrics Ltd has significantly expanded filter-fabric market by the way of correction of thread basis and weft that has allowed to introduce the production on many concentrating factories.
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Lee, Kyung Mi, Byong Hyoek Lee, and Chan Jung Park. "A Study on the Control of Bio-Aerosol for Prevention of Indoor Aerial Infection Using Antimicrobial Air Filter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 284-287 (January 2013): 1601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.284-287.1601.
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Some indoor bio-aerosols trigger allergic reactions, including hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic rhinitis, and various types of asthma. Moreover, human influenza virus is one of the bio-aerosols that causes significant morbidity and mortality every year worldwide. Although vaccination is the most effective way to address the risk of airborne infection, they are not always feasible, available and practiced. An air cleaning device is effective and efficient in removing indoor bio-aerosols and thereby controlling or eliminating these airborne biological contaminants. An antimicrobial filter is developed and its antimicrobial activities against influenza viruses are measured. An extract from Gingko Biloba L. and Sumac (Rhus Javanica L.) possesses antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities thus this class of natural products is used as an antimicrobial agent in this study. An antimicrobial air filters were prepared by coating the natural agent on polypropylene filter media. The antimicrobial rates of the filter against new influenza (H1N1) virus and A/PuertoRico/8/34 (A/PR/8) virus were greater than 99.9999%. The antimicrobial filters were effective in controlling the bio-aerosols by inhibiting bacterial and viral survival on the filter, thereby preventing secondary contamination of filter from breeding of bio-aerosols. An air cleaning device equipped with the antimicrobial air filter was tested for the inhibition effect on viruses and no virus was detected at the outlet of the purifier. Although the antimicrobial filters are developed and tested only for the inactivation of virus in this study, the filter could be also effective in removing other types of bio-aerosols, such as bacteria, fungi, and allergens. The antimicrobial filter appears to be promising application in air cleaning and biological protection fields.
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LITTEL, KENNETH J., SYLVIA PIKELIS, and ARNOLD SPURGASH. "Bioluminescent ATP Assay for Rapid Estimation of Microbial Numbers in Fresh Meat." Journal of Food Protection 49, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-49.1.18.
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The utility of a bioluminescence adenosine triphosphate (ATP) procedure to estimate bacterial levels in fresh meat products was investigated. A double filtration (DF) sampling procedure was used. In this system two filters were fitted in tandem. A prefilter was used to trap food particles which contained contaminating ATP while the second filter retained the microbial population. The second filter was treated with an enzyme reagent to hydrolyze nonmicrobial ATP that was present on the bacterial filter. Using standard curves, that related bacterial ATP (B-ATP) and plate counts, the bacterial ATP levels in fresh beef and chicken samples were transformed into estimated bacterial levels in the products. The ATP procedure was able to predict bacterial levels within +/− 0.5 log10 of the actual plate count for greater than 90% of the fresh beef and chicken samples tested. Mean femtogram (fg) ATP/CFU levels in fresh beef and chicken mixed bacterial flora were 0.88 and 0.94, respectively. Minimal sensitivity of the double filtration/enzyme method was approximately 5 × 104 CFU/g of meat sample.
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Mažeikiene, Aušra, Mindaugas Rimeika, Marina Valentukevičiene, Vytautas Oškinis, Neringa Paškauskaite, and Evelina Brannvall. "REMOVAL OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS FROM WATER USING NATURAL SORBENT ZEOLITE." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2005): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2005.9636870.
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An experimental investigation on the removal of petroleum products (PP) from wastewater by natural sorbent zeolite was carried out in a laboratory on a pilot‐scaled test bench. The pilot test bench consisted of: a tank in which gasoline (1 portion) and diesel (1 portion) were mixed mechanically with water; a pump for supplying the mixture to a filter model; a filter model filled with a zeolite layer of 0,2 m height. Zeolite used in this study was from a deposit near the village of Sokyrnytsa in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian region. The test zeolite particle size was 2,5–3,0 mm; 1,5–2,0 mm; 0,63–1,0 mm. The concentration of PP in water was measured before and after the filter every hour. The TOG/ TPH analyser was used for concentration measurements. The experimental study showed that the best adsorption results were reached in the filter with 0,63–1,0 mm particle size of zeolite media. There were 2,25 mg/1 of light hydrocarbons left in the filtrate. Such a concentration satisfies the requirements of standards regulating the percentage of PP in treated wastewater.
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Adrian, Monica Chiesa. "Promoting PT. Essentra’s Cigarette Filters through a Marketing Booklet." K@ta Kita 7, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/katakita.7.2.182-186.
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PT. Essentra is a manufacturer located in Sidoarjo which produces cigarette filters and tear tape for cigarette packaging. The main problem that happened in the company is the ineffective way to introduce and promote company’s product as the marketing team only uses product presentation slide as their tool. While giving product presentation, customers often get bored as it covers lot of explanation and take long time to finish one presentation. Therefore, the solution I offered for the company is to make a marketing booklet. This marketing booklet consists of information regarding the company and explanation of cigarette filter products along with the benefits that customers will have. This solution will help PT. Essentra in promoting its products and fulfill the customers’ request related to a tool for them to review the company’s products. By having this marketing booklet, it can help the company to introduce and promote its products and fulfill the customers’ request of a tool for reviewing the company’s products which PT. Essentra offered. By having this tool, PT. Essentra has additional promotional tool for helping the marketing team as well as the customers. Keywords: Promotional Tool, Unique Selling Point, Marketing Booklet
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Mofokeng, Kebone Revival, Muhammad Falalu Yahaya, Joshua Osuigwe Madu, Florence Nkiruka Chukwudi, Samuel Ojo, and Feyisayo Victoria Adams. "Modified Clay Filters for Purification of Petroleum Products Contaminated Water." Advances in Science and Technology 107 (June 28, 2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.107.55.
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Some organic pollutants change the color, smell, and other characteristics of water leaving it undesirable for use. However, other organic pollutants do not change the physical properties of the water, yet, they make the water non-useful. This study was carried out to determine the characteristics of petroleum contaminated water and how it can be purified using economical filters for possible reuse in rural areas of the Niger Delta, of Nigeria. The filters were made from rice husk ash, and white clay, as main materials, while calcium carbonate and poly (propylene carbonate) were used as binders and pore former. The water samples were tested for conductivity, turbidity, pH, heavy metals, and total hydrocarbon contents. The results showed a significant decrease in the amount of petroleum/organic pollutants present in the water sample before purification. The filter candle made using poly (propylene carbonate) as a binder was found to be the most efficient in removing organic pollutants, but it was not very effective in the removal of heavy metals and also, the pH of the filtrate became more acidic. Filtrates from other filters, however, had pH in an acceptable range. Dodecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid were found to be removed from the polluted water using the filters.
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Vranić, Ivana, Ivona Vranić, Boris Antić, Goran Stojanović, and Hani Al-Salami. "Influence of the Main Filter on QRS-amplitude and Duration in Human Electrocardiogram." Measurement Science Review 19, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msr-2019-0005.
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Abstract Accurate measurement of electrocardiograms (ECG) is critical for effective diagnosis of patient’s cardiac functions. Detailed examination of filters’ effects on ECG accuracy, reproducibility and robustness covering a wide range of available commercial products can provide valuable information on the relationship between quality and effectiveness of filters, and assessments of patients’ cardiac functions. In this study, ECG device with 12 leads and built-in filters used for ECG measurements was assessed on human volunteers. Results showed that with respect to measuring QRS wave duration and R-amplitude variation, there was a 4 % inaccuracy when the main filter was ON and OFF, and R-amplitude variation was most pronounced in the V4 lead. Accordingly, variability of R-amplitude and length of QRS wave can be reduced by the use of appropriate lead, and filter activation during the ECG assessment.
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Charnyi, D. V., E. M. Matseliuk, and Yu A. Onanko. "Results of the evaluation of the semi-empirical model on the selection of optimal constructive and technological parameters for a granulated loading filter." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202002-242.
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Topicality. A survey of the water use system at a state-owned enterprise processing agricultural products revealed the technological processes that cause biofouling of pipelines by colloidal inclusions (mainly phytoplankton conglomerates of blue-green algae). The implementation of measures that can protect existing technological structures against the ingress of significant masses of phytoplankton is an urgent task that can be solved with the help of mechanical filters. The efficiency of previous granulated loading filters depends very much on the properties of the filter loading. When filter loading is made of foamed polystyrene granules of food brands, phytoplankton retention is quite effective due to the physical adsorption of cyanobacteria conglomerates on the surface of these granules.
Research results. By applying the semi-empirical model developed in IWPLR of NAAS, the optimal design and technological parameters of the filter with foam polystyrene loading were selected. That enabled to develop the design of a clarifying filter - a phytoplankton retainer for the treatment of circulating water at the enterprise Chervonoslobidsky distillery.
In the lower part of the filter the lower drainage system in the form of a false bottom is placed, equipped with hole caps. It provides the source water entry for filtration and discharge of flush water during filter washing. The granules of the filter loading are kept from floating with the false bottom of the upper drainage, which is equipped with return filters - hole caps. Filtered water is collected in the abovefiltering space between the false bottom and the upper part of the filter body, from where it is delivered through a pipeline to the consumers.
The application of the developed filter design allows reducing the construction costs and simplifies the filter design, which in turn increases its reliability and overall service life. The practical application of this filter provided the required degree of retention of cyanobacteria cells and conglomerates from the treated water. This filter design differs from the standard with a 1.5 times increased filter loading layer. This enabled to double the duration of a filter cycle and, at the same time, did not increase the volume of flushing water, i.e. operating costs.
Conclusions. Based on the results of the developed semi-empirical model, the design and technological parameters of granular filters for recycling of wastewater from the distilleries were determined, which became the basis for developing a new filter design for water purification from cyanobacteria cells and colonies. The high efficiency of the developed design of the clarifying filter - phytoplankton retainer was experimentally proved. The use of the developed filter increases the economic efficiency of the circulating use of the wastewater from Chervonoslobidsky distillery by 1.3 - 1.5 times compared to the market offers of mechanical filters.
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Vora, P. L. "Inner products and orthogonality in color recording filter design." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 10, no. 4 (April 2001): 632–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.913597.
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Dalahmeh, Sahar S., Lars D. Hylander, Björn Vinnerås, Mikael Pell, Ingrid Öborn, and Håkan Jönsson. "Potential of organic filter materials for treating greywater to achieve irrigation quality: a review." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 9 (May 1, 2011): 1832–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.387.
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The objectives of this literature review were to: (i) evaluate the impact of greywater generated in rural communities, with the emphasis on Jordanian conditions, on soil, plant and public health and assess the need for treatment of this greywater before it is used for irrigation, and (ii) assess the potential of different types of organic by-products as carrier material in different filter units for removal of pollutants from greywater. Greywater with high BOD5, COD, high concentrations of SS, fat, oil and grease and high levels of surfactants is commonly found in rural areas in Jordan. Oxygen depletion, odour emission, hydrophobic soil phenomena, plant toxicity, blockage of piping systems and microbiological health risks are common problems associated with greywater without previous treatment. Organic by-products such as wood chips, bark, peat, wheat straw and corncob may be used as carrier material in so-called mulch filters for treating wastewater and greywater from different sources. A down-flow-mode vertical filter is a common setup used in mulch filters. Wastewaters with a wide range of SS, cBOD5 and COD fed into different mulch filters have been studied. The different mulch materials achieved SS removal ranging between 51 and 91%, a BOD5 reduction range of 55–99.9%, and COD removal of 51–98%. Most types of mulches achieved a higher organic matter removal than that achieved by an ordinary septic tank. Bark, peat and wood chips filters removed organic matter better than sand and trickling filters, under similar conditions. Release of filter material and increase in COD in the effluent was reported using some mulch materials. In conclusion, some mulch materials such as bark, peat and woodchips seem to have a great potential for treatment of greywater in robust, low-tech systems. They can be expected to be resilient in dealing with variable low and high organic loads and shock loads.
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Kaiser, Dominic, Olaf Wappelhorst, Matthias Oetken, and Jörg Oehlmann. "Occurrence of widely used organic UV filters in lake and river sediments." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 2 (2012): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11076.
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Environmental contextPersonal care products containing organic chemicals to filter the sun’s UV rays are produced and used on a broad scale worldwide. Consequently, these organic UV filters are now widespread in the environment. We investigate the occurrence of seven common organic UV filters in river and lake sediments thereby providing valuable data for the future environmental risk assessment of these chemicals to the benthic community of freshwater ecosystems. AbstractPersonal care products (PCPs) are produced and used in huge amounts. These formulations are permanently introduced into the aquatic environment during regular use, mainly through municipal sewage treatment plants. Although there is increasing concern about PCP residues in the aquatic environment, little is known about the extent and level of contamination. The occurrence and concentrations of the seven most frequently used ultraviolet (UV) filters in river and lake sediments have been investigated over a 6-month period by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 3-benzyliden camphor (3-BC), butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (B-MDM), ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid (ED-PABA), ethylhexyl-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 3′-(4′-methylbenzyliden)camphor (4-MBC) and octocrylene (OCR). B-MDM, EHMC and OCR were identified as major contaminants. They were present in every sediment sample with maximum concentrations of 62.2, 6.8 and 642 µg kg–1. 3-BC and ED-PABA could not be detected in any sediment sample. The temporal distribution profile and concentrations of UV filters differed between lakes and rivers. Whereas concentrations of all UV filters in river sediments were low and constant over time, lake sediments exhibited high UV-filter levels during summer and concentrations dropped in autumn. These findings support risk assessment activities and contribute to a better understanding of the magnitude of contamination with organic UV-filter substances in aquatic ecosystems.
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Novianti, Relita, Yusman Syaukat, and Meti Ekayani. "Pengelolaan dan Analisis Nilai Tambah By-Products Industri Gula (Studi Kasus di Pabrik Gula Gempolkrep, Mojokerto, Jawa Timur)." Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia 26, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.18343/jipi.26.3.400.
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The sugar industry is one of the agriculture-based industries which use sugar cane as a raw material to produce sugar. The processing of sugar cane into sugar generates by-products such as bagasse, molasses, and filter cake which will cause environmental pollution if they are untreated. This research identified the utilization pattern of sugar industry by-products in Gempolkrep Sugar Factory and analyzed the added value from by-products utilization using Hayami Method. Based on the utilization pattern at Gempolkrep Sugar Factory, bagasse is used as an alternative raw material for electricity generation. Filter cake is used as raw material for compost fertilizer. Molasses is used as a raw material for bioethanol manufacture. The added value obtained from processing filter cake into compost is IDR141.335 per ton, while bioethanol products from molasses provide an added value of IDR752.645 per ton.
Keywords: bagasse, bioethanol, filter cake, Hayami method, molasses, value added
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RENNEBERG, VOLKER, and UWE M. BORGHOFF. "GENERATING PRODUCT RECOMMENDATIONS USING FILTER COMBINATION." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 01, no. 02 (June 2004): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877004000143.
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Traditionally, customers spend most of their money for pre-configured "off-the-shelf" products. Simple product variations are offered, but fine-tuning by the customer before the purchase is generally not intended. Why pay for functionality that is not wanted? Why spend money for products that are so rigid and do not satisfy a hundred percent? To remedy these issues, we discuss a possible solution based on recommendations. In our approach, traditional filtering techniques known from recommender systems guide the customer through a sophisticated product personalization process using pipelined filter combination. This process distinguishes between expert customers and novices. An extended example shows the rich capabilities of the proposed solution.
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Bergin, Are, Claudia Voigt, Robert Fritzsch, Shahid Akhtar, Lars Arnberg, Christos G. Aneziris, and Ragnhild E. Aune. "Experimental Study on the Chemical Stability of Phosphate-Bonded Al2O3-Based Ceramic Foam Filters (CFFs)." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 52, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): 2008–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02144-3.
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AbstractProduction of high-quality aluminum products requires an extensive melt treatment process, even more so with the increasing focus on recycling and sustainability. Filtration is a commonly used process segment for removal of non-metallic inclusions in aluminum, and ceramic foam filters (CFFs) are often used as the filtration media. In the present study, the chemical stability of phosphate-bonded Al2O3-based CFFs has been investigated. Three filters with different chemical compositions have been submerged into pure aluminum (with traces of Mg) and in an aluminum-magnesium melt (~ 2 wt pct Mg) at 730 °C. In addition to filter characterization before and after exposure to molten metal, using various imaging and X-ray techniques, the melt itself was analyzed by spark optical emission spectroscopy. The generation of phosphine gas was also measured by the use of Dräger tubes, and thermodynamic calculations performed using FactSage™. The phosphate-bonded filters were observed to react with the magnesium present in the molten aluminum even at very low magnesium concentrations (0.00035 wt pct), and as the magnesium concentration increased the severity of the degradation became more and more evident. The exposure time proved to have detrimental effect on the filter structure, with pieces of the filter struts broken off causing melt contamination. Severe filter degradation also resulted in color changes with accompanying diffusion of magnesium and phosphorus to and from the filter, respectively. Moreover, phosphine gas was released in amounts exceeding recommended exposure limits when the filter came in contact with the humidity in the air after testing. Good agreement was established to exist between the results from the thermodynamic calculations performed and the experimental results.
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Grbović, Gorica, Olga Malev, Darko Dolenc, Roberta Sauerborn Klobučar, Želimira Cvetković, Bruno Cvetković, Branimir Jovančićević, and Polonca Trebše. "Synthesis, characterisation and aquatic ecotoxicity of the UV filter hexyl 2-(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate (DHHB) and its chlorinated by-products." Environmental Chemistry 13, no. 1 (2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en15013.
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Environmental context Various UV-filtering chemicals are added to sunscreens in order to protect humans from the harmful effects of the sun. As a consequence of disinfection processes in swimming pools, sunscreen components may be chlorinated and change their structure and properties, leading to derivatives with higher toxicity. The safety of sunscreen components as well as that of their transformation products during their use requires further study. Abstract In this work is presented a synthesis pathway for the UV filter hexyl 2-(4-diethylamino-2-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoate (DHHB) and its chlorinated by-products in order to investigate the transformation behaviour and toxicity changes of DHHB during chlorination disinfection treatment. Acute toxicity was measured using standardised tests with aquatic model organisms. The potency of DHHB was compared with other benzophenone-like UV filters tested in the same experimental set-up. The toxicity of chlorinated compounds tested with photobacteria was found to be in a similar range to that of the starting compound. Microalgae were more sensitive to DHHB than to its chlorinated by-products, whereas daphnids were affected more by DHHB’s chlorinated products. The comparative toxicity data showed DHHB and even more its chlorinated by-products as more highly biologically potent to daphnids than other tested UV filters. The toxic potential of benzophenone-like UV filters should be interpreted together with data on their chemical properties, chlorination effects and affected organisms.
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Burtseva, Tatyana, Nataliya Mironova, Elena Volk, and Alexey Chaykovskiy. "Marketing assessment of innovation potential of water filter manufacturers." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 06067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125806067.
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The study focuses on analyzing the products of water filter manufacturers using marketing tools. In the course of the study, factorial, cluster, regression analysis, as well as multivariate scaling were used. As a result, it was revealed that 65% of buyers rely on 4 main factors when buying filter products: price-value ratio, assortment depth, assortment saturation, and advertising support.
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St. Charles, FK, M. Ashley, CJ Shepperd, P. Clayton, and G. Errington. "A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 23, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0863.
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AbstractThe analysis of spent filters from human-smoked (HS) cigarettes has been used to estimate cigarette yields for over three decades. Until recently, the whole filter was used for estimation; however a part-filter method has been shown to improve the accuracy of estimated HS yields. The part-filter method uses only the mouth-end portion of the filter, downstream of the ventilation holes, for analysis. In this portion, the filtration efficiency is relatively constant irrespective of typical puff flow rates of humans and also minimizes butt length effects (e.g. nicotine condensation) on filtration efficiency. Therefore, the estimations of HS cigarette yields are more robust to human smoking conditions than previous whole-filter methods.British American Tobacco has adopted this method to obtain better understanding of how smokers actually use their products in their everyday environment. This can give information to help understand approaches to harm reduction. Since adopting this method, modifications and quality control features have been added to improve the accuracy of the estimation. This paper will describe in detail the methodology currently in use, along with sources of error, storage studies, quality control, repeatability and reproducibility.
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Gunawan, Barbara. "Assistance of BUMDes Tirta Kamulyan Kangen Water in Bangunjiwo Village, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta." ABDIMAS: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (January 3, 2022): 836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35568/abdimas.v4i2.1400.
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The purpose of this activity is to increase the income of BUMDes through the Tirta Kamulyan bottled water business, which is one of the BUMDes Bangunjiwo business units. Problems in the production sector, namely the absence of a filter to filter ready-to-drink water and an unhygienic pouring process; while for the marketing field is the lack of ability of managers to market products online, besides that the packaging used is not attractive. The methods used are: 1) Procurement and training on the use of bottled drinking water filters, 2) Lectures on health protocol socialization for BUMDes managers and youth organizations, 3) Training and assistance in making product packaging labels, online product marketing, and making blocks and social media for youth groups. From the service activities, activities were held in the form of: 1) Procurement of water filters and training on the use of water filters, 2) Socialization of the Covid-19 health protocol for BUMDes managers and youth organizations, installing Covid-19 protocol banners around BUMDes, providing health protocol tools, 3) Training and assistance in the manufacture of product packaging labels, 4) Training and assistance in online product marketing; and 5) Training and assistance in making blocks and social media for youth organizations. All activities were completed and were successful, after the service program, sales of Tirta Kamulyan Kangen Water products increased by 20%.
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Govorova, Zhanna, Ekaterina Muraveva, Yulia Isachkina, and Vadim Govorov. "Technology of surface runoff purification." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199706019.
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Surface runoff from urban area is a potential source of pollution of water bodies. Characteristics of rainfall runoff in some cities of Russia and foreign countries are given in the article. Traditional wastewater treatment facilities include the mechanical removal of large items, debris and leaves; sand removal; water clarification in accumulative clarifying tanks; chemical dosing, contact filtration and deep purification in sorption filters. Four technological schemes were analyzed. Conceptual difference of the schemes is using a new construction of accumulative clarifying tanks and different types of filters with inert floating polysterene load (CFPZ-1, CFPZ (CS), AFPZ-4). The investigation results of pilot plant that simulates the purification process of surface runoff in clarifying, sorption and I and II step cartridge filters are given in the article. During the investigation period the water entering the pilot plant had the concentration of suspended solids – 81-180 mg/L, petroleum products – 2-8 mg/L, COD – 48-97 mg/L. Analysis of the dynamic of changes in the concentration of suspended solids and petroleum products in previously treated in accumulative clarifying tank water during the filter cycle at each step showed that purification efficiency in polystyrene load layer depends on the type and dose of flocculant, filter rate and duration of filtration. The investigation results were used for the development of recommendations for the intensification of operation of industrial filters and improving technological reliability of surface runoff treatment facilities.
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Dunnill, Charles W. "UV Blocking Glass: Low Cost Filters for Visible Light Photocatalytic Assessment." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/407027.
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A number of commercially available art protection products have been compared and assessed for their suitability as UV blocking filters in the application of “visible light” photocatalytic research. Many groups claiming visible light photocatalytic success employ filters to block out stray UV radiation in order to justify that their photocatalysts are indeed visible light photocatalysts and not UV light photocatalysts. These filters come in varying degrees of ability and price and many authors fail to correctly characterise their filters in individual papers. The use of effective filters to prevent both false positive and false negative results is important to maintain scientific rigor and create accurate understanding of the subject. The optimum UV filter would have the highest UV blocking properties (<390 nm) and simultaneously the highest visible light transmission (390–750 nm). Single and double layers of each of the glass products were assessed as well as laminate products. The conclusions show an inexpensive and highly effective setup for the conduction of visible light photochemistry that should be incorporated as a standard part in any researcher’s work where the claim of visible light activity is made.
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Olela Otafudu, Olivier, and Hope Sabao. "On quasi-uniform box products." Applied General Topology 18, no. 1 (April 3, 2017): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/agt.2017.5818.
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<p>We revisit the computation of entourage sections of the constant uniformity of the product of countably many copies the Alexandroff one-point compactification called the Fort space. Furthermore, we define the concept of a quasi-uniformity on a product of countably many copies of a quasi-uniform space, where the symmetrised uniformity of our quasiuniformity coincides with the constant uniformity. We use the concept of Cauchy filter pairs on a quasi-uniform space to discuss the completeness of its quasi-uniform box product.</p>
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Gruenhage, Gary, and Yukinobu Yajima. "A filter property of submetacompactness and its application to products." Topology and its Applications 36, no. 1 (July 1990): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-8641(90)90035-z.
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Healy, R. M., J. C. Wenger, A. Metzger, J. Duplissy, M. Kalberer, and J. Dommen. "Gas/particle partitioning of carbonyls in the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 12 (June 26, 2008): 3215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3215-2008.
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Abstract. A new denuder-filter sampling technique has been used to investigate the gas/particle partitioning behaviour of the carbonyl products from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. A series of experiments was performed in two atmospheric simulation chambers at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in the presence of NOx and at a relative humidity of approximately 50%. The denuder and filter were both coated with the derivatizing agent O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) to enable the efficient collection of gas- and particle-phase carbonyls respectively. The tubes and filters were extracted and carbonyls identified as their oxime derivatives by GC-MS. The carbonyl products identified in the experiments accounted for around 5% and 10% of the mass of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene respectively. Experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficients were determined for a wide range of carbonyl products formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and compared with the theoretical values based on standard absorptive partitioning theory. Photooxidation products with a single carbonyl moiety were not observed in the particle phase, but dicarbonyls, and in particular, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, exhibited gas/particle partitioning coefficients several orders of magnitude higher than expected theoretically. These findings support the importance of heterogeneous and particle-phase chemical reactions for SOA formation and growth during the atmospheric degradation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons.
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Healy, R. M., J. C. Wenger, A. Metzger, J. Duplissy, M. Kalberer, and J. Dommen. "Gas/particle partitioning of carbonyls in the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 2 (March 5, 2008): 4727–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-4727-2008.
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Abstract. A new denuder-filter sampling technique has been used to investigate the gas/particle partitioning behaviour of the carbonyl products from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. A series of experiments was performed in two atmospheric simulation chambers at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature in the presence of NOx and at a relative humidity of approximately 50%. The denuder and filter were both coated with the derivatizing agent O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) to enable the efficient collection of gas- and particle-phase carbonyls respectively. The tubes and filters were extracted and carbonyls identified as their oxime derivatives by GC-MS. The carbonyl products identified in the experiments accounted for around 5% and 10% of the mass of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene respectively. Experimental gas/particle partitioning coefficients were determined for a wide range of carbonyl products formed from the photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and compared with the theoretical values based on standard absorptive partitioning theory. Photooxidation products with a single carbonyl moiety were not observed in the particle phase, but dicarbonyls, and in particular, glyoxal and methylglyoxal, exhibited gas/particle partitioning coefficients several orders of magnitude higher than expected theoretically. These findings support the importance of heterogeneous chemistry as a pathway for SOA formation and growth during the atmospheric degradation of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbons.
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Olacsi, Gary S., Joy Kempic, and Robert J. Beaton. "Image Quality of Privacy Filters for Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 22 (October 1998): 1565–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804202207.
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This paper presents an image quality evaluation of privacy filters for CRT display workstations. A photometric procedure was developed to evaluate the optical quality of privacy filters across horizontal display viewing angles. Then, the procedure was applied to two commercially-available privacy filter products. The results of the optical evaluation were compared with subjective image quality judgments of the privacy-filtered CRTs viewed under various ambient illumination, screen contrast polarity, and viewing angle conditions. The findings establish a human factors basis and procedure for objectively characterizing the image quality of privacy filters used on CRT displays.
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Green, CR, JN Schumacher, RA Lloyd, and A. Rodgman. "Comparisons of the Composition of Tobacco Smoke and the Smokes from Various Tobacco Substitutes." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 258–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0833.
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AbstractBy the late 1970s, eight technologies in the design of a ‘less hazardous’ cigarette were classified as significant. The eight included: The tobacco blend, the filter tip, filter-tip additives, reconstituted tobacco sheet, paper additives, air dilution via paper porosity, expanded tobacco, and air dilution via filter-tip perforation. In addition to these eight cigarette-design technologies was another proposed technology which involved the incorporation of a substitute for some or all of the tobacco in the cigarette filler. Despite considerable research and development (R&D) effort on various tobacco substitutes that indicated the replacements in most instances fulfilled the definition of a ‘less hazardous’ cigarette with regard to the chemical and biological properties of their mainstream smoke, tobacco substitute-containing cigarettes failed to attain consumer acceptability. As a result, several marketed products containing tobacco substitutes had an extremely brief tenure in the marketplace. Outlined herein is a summary of some detailed research conducted on the composition of the mainstream smokes from cigarettes containing either all-substitute filler or fillers comprising various substitute and tobacco mixtures as well as an all-tobacco cigarette.
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Shrestha, Sajeeb Kumar. "Brand Loyalty of Baby Diaper Products." Management Dynamics 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v21i1.27049.
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This study tries to measure the factors influencing brand loyalty of baby diapers in Kathmandu City. Primary cross section data were collected using structured questionnaires. 200 working mothers were chosen as sample of the study. Reliability analysis, descriptive statistics and regression analysis was done to filter the questions, to summarize the data and to test the hypotheses. This research confirmed convenience, product quality, design, brand experience and brand image factors are important factors for brand loyalty of baby diaper products. Price has no support for brand loyalty.
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Crișan, Horea-George, Florina Șerdean, Corina Bîrleanu, Marius Pustan, and Oana-Adriana Crișan. "An Efficient Method for Testing the Quality of Drinking-Water Filters Used for Home Necessities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 4085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074085.
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This paper presents research conducted in the direction of analyzing the efficiency of filters used for drinking water intended for domestic consumption, with effects on the water quality gained from the public distribution network. A basic method that uses accessible techniques, such as optical microscopy and tests that involve the use of existing products on the consumer market, was developed regarding the filtration capacities of the main filters existing on the market—a method that has advantages, such as speed and ease of application, a unitary character in obtaining samples, low costs, and high efficiency. The technique approached is that of microscopy, and the samples used were taken from the laboratory tests made on the mentioned filters, using a specific experimental stand designed to support laboratory tests by using chosen filter cartridges. The research results obtained were analyzed to make a classification from the perspective of filtration efficiency, in terms of using statistical analysis tools (mathematical models and methods processed in MATLAB software). Moreover, by using a certain type of application based on specific mathematical algorithms, which takes into account some influential factors with a decisive role on household consumers, it was aimed to identify the optimal filter element for acquisition and use in its own regime. The aim of the study was to identify the optimal filter cartridge from the perspective of quality–price ratio.
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Long, Tengfei, Zhaoming Zhang, Guojin He, Weili Jiao, Chao Tang, Bingfang Wu, Xiaomei Zhang, Guizhou Wang, and Ranyu Yin. "30 m Resolution Global Annual Burned Area Mapping Based on Landsat Images and Google Earth Engine." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (February 27, 2019): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050489.
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Heretofore, global Burned Area (BA) products have only been available at coarse spatial resolution, since most of the current global BA products are produced with the help of active fire detection or dense time-series change analysis, which requires very high temporal resolution. In this study, however, we focus on an automated global burned area mapping approach based on Landsat images. By utilizing the huge catalog of satellite imagery, as well as the high-performance computing capacity of Google Earth Engine, we propose an automated pipeline for generating 30-m resolution global-scale annual burned area maps from time-series of Landsat images, and a novel 30-m resolution Global annual Burned Area Map of 2015 (GABAM 2015) was released. All the available Landsat-8 images during 2014–2015 and various spectral indices were utilized to calculate the burned probability of each pixel using random decision forests, which were globally trained with stratified (considering both fire frequency and type of land cover) samples, and a seed-growing approach was conducted to shape the final burned areas after several carefully-designed logical filters (NDVI filter, Normalized Burned Ratio (NBR) filter, and temporal filter). GABAM 2015 consists of spatial extent of fires that occurred during 2015 and not of fires that occurred in previous years. Cross-comparison with the recent Fire_cci Version 5.0 BA product found a similar spatial distribution and a strong correlation ( R 2 = 0.74) between the burned areas from the two products, although differences were found in specific land cover categories (particularly in agriculture land). Preliminary global validation showed the commission and omission errors of GABAM 2015 to be 13.17% and 30.13%, respectively.
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Povstyanoy, O. Y., A. O. Mikhailov, V. D. Rud, and O. V. Mikhailov. "Modeling of the compaction of powder filter elements during radial isostatic pressing." Uspihi materialoznavstva 2020, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2020.01.033.
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The method of computer simulation was used to study the process of radially isostatic pressing of filter elements made of steel powder BBS15. Powder compaction occurs under the influence of an elastic ele¬ment made of polyurethane. The volume of the deformable body is considered as a continuous medium. To describe the behavior of this medium, the relations of the theory of plasticity of a porous body and the finite element method are used. The patterns of compaction of products of two types are considered (hollow cylinders, including multilayer ones, and filters of complex shape in the form of a bulb). When pressing multilayer filters, the load was removed after compaction of each layer. A new powder was placed in the cavity between the obtained layer and the elastic element, which took its original shape. Further, the pressing process was continued. The porosity distribution in the case of compaction of a single-layer cylindrical filter is uneven. The value of porosity increases with increasing radius. As the degree of deformation increases, the difference between the porosity of the material at the inner and outer surfaces of the filter decreases. The compaction of the outer layer of the two-layer filter occurs in the same way as the preliminary compaction of the first (inner) layer. The denser inner layer deforms slightly and acts as a mandrel. Further, the outer layer is compacted and both layers are deformed. The compaction of the layers of a three-layer filter is similar. The thickness and porosity of the layers can be controlled by changing the initial porosity of the powder, the inner diameter of the elastic element, as well as the pressing load. Two compaction schemes (radial and axial) were considered in the manufacture of complex-shaped filters in the form of a bulb. The distribution of porosity is uneven and depends on the compaction scheme. The material of the filter wall is compacted more intensively in the case of radial pressing. The porosity is higher at the outer surface of the filter wall and lower at its inner surface.The bottom material of the filter is compacted more intensively in the case of axial pressing.The use of the pressing scheme, in which the powder is first compacted in the radial and then in the axial direction, allows to get a more uniform distribution of porosity. Keywords: radial isostatic pressing, porous permeable material, filter, density distribution, porosity.
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Dmitrienko, Vladimir, Stanislav Мaslennikov, and Аleksandr Bogomzov. "Research of filter materials for dust fractioning." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 05011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128405011.
Full textAbstract:
A special place in air pollution with dust emissions is occupied by the production of building materials, using large quantities of dispersed mineral substances as aggregates. The article is devoted to the study of hazardous dust fractions emission when assessing the dustiness of the working area for the production of concrete and reinforced concrete products, since the specific location and operation of the equipment complex is characterized by uneven dust formation in space and time. This reduces the efficiency of the aspiration systems. Based on the analysis of methods and means for assessing dustiness, the use of the gravimetric method is justified, however, to assess the content of the most dangerous dust particles for the human body with a size of 2.5 to 10 microns, a size separation of particles is required. Non-woven synthetic filter materials of various thick-nesses and densities are investigated. It is proposed to carry out sampling in blocks with three filters from different filter materials. The studies were carried out with the help of a specially made portable complex. The most effective filter materials were determined with the help of microscopic analysis. The conducted calibration of the blower performance with an assessment of the measurement accuracy showed relatively small errors in the air sampling, which confirms the feasibility of assessing the dustiness of the filter blocks.
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Tryggvason, Karl, and Jorma Wartiovaara. "How Does the Kidney Filter Plasma?" Physiology 20, no. 2 (April 2005): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00045.2004.
Full textAbstract:
The kidneys filter the plasma in special filtration units—glomeruli—and thereby excrete low-molecular-weight waste products into the urine. The mechanisms of glomerular filtration have been a matter of controversy for several decades, but recent data have revealed new details about the molecular nature of the filter and have demonstrated a central role for the podocyte slit diaphragm in the filtration process.
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Trinies, Victoria, Matthew C. Freeman, Monique Hennink, and Thomas Clasen. "The role of social networks on the uptake of household water filters by women in self-help groups in rural India." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2011.127.
Full textAbstract:
Household water treatment and safe storage (HWTS) has been shown to improve drinking water quality and prevent disease. Efforts to scale up HWTS among vulnerable populations have been limited, partly due to an incomplete understanding of the socio-cultural influences on decision-making around uptake of HWTS. In-depth interviews were conducted with women in self-help groups in rural India who were exposed to a HWTS promotional campaign to investigate the influence of social networks on uptake of a household water filter. Results show discussion of the water filter amongst self-help group members, other peers, and family members allows social network members to share their opinions and purchasing intentions. This exposure is shown to shape individuals' opinions of the filter and establish purchasing norms within social networks. Within this cultural context, for high cost products like water filters, women needed to negotiate purchase with other household decision-makers. These results suggest that promoters of healthful durables like water filters must not only ensure product availability and financing, but also encourage platforms for discussion, recognize the socio-economic norms that develop around who adopts new technologies, and reach out to multiple actors in families and communities that influence individuals' behaviors and control household purchasing decisions.