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Journal articles on the topic 'Filter media'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Bharadwaj, R., A. Patel, S. Chokdeepanich, and G. G. Chase. "Oriented Fiber Filter Media." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 155892500800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892500800300210.

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Coalescing filters are widely used throughout industry and improved performance will reduce droplet emissions and operating costs. Experimental observations show orientation of micro fibers in filter media effect the permeability and the separation efficiency of the filter media. In this work two methods are used to align the fibers to alter the filter structure. The results show that axially aligned fiber media improve quality factor on the order of 20% and cutting media on an angle from a thick layered media can improve performance by about 40%. The results also show the improved performance is not monotonically correlated to the average fiber angle of the medium.
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2

Sutherland, Ken. "Filter media guidelines: Selecting the right filter media." Filtration + Separation 48, no. 3 (May 2011): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(11)70117-3.

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3

Mariappan Kadarkarainadar, Marichelvam, and Geetha Mariappan. "Investigation of Fiber-Based Bag Filter Coated with Metal Oxides for Dust Adsorption." Fibers 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11010010.

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The production of cement increases every year, which leads to the emission of dust/gas/ particulate matter. The emission of unfiltered dust would create a significant environmental impact. Hence, it is the responsibility of industries to control the emission of dust. Air filters and electrostatic precipitators (ESP) play a significant role in controlling pollutants. Synthetic filter media which are dangerous to our environment are widely used in most industries. The disposal of synthetic filters is an arduous task as the biodegradability of synthetic materials is poor. Hence, it is essential to develop an eco-friendly air filter material. In this paper, a new type of bag filter was designed by using natural sisal fiber as filtering media. The biodegradability of sisal fiber is better than the synthetic polyester media and also sisal fiber is less expensive. The natural fibers were coated with zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles to improve the dust adsorption rate. Various tests were conducted as per standards to validate the performance of the filler media. The results were impressive. Hence, the proposed sisal fiber-based filter media can be used in cement industries for dust adsorption to minimize the environmental impact.
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4

Liu, Jing Xian, De Qiang Chang, Yue Xie, Ning Mao, and Xi Sun. "Research on Fine Particles Capture of Baghouse Filter Media." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1293.

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Industrial dust emission is one of the main sources of fine particle especially for PM2.5 in atmosphere. Filter media is the key component for baghouse. In the paper, several normal needle felt filters and membrane filter are studied through experiments. The performances of filter such as resistance, capture efficiency for total particle and number counting efficiency for fine particle are tested.The experimental results show that the resistance of filter increase after aging, the resisitance increasing rate of membrane filter is the smallest; The efficiencies for total particles of normal filter are above 99.9% at clean state, and 99.99% at stable state after aging; Although the filters have high efficiency for total particle, but the number counting efficiency for 10μm particle is 94%-99%, and 52%-92% for 2μm particles. New filters for fine particles are needed.
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5

Boni, André, and Michael Clark. "Filter media: Improving filter media to achieve cleaner air." Filtration & Separation 45, no. 9 (November 2008): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70367-7.

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Vaughn, Edward, and Gayetri Ramachandran. "Fiberglass Vs. Synthetic Air Filtration Media." International Nonwovens Journal os-11, no. 3 (September 2002): 1558925002OS—01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925002os-01100309.

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This paper deals with ASHRAE filters used in air filtration applications and summarizes, on the basis of current research work, some of the reasons for the disagreement that exists among filter manufacturers concerning the properties and performance of various types of air filter media in general, glass and synthetic media in particular. Attention is also drawn to some important items that need to be incorporated in test methods and to some factors that could be affecting filter performance
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7

Poudel, Aashish. "Anthracite as filter Media in Filtration Process." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 6 (July 6, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v6i0.38272.

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This research was carried out to see the performance of anthracite as filter media in filtration process. The study also aimed to compare two filter media in terms of turbidity it removed, head loss development with time and filter run with increase in influent turbidity. Two rapid gravity filter(RGF) columns were prepared having internal dimensions of 11x11x290 cm3, one with anthracite and another with sand as filter media. The uniformity coefficient of sand and anthracite of 1.54 and 1.4 were maintained from sieve analysis. Constant Filtration rate of 3m/h was set and other ancillary activities were made same for both filter models. The experiments were repeated seven times with different influent turbidity ranges of 0-25, 25-50, 50-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-300 NTU. Both the Filters were back washed with back washing velocity of 24 m/h, when the terminal head loss of 165.4 cm was obtained. The effluent quality of anthracite obtained was better for all the filter run. The head loss development with time was more for sand filter in all filter runs. The filter run time for sand vary from 150 to 8 hours and for anthracite, it varies from 172 to13 hours from first to seventh filter run.
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8

Li, Huan, John D. Wanjura, William B. Faulkner, and Ronald E. Lacey. "Evaluation of Filter Media Options for High Volume PM2.5 Sampling." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 2 (2019): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.13010.

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Abstract. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), glass fiber, and cellulose fiber filter media were evaluated under controlled conditions to determine their suitability for high volume PM2.5 sampling. Repeated mounting and unmounting events of new filters not exposed to ambient particulate matter were conducted in a laboratory environment and differences in the filter weight recorded. After the initial mounting and unmounting event, the filters exhibited weight changes of -2.24 mg, -0.61 mg, and 0.18 mg for cellulose, PTFE, and glass fiber filters, respectively. The standard deviation of replicated measurements after the first event was 1.76 (n = 9), 0.50 (n = 10), and 0.31 (n = 10) for cellulose, PTFE, and glass fiber filters, respectively. The combination of weight loss and standard deviation made the cellulose filter unsuitable for use in high volume PM2.5 samplers. However, improved performance over PTFE filters, suggests that glass fiber filters similar in specification to PTFE filters should be considered as acceptable substitutes in high volume PM2.5 sampling. Keywords: Air quality, Error, Filters, Measurement, Particles, Sampling technique.
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9

Liao, Z., and H. Ødegaard. "Coarse media filtration for enhanced primary treatment of municipal wastewater." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0542.

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In these experimental studies enhanced primary treatment in coarse media filters has been evaluated. The coarse media used in the filters have been plastic carriers normally used for moving bed bioreactors, a Kaldnes carrier K1 with density < 1 g/cm3 (K1L) and a bigger carrier K2, that was used both in a lighter, floating (K2L) version and a heavier, sinking one (K2H). The results demonstrated that media characteristics significantly influenced filter performance. The dosing of a high MW and high charge cationic polymer was, however, found to have an even greater effect on treatment efficiency and especially on head loss development. Both filters were found to be feasible for enhanced primary treatment at high filtration rates (20-30 m/h) especially when dosing low dosages (1-3 mg/l) of polymer. The combination of two media into a dual media filter might take the advantages of both. Further experiments were carried out on a dual media filter consisting of lighter K1L media and heavier K2H media. It was indeed found that the K1L+K2H up-flow filter resulted in better performances in terms of water production when an optimised backwash procedure was taken into account.
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10

de Barros, Priscila Martins, Eduardo Hiromitsu Tanabe, and Mônica Lopes Aguiar. "Characterization and Efficiency Evaluation of Regenerated Filter Media." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1643–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1643.

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This study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of virgin and regenerated filter media and their relation with filtration efficiencies for particles with aerodynamic diameter up to 20 µm. The permeability of the filter media was determined and their fibers were observed in a scanning electron microscope. Filtration efficiency was obtained from the dust cake formed. The particulate matter used was phosphate concentrate and the filter media were cellulose fiber filters. The results showed that regenerated filter media presented higher air permeability due to the opening of the fibers observed in the microphotographs obtained; lower removal efficiencies were observed for particles smaller than 2.5 µm; and for particles larger than 2.5 µm, the efficiencies were nearly the same as those of the virgin filter, which was approximately 100%. It was verified that the regenerated filter media lost their initial characteristics, but continued to be efficient for particles larger than 2.5 µm.
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11

Ayunata, Yudi, Laili Fitria, and Ulli Kadaria. "Pengolahan Air Gambut dengan Media Filter Keramik Berpori (Peat Water Treatment Using Portable Ceramic Filter Media)." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan Lahan Basah 8, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 049. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jtllb.v8i2.43030.

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AbstractAreas characteristic of the soil peaty usually contains brown water, PH (3-5), humus acid, organic substances, and high iron. In this research samples of raw water from the river agreed II which has a pH of 5.67, organic substances 232.17 mg/L, color is 1,346 PT-CO, and Iron Metal (Fe) is 0.96 mg/L. Quality of the parameter is not qualified (PERMESKES No 32 the year 2017) hygiene sanitation and clean water. This study knows the effectiveness of porous ceramic filters with a mixture of eggshells, zeolite, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in sintering at 220 oC for 6 hours. Mixed variation of eggshell, zeolite, and PVA made is type (I) 67.5%: 22.5%: 10%, type (II) 45%: 45%: 10%, and type (II) 22.5%: 67,5%: 10%. Results showed a porous ceramic filter with a mixture of eggshells, zeolite, and PVA for each type filter (I), type (II), and type (III) have the density of 2, 092gr/CM3, 2, 080gr/CM3, 2, 006gr/Cm3. Porosity of 18%, 43%, and 69% as well as flux 1305 L/m2. Jam, 1813 L/m2. Clock, and 2209 L/m2. Jam. The highest color loss effectiveness in type Filter (II) 40% from 1001 TCU to 592.5 TCU. The type (I) effectiveness increases peat water pH from 5.67 to 6.84 by 17%. The highest efficacy organic substances Parameter type (II) amounted to 77% from 232.17 mg/L to 51.64 mg/L. turbidity of highest efficacy type (III) 48% of 29.6 mg/L to 15.35 mg/L. Iron Parameters Highest efficacy type (III) amounted to 53.12% from 0.96 mg/L to 0.45 mg/L and the highest effectiveness parameters of the type (III) of 78% from 139.44 mg/L to 59.91 mg/L. Keywords: peat water, eggshells, ceramic filters, zeolite Abstrak Daerah karakteristik tanah bergambut biasanya mengandung air berwarna coklat, pH (3-5), berkadar asam humus, zat organik,dan besi yang tinggi. Dalam penelitian ini sampel air baku dari sungai Sepakat II yang memiliki pH 5,67, zat organik 232,17 mg/L, warna adalah 1.346 pt-co, dan logam besi (Fe) adalah 0,96 mg/L. Kualitas parameter tersebut tidak memenuhi syarat (PERMESKES No 32 Tahun 2017) higiene sanitasi dan air bersih. Penelitian ini mengetahui efektivitas filter keramik berpori dengan campuran media cangkang telur, zeolit, dan Polivinil Alkohol (PVA) yang disintering dengan suhu 220 oC selama 6 jam. Variasi campuran bahan cangkang telur, zeolit, dan PVA yang dibuat adalah Tipe (I) 67,5 % : 22,5 % : 10%, Tipe (II) 45%:45% : 10%, dan Tipe (II) 22,5% : 67,5%:10%. Hasil menunjukan filter keramik berpori dengan campuran cangkang telur, zeolit, dan PVA untuk setiap filter Tipe (I), Tipe (II), dan Tipe (III) yaitu memiliki densitas sebesar 2,092gr/Cm3, 2,080gr/Cm3, 2,006gr/Cm3. Porositas sebesar 18%, 43%, dan 69% serta Fluks 1305 L/m2.jam, 1813 L/m2.jam, dan 2209 L/m2.jam. Penurunan warna efektivitas tertinggi pada filter Tipe (II) 40% dari 1001 TCU menjadi 592,5 TCU. Tipe (I) efektivitas meningkatkan pH air gambut dari 5,67 menjadi 6,84 sebesar 17%. Parameter zat organik efektivitas tertinggi Tipe (II) sebesar 77% dari 232,17 mg/L menjadi 51,64 mg/L. Kekeruhan efektivitas tertinggi Tipe (III) 48% dari 29,6 mg/L menjadi 15,35 mg/L. Parameter besi efektivitas tertinggi Tipe (III) sebesar 53,12 % dari 0,96 mg/L menjadi 0,45 mg/L dan parameter kesadahan efektivitas tertinggi Tipe (III) sebesar 78% dari 139,44 mg/L menjadi 59,91 mg/L. Kata Kunci: peat water, eggshells, ceramic filters, zeolite
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12

Shcherbakova, Olena, and Svitlana Nikiforchuk. "SOCIAL MEDIA AND FILTER BUBBLES." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 54, no. 5 (December 27, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/5411.

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The aim of this paper is to analyze the media bubbles and media footprint in social medias. The authors reflect the ways numerous online hubs are personalizing the Internet for their users, so people have media bubbles as an effect when the algorithms of social networks and search engines personally select what posts and links to show. The information bubble is related to the peculiarities of the cognitive activity. People choose information that supports their point of view and isolate what will confirm their opinion from the whole array of facts and information, a “Confirmation Bias”. Turning students’ attention to their own filter bubbles on social media, a space where they may have already developed an array of literacies, the authors warn the students that media bubbles can be dangerous. There are tasks to analyze the media fields of students and also there are ways to filter out information flows, preserve and develop critical thinking. The authors give examples of tasks for bachelor level students in the discipline “Info-Media Literacy and Critical Thinking”.
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13

Tamakhu, Gopal, and Iswar Man Amatya. "Turbidity removal by rapid sand filter using anthracite coal as capping media." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v4i1.35142.

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Rapid sand filters are very common in all conventional water treatment plants. Capping of existing rapid sand filters can be the promising method of improving the performance of rapid sand filters. Capping is process in which upper sand bed layer of few cm is replaced with capping material. However, this technique is limited in India due to unavailability of filter materials apart from sand. Some materials suitable for capping are anthracite coal, PVC granules, bituminous coal, broken bricks, etc. The attempt is made to study the effect of capping of Rapid sand filters by the use of anthracite coal as a capping media by pilot scale study. A series of test runs and experiments using different influent turbidity were tried. The pilot scale study has shown very encouraging results. Comparative analysis shows that higher rate of filtration is possible along with higher filter run and less backwash requirement. In the present work, conventional rapid sand filter and capped rapid sand filter are compared.
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14

Choudhary, A. K. "Analyzing filter media performance." Filtration + Separation 54, no. 3 (May 2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(17)30136-2.

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15

Sutherland, Ken. "Advances in filter media." Filtration & Separation 42, no. 7 (September 2005): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(05)70621-2.

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16

Sutherland, Ken. "Filter media: Current developments." Filtration & Separation 43, no. 8 (October 2006): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(06)70975-2.

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17

Bang, Ki Woong, Jin Chul Joo, Jin Ho Kim, Eunbi Kang, Jongsoo Choi, Jung Min Lee, and Yonghyok Kim. "Application of Bottom Ash as Filter Media for Construction Site Runoff Control." Water 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12040990.

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The potential application of bottom ash (BA) for construction site runoff control as an alternative filter media with high removal efficiency of total suspended solids (TSS) and longer operation period were evaluated. Both lab-scale single-layer and pilot-scale multi-layer filtration experiments were performed using BA filter media with different particle sizes and various volumetric flow rates. Due to the mesoporous, irregular, and spherical shape of gravel-size BA filter media used in this study, relatively low surface area, negligible pore volume, and greater pore size were observed. Both TSS removal efficiencies and clogging of BA filter media were a complex function of particle size of BA filter media and loading rate of TSS. Incoming TSS particles did not significantly penetrate beyond 46-cm BA filter media depth, accumulating on the upper layers and gradually forming a clogging layer to critical thickness, and finally the clogging filtration mechanism dominated the overall removal efficiency of TSS. Accumulation of TSS on BA filter media can be explained by the lumped sigmoidal empirical model, and an exponential decline in accumulation of TSS with depth results in minimal accumulation beneath the clogging layer. As practical implications, BA filter media depth of less than 46 cm is recommended with dual- or multi-media filters using mixtures of gravel-size BA and silt-size fine media, and a combination of detention basins can reduce frequent periodic de-clogging operation and management.
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18

Mao, Ning, De Qiang Chang, Jing Xian Liu, and Xi Sun. "Effect of Surface Finishing on Filtration Performance of a Regenerable Filter Media." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.155.

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The periodical filter cleaning process has a marked effect on the filtration performances of fabric filters. A model was proposed to express the non-uniformity of residual dust cake distribution after filter cleaning in a simpler manner, in which two parameters, i.e. the surface cleaning fraction, f , and the residual dust load on un-cleaned surface, RD , were introduced. Three filter media with different surface finishing were tested and f and RD were calculated by using the testing results. It can then be concluded that filter with surface finishing of calendar + singe has a better filter regeneration effect than that of singe + calendar. Lamination with PTFE membrane results in an excellent filter regeneration effect.
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19

Kent, T. D., C. S. B. Fitzpatrick, and S. C. Williams. "Testing of biological aerated filter (BAF) media." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0452.

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The cost of filter media contributes a significant proportion of the initial capital outlay in wastewater treatment by biological aerated filters (BAFs). Media characteristics also affect day to day running costs such as those involved in backwashing. To allow an informed choice relating to filter media and their prospective uses a number of standards have been produced, most recently the British Effluent and Water Association (BEWA) standard. The aim of this study was to investigate a number of granular media using the BEWA standard in order to determine their suitability for BAFs. All the media samples investigated appear suitable for use as BAF media with one in particular having all the necessary characteristics e.g. low density, high specific surface area and resistance to attrition.
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20

Trogolo, Jeffery. "Filter media: bacterial growth on filters – the silver solution." Filtration & Separation 43, no. 6 (July 2006): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(06)70918-1.

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21

Jusoh, Ahmad, S. Goh Eng Giap, Lam Su Shiung, N. Ali, M. J. M. M. Noor, and A. G. Halim. "Head loss performance and modeling of burnt oil palm shell in deep bed filtration." Water Supply 7, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2007): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.143.

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Filtration is a common unit operation in a water treatment plant. The effectiveness of granular filter media in treating surface water and removing suspended solids is already well established. However, less effort in the mathematical modeling towards the design of the filtration unit is observed. The current study involved head loss performance evaluation and development of a mathematical model to correlate maximum service time of filter at a maximum allowable head loss with various effective sizes and flow rates. Sand and burnt oil palm shell (BOPS) used as filter media in single and dual media filters were subjected to different effective sizes and flow rates. The average influent water turbidity for each filter (at specific effective size and flow rate) before entering the filtration unit was from 1 to 5 NTU. This was a pilot a study on settled water that was conducted in a Malaysian water treatment plant. Results suggest that all filters are capable of producing water with acceptable turbidity unit (<1 NTU). The total running time and filtrate water quality produced by BOPS/sand dual media filter was much better (i.e. the running time of BOPS/sand was four to nine times greater than sand single media filter) than BOPS and sand single media filters. The experimental data were well represented by a newly developed model and results of fitting show a high correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.991. The maximum allowable head loss was selected as 240 cm with an acceptable filtrate water quality (less than 1 NTU). In addition, the current results will be a supplementary tool for engineers in designing a proper filtration unit.
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22

Lawler, D. F., and J. A. Nason. "Granular media filtration: old process, new thoughts." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 7 (March 1, 2006): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.201.

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The design of granular media filters has evolved over many years so that modern filters have larger media sizes and higher filtration velocities than in earlier times. The fundamental understanding of filtration has also improved over time, with current models that account reasonably for all characteristics of the media, the suspension and the filter operation. The methodology for design, however, has not kept pace with these improvements; current designs are based on pilot plants, past experience, or a simple guideline (the ratio of the bed depth to media grain size). We propose that design should be based universally on a characteristic removal length, with the provision of a bed depth that is some multiple of that characteristic length. This characteristic removal length is calculated using the most recent (and most complete) fundamental model and is based on the particle size with the minimum removal efficiency in a filter. The multiple of the characteristic length that yields the required bed depth has been calibrated to existing, successful filters.
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23

Gade, Pranav M., Subhash M. Chakote, and Ganesh G. Garkhedkar. "Effect on Efficiency of Air Filter Element at Steady and Dynamic Condition." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42216.

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Abstract: For the better protection of the engine, required highly efficient air. Primary feature of engine air filter element is the dust holding capacity, in the parameters major factor is efficiency when we are selecting an engine air filter media or element. For deliver higher filtration performances constantly being challenge in automotive engine air filters. There is need to protect the engine from dust particle which effects on the performance and life of the engine, abrasive contaminants are increasing to achieve longer engine life, for improved engine performance. The innovative air filter designs are required to maximize filtration property and better performance. The performance of the engine as well as life of the engine are based on filtration efficiency of air filter. In this study we are discussed about filtration efficiency of the air filter. In this experiment we study the effect of the vibration on the air filter media performance as compare with the steady performance of the air filter media or assembly at steady condition. One is at steady condition and second is dynamic condition. Both tests are performing in the laboratory according to ISO5011 standard. Keywords: Air Filter, Filtration, Performance, Vibration, Air Filter Media.
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24

Uzcategui, Omar. "2-D depth migration in transversely isotropic media using explicit operators." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 6 (November 1995): 1819–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443914.

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Stable, explicit depth‐extrapolation filters can be used to propagate plane waves corresponding to the qP and qSV (quasi‐P and quasi‐SV propagation) modes for transversely isotropic (TI) media. Here, I discuss and compare results of two different methods for obtaining the filters for TI media with a vertical axis of symmetry (VTI). The first, a modified Taylor series method, is used to calculate the N‐coefficients of a finite‐length filter such that the Taylor expansion around vertical propagation matches the spatial Fourier transform of the downward‐continuation operator for VTI media. Second, a least‐squares method is used to calculate the filter coefficients such that the amplitude and phase departures from the ideal response of the downward‐continuation operator for VTI media are minimized over a range of frequencies and propagation angles. In both methods, the amplitude response of the filter is forced to be less than unity in the evanescent region to achieve stability. In general, as exemplified in all the cases studied here, the constrained least‐squares method produced filters with accurate wavefield extrapolation for a wider range of propagation angles than that obtained for the modified Taylor series method. In both methods, the maximum angle that can be accurately propagated depends on the ratio of frequency to vertical phase velocity [Formula: see text], and on the length of the filter. However, for a fixed filter length and for a given ratio [Formula: see text], the maximum angle propagated with accuracy depends on the elastic constants of the medium. The accuracy of the filters degrades as the degree of anisotropy becomes more extreme.
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25

Yang, Feikai, Dafang Fu, Shuang Liu, Chris Zevenbergen, and Rajendra Prasad Singh. "Hydrologic and Pollutant Removal Performance of Media Layers in Bioretention." Water 12, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030921.

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The current study was aimed to investigate the filler layer structure in modified bioretention systems. Three different structural layers in bioretention were proposed to evaluate their hydrologic performance and pollutant removal efficiency under different rainfall intensities. These layers were as follows: all three layers (filter, transition, and drainage layers), without transition layer, and without drainage layer. Synthetic stormwater was used for experimental purpose in current work. Results revealed that compared with “all three layers”, runoff control rate of “without transition layer” and “without drainage layer” was reduced by 0 to 7.4%, 0 to 10.1%, and outflow start time was advanced by 6 to 8 min and 1.5 to 4.5 min, respectively. Moreover, CODcr (chemical oxygen demand), NH4+-N (ammonium nitrogen), TN (total nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus) removal rates were 86.0%, 85.4%, 71.8%, and 68.0%, respectively. Particle size distribution of the fillers revealed that during operation, particle moved downward were mainly within 0.16–0.63 mm size. Findings showed that transition and drainage layer played an important role in runoff control, and total height of the filler layer should not be less than 800 mm. Filter layer effectively reduce runoff pollution but the thickness of the filter layer should not be less than 500 mm. Whereas, transition layer has the function of preventing the filler loss of the filter layer; therefore, proper measures must be taken into consideration during structural optimization.
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Davis, Wayne T., B. Alan Phillips, Maureen Dever, Thomas C. Montie, Kimberly Kelly-Wintenberg, and Sarah Macnaughton. "Evaluation of the Filtration Performance of Biocide Loaded Filter Media." International Nonwovens Journal os-8, no. 2 (June 1999): 1558925099OS—80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925099os-800215.

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This paper presents the results of a study designed to evaluate the filtration performance of nonwoven filtration media which have been loaded with a variety of biocides for use as potential indoor air filters. A test stand was constructed based on a modification of the ASTM 1215 Standard to provide testing of the bacterial removal efficiency of the filtration media. Biocide-loaded filtration media were first tested on an ASTM 1215 test stand using standard monodispersed latex spheres to determine the particle removal efficiency as a function of particle sizes in the 0.5 to 2.0 micrometer sizes. A multichannel optical particle counter was used to assess the efficiency. Additional samples of the same media were then tested in the modified ASTM 1215 test stand, referred to as the Biocontaminant Indoor Air Quality Test Stand (BIAQTS) by atomizing bacteria (Gram positive and Gram negative) and fungi into the test stand. Initial bacterial testing was conducted using single-stage microbial samplers to determine the efficiency of filters for removing Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria and other bacteria. In addition to testing the filtration efficiency, additional tests were conducted on samples of the filter by placing small disk samples of the unexposed biocide-loaded filters and a non-loaded control filter onto microorganism-loaded agar in petri dishes. Microorganisms studied included four bacteria, a fungus, and an opportunistic pathogen. The samples were then incubated and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the zone of inhibited growth of the microorganisms around the disks due to the biocide treatments which were applied to the filters. The results are presented for two of a series of biocide-loaded nonwoven filters which were prepared using two different techniques for loading the biocides: 1) nonwoven filters which were prepared by mixing the biocide with the polypropylene polymer prior to meltblowing the polymer into a filter - referred to as impregnated biocide, and 2) spray application of the biocides as a finish onto the filter media–referred to as post treatment. The effects of impregnated versus post treatment applications on filtration efficiency and on the inhibition of bacterial growth on the filters are presented.
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Liu, Xingcheng, Henggen Shen, and Xueli Nie. "Study on the Filtration Performance of the Baghouse Filters for Ultra-Low Emission as a Function of Filter Pore Size and Fiber Diameter." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020247.

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The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of filter pore size and fiber diameter on the performance of the baghouse filters for ultra-low emission. In this study, three kinds of conventional polyester filter (depth filtration media) and two kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene membrane-coated polyester filter (surface filtration media), having various filter pore sizes and fiber diameters, were tested to determine the performance of static and dynamic filtration. In order to determine the static filtration performance, the filtration resistance and the filtration efficiency of the clean filter media were measured by the arrestance method. The dynamic filtration performance experiments were conducted to determine the dynamic resistances, dust depositions, and dynamic filtration efficiencies of the dust-containing filter media under the condition of dust airflow filtration through a pulse-cleaning cycle. In the dynamic filtration performance experiments, the size of 50% test dust was less than 2.5 μm, and the mass mean aerodynamic diameter of the dust was 1.5 μm. The filtration velocity was 2 m∙min−1, and the dust concentration was 18.4 g∙m−3. The static filtration performance experiments showed that the filter pore size greatly affected the filtration resistance and the filtration efficiency of the fabric structure of the surface filtration media. In the depth filtration media, the filtration efficiency and the filtration resistance of the fabric structure were improved when the filter pore size and the fiber diameter were smaller in magnitude. For all the five filter media, smaller the pore size of the filter media, greater was the filtration precision (for fine particles, such as PM2.5) of the fabric structure. In the dynamic filtration performance experiments, the filter pore size and the fiber diameter of the depth filtration media affected the dynamic filtration resistance and the dynamic filtration efficiency of the depth filtration media by affecting the deposition rate of dust in the depth filtration media; however, the filter pore size of the surface filtration media affected the blocking rate of dust in the membrane micropores, thus influencing the dynamic filtration resistance and the dynamic filtration efficiency of the surface filtration media.
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Siddiqui, Ahmar. "Low Cost Multi Bed Filter for Rainwater Harvesting System in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (August 10, 2021): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37295.

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The project mainly focus on capturing rainwater and with basic treatment on passing it through layers of various filter media which helps to make this water fit for human household purposes and various domestic activities. The filter is made in various layers having smaller specific gravity media at the top and larger specific gravity media at the bottom . Similarly larger size media are placed at the top and smaller denser media are placed at the bottom. The filter contains filtering medias such as granulated activated carbon made from coconut shells, ceramic earthenware clay pieces, coarse sand , Garnet sand and pebbles and gravels are used as a supporting layer. Each layer is being separated by mesh and muslin cloth arrangement so as to hold layers above one another and does not allow filter medias to dislocate from one place to another. This multibed filter is being made as per economical point of view such that it uses natural filtering medias and constructed easily at very low cost. This low cost multibed filter can filter down suspended solids, remove color ,taste and odor, lowers pH value, reduce alkalinity, total dissolved solids, concentration of chlorides, highly removes turbidity , lowers hardness in water, removes heavy metals such as mercury and other harmful elements as this filter contains activated carbon granules . The filtered water can also be used for human consumption after disinfection.
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Seeberger, Andreas. "Synthetic filter media: Balancing energy efficiency and electrostatics in new synthetic filter media." Filtration & Separation 48, no. 1 (January 2011): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(11)70042-8.

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30

Pandang, Ivonda Vicana, Sinung Rahardjo, and Djumbuh Rukmono. "Prototype Design of Water Treatment Equipment Domestic Waste." Journal of Social Research 2, no. 3 (February 8, 2023): 735–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55324/josr.v2i3.716.

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A prototype design for domestic wastewater treatment has been carried out using the concept of filtration, in which this prototype consists of 2 filters to treat domestic wastewater, the first filter uses a 10-inch cartridge filter media in which filter materials are composed, namely cotton, ferrite, and activated carbon. Then the second filter uses an RO 75 GPD filter which consists of a hollow fiber membrane and has pores of 0.0001 microns. Domestic wastewater from the input reservoir is pumped through the PVC and into filter 1, namely the carbon filter media inside the cartridge filter, the produced water is passed through the ferrite filtration media and then inserted into the membrane, the produced water enters the membrane and RO filter then produces processed wastewater that has been clean and enter into the output reservoir. The results of the functional test explained that the flow velocity of treated wastewater passing through the ¾ inch connecting pipe was 0.22 m/s or 0.24 m3/hour and it took 2 hours to fill an aquarium with a water capacity of 57 liters.
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Jonsson, Lena, Elzbieta Plaza, and Bengt Hultman. "Experiences of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in deep-bed filters in the Stockholm area." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0042.

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Experimental studies of nutrient removal in a discontinuous downflow two-media filter on a pilot plant scale are described and compared with previously reported results from a continuous upflow filter (DynaSand) studied at full scale. Under controlled conditions both filters show low effluent values of total nitrogen and phosphorus. Removal mechanisms were more complex in the discontinuous downflow filter owing to the use of two media, deposition of sludge on the filter surface, and changes of the biological activity over time after backwashing. The discontinuous downflow filter was much influenced by the formation of nitrogen gas bubbles clogging the filter, while the influence of nitrogen gas formation in the DynaSand filter was minor. Multivariate methods were used to evaluate factors influencing nitrate and phosphate removal and the time passing before the filter became clogged.
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Andriani, Yuli, Zahidah Hasan, Irfan Zidni, Isni Nurruhwati, Iskandar Iskandar, and Rahmadi Kusumoputra. "The effectiveness of filters on catfish Clarias gariepinus fry performance in the aquaponic system." Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia 20, no. 2 (July 21, 2021): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.19027/jai.20.2.101-114.

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This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of filters on the growth performances of catfish fry (Clarias gariepinus) in the aquaponic system. The study was conducted in the Ciparanje Green House, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. A completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications was applied, namely treatment A: Water circulation using bioball filter medium, B: Water circulation using water spinach filter medium, C: Water circulation using bioball and water spinach filter media, and D: Water circulation using sponge filter medium (control). The container used for the maintenance was a fiber tank at 70 cm × 70 cm × 70 cm size filled with 257 L water and a stocking density of 15 fish/fiber. The parameters observed were survival rate, growth, feed conversion, and water quality. The results showed that the use of biological filter using water spinach produced the best growth performance of catfish. The best survival rate was also obtained by using water spinach filter (100%) with the absolute growth of 98.32 ± 15.6 g. The water quality an aquaponic system with water spinach filter supported the growth performance of catfish fry. Keywords: absolute growth, aquaponic, Clarias gariepinus, filters. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas filter terhadap performa pertumbuhan benih ikan lele Clarias gariepinus dalam sistem akuaponik. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Rumah Kaca Ciparanje, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor. Metode penelitian adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu perlakuan A: sirkulasi menggunakan media filter bioball, B: Sirkulasi menggunakan media filter bayam air, C: Sirkulasi menggunakan media filter bioball dan tanaman kangkung, dan D : Sirkulasi menggunakan media spons (kontrol). Wadah yang digunakan untuk pemeliharaan bak fiber dengan ukuran 70 cm × 70 cm × 70 cm diisi dengan air sebanyak 257 L dengan padat tebar 15 ekor / bak. Parameter yang diamati adalah kelangsungan hidup, pertumbuhan ikan, konversi pakan dan kualitas air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan filter biologis menggunakan tanaman kangkung menghasilkan performa pertumbuhan ikan lele yang terbaik. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup terbaik juga ditunjukkan oleh pelakuran dengan filter berupa tanaman kankung (100%) dan pertumbuhan mutlak 98,32 ± 15,6 g. Kualitas air sistem akuaponik dengan filter tanaman kangkung mendukung performa pertumbuhan benih ikan lele.
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Daigger, G. T., T. A. Heinemann, G. Land, and R. S. Watson. "Practical experience with combined carbon oxidation and nitrification in plastic media trickling filters." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1994): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0761.

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Long-term data from three full-scale trickling filters installations accomplishing combined carbon oxidation and nitrification are presented. Analysis of these data indicates that the oxidation of organic matter and ammonia-nitrogen in the trickling filter can be characterized by a single parameter which is calculated as the trickling filter organic loading (expressed in terms of BOD5 or biodegradable COD) plus the ammonia-nitrogen oxidized converted to oxygen equivalents using the conversion factor 4.6 kgO2/kg NO3-N. This parameter, which is referred to as the volumetric oxidation rate and is expressed in the units of kgO2/m3-day, characterizes trickling filter performance over a wide range of process loading and effluent quality conditions. The method of analysis presented in this work differs from the one traditionally used to characterize combined carbon oxidation and nitrification in trickling filters, and its suggests that oxidation may be oxygen transfer limited throughout such a trickling filter.
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Davies, P. D., and A. D. Wheatley. "Pilot plant study of alternative filter media for rapid gravity filtration." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 2779–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.517.

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Sand has been the main filter media used in rapid gravity filtration since its introduction. The dominance of sand has been due to its low cost and availability. Extensive experience has led to sand filters with a dependable and predictable performance. Sand remains the preferred filter medium but usually with a larger sized anthracite capping to reduce the onset of head loss. Other approved filter media are now commercially available and this paper compares sand with recycled glass, Filtralite® and slate at pilot scale. The results have reaffirmed the basic importance of particle size on head loss and turbidity performance rather than surface activity or specific surface area. The results did suggest, however, that particle shape and packing exerted a stronger influence on performance than previously acknowledged. These could be used to improve the design and the contribution to sustainability made by rapid gravity filters.
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35

Fitzpatrick, C. S. B. "Media properties and their effect on filter performance and backwashing." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0242.

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Granular filter media used in water treatment have a range of physical properties. Media are usually selected on the basis of size, but bed behaviour is also affected by density and voidage of the media, particularly during backwashing. The fluidisation and backwashing bed behaviour of a number of filter media have been investigated. It has been found the fluidisation is affected by the bed packing arrangement which is determined by previous treatment. Filter media may be subject to attrition during backwashing which will affect the grain size and voidage. Combined air and water flow rates for collapse-pulsing are also affected by the media characteristics. When collapse-pulsing is used to clean triple media filters, complete mixing of the layers occurs, but restratification is possible using a high rate fluidising water wash. Backwashing is an important part of the filtration process so understanding the effect of media properties on the process is essential for optimisation.
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Bruins, Jantinus H., Branislav Petrusevski, Yness M. Slokar, Gerhard H. Wübbels, Koen Huysman, Bart A. Wullings, Koen Joris, Joop C. Kruithof, and Maria D. Kennedy. "Identification of the bacterial population in manganese removal filters." Water Supply 17, no. 3 (November 15, 2016): 842–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.184.

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The aim of this study was to identify bacteria present in ripened manganese removal filters for drinking water production. The bacterial population was identified with ‘next generation’ DNA sequencing, and specific bacteria were quantified with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. The ‘next generation’ DNA sequencing analysis showed a bacteria population shift from the iron oxidizing species Gallionella spp. in the Fe-filter to manganese and nitrite oxidizing species Pseudomonas spp. and Nitrospira spp., respectively, present in the manganese removal filter. qPCR analysis confirmed the presence of a low concentration of the well-known Mn2+-oxidizing species Ps. putida in the manganese removal filter backwash water. Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas, isolated from backwash water from a manganese removal filter were cultured and identified with MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Amongst others, P. gessardii, P. grimontii, and P. koreensis were identified. The presence of several manganese oxidizing bacteria species in ripened filter media supports the assumption that a microbial consortium is involved in the oxidation of manganese. Understanding the mechanisms by which manganese coating of filter media commences could endorse the creation of conditions favouring Birnessite formation, and possibly help in reducing typically long ripening periods of manganese removal filters with virgin filter media.
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Maqsood, Hafza, Shah Rukh, Muhammad Imran, A. Ayazmehmood, Wazir Ahmad, Ammar Matloob, Hafiz Ahmad, Ahmad Khan, and Sundus Butt. "Evaluation of laterite as filter media to remove arsenic from groundwater." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2020): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc200310057m.

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Arsenic (As) in drinking water has a chronic effect on humans and thus is a global health issue. Mostly people of Pakistan use groundwater for drinking, consequently prone to As toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate laterite as an adsorbent media for As removal, and subsequent preparation of a low-cost As filter. Laterite was tested for As adsorption capacity through batch sorption experiment and fitting Langmuir model. Two identical filters were prepared using a variable particle size of laterite and substrate material ratios (sand, activated carbon, and brick chips). Arsenic contaminated water was poured daily and collected at the bottom for analysis. The water samples were analyzed for As using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer coupled with hydride generation assembly. Other water quality parameters viz., electrical conductivity (EC), pH, chloride (Cl), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved salts (TDS), nitrate (NO-3), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), carbonate (CO-3), bicarbonate (HCO-3), and sulfate (SO-4) were also tested. Filter1 had an As removal efficiency of about 83 to 93 % while Filter 2 had about 67 to 85 %. Most of the water quality parameters remained under the WHO recommended limits indicating no harmful addition to the filtered water by substrates. It appears that laterite may serve as an economical option for As removal from contaminated groundwater.
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38

Kikuchi, Kotaro, Haruo Honda, and Michiyasu Kiyono. "Ammonia Oxidation in Marine Biological Filters with Plastic Filter Media." Fisheries science 60, no. 2 (1994): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.60.133.

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39

Hornfeck, Ulrich. "Pocket filters: Optimising filtration performance with new pocket filter media." Filtration + Separation 48, no. 4 (July 2011): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(11)70167-7.

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40

Lekang, Odd-Ivar, and Helge Kleppe. "Efficiency of nitrification in trickling filters using different filter media." Aquacultural Engineering 21, no. 3 (January 2000): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-8609(99)00032-1.

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41

Lavender, Paul. "Filter media: Treating chemical wastewaters." Filtration & Separation 45, no. 4 (May 2008): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(08)70087-9.

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42

Wang Yanxi. "Chinese Nonwovens Filter Media Market." Filtration & Separation 37, no. 10 (December 2000): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(00)80247-5.

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Yanxi, W. "Chinese Nonwovens Filter Media Market." Filtration & Separation 37, no. 10 (2000): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(01)80093-8.

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Wang, Yong, Yvonne W. Forrest, and Hanh Pham. "Filter Media: Replace or Supplement?" Opflow 40, no. 5 (May 2014): 20–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5991/opf.2014.40.0030.

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45

Lu, Steve H., Iris C. Yang, Hai Mei, Shih-Pin Tu, and Teh-Fu Yen. "SULFUR FILTER BY INTERMETALLIC MEDIA." Petroleum Science and Technology 18, no. 5-6 (June 2000): 657–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916460008949865.

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46

Merkle, Peter B., William Knocke, Daniel Gallagher, Jodi Junta-Rosso, and Todd Solberg. "Characterizing filter media mineral coatings." Journal - American Water Works Association 88, no. 12 (December 1996): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06662.x.

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47

"Filter media." Filtration + Separation 48, no. 3 (May 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(11)70088-x.

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48

"Filter media." Metal Finishing 97, no. 6 (June 1999): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)83927-6.

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49

"Filter Media." Filtration & Separation 39 (January 2002): 6–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(02)80003-9.

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"Filter media." Filtration & Separation 40 (January 2003): 6–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-1882(03)80003-4.

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