Journal articles on the topic 'Filmed go-along'

We model the rolling motion of a fluid-driven, particle-filled microcapsule along a heterogeneous, adhesive substrate to determine how the release of the encapsulated nanoparticles can be harnessed to repair damage on the underlying surface. We integrate the lattice Boltzmann model for hydrodynamics and the lattice spring model for the micromechanics of elastic solids to capture the interactions between the elastic shell of the microcapsule and the surrounding fluids. A Brownian dynamics model is used to simulate the release of nanoparticles from the capsule and their diffusion into the surrounding solution. We focus on a substrate that contains a damaged region (e.g. a crack or eroded surface coating), which prevents the otherwise mobile capsule from rolling along the surface. We isolate conditions where nanoparticles released from the arrested capsule can repair the damage and thereby enable the capsules to again move along the substrate. Through these studies, we establish guidelines for designing particle-filled microcapsules that perform a ‘repair and go’ function and thus, can be utilized to repair damage in microchannels and microfluidic devices.

Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is a synthetic polymer primarily used in the tire industry, due to its good collaborative properties with additives and fillers. In the present work, we aim to synthesize an SBR composite reinforced with graphene oxide filler to be made biodegradable. In composite preparation, we fabricated styrene-butadiene rubber/graphene oxide/collagen (SBR/GO/COL) composites by adding a biodegradable biomolecule of elastin collagen fillers at 1.5 wt% and 2.5 wt%. Those prepared SBR/GO/COL composites, along with pure SBR and SBR/GO as control samples, were characterized using advanced analysis techniques, and their biodegradability was also evaluated. From microscopy examination results, the morphology of pure SBR had been improved after the addition of GO for SBR/GO composite by revealing a compact structure with a smoother surface. As for the SBR/GO/1.5COL sample, the 1.5 wt% COL filler was found to be effectively embedded in the SBR/GO matrix. However, the 2.5 wt% COL amount led to the formation of an aggregated structure in the SBR/GO/2.5COL sample due to the unreacted interface between COL filler and SBR/GO. The porosity had also been improved for SBR/GO/1.5COL sample, imparting it with a surface area suitable for tires in the automobile industry. From elemental analysis, the presence of nitrogen was detected for the collagen-filled SBR composite, proving the successful incorporation of collagen fibrils. The physicochemical analysis also detected a trace of graphene oxide and collagen functional groups in the SBR composite. In addition, the thermal analysis revealed those collagen-filled composites had stable heat tolerance behavior, which is suitably used in extreme weather conditions. Moreover, the SBR/GO/1.5COL sample exhibited good characteristics in both mechanical and biodegradable properties. Thus, the product of SBR/GO/1.5COL could be regarded as a promising composite for green tires in the auto industry in the future.

Aim: The study aimed to assess graphene oxide (GO) adhesive and its dentin interaction using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MicroRaman spectroscopy and Microtensile bond strength (μTBS). Materials and Methods: Experimental GOA and control adhesives (CA) were fabricated. Presence of GO within the experimental adhesive resin was assessed using SEM and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. Ninety specimens were prepared, sixty teeth were utilized for μTBS, twenty for SEM analysis of interface for CA and GOA and ten were assessed using microRaman spectroscopy. Each specimen was sectioned and exposed dentine was conditioned (35% phosphoric acid) for 10 s. The surface was coated twice with adhesive (15 s) and photopolymerized (20 s). Composite build-up on specimen was photo-polymerized. Among the bonded specimens, thirty specimen were assessed using Micro-Raman spectrometer, SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), whereas remaining specimens were divided in to three sub-groups ( n = 10) based on the storage of 24 h, 8 weeks and 16 weeks. μTBS testing was performed at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min using a microtensile tester. The means of μ-tbs were analyzed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey multiple comparisons test. Results: No significant difference in μTBS of CA and GOA was observed. Storage time presented a significant interaction on the μTBS ( p < 0.01). The highest and lowest μTBS was evident in CA (30.47 (3.55)) at 24 h and CA (22.88 (3.61)) at 18 weeks. Micro-Raman analysis identified peaks of 1200 cm-1 to 1800 cm1, D and G bands of GO nanoparticles in the resin. Uniform distribution of graphene oxide nanoparticles was present at the adhesive and hybrid layer. Conclusion: GO showed interaction within adhesive and tooth dentin similar to CA, along with formation of hybrid layer. In ideal conditions (absence of nanoleakage), graphene oxide modified adhesive shows comparable bond strength and durability of resin dentine bond.

Commentary: The mass media in the Asia Pacific region are reporting the environmental disasters that are regularly hitting the planet religiously, and journalists learn as they go along. However, the reporting has focused mainly on the toll in human lives and property. This is disaster reporting and it stops short of contextualising. It does not adequately explain why the environmental disasters are happening more violently and more frequently. Not too many reporters have taken formal courses in environmental journalism. Only a very few schools are offering regular courses, or programmes in science and environmental reporting, as indicated by a mini-survey in July 2016. The vacuum in formal science and environmental education is being filled by non-government organisations offering non-formal training.

Film is one of the literary works in the form of audio-visual, serving as a medium to convey messages depicted through both sound and images, along with all its supporting elements. The term 'taboo' is one of the sociolinguistic studies that we often hear; generally, taboo words go against the prevailing norms and moral values. In this research, the author aims to explore what kind of taboo words are present in the film 'Better Days' (《少年的你》) and classify them according to their types. The goal is to identify the types of taboo words used in the dialogue between characters, using the taboo word classification according to The Jay.

The development of private vehicle ownership is very rapid, but it is not balanced by adequate supporting infrastructure such as roads and parking lots. Especially for parking lots, parking horizontally will be difficult to develop because of the limited land availability. The addition of parking lots can be done vertically by building a multi-storey parking building. So far, the existence of multi-storey parking buildings has not provided an information system on the availability of parking spaces. The form of multi-storey parking lots often makes the driver have to go around few times to find an empty space. This situations wasting of energy and time. This study aims to design an information system as application models in human-computer interaction, that will inform someone there is empty or already filled parking space, so that it can save time and make it easier for drivers to find parking spaces to park their cars. This information system prototype design consists of three main parts, called sensors, controllers, and displays. Car parking control system that works with an automatic portal (parking gate) along with a display screen for information on the location of empty parking spaces and those that have been filled. The portal will open if information states the parking lot is still available, and the portal will not open if information states the parking lot is full.

IntroductionADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorder among children. It is described as a chronic impairing disorder that negatively affects the academic attainment and social skills of the child. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms continue into adulthood in 30–60% of affected children. Consequently, they will most likely be missed from employment many times.AimsDetermine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children in Saudi Arabia.ObjectivesDetermine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among both governmental and private primary Saudi school children aged 6–9-year-old. And to measure the gender difference of ADHD prevalence. Also, to determine any association between the socio-demographic characteristic of parents of children with ADHD.MethodsAn observational cross-sectional study of 1000 primary school children belonging to 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade. The selected students were screened by the ADHD rating scale using multistage sampling technique. The first stage was selection of 20 schools from all Riyadh regions by simple randomization. The second stage was choosing children whom serial numbers were multiplies of five in each class. The ADHD rating scale was filled by both parents and teachers along with a socio-demographic questionnaire for the parents.ResultsThe estimated prevalence of ADHD was 3.4%. ADHD manifestations affect boys more than girls. In addition, ADHD was more frequent among children of illiterate mothers. Finally, ADHD was significantly more prevalent among first grade children.ConclusionThis epidemiological study filled the data gap of ADHD prevalence in Riyadh. The study's findings go in line with many nearby and global studies.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Abstract We report on our investigation of the evolution of a system of spark discharges in the inner acceleration region (IAR) above the pulsar polar cap. The surface of the polar cap is heated to temperatures of around 106 K and forms a partially screened gap (PSG), due to thermionic emission of positively charged ions from the stellar surface. The spark lags behind corotation speed during their lifetimes due to variable E × B drift. In a PSG, spark discharges arise in locations where the surface temperatures go below the critical level (T i ) for ions to freely flow from the surface. The spark commences due to the large drop in potential developing along the magnetic field lines in these lower temperature regions and subsequently back-streaming particles heat the surface to T i . Regulation of the temperature requires the polar cap to be tightly filled with sparks and a continuous presence of sparks is required around its boundary since no heating is possible from the closed field line region. We estimate the time evolution of the spark system in the IAR, which shows a gradual shift in the spark formation along two distinct directions resembling clockwise and anticlockwise motions in two halves of the polar cap. Due to the differential shift of the spark pattern in the two halves, a central spark develops representing the core emission. The temporal evolution of the spark process was simulated for different orientations of a non-dipolar polar cap and reproduced the diverse observational features associated with subpulse drifting.

The world’s first film specifically produced for an exhibition was displayed in the American Museum of Natural History back in 1930. In the 1960s the Estonian National Museum also began to collect actively ethnographic film material during fieldwork, but its use in exhibitions was marginal. The films at the museum’s new permanent exhibition, ’Encounters’, however, contribute significantly to the visual and content identity of the display and invite visitors to engage in a social and cultural dialogue. Along with the showcases, the films create a visual rhythm in the display hall, and their visuals and sound accompany visitors throughout the entire exhibition. By virtue of presenting diverse perspectives and their integration with the surrounding display, the films can visibly and audibly join in the discussions that ’Encounters’ seeks to elicit. The films of ’Encounters’ focus on the past and present inhabitants of the territory of Estonia, primarily, who have their subjective views and particular life experience and through whom an exhibition visitor can gain an insight into the broader cultural and social context. If in the past, museum films and display items were strictly curated, with the power to create and distribute knowledge concentrated in the hands of curators-filmmakers, then at present the role of museum visitors examining the material has increasingly become more active. Without a recourse to the voice-over or music, which prescribe to the visitors how they should perceive and construe the content, visitors can experience and decipher the films independently. Without the curator’s direct didactical intervention, visitors are free to assign a personal meaning to the themes presented. The films of ’Encounters’, which are unconventionally slow and long-lasting for contemporary people, offer a challenge and opportunity for thoughtful reflection. My own video exhibit ’Stories of Freedom’, which presents the thoughts of nearly 80 inhabitants of Estonia on the subject of freedom in the form of videotaped interviews and written citations, explores meanings and ideas that are abstract and nonmaterial but universally inherent to human beings. The documentaries of Marko Raat take a detailed look at various processes and work techniques from traditional as well as modern life. His films deal with some cultural practices that are still in use but inevitably vanishing as well as some contemporary practices such as a day at a supermarket checkout belt, or activities in the kitchens of top chefs. Raat’s scripted portrait films summon up the lives of people from the past. By his use of aesthetically eclectic and stylised form instead of maximally accurate reconstruction, the filmmaker deliberately minimises the possibility of the films being seen as accurate representations of history. Although the films are not historically faithful depictions in terms of their aesthetics, Raat has used archival documents and authentic museum objects as the films’ source material. Thus, by building on historical documents and objects, he has created characters who tell their real-life stories on the vertical screens, look into the eyes of the visitors and go about their business. The text of archival documents has been brought to life in a historical re-enactment, and the use of authentic objects illustrates the context in which these objects were originally used. When film is integrated with other materials, such as written citations in the video exhibit ’Stories of Freedom’ or traditional costumes in the film ’Clothing’, we are able to detect connections and associations which would not have emerged in isolation. By observing the exhibited items through the perspective of the people who have used and experienced them, such as the traditional dress that an elderly lady from the island of Kihnu puts on, we can also sense more keenly the meaning of these objects. Their story becomes visible through the perspective of the user. The exhibition films can also efficiently describe daily life from thousands of years ago, of which there are no visual records. For instance, the experiment of grinding a stone axe in the film ’Touchstone of Patience’, gives us a sense of what people in the Stone Age had to routinely endure. Combining film with some authentic stones exhibited nearby, enhances the communicative potential of each exhibition item which would not be as great without such a juxtaposition. Traditional work practices, goods placed on the supermarket checkout belt, thoughts on freedom expressed by people with different age, social and cultural backgrounds comprise an important ethnographic material which will unlock stories of modern Estonia in a diversified and polyvocal manner in the future as well.

This paper presents a prospective cohort study, where we explore associations between pregnancy, delivery and the global quality of life (QOL) of the adult child 31-33 years later. The data is from the Copenhagen Perinatal Birth Cohort 1959-61 using two sets of questionnaires send to 7,222 persons: one filled out by physicians during pregnancy and delivery, while the follow-up questionnaire was completed by the adult children 31-33 years later. The main outcome measures were objective factors describing pregnancy and delivery along with global quality of life, including: Well-being, life satisfaction, happiness, fulfilment of needs, experience of life's temporal and spatial domains, expression of life's potentials and objective measures. Results showed two main factors in pregnancy that seemed to be associated with a reduced quality of life for the child 31-33 years later: the mother's smoking habits and the mother's medication–especially painkillers and different psychopharmacological drugs with the association being most prevalent early in pregnancy. Considering what can and do go wrong during the various stages of labour and delivery and considering how few connections we found between the factors examined and the later global QOL, it seems that the child is remarkably resilient to external influences during pregnancy and delivery concerned with global QOL, as an adult.

We have determined the pathways taken by the trunk neural crest of quail and examined the parameters that control these patterns of dispersion. Using antibodies that recognize migratory neural crest cells (HNK-1), we have found that the crest cells take three primary pathways: (1) between the ectoderm and somites, (2) within the intersomitic space and (3) through the anterior somite along the basal surface of the myotome. The parameters controlling dispersion patterns of neural crest cells are several. The pathways are filled with at least two adhesive molecules, laminin and fibronectin, to which neural crest cells adhere tenaciously in culture. The pattern of migration through the somite may be accounted for in part by the precocious development of the basal lamina of the dermamyotome in the anterior half of the somite; this basal lamina contains both fibronectin and laminin and the neural crest cells prefer to migrate on it. In contrast, the regions into which the crest cells do not invade are filled with relatively nonadhesive molecules such as chondroitin sulphate. Some of the pathways are filled with hyaluronic acid, which stimulates the migration of neural crest cells when they are cultured in three-dimensional gels, presumably by opening spaces. Neural crest cells are also constrained to stay within the pathways by basal laminae, which act as barriers and through which crest cells do not go. Therefore, crest pathways are probably defined by several redundant factors. The directionality of crest cell migration is probably due to contact inhibition, which can be demonstrated in tissue culture. Various grafting experiments have suggested that chemotaxis and haptotaxis do not play a role in controlling the dispersion of the crest cells away from the neural tube. We have documented the extraordinary ability of neural crest cells to disperse in the embryo, even when they are grafted into sites in which they would normally not migrate. We have evidence that the cells' production of plasminogen activator, a proteolytic enzyme, and also the minimal tractional force that crest cells exert on the substratum as they migrate, contribute to this migratory ability.

Background. Aging represents period of life when human body undergoes great changes affecting people’s condition and overall health. The aim of the research was to determine differences of motor and functional abilities along with satisfaction and quality of life between active and non-active female older adults. Methods. Twenty-one elderly female adults were classified in two groups: thirteen active (mean age 66.54 ± 4.59 years; mean height 158.08± 5.35 cm; mean weight 75.47 ± 13.52 kg; mean body mass index 30.18 ± 0.49 kg/m 2 ) and eight non-active (mean age 71.81 ± 7.15 years; mean height 160.55 ± 6.34 cm; mean weight 74.40 ± 14.06 kg; mean body mass index 28.84 ± 0.35 kg/m 2 ) female adults. For the purpose of this study, all participants were asked to complete senior fitness test protocol prescribed by Rikli and Jones (2013), which consisted of eight tests: 30-second chair stand test, 30-second arm curl test, 2-minute step test, chair sit-and-reach test, back scratch test, 8-foot up-and- go test, height and weight. Along with that, participants filled in Croatian version of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire (Pibernik-Okanović, 2001) including four domains (physical health, psychological health, social environment and environment) with two additional questions about their satisfaction with health and their quality of life on the Likert scale ranging from 1to 5. The differences between active and non-active groups were examined using Man-Witney U-test. Significance was set at p < .05. Results. Results showed significant differences in four fitness tests: 30-second arm curl test (p = .03), 2-minute step test (p = .00), chair sit-and-reach test (p = .02), 8-foot up-and-go test (p = .01) and two questionnaire domains: psychological health (p = .04) and environment (p = .01). No statistical differences were found among perception of the quality of life and health satisfaction between non-active and active participants (p > .05). Conclusion. This study showed that older female adults had better achievements in motor and psychological tests, which could be translated to better physical overall fitness and preparedness of doing everyday activities in comparison to non-active group. Research showed the importance of exercising in older age, but further studies on bigger samples need to be performed for better understanding of aging and differences in levels of fitness.

In developing countries, achieving greater coverage in the treatment and safe reuse of graywater is a pending task. Therefore, this article presents the results obtained from cafeteria wastewater treatability tests and effluent toxicity tests. For the treatment, a serial system was applied: an aged refuse filled bioreactor (ARFB) and a solar distiller (SD). In the first stage (ARFB), two hydraulic loads (HLs) were tested (200 and 400 L/m3·day), the latter being the best of them, with an average decrease of 95.7% in chemical oxygen demand (COD). In the second stage (SD), the decrease was 62.8%, resulting in a final effluent with 67.7 mg/L COD, which corresponded to a global COD decrease of 97.4%. For the toxicity tests, radish seeds were used in the serial system effluent, obtaining a relative seed germination (RSG) rate of 93.3% compared to 80% obtained in the ARFB effluent. For the percentage germination index (PGI), it was determined that both effluents (ARFB and ARFB-SD) presented a toxicity considered low, especially the ARFB-SD effluent whose PGI value was close to zero (−0.0667). The results obtained showed not only that the ARFB-SD system is efficient in removing the high organic load that can go along with cafeteria wastewater, but also that it can provide an effluent with a very low toxicity level based on the PGI close to zero.

Womanhood has been a complex concept as compared to woman. As human being we have been a part society, community where we have been stratified as per our roles. The hitch between female and male based upon their roles has been common and along with the external fights this internal fight of sexes has been a matter of everyday. Feminism as a movement has been originated long ago and simultaneously successful in rendering woman her position. When Tsitsi Dangarembga speaks of the condition of Zimbabwean women, she makes Tambu as the mouth-piece, who sees her mother and many other women who have been crushed under the burden of womanhood. The male members with their own ideas have shown their unwarranted biasness in the disguise of a husband, father and son. In Tambu's house, the family patriarch Babamukuru controls everything. His wife Magiuru though seldom resents his influence and power but goes through the internal anguish while his daughter Nyasha as a person is filled with contradictions who feels resentment as the only means. In Nervous Condition, these women are trapped because they are born as woman. Their sex determines their roles, behavior, what profession they should go for, which school they should opt and even whether they should be allowed to go to school. Tambu is allowed to go to school only after the death of her brother. In case of Nyasha, her father Babamukuru is a misogynist, who has a lot of contempt and prejudice for women. He is exposed to foreign culture as he has been to England but he still adheres to his own traditionalist ideas. Though his wife has a master degree, but he feels a woman is incomplete without her domestic chores, loyalty and obedience towards her husband. The condition is apprehensive where the women witness the reluctance of the society to see them in a new position. Those who are trapped like Tambu’s mother and Maiguru believe that their status is predetermined. But when it comes to the free-willed Nyasha, Tambu and Lucia they have different opinions. They choose their own paths to keep themselves away from the trap of womanhood. These assumptions of womanhood are more gender biased than being related to biology. So, these are less predestined and more designed.

Womanhood has been a complex concept as compared to woman. As human being we have been a part society, community where we have been stratified as per our roles. The hitch between female and male based upon their roles has been common and along with the external fights this internal fight of sexes has been a matter of everyday. Feminism as a movement has been originated long ago and simultaneously successful in rendering woman her position. When Tsitsi Dangarembga speaks of the condition of Zimbabwean women, she makes Tambu as the mouth-piece, who sees her mother and many other women who have been crushed under the burden of womanhood. The male members with their own ideas have shown their unwarranted biasness in the disguise of a husband, father and son. In Tambu's house, the family patriarch Babamukuru controls everything. His wife Magiuru though seldom resents his influence and power but goes through the internal anguish while his daughter Nyasha as a person is filled with contradictions who feels resentment as the only means. In Nervous Condition, these women are trapped because they are born as woman. Their sex determines their roles, behavior, what profession they should go for, which school they should opt and even whether they should be allowed to go to school. Tambu is allowed to go to school only after the death of her brother. In case of Nyasha, her father Babamukuru is a misogynist, who has a lot of contempt and prejudice for women. He is exposed to foreign culture as he has been to England but he still adheres to his own traditionalist ideas. Though his wife has a master degree, but he feels a woman is incomplete without her domestic chores, loyalty and obedience towards her husband. The condition is apprehensive where the women witness the reluctance of the society to see them in a new position. Those who are trapped like Tambu’s mother and Maiguru believe that their status is predetermined. But when it comes to the free-willed Nyasha, Tambu and Lucia they have different opinions. They choose their own paths to keep themselves away from the trap of womanhood. These assumptions of womanhood are more gender biased than being related to biology. So, these are less predestined and more designed.

Abstract Most cementitious repair materials have non-ignorable drawbacks such as low strength, insufficient bonding, and low anti-permeability. Although the bonding and anti-permeability of repair mortars modified by polymer will be substantially improved, the compressive strength and component integrity will be decreased. Hereby six groups of cement mortars modified by varied dosages of Graphene Oxide (GO) and PA copolymer (GOPARMs) were prepared. The flexural strength (f t), compressive strength (f c), f t/f c, bond strength (f b), and chloride ion migration coefficient (λ c) of GOPARMs were systematically studied by axial compressive, three-bending, pull-out, RCM method, along with microstructure analysis. When GO and PA dosages are fixed at 0.03 and 5 wt%, respectively, the f t, f c, f t/f c, f b, and λ c of GOPARMs reach the best comprehensive performances, which are 6.4, 46.5, 0.14, 6.73 MPa, and 1.179 × 10−12 m2/s. Compared with the control mortar, the f t, f c, f t /f c, and f b of GOPARMs are improved by 5.7, 12.3, 7, and 103%, respectively, and the corresponding λ c is dramatically reduced by 40.4%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that trace of GO can play a template nucleation effect on the hydration products’ morphology and microstructure of GOPARMs. Meanwhile, cured PA polymer can form hydrophobic film and fill the interfacial pores among hydration products, finally superior repairing performances of GOPARMs with optimal mix can be achieved.

Objective: To find out the outcome of the ear Reconstruction and its association with improvement in psychological wellbeing along with physical benefits. Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plastic Surgery and ENT, Combined Military Hospital Quetta and Multan in liaison with the department of Psychiatry, from Jan 2017 to Jan 2021. Methodology: A sample size of 108 was estimated while keeping level of significance 5%, confidence level 90%, estimated true proportion 63% based on the observation made in the study by Steffen, and 5% of absolute precision. Specific performas were filled by the patient pre and post operatively and data analysis was performed using SPSS-20. Results: The mean age was 20 ± 8.75 years with a range of 12-29 years. Thirteen (11.11%) were male and ninety-five (87.8%) were females, 14 (12.9%) were married, 94 (86%) were un-married and all (100%) had social support. Fifty-two (48.1%) had primary education. Ninety-four (94%) were un-employed. Fifty-five (50.9%) of participants had congenital ear defect. Ninetyeight (90.7%) of the participants showed confidence in surgical procedure and would go for the same procedure if required, 5 (4.6%) said no to the same procedure while 8 (7.4%) did not know whether to opt for same procedure. Conclusion: Ear Reconstruction is a very rewarding procedure for surgeon and patients. Apart from aesthetic and functional improvement it also enhances the self-esteem of the patients.

Objective: Dignity Psychotherapy has shown great promise as a value-affirming intervention for patients with advanced disease. We delivered the Dignity Psychotherapy intervention in a feasibility study of a series of eight cancer patients via videophone technology to deliver the therapy into their homes.Methods: Once eligible patients were consented on this IRB-approved study, they completed baseline assessments and were scheduled to have the videophone placed in their homes. The Dignity Therapy sessions then encompassed a first session, which was transcribed and edited, followed by a second session to go over the edited transcript and allow the patient to make changes. Patients then filled out follow-up questionnaires and had the telemedicine equipment removed from their homes, and their legacy document delivered.Results: Participants had a mean age of 56.32 years (range = 41–66, SD = 7.65) and were diagnosed with lung (n = 5, 62.5%), breast (n = 2, 25%), or colon cancer (n = 1, 12.5%). They reported overall benefit from the intervention along with a high level of satisfaction. We were able to deliver the intervention in a timely fashion, with minimal length between sessions and transcript delivery and few technical difficulties.Significance of results: Telemedicine can greatly extend the benefits of Dignity Psychotherapy by bringing it to patients who are dying at home. Our very preliminary work suggests that delivering the intervention to patients who are too ill to leave their homes or who are in rural locations may be a feasible way to help them.

Recently, aiming for the enhanced dispersibility of graphene-based nanomaterials in lubricating oil matrices to serve as highly efficient lubricant additives, numerous modification approaches have been extensively studied. However, these previous modification routes usually involve a tedious multistep modification process or multitudinous toxic reagents, restricting their extensive practical application. In this work, novel graphene oxide (GO) nanoadditives (RGO-g-BO) featuring excellent durable dispersion capability and remarkable tribological performance were successfully prepared via an environmentally friendly one-step approach consisting of surface grafting of long-chain bromooctadecane (BO) and in situ chemical reduction. Benefiting from the greatly improved lipophilicity (resulting from the introduction of hydrophobic long-chain alkane groups and chemical reduction), along with the miniaturization effect, RGO-g-BO exhibits superior long-term dispersion stability in the finished oil. Moreover, the tribological properties results demonstrated that the finished oil filled with RGO-g-BO nanolubricants achieved an outstanding friction-reducing and antiwear performance. Particularly, under the optimum content of RGO-g-BO (as low as 0.005 wt%), the friction coefficient as well as the wear volume of the composite finished oil were greatly reduced by 13% and 53%, respectively, as compared with nascent finished oil. Therefore, in view of the advantages of low-cost, one-step facile synthesis, desirable dispersion capability, and remarkable tribological performance, RGO-g-BO holds great prospects as a highly efficient lubrication additive in the tribology field.

This research article focuses on the development of AA7075 alloy reinforced with different wt% of Tantalum Carbide (TaC), Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) and Titanium (Ti) particulates using stir casting. Mechanical characteristics like tensile, compression and microhardness of the developed composites were analysed. High temperature tribological properties of the hybrid MMCs were studied for various input control factors like sliding speed, load and temperature. Design analysis has been executed by Taguchi orthogonal array and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). The incorporated reinforcements exhibited improved wear resistance at ambient temperature along with elevated temperatures. Monolithic dissemination of reinforcement’s in the prepared composites magnifies the mechanical and tribological characteristics for composites compared to matrix material. From the optimization technique, it was witnessed that Wear Rate and Frictional Coefficient are afflicted by temperature go after load & sliding speed. The optimal amalgamation of control parameters of distinct tribo-responses has been detected.

The busy first day hubbub of the Muskoka Festival’s annual Music Theatre Writers’ Colony. As an actress, I will be assigned to two different projects which we will rehearse all week and then present as staged readings with music for an invited audience. None of this is really new to me – this is my fourth season at Muskoka Festival. I know that this will be a busy, hectic, challenging, frustrating and rewarding week. After the usual early morning meet-and-greet with coffee and doughnuts and a welcome from artistic director Michael Ayoub and Colony co-ordinator Patrick Young, my first stop is rehearsal for my main project assignment – a new musical called Fireweeds by a writer I have not met – Cathy Elliott. We have been exiled to a basement room known as the “Grotto” with a tinny sounding electronic keyboard and the ever-present humming of the huge air conditioning units that service the theatre upstairs. No one is very happy about this – least of all our musical director Stephen Woodjetts. Along with director Patrick Young, veteran music theatre performer Diane Stapley and Muskoka Young Company member Robin Zionce, we await the arrival of our playwright / lyricist / composer. I don’t really remember her arrival – just that suddenly she is there – tiny and quiet – with a huge grin flashing out from behind masses of reddish curls. She seems nervous and shy – almost apologetic – until she sits down at the piano to play us some of her music. Her soft chameleon-hazel eyes sparkle alive; her small hands powerfully attack the keys; and the cool musty underground air of our basement room is filled with one of the warmest, richest, and most compelling voices I have ever heard. We read through the rough sketch outline of a half-hour first draft version of Fireweeds, stopping for Cathy to sing song after song. At the end of it all I find myself wanting it to go on and on. I can’t stand for the voice to end – the voice of her songs, the voice of her words, the voice of the soul of this unearthly little being that can reach right down into your heart and take hold and not let go.

One of the key risks identified for the Vertebrate Zoology (VZ) Collections at Museums Victoria has been data error, loss and dissociation. These risks are highest during the stages involved in preparing the specimen for lodgement in the collection (from collecting and accession of the specimen, to preparation, labelling and so on). The VZ Collections data are managed through an electronic collection information system (EMu) but the process of data transferral and input can be time-consuming and error-prone at many steps along the way. The two main methods of specimen acquisition in the Mammalogy, Ornithology and Herpetology collections in recent years have been internal field programs and external stakeholder donations. Prior to 2012, most specimen data from both of these methods of acquisition were handwritten and transcribed one or more times by multiple people before a specimen ended up in the primary database. An assortment of other identifying numbers or codes were used prior to a collection number being assigned, and sometimes these have been difficult to match up or reconcile. The amount of time needed to enter this information manually also increased the risk of data dissociation and specimen misplacement, as it could significantly delay getting specimens lodged correctly in the collection. Since 2012, a number of steps have been taken by the VZ Collection staff to reduce these risks and streamline data processing. For internal field programs in Mammalogy and Ornithology, a field data-collecting tool has been developed using FileMaker Pro. This enables direct input of specimen and field data into our FileMaker field database using the FileMaker Go app on iPad that is then exportable to an Excel spreadsheet for upload to EMu. Specimens are given field numbers initially, and a collection number once at the museum. Data processing is simplified as most specimens undergo full preparation in the field. We have also developed an upload spreadsheet in Excel that can be used by internal or external researchers who are lodging bulk lots of specimens. Thus we receive the mandatory data we require, and it is already in a format we can easily upload to EMu. For external stakeholder donations, preparation is completed at the museum so all data available upon donation are entered directly into EMu. A collection registration number is applied as soon as a specimen is accessioned so there is only one number required to track it during and after preparation. All specimen-related data generated during preparation are still handwritten and then transcribed direct to the electronic catalogue record by collection managers. These procedures continue to be refined, but have significantly enhanced specimen and associated data management. Accidental data loss through technical issues, for example possible iPad data-loss before backup, human error at data input stage such as overwriting a record, or incorrectly assigning field number, have been minimal. Also, we will continue to decrease the need for data transcription by encouraging internal and external researchers to use our data-upload spreadsheet, and training preparation staff to enter specimen data directly into the specimen catalogue record in EMu.

Numerous research has been conducted in order to investigate the performance of IEEE 802.11LEACH for a single-cell Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) under saturation conditions. Saturation conditions are those in which it is anticipated that the queues of nodes will never be empty. To put it another way, there is always a packet waiting to be sent out from each and every node in the network. The term infinite load refers to the condition of saturation, which is a situation that may be regarded as having an endless load. Even though conducting an analysis under saturated conditions may provide some insight into how well the network operates in a high-pressure setting, this strategy does not appear to be practical because there is a possibility that the network will not always be at capacity. Even though conducting such an analysis under saturation circumstances may provide some insight into how well the network operates in a high-pressure setting, it is still not practical. When using CQSR, the source is aware of the correlation that exists between the many different paths that go to the destination. When it comes to the provision of quality service in an ad hoc network, having several pathways among a specific cause and an endpoint may be of assistance in the following scenarios. Having multiple pathways between a source and a destination may also be of assistance when it comes to the provision of quality service. It is feasible that a single channel will not be able to deliver adequate resources to meet the desired quality of service if the resources of mobile nodes are limited. This scenario might occur if mobile nodes are subject to resource limitations. The requirements of the application in terms of the quality of service might, however, be satisfied by the resources located along any one of the many possible paths that could exist between the specified pair of nodes. It seems likely that this will turn out to be the situation. The task force may be dispersed over a number of different routes if there are adequate resources available along each route. To put it another way, data packets are sent along each path that satisfies the criteria for acceptable quality-of-service levels. If you use many routes instead of just one, you may be able to obtain a throughput that is far higher than you would with a single route. In the previous proposed work, we did an analysis of IEEE 802.11 LEACH for an ad hoc network under saturation conditions. Saturation circumstances refer to scenarios in which it is believed that the queues of nodes are never empty. On the other hand, it is likely that the nodes that make up an ad hoc network will not always be totally filled.

Abstract To date, the use of nanocarriers has been developed in various fields, especially in cancer treatment. Graphene oxide (GO) is a novel drug delivery system that eagerly attracts the attention of many researchers due to its unique features. For the first time, a biocompatible AS1411 APT-GO-COOH was synthesized for the co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and herbal drugs. Here, a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) was targeted with aptamer-carboxylated graphene oxide (APT-CGO) containing anticancer drugs (curcumin (CUR) and doxorubicin (DOX)). The current study aimed to assess the anti-cancer effect of combination therapy, as well as target genes and proteins interfering in the development of gastric cancer. After attachment of APT to CGO, the drugs (CUR and DOX) were loaded on the carrier, establishing a co-delivery system. Then, physical characteristics, release profile, cytotoxicity assay, cellular uptake, expression rates of the genes (RB1, CDK2, AKT, and NF-KB) and proteins (RB1, CDK2), and the apoptosis rate were determined. The designed co-delivery system for the drugs (CUR and DOX) and APT showed a thermo- and pH-sensitive drug release behavior that successfully reduced the expression of CDK2, AKT, and NF-KB while it enhanced RB1 expression at the gene and protein levels. Also, APT-CGO-drugs were successfully targeted to the AGS cell line, leading to a highly inhibitory property against this cell line compared to CGO-drugs. It seems that the co-delivery of CUR and DOX along with APT as a targeting agent was more effective than CGO-drugs, suggesting a promising candidate for the treatment of gastric cancer. The results showed that this biofunctionalized nanocarrier could reduce the cytotoxicity of the drugs in normal cells and could increase efficiency.

The Mahabharata is an epic with encyclopaedic complexity. It weaves many mundane issues of political and social relevance with those of theology and philosophy. Without doubt the Mahabharata is a troubled story, a story of war and violence. Troubled times beckon distinct solutions, which appear at odds with socially recognized norms. The text understands these solutions in terms of apaddharma, the law of Exigency. We need to locate the concept and theory of apaddharma within the magnum Opus and attempt to comprehend its many layered meaning along with investigating if it were a digression from dharma. The vital issue is to postulate how it came to imply a law in the times of emergency. We mull over a number of issues that push one to use the tool of apaddharma. For instance, how do people negotiate crisis, especially the one that threatens their survival? Can a king justifiably stabilise his rule by becoming violent and what are the limits to political behaviour in the world of realpolitik? How does political conduct be adjusted within the frames of morality that demands steadfast conduct of ethical behaviour? Can the laws of apaddharma come to the rescue of the populace and the king? The dialectics becomes evident as we go deeper into studying the issue though our queries also start getting answered

Pasang is a cultural product that contains the results of ancestral messages containing good knowledge in aspects of human life in this world and the afterlife. Pasang symbolizes experience, knowledge, and education inherent in the Kajang indigenous people. Therefore, it is always part of their way of life that influences their daily activities. This article aims to discuss Pasang: Challenges and Dynamics of Education in the Kajang Indigenous Community, South Sulawesi. This research uses qualitative methods, where the data is collected through observation, interviews, and documentation of research objects to be processed descriptively. Using the social science, anthropology, and ethnographic approach, this article shows the important position of Pasang for the Kajang indigenous community and the challenges and dynamics in education development in Indonesia. This article shows that Pasang is a cultural product that is in harmony with educational practices, formal and informal, but often clashes with structural, legal, and normative processes, for example, in educational institutions. The main result presented in this article is that Pasang can survive along with the modernization process despite various inhibiting and supporting factors. Another interesting thing is the value and meaning of Pasang, which is expected to go hand in hand with the world of education, which is structural, legal, and formal. Thus, Pasang does not eliminate the main function as a cultural and educational product among the indigenous community of Kajang.

In this work, an attempt has been made to explore numerically the thermo-fluidic transport process in a novel M-shaped enclosure filled with permeable material along with Al2O3-Cu hybrid nanoparticles suspended in water under the influence of a horizontal magnetizing field. To exercise the influence of geometric parameters, a classical trapezoidal cavity is modified with an inverted triangle at the top to construct an M-shaped cavity. The cavity is heated isothermally from the bottom and cooled from the top, whereas the inclined sidewalls are insulated. The role of geometric parameters on the thermal performance is scrutinized thoroughly by changing the sidewall inclination, number, and height of the top inverted triangular undulation under similar boundary conditions. The governing equations transformed into dimensionless form are solved by using a computing code written in the finite volume approach. The analysis is conducted by considering a wide range of parametric influences like sidewall angles ( γ), number ( n), and height ( δ) of the top triangular undulations, modified Rayleigh number (Ram), Darcy number (Da), Hartmann number (Ha), and hybrid nanoparticle concentrations ( φ). Furthermore, the artificial neural network (ANN) technique is implemented and tested to predict the overall thermal behavior of the novel cavity to predict new cases. The results revealed that the design of sidewall inclination ( γ) is an important parameter for modulating the thermo-flow physics. The M-shaped cavity (compared to trapezoidal) reveals either a rise or drop in the fluid circulation strength depending upon the magnitude of δ, but the heat transfer rate always increases due to an increase in the cooling length. The heat transfer increment is ∼61.01% as δ increases. Single undulation with higher depth is the optimum choice for achieving improved heat transfer (which may go up to ∼355.75% for [Formula: see text] = 0.5 and γ = 45°). A decrease in Da or Ha causes a drop in the flow strength, which consequently leads to a drop in the heat transfer rate. Furthermore, the concepts of ANN will help researchers predict the behavior for such complicated cavity shapes with a multiphysics approach. This will save efforts as well as computing time for exploring the thermal behavior of any range of a dataset.

This article is a part of a Doctoral Thesis titled “Isaan Heritage Tree: From the Belief and the Aesthetic to the Creation of Visual Arts,” with the objectives of studying the belief and the aesthetic that exist in the Isaan Heritage Tree using the qualitative method. The study’s target groups can be divided into three following groups: the experts, the practitioners, and the related people. The area of study is in the Isaan region. The region is divided into upper Isaan, mid-Isaan, and lower Isaan. The research tools consist of surveys, non-participatory observation, and structured and non-structured interviews. The data collected from documents and field data was analyzed using Aesthetic Theory and Symbolic Interactionism Theory and presented using descriptive analysis. The study results show that Isaan has a long history and development both in geography, the administration, society, the culture, and the migration of people who came to settle in the area from Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak. This had caused the people and nation’s coming together and led to social management, which consists of regulations, religion, and belief. The beliefs of the Isaan people are connected to forest spirits, household spirits, or tree spirits. Five following characteristics of the Heritage Trees were also found: 1) The traditional beliefs related to the Heritage Trees of Isaan. 2) The new belief. 3) The beliefs that are connected to the locations. 4) The beliefs in the tree spirits whose identity and gender cannot be identified. 5) Auspicious and inauspicious beliefs. There are three aspects for the aesthetics: Aesthetic elements are the feeling of amazement due to the gigantic size filled with astonishment, mystery, and the fear of power. The interesting aspects of Art elements are the unity and relationship to the seasons, such as the Fall season, Rainy Season, and the blooming of flowers that contribute to the changes in the aesthetics changes. The visual art elements consist of six following components; bodies and shapes, lines, colors, textures, light and shadows, and area. It was found that the gigantic size and height cause amazements to the viewers. The physical lines of the Isaan Heritage trees were the lines along the trunks, the lines on the branches, and the lines that go along the leaves and flowers. There are different colors of the trunk, the leaves, and the flowers. The texture was rough, harsh, and the cracks follow the same directions as the trunk. There are botanical differences in the light and shadows of the heritage trees. As for the area, there are differences between the area of the heritage trees and the surrounding areas, as well as the differences within the Isaan Heritage Trees area. Received: 25 January 2021 / Accepted: 31 March 2021 / Published: 10 May 2021

In view of the great orientation to the steel buildings and the large role played by the columns in carrying and transferring the loads it is necessary to go to strengthen the steel rolled columns to meet the requirements of the architecture that witch is looking for large spacing. In present paper this research the objectives of this research can be summarized as following: prevent local buckling occurs in columns, strengthen the steel columns from the weak axis in a new methodology, to compare buckling loads of single lacing reinforcement versus double lacing reinforcement and obtain a high bearing column steel section with small surface area increase in column strength capacity. Different parameters are taking into account to investigate the behavior and strength of steel and composite columns such as slenderness ratio, and double lacings and presence of longitudinal reinforcement that parallel to the column height. The type of concrete that adopt is self-compact concrete with high compressive strength. The new and alternative method is were used to strengthen the steel rolled columns at low cost by strengthening the weak axis to preventing or minimize buckling of the columns by using high strength concrete self-compacted without main reinforcements with steel section columns reinforced by lacing as single and double so that it work as full composite structural element and there are connections between concrete block and steel column. There are five specimens with the same height of 1450 mm that was classified as the control specimen and the others with different parameters such as lacing configurations, presence of longitudinal dowels and presence of concrete subject to concentric load. All specimens except the control filled with self-compacted high strength concrete. The result showed that as increase in strength in presence of concrete as compared with the control specimen. Control specimen gave strength capacity compared with the others composite specimens; the increased are 50% composite column, 62.50% composite column with single lacing and 75.00% composite column with double lacing respectively. Specimen (CL1CDL2R) increased in strength capacity as compared with the control specimen 87.50% and 7.14% compared with specimen (CL1CDL) because of presence dowels along the specimen height that increase the stiffness of the composite column. Presence of single and double lacing reduced the buckling value because of reduced the effective columns height. Specimen (CC1L1) gave maximum buckling 32.00 mm compared with the others specimens such as CL1C), (CL1CSL), (CL1CDL) and (CL1CDL2R) respectively, there is significant difference in buckling that reduced by 17.19%, 28.13%, 45.31% and 55.63% respectively.

Background: In the United States, ∼5 million endoscopies are performed annually. Contaminated endoscopes account for more nosocomial infections than any other medical device, but the vast majority of such events go unreported. We found no reports in the literature or the FDA Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience (MAUDE) database of the incident described below. Methods: During a colonoscopy, the operator noticed resistance while advancing a clipping wire through the channel. A balloon-tipped catheter sheath was then extruded into the colonic lumen. The sheath and endoscope were withdrawn without incident, and the procedure was completed with a different endoscope. According to equipment logs, the last time that type of balloon-tipped catheter was used occurred 20 days prior, resulting in 20 patients having potentially been exposed to an incompletely disinfected device. Interrogation of the endoscope with various inserts revealed that the presence of a retained sheath would allow passage of all types of guide wires, (snips, snares, etc), including the cleaning brush. The only device whose passage would have been prevented by a retained sheath was a vascular clipping device. A review of procedure notes and interviews of involved physicians revealed that such clippings were performed as recently as 2 days prior to the incident, thus reducing the number of potentially exposed to 2, plus the index. The county and state health departments were notified, a MAUDE report was filed, and patients were notified and offered free testing for bloodborne and enteric pathogens. Discussion: The root causes of the exposure included the absence of a closed-loop feedback for removable components (similar to an operating room sponge count), an inexperienced endoscopy technologist, and, in our opinion, a design flaw of the sheath that allows the sheath to enter the channel. Specifically, unlike other sheath brands, this brand lacks a large, irremovable warning flag that precludes channel entry (Fig. 1). Had we not been able to trace the use of each individual endoscope (n = 45) in the clinic and link each to specific patients, procedures, and reprocessing logs, we would have had no way to determine the extent of exposures. This incident, which we present as a cautionary tail to others, highlights (1) a possible equipment design flaw, (2) the importance of closed-loop feedbacks for removable components, (3) the criticality of detailed procedure notes along with granular cleaning and reprocessing logs traceable to every endoscope, and (4) the challenge of communicating risk of disease transmission to patients.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

PROCEDURE FOR SUPPLIER DEVELOPMENT The Vendor Development Process is carried out by the Purchase Department in close consultation with User Three Department 1) R&D 2) Material Testing 3) QA Department. First Step: - VENDOR REGISTRATION • Any vendor i.e., manufacturer/ authorized agents/distributors of the manufacturer /service providers and firms undertaking job works can be registered the Vendor Development Protocol. To register, the vendor should have GST registration (if applicable). The vendor must maintain an office/ shop/ show room registered in its own name, and should have a bank account wherein payments can be sent directly. • Vendors interested in registration shall submit an application furnishing details of their business and product line. On receipt of the application, they will be issued a vendor development questionnaire. The vendor should submit the duly filled questionnaire, along with their credentials, and details of manufacturing capacity, quality control facilities, past performance, after-sales service, financial background etc. • The duly filled development document received is submitted to the VENDOR DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE. The Committee consists of Head of User Dept., Head of Material Testing/R & D Dept. & Head of Purchase and has the following powers: ○ after examining the documents and based on the Protocol for Vendor Development of that material, it, can advise the Purchase Department to call for samples for evaluation / plant trial of the material, or call for additional details / clarifications, if required. ○ In case the sample confirms to the specification, the Committee can advise Purchase Department to include the vendor in the list of approved vendors/recommend to issue plant trial order. ○ The Committee can also depute an officer for facility audit, if necessary. ○ Based on the facility audit, and plant trial reports, the Committee can advise the Purchase Department to include the vendor in the list of approved vendors. • Registered firms can be removed from the list of approved firms if they continuously fail to abide by the terms and conditions of the tender / contract or fail to supply goods on time or supply sub-standard items /goods or any false declaration made to company. Suppliers not taking part in the Tender / not supplying to HLL for a continuous period of 5 years will be removed from the list of approved suppliers Second Step: - VENDOR RATING PROCEDURE FOR SUPPLIER RATING Supplier rating is done based on the following criteria. 1) Quality of the product/service 2) Cost rating 3) Adherence to delivery schedule QUALITY RATING (QR) Quality rating comprises of two factors. 1) Inspection rating: Based on value of parameters of materials inspected. 2) Performance rating: Based on value of parameters of materials inspected during performance inspection. PRICE RATING This criterion compares the relationship of the price of vendors with the effective price of those materials. PRICE RATING = (Vendor’s effective price- Effective price of material)/ Effective price of material*100 DELIVERY RATING (DR) Delivery Rating of raw materials is calculated by Purchase Department on the basis of contracts entered into by concerned User Departments as mentioned below: • delivery in time as per schedule: Full credit 2 deliveries after the scheduled date: a grace period of 10 days is given if the material has been dispatched within the delivery date, and the party would get full credit for delivery. • if the material is received within 15 days from the date of delivery mentioned in the Order, a score of 25 % will be deducted. • if the material is delivered between the 16th day and 30th day stipulated in the Order, the score will go down by another 25 % i.e. a total deduction of 50 % • this will continue for every fortnight for the next two fortnights. • the total score thus obtained forms the basis for the grading. Frequency of supplier rating: The vendor rating shall be done on annual basis, or as detailed in Quality Management System (QMS) manual.

DAWN: A Proton's Tale of All That Came to Be by Cees Dekker, Corien Oranje, and Gijsbert van den Brink. Translated by Harry Cook. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2022. 166 pages, discussion questions. Paperback; $22.00. ISBN: 9781514005668. *Imagine that you could witness the entire history of the universe first-hand, from the big bang to the end of time. Perhaps, if you were a sentient yet patient proton, you would have the necessary longevity and attention span, and this idea could become your reality. Such is the premise of Dawn: A Proton's Tale of All That Came to Be. "Pro," as the proton protagonist is known to his chatty neighboring subatomic particles, is born from quarks in the first second after the big bang, blind and knowing nothing, but with an insatiable curiosity about what is happening, and why. Conversations with other particles born a split-second earlier soon produce in Proton a deep admiration for a skilled Creator, and a sense of wonder and anticipation about what they have seen and what will happen next. *Throughout several chapters, Pro confusedly and vividly experiences the onset of light, nuclear fusion, a supernova, and incorporation into a molecule as part of a carbon nucleus. Pro ends up in the dust cloud that forms Earth, eventually witnessing the origin of terrestrial life as part of an RNA molecule. A rumor among the subatomic particles that the Creator wants to make personal contact with one of the creatures generates a guessing game as they witness the progress of evolution. Which lifeform will it be? *When Homo sapiens arrive on the scene, the story shifts to tracking biblical narratives, and the subatomic particles begin asking each other more theological questions. The Creator makes contact with two humans, a chieftain couple in Africa. The Fall ensues when the couple and their tribe reject the Creator's instructions, much to the subatomic particles' surprise and horror. Pro and his neighbors are then able to witness key moments in the progress of redemption, becoming fly-on-the-wall observers to events in the lives of several important biblical characters. "How is the Creator going to fix things?" the particles ask each other. *At this point it becomes apparent what a colossal challenge the three authors (a nano scientist, a novelist, and a theologian)1 have taken upon themselves. They have tried to produce a gripping narrative in which the protagonist does not know the outcome, but Christian readers will. They have set out to tell an entertaining story of the history of the universe from a Christ-centered perspective, filled with imaginative details that are consistent with modern science but also with the biblical witness. They have charged into a literary no man's land between fiction and nonfiction. *Do they succeed? In many ways, admirably so. The merging of science and biblical witness is skillfully accomplished, respecting the integrity of each source of knowledge. To readers of this journal, the idea of a Creator patiently guiding the evolution of the universe and of life over billions of years in order to generate Earth and its humanity, followed by the increasingly intimate involvement of that Creator in redeeming humanity, is familiar. To many others, this idea will be revelatory. *If evaluated as a work of fiction, it would be safe to say that Dawn is wildly imaginative, yet it is also strangely hindered by the passivity of the narrating subatomic particles. "Imagine that you yourself could determine where you would like to go" (p. 28), they muse just before the first protocell develops. Pro witnesses and experiences history but cannot intervene. The subatomic particles can react, but they have no agency in the macroscopic world. They do not embark on a quest or a voyage of self-discovery. "Just go with the flow" (p. 29), one advises. The tropes of fiction, however, are probably the wrong standards for evaluating this book. *Dawn succeeds, in the end, as creative nonfiction--the memoir of a proton. Along the way, it retells the old, old story in an imaginative way. The authors have created one of the most accessible books on science and Christianity to come out in recent years. Even young adults will be able to enjoy it. *Note *1Cees Dekker, distinguished nano-scientist at Delft University of Technology; Corien Oranje, novelist/theologian and author of Christian children's literature; and Gijsbert van den Brink, theologian and holder of the Chair of Theology and Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. *Reviewed by David O. De Haan, Professor of Chemistry, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110.

KoustrupA medieval thorp in Western JutlandIn the mid-1980s, a farmer ploughed up stones and clay on some fields adjoining an old road in an area known as Koustrup in the parish of Velling near Ringkøbing (fig. 1). Following this, amateur archaeologists investigated the area and located five medieval farm sites. Four farm sites were on the southern side and one was on the northern side of an east-west running road, which may go back to the Middle Ages. Some of the farm sites were visible on aerial photos (fig. 2).The farms were built on a moor in the early Middle Ages, and the settlement was probably inhabited until the 14th century. Ringkøbing Museum investigated the westernmost farm site in 1992 without recovering definite house remains. The second farm site from the East was excavated in the summers of 1994 to 1996.This paper presents the results of these in vestigations.The area to be excavated was divided into two large areas, I and II. A dwelling house and its surroundings were excavated in area I (fig. 3), and the remains of farm buildings and other structures in area II.The dwelling house first appeared as an oblong clay area: the clay floor (fig. 4). Along the edges of this floor, some large stones appeared. They were arranged in a row, and although some were missing, it was clearly the remains of a sill. In the middle of the northern row of sill stones there was a bay-like projection (fig. 5). There were only a few post holes in the house, and although some were following the axis of the house, the house did not seem to have had central roof-carrying posts. More likely, the walls were carrying the roof. Some postholes aligned across the house towards each end may indicate partition walls that divided the house into a large middle room and two smaller gable rooms. The gables were difficult to distinguish, but two oval pits containing stones may be the remains of the western gable (fig. 6), whereas a very deep posthole towards the south-east marked one corner of the eastern gable. The oldest fireplace in the house was a pit, which may have had a wooden superstructure, perhaps a spark-catcher (fig. 7). Along the inside of the northern wall east of the projection were the remains of an oven, which had had a mud-built vault. This oven belongs to the latest phase of the house. There were also traces of a couple of fireplaces on the clay floor. Postholes outside the house indicate a couple of light wooden buildings close to the dwelling house. Traces of another oven were found at the middle of the southern house wall. In the eastern end of the house was a 3-m long stone-lined pit (fig. 8), which is interpreted as a low cellar. Two stone-paved areas were excavated at the east end of the house. They may be connected with entrances in the eastern gable.The majority of the finds from the dwelling house are potsherds of the local brown/grey, coarsely tempered ware also known from the oldest layers of Ringkøbing (fig. 9). The numerous rimsherds with flanged rims indicate that the clay vessels are mainly of the gloular type (fig. 10). The rimsherds could be divided into three main groups: A, with a curved flanged rim (fig. 11); B, with a rim bent outward in an almost right angle (fig. 12); and C, with a pronounced bend between the neck and the rim and a wide rim meant to support a lid (fig. 13). Apart from sherds from globular vessels, there were sherds of unglazed jugs, dishes, and bowls (fig. 14). Only a few sherds from glazed jugs were found, one with a twisted handle (fig. 15). Other artifacts from the dwelling house were whetstones made from Norwegian micaschist (fig. 16) and some rusty iron objects, mainly nails and spikes.The dwelling house remains in area I are well preserved, although marked by cultivation in modern times. The house had a width of 5.5 meters and a length of 18 meters. Charcoal from the cooking pit and from a waste layer outside the projection were C14-dated. The result shows that the house was in use in the decades around 1250. Together with the artifacts, this point s at the 13th century as the function period.The knowledge of medieval country houses in Western Jutland is sparse, as it is limited to just a few finds. The dwelling house of an excavated medieval farm by Fjand also had a row of sill stones, but in this case, the sill was supporting massive turf walls, and the roof was supported by central roof-carrying posts. Turf walls in combination with central roof-bearing posts were common in areas with sparse timber. However, in Koustrup there was enough timber available for building, and the walls were probably half-timbered and fixed in a sill beam resting on the sill stones. The small projection in the north wall is unusual in the Danish material.Area II was situated south east of area I. It was laid out in order to locate the farm buildings of the medieval farm. Aerial photos showed faint house silhouettes in th is place. However, very little was preserved (fig. 17).The northern part of the area was characterized by a large peat layer, which had been filled into a 60- cm deep hole dug into the hill from the east – perhaps a store for house building, or for bedding in the stables. Later, a small peat-wall building with an oven (C, fig. 1 8) was erected on top of the layer. The surface had traces of two more fireplaces: A, by the western edge of the area, and B, some four meters from the western edge. In and around these structures were several medieval potsherds (fig. 19).South of the large peat blotch were the traces from a building running north-south. Unfortunately, only traces of the western wall were found, but enough of this was left for three building phases to be established. The older phase was represented by a row of postholes, which could be followed for 15 meters. The southernmost 9.5 meters consisted of six pairs of double posts. When the building was altered, these walls were replaced by peat walls resting in foundation trenches. When these walls were later replaced, new foundation trenches were dug into the old ones. However, this time stones were placed in the ditches before the peatwalls were erected on top (fig. 24). In the middle of the long wall was an interval without stones, perhaps indicating a door.Area II did not provide as much pottery as area I. Some sherds from globular vessels with the rim forms A, B, and C were collected, but just a single glazed sherd. A quern stone of garnet micaschist originates from Norway (fig. 21). Several rusty iron items were found in the area, mainly nails.The most interesting single find was a small Romanesque bronze cross (fig. 22). It was found using a metal detector and measures 3.6 x 2.8 cm. The weight is 7 g. The cross is from c. 1200 and has an ornamentation of engraved lines with traces of gilt. A missing cross arm may indicate that the cross was broken off a casket or other item.Although there were no instantly recognizable house sites, we have established medieval activity in area II. Whether the structural remains are from the farm’s stables and barns, or the remains of an older croft settlement is unknown.Aerial photos and investigation of the two areas showed trenches and ditches that may have been part of the demarcation of the medieval croft (fig. 24). A ditch running along the northern side of the dwelling house in area I may indicate the northern end of the croft. In area II, the structural remains were cut by two succeeding north-south running ditches, the assumed eastern end of the croft. Southernmost in area II was a large peat-filled ditch running east-west, which may indicate the southern perimeter (fig. 23).The early Middle Ages were times of prosperity for North-western Europe, and so the populations grew. New land was put under the plough, and many left their villages in order to found new settlements, the so-called thorps. In Denmark, around 4000 localities with the name ending ”- torp ” or the derivatives ” -tarp ”, or ”-trup ” are known. Around half of these belong to existing settlements, such as Koustrup. This name was supposedly created from the personal name of ”Kok” and ”torp”. The village was first mentioned as ”Coxtrup” in a written source from the mid-15th century.After the good times of the many thorp foundations, Denmark suffered a drastic recession in the first half of the 14th century. Civil wars and crop failure was followed by the plague, and many thorps and farms were deserted. Perhaps the Koustrup settlement was given up at that time. At least the area was uninhabited then, but new investigation has shown that Koustrup was revived in the late Middle Ages some two hundred meters to the south of the 13th century settlement. Some of the farms in this ”new” Koustrup were mentioned in late medieval sources,and three of the farms still exist (fig. 25).The excavations in Koustrup have increased our knowledge of the country settlement in Western Jutland in the late Middle Ages. Many questions have been answered, and new ones have been asked. It is a fascinating thought that the inhabitants of the first Koustrup may have witnessed both the erection of the Veiling Church and so me hundred years later the sprouting up of the market town of Ringkøbing.Helle HenningsenRingkøbing MuseumTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

It was a challenge to write about my father without going through a mixture of emotions and memories. Our father-daughter relationship was far from perfect; we had our fair share of misunderstandings—him being the disciplinarian of the family, and me being the youngest and rebellious daughter. My father was an introvert— he would rarely say “I love you” or give us hugs growing up. Rather, he would show his affection for my sister and me through his subtle but caring ways. I can still vividly remember one afternoon when we were kids, he came home from the hospital and my sister and I welcomed him home with hugs, only to be rejected by him. After seeing us with sad faces (and prodding from our mother), he had to explain the reason why he didn’t return our hugs was because he didn’t want to pass on the microbes which he may have been exposed to at the clinic. In retrospect, there were a lot of times I would misinterpret his well-meaning paternal actions Youngest in a brood of four, and born of a family of lawyers, Robie Zantua chose to become the first doctor among his Velasco-Zantua roots. While his older siblings would spend secondary school in Manila, he was left in Talisay, Camarines Norte under the care of his maternal aunt for his primary schooling. He would laughingly tell us that because he was a year younger than his classmates, his teacher had to test him before accepting him in school — he was able to read “buto” (seed) without difficulty (buto is ‘penis’ in his native dialect). In hindsight, it was probably because he grew up alone and had to do things independently at a young age that as an adult, he found it hard to ask for favors from others. On one occasion while I was still a medical clerk, he invited me to observe his emergency OR (a case of foreign body impaction of a balut). When we arrived at the ER, we saw that the patient was yet to be prepared for OR— he was not yet even hooked to the I.V. fluid. To my surprise, he asked for I.V. needs from the ER nurse and inserted the I.V. catheter himself, hooked the I.V. fluid; and on to the operating theatre we went. Years later, I realised if that happened in the government hospital where I trained, it was a sure Sunday duty for the ER resident; but Tatay did not make a fuss out of it and went to address the more important matter— performing the emergency procedure. He was ‘tubong Bicol’; his original plan was to return to Camarines Norte after his ENT residency training in PGH—a promise he made to the late Dr. Mariano Caparas. This plan however had to change, to Dr. Caparas’ dismay, in order to grant my mother’s request that they build their medical practice and start a family in her hometown at Santa Rosa, Laguna. My mother and father became a huge part of each other’s lives. My parents were not expressive when it came to their emotions for each other, but it was a marriage filled with love. In fact, up to the last remaining days of my dad in the ICU, the family distantly celebrated our parents’ 41st wedding anniversary with cut flowers from the garden which he religiously tended. They shared the same undergraduate course— they were both B.S. Pre-medicine majors in UP Diliman— and then later on became classmates in the UP College of Medicine Class of 1976. Their love for each other were shown in the simplest ways, and these would turn to be the finest memories with Tatay. When they would do their morning strolls on Bagasbas beach, they would do so holding each other’s hands. Of course back then I cringed at the sight but deep inside, I hoped for the same when I became married. Later in life and especially during the pandemic, my parents would complement each other’s tasks at home; my dad would lovingly prepare meals for the household and tend the garden while my mom would mainly take care of the grandchildren. My father was a homebody, a great family man, and as my mother would say, he did simple things in extraordinary ways, especially those which involved his grandkids. When he wore his work hat, he was strict and at times difficult, especially when he was passionate about a certain topic. He could be ill-tempered and be a source of conflict, and this was because he was strong-willed, and vocal about his ideas. His boon and bane. As an ENT consultant, he became active in the academe, research and established his practice in Laguna and Manila. He was invited by the late Dr. Llamas to teach in the UST College of Medicine and helped establish ORL as an independent department. Later on, he joined the University of Perpetual Help College of Medicine along with Dr. Fita Guzman. He spent the majority of his working years as an active faculty in two institutions, a laudable feat which only the hardworking ones can pull off. He also became the president of AHNOP and was very passionate in the field of head and neck surgery. While it was very unfortunate that my father succumbed to COVID and its complications, I choose to remember him as a man whose life was dedicated to us, his family. We were blessed to have him as the head of our family, we are forever grateful for the man we call Tatay— the man who would tirelessly cook Bicolano dishes for us, the man who would patiently and lovingly make sure we were always safe and healthy, the man who would go out of his way and put himself last just to make sure his family was well taken care of. His love was definitely felt by everyone in the family, and I sure hope he felt the same way. May his legacy live on through his children and grandchildren. We love you beyond words, Tatay.

As we approach the last quarter of the year, it is time that Fellows of the Philippine Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (PSOHNS) receive this report from the President and the Board of Trustees. Following the successful staging of the midyear congress at EDSA Shangrila and distribution of the coffeetable book-- another chronicle of our rich history-- we also witnessed the launching of the advocacy campaign “Change is in the Air” led by Philippine Academy of Rhinology (PAR) Chair Dr. Tony Chua with Drs. Mari Enecilla and Joel Romuladez that even saw print in the newspapers. Despite the challenges, the support we received from our pharmaceutical friends was tremendous and the avowed fund support for advocacy from the proceeds of that congress amounting to a little over P2 million will certainly go a long way for our future campaigns. Our new home and headquarters at 27 Manga Road, Quezon City was finally inaugurated last July 8. Legal ownership with the title of the property under the name of PSOHNS has been effected as has been approved by the general assembly with the funds related to our transfer and total expenses for minor renovation and transfer and other taxes amounting to an expenditure of almost P29 million. The tax-exempt certificate filed from our Medical Plaza Ortigas business address will be transferred to Quezon City with the application for a change in business address. There have already been activities, meetings and functions held at our new headquarters. As approved by the Board, we have invited the Philippine Board of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (PBOHNS) to hold their meetings there and also hold office in one of the rooms. We expect full transfer by the time this tax-exempt certificate and occupancy permit have been obtained. The work on becoming a recognized specialty by the Philippine Medical Association (PMA) is still a work in progress but the task is in hand more than ever with about 5000 more votes during the last congress and hopefully the final turnover of these votes before the next PMA convention in May 2017 will make the campaign a success. I urge all the Fellows and Chapters to continue to rally their colleagues and use the proxy forms available at the secretariat. We have written the PMA to inform us of the number of votes still needed. It is on record that our society in fact submitted the most number of proxy votes for this campaign during the last PMA convention. Let us all work even harder to make this a reality by May 2017. The Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) and Philippine Regulatory Board of Medicine (PRBOM) required us last May to develop and submit an Outcomes Based Education (OBE) Curriculum. We submitted the required curriculum to the PRBOM led by Dr. Miguel Noche in cooperation and close collaboration with the PBOHNS led by Dr. Rodolfo Nonato through the commendable hard work of Drs. Agnes T. Remulla, Elmo Lago and Ed Alfanta as well as other committed fellows from the different subspecialties and institutions. Welcome changes to the required list and number of procedures for resident trainees as a result of the formulation of this new curriculum were approved. Our core values of Professionalism, Service with Excellence, Outstanding Education and Research, Honor and Integrity, Nationalism and Solidarity stood as pillars that guided the whole process of crafting this OBE. It will now be incumbent upon the institutions to tweak their instructional designs and particular curricula to conform to or even surpass the common minimum standards. We will bring to the table this curriculum and standards when we talk with our Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) counterparts in the move to ASEAN Harmonization and Integration. The next midyear congress will be held in Laoag City under the leadership of Dr. Jose Orosa III. The next Annual Congress will be jointly held with the 10th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyposis from November 29- December 2, 2017 with PAR and Dr. Gil Vicente as prime mover. The Philippines will also host the 10th Otorhinolaryngology International Academic Conference (ORLIAC) on March 1-3, 2018 with myself as co-chair. The theme will be “East Meets West: The Future of ORLHNS” with Prof. Jan Veldman and Prof. Lokman Saim helping organize this with world renowned ORL clinician-researchers willing to share their expertise on issues relevant to our country and the region. We hope this will inspire our young ENT diplomates and fellows to embark on academic and innovative strategies in the interest of achieving better care in ORLHNS. The 60th Annual Congress at Marriott Grand Ballroom from December 1-3, 2016 will culminate the celebration of our diamond jubilee year. The PSOHNS will host the 6th Pan Asia Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in this joint Congress. We are excited at this year’s theme: Restoring Form and Function and the record number of speakers for the congress with its interesting scientific and social programme will be astounding. As we close the year more projects are forthcoming such as the updated Clinical Practice Guidelines (Sleep Surgery has been disseminated with Otitis Media and Sinusitis to follow). On its 35th year, the Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery’s continued moves toward open access will make our research work more accessible and available to scientific circles worldwide. We have recognized the loyalty and service of our personnel Mia, Sharon, Melissa and Kiko by a windfall increase in salaries and benefits that have long been overdue. We are now in the process of digitizing our records along with other housekeeping functions that we have embarked on this year. We also foresee a constitutional amendment to accommodate an expanded membership programme to be attuned with the mandate and direction of the Philippine Medical Association to be as inclusive as possible. The kind approval of the Fellows in the general assembly meeting is prayed for considering the fact that our scientific calendar and a lot of PSOHNS activities have been geared towards preparing the resident trainees, diplomates and non-diplomates and board eligibles to be dedicated Fellows of PSOHNS in the future, imbued with the core values we so cherish.

Shainool Jiwa’s The Rise of a Muslim Empire is a two-volume historical work on the legacy of the Fatimid Empire. The first volume surveys the religious and sociopolitical underpinnings of Fatimid rule from its North African establishment in 909 to its transition to Egypt in 969. Jiwa’s second vol- ume focuses on the pinnacle of Fatimid society up until its decline from 969-1171. This review pertains to the first of the two volumes. Working within this phase, Jiwa details the reigns of the first four Imams: ‘Abd Allāh al-Mahdī, Abū’l-Qāsim Muḥammad, Ismāʿīl al-Manṣūr, and al-Muʿizz li- Dīn Allāh. The second book, which is titled The Fatimid Rule from Egypt, discusses the latter ten Imams (4). The first chapter covers the origins of the Fatimids in respect to both religious and geographical contexts. Jiwa starts by providing the historical background of Ismaili Shiism. Here, everything from the succession crisis of 632 CE to the emergence of the different strands of Shiism are discussed. Jiwa describes the Ismaili sect as having held Ismāʿīl, the eldest son of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, to have been the chosen successor of his father, therefore mak- ing him Imam. Ismāʿīl’s ephemeral mortality caused for the Imamate to then pass over to his young son, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl, eponym of the sect (10). The Twelvers are described as having believed in the Imamate of Jaʿfar’s youngest son, Mūsā, whose lineage gives root to the Imams of Twelver Shiism. Jiwa characterizes Ismaili beliefs as having rested on dawr al-satr (period of concealment) and daʿwa (religio-political mission) (11). The dawr al-satr refers to the Imams going into hiding with only their most trusted followers knowing their true identities. Subsequently, these follow- ers promoted the recognition of these hidden Imams, which in large part refers to daʿwa (the act of inviting). Jiwa explains that during dawr al-satr (765–909 CE) Ismaili doctrine had spread as far as from Yemen to Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria) (12), with its most prominent adherents being the Kutama Berbers of North Africa. Under the teachings of Abū ‘Abd Allāh al-Shīʿī, a pronounced Ismaili dāʿī (inviter), the Kutama had aspired to establish the dawlat al-ḥaqq (the righteous state) (16). This aspiration materialized under the allegiance of ‘Abd Allāh al-Mahdī who had been pronounced as Imam by his predecessor and later recognized as the mahdī (messianic figure) (20). This belief, nonetheless, was not accepted by all Ismailis, particularly those following Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ, who later came to be known as the Qaramiṭa (21). Sa- lamiyya (a town located in Syria), the town where ‘Abd Allāh al-Mahdī had resided, became unsafe due to Abbasid persecution, causing the Imam to migrate to various locations and eventually Sijilmasa (22). Meanwhile, the Kutama had grown to such a force that they had been able to seize control over Qayrawān of North Africa under the leadership of al-Shīʿī (22). When al-Mahdī was later arrested in Sijilmasa and the news spread to the Kuta- ma, a campaign of soldiers marched to secure his release and bring him to Qayrawān. Having accomplished this, the Fatimid State came into fruition (22). Jiwa provides sources detailing the events which led up to the Fatim- id establishment, including eyewitness accounts from Jaʿfar al-Ḥājib’s Sīrat Jaʿfar al-Ḥājib, secondary sources such as Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm al-Naysābūrī’s Istitār al-Imām (‘The Concealment of the Imam’), and other historical works such as the influential Iftitāh al-daʿwa wa-ibtidāʿ al-dawla (‘Com- mencement of the Mission and the Beginnings of the State’) authored by Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān (29-30). These references help readers pinpoint who was instrumental in recording Fatimid history. In chapter two, Jiwa discusses the establishment of the Fatimid state, giving details of its institutions, processes, and hallmark locations. Al-Mah- dī is seen to have incorporated officials who had previously served the Aghlabids (the previous rulers of Qayrawān). In addition, institutions such as maẓālim (oppressive acts) courts are discussed as having been estab- lished to provide redress for ordinary civilians against abuses of power (35). During this time of development, dissension amongst the Kutama is seen to have imploded on the basis of marginalized sentiments. Once having been one of the most loyal dāʿīs to al-Mahdī, al-Shīʿī had led a rebellion against his former Imam on charges of being a false mahdī. Ultimately this campaign was pacified, resulting in the execution of al Shīʿī. This chapter also reveals new characters who later became prominent figures in Fatimid history. The heir apparent or Prince Abū’l-Qāsim Muḥammad, the eldest son of al-Mahdī, already took up much of his father’s duties while his own son, Ismāʿīl or al-Manṣūr bi’llāh (‘the One Who is Victorious by God’) was entrusted by the sitting Imam, al-Mahdī (his grandfather), as his most faithful confidant (39). The port city of al-Mahdiyya which had been con- structed by the Fatimids in 916 is described as having been unique in its architectural design and strategic in its location. Al-Mahdiyya served as the new Mediterranean capital and had secured the Fatimids a booming com mercial fabric. Similarly, the city of Palermo in Sicily had been occupied by the Fatimids and had also brought a great deal of cultural exchange and goods. Jiwa brings out images of palaces and charts out maps of the port city to provide visual comprehension of the architecture. Chapter three surveys the reign of al-Manṣūr, discussing his ascension to power under fraught circumstances and his construction of a new city. This chapter focuses attention on the reconstruction of Palermo in vivid archaeological detail. Readers are informed of the Khariji rebellion from Ifrīqiya spearheaded by Abū Yazīd al-Nukkarī. The Kharijis are described to have been insurmountable by the Fatimids, pushing their Empire as far back as to the Mediterranean coast of al-Mahdiyya (60). It was not until al-Ḥasan b. ‘Alī al-Kalbī, the governor of Tunis, and his army pushed back against the Kharijis that the North African coastland would be recaptured (61). Despite this, the Kharijis were too difficult to overcome and remained at conflict with the Fatimids up until the death of Abū’l-Qāsim. Fearful that news of Abū’l-Qāsim’s death would puncture the morale of the Fatimid war effort, al-Manṣūr had managed to keep the news of his father’s passing silent. After an eventful encounter, al-Manṣūr would eventually go on to defeat Abū Yazīd’s army and restore Fatimid rule. Following this victory, al-Manṣūr began taking restorative measures to recover the now war-torn society. Socially considerate policies such as charity stipends, the appoint- ment of a Sunni-based Maliki judge, and omission of taxes were all strides in this effort. But the most significant of his developments was the con- struction of a new capital called Manṣūriyya. Much of this city’s structural inspiration came from the North African ancient ruins al-Manṣūr had been enchanted by (68). Jiwa’s training as a historian is evident in how she cites primary sources every chance she gets, from sermons to testimonies. Clos- ing this chapter, Jiwa provides an anecdote recorded by al-Nuʿmān which romantically relays the moment al-Manṣūr knew that his son, al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh, was ready to ascend to power (77). Jiwa’s anecdotes connect the reader to the ethos of Fatimid personalities. Chapter four delves into the reign of al-Manṣūr’s heir, al-Muʿizz (953- 75), who came into conflict with both the Umayyads and the Byzantines during his reign and would later live out his final days in his new capital, al-Qāhira al-Muʿizziya (‘the Victorious City of al-Muʿizz’)—modern-day Cairo (78). Beyond the royal family, Jiwa presents key stalwarts that the Em- pire was indebted to. Once servant to al-Mahdī, Jawhar, who was of Slavic origin, had risen through the ranks (serving both as scribe and commander in battle), eventually being entrusted with many honorable state positions. This chapter is the longest one of the book and attempts to accomplish many things. Along with discussing the battles which ensued during this juncture, Jiwa also fleshes out the theology of Ismaili beliefs. Al-Nuʿmān is said to have written extensively on the topic—including his text written between 958 and 960, Daʿā’im al-Islām (‘Pillars of Islam’), which delineates such fundamental concepts to Ismaili theology as walāya (allegiance and obedience), īmān (faith), ẓāhir (exoteric), and bāṭin (esoteric) (88-89). The early Fatimid age is described as having been a milieu of knowledge seek- ing, with debates and lectures taking place on a frequent basis. Through the majālis (teaching sessions) program, the Ismaili doctrine would proliferate to the broader society. Jiwa’s text is filled with firsthand accounts which describe Fatimid institutions, ceremonies, and events, providing vivid pic- tures of what is being described (e.g., al-Nuʿmān’s description of the grand circumcision ceremony hosted in 962 and Ibn Haytham’s description of the diversity of attendees and tailoring of lessons in the majālis by teach- ers such as Aflaḥ b. Hārūn al-Mālūsī, 95). The tension between the Uma- yyads in Spain and the Fatimids is also presented in this chapter, depicted as stemming from their varying loyalties in the rivalry between ‘Alī b. Abī Ṭālib and Muʿāwiya. The coastal regions of the Mediterranean and North Africa would see many conflicts between the Fatimids and Umayyads; the Umayyads and the Byzantines worked together to suppress their Fatimid adversary, with the Byzantines launching campaigns on the parts of the Empire closest to Sicily while the Umayyads attacked the most western part. After briefly losing parts of their North African territories, the Fatimids eventually reasserted their control over the Maghrib, leaving the Umayyads no choice but to resort to a peace treaty (103). The Ismaili daʿwā reached far and wide, with its message gaining adherents from the Gulf of Yemen to as far as Sind. Jiwa also describes the Kalbid dynasty of Fatimid Sicily, which had come under the governorship of al-Ḥasan al-Kalbī. During this period (960-65), Sicily had been the site of intense warfare between the Fatimids and the Byzantines, with two distinct battles resulting in the most pivotal outcomes for the region, namely the Pit and the Straits (119). Like the Umayyads, the Byzantines would also later come to negotiate terms of peace with the Fatimids in 958 (116). Chapter five speaks to the venture the Fatimids made into Egypt in 966. Here, readers are presented with the terms acknowledged by local nobles such as Sharīf Abū Jaʿfar Muslim al-Ḥusaynī and the Fatimids, the founding of the new capital (al-Qāhira), and the relocation of al-Muʿizz along with a significant portion of the Manṣūriyyan population in 972. The chapter serves as both a close to the book and a cliffhanger for the second volume of the series (which turns to Fatimid rule in Egypt under the son of al-Muʿizz, Niẓār b. al-Muʿizz). Capturing the cohesive religious fabric of Fatimid rule, Jiwa notes that al-Muʿizz pledged to maintain Sunni religious life while ruling over Egypt (126); she describes pillars of Sunni Islam that can serve as points of contrast to the Ismaili tradition (127). Individuals who can justly be seen as archetypes of the Fatimid intel- ligentsia are referenced both biographically and through their works. Jiwa introduces her readers to eminent characters including missionaries like Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī of Khurāsān (d. after 971); writers and thinkers who composed the Fatimid ideology such as Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān; poets who gave inspiration such as Muḥammad b. Hānī; and generals who rendered their lives for the Fatimid Empire such as al-Ḥasan b. ‘Ali al-Kalbī. Although some readers may be frustrated by the detail of jumping back and forth across names, dates, and events, those who are able to follow the work the- matically will certainly find this work to be nothing short of informative. Jiwa impressively condenses a rich and fluid history into few pages while including the most essential elements, people, and institutions making up this period. Readers are provided with visual aids (maps, family tree charts, and city maps) to help identify and locations and structures which would otherwise come off as abstract and jargon-heavy. In addition, she includes colorful images of important monuments such as mosques, coins, and ar- tifacts. Ameen OmarMA, Islamic Studies & HistoryThe George Washington University

Shainool Jiwa’s The Rise of a Muslim Empire is a two-volume historical work on the legacy of the Fatimid Empire. The first volume surveys the religious and sociopolitical underpinnings of Fatimid rule from its North African establishment in 909 to its transition to Egypt in 969. Jiwa’s second vol- ume focuses on the pinnacle of Fatimid society up until its decline from 969-1171. This review pertains to the first of the two volumes. Working within this phase, Jiwa details the reigns of the first four Imams: ‘Abd Allāh al-Mahdī, Abū’l-Qāsim Muḥammad, Ismāʿīl al-Manṣūr, and al-Muʿizz li- Dīn Allāh. The second book, which is titled The Fatimid Rule from Egypt, discusses the latter ten Imams (4). The first chapter covers the origins of the Fatimids in respect to both religious and geographical contexts. Jiwa starts by providing the historical background of Ismaili Shiism. Here, everything from the succession crisis of 632 CE to the emergence of the different strands of Shiism are discussed. Jiwa describes the Ismaili sect as having held Ismāʿīl, the eldest son of Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq, to have been the chosen successor of his father, therefore mak- ing him Imam. Ismāʿīl’s ephemeral mortality caused for the Imamate to then pass over to his young son, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl, eponym of the sect (10). The Twelvers are described as having believed in the Imamate of Jaʿfar’s youngest son, Mūsā, whose lineage gives root to the Imams of Twelver Shiism. Jiwa characterizes Ismaili beliefs as having rested on dawr al-satr (period of concealment) and daʿwa (religio-political mission) (11). The dawr al-satr refers to the Imams going into hiding with only their most trusted followers knowing their true identities. Subsequently, these follow- ers promoted the recognition of these hidden Imams, which in large part refers to daʿwa (the act of inviting). Jiwa explains that during dawr al-satr (765–909 CE) Ismaili doctrine had spread as far as from Yemen to Ifriqiya (modern-day Tunisia and eastern Algeria) (12), with its most prominent adherents being the Kutama Berbers of North Africa. Under the teachings of Abū ‘Abd Allāh al-Shīʿī, a pronounced Ismaili dāʿī (inviter), the Kutama had aspired to establish the dawlat al-ḥaqq (the righteous state) (16). This aspiration materialized under the allegiance of ‘Abd Allāh al-Mahdī who had been pronounced as Imam by his predecessor and later recognized as the mahdī (messianic figure) (20). This belief, nonetheless, was not accepted by all Ismailis, particularly those following Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ, who later came to be known as the Qaramiṭa (21). Sa- lamiyya (a town located in Syria), the town where ‘Abd Allāh al-Mahdī had resided, became unsafe due to Abbasid persecution, causing the Imam to migrate to various locations and eventually Sijilmasa (22). Meanwhile, the Kutama had grown to such a force that they had been able to seize control over Qayrawān of North Africa under the leadership of al-Shīʿī (22). When al-Mahdī was later arrested in Sijilmasa and the news spread to the Kuta- ma, a campaign of soldiers marched to secure his release and bring him to Qayrawān. Having accomplished this, the Fatimid State came into fruition (22). Jiwa provides sources detailing the events which led up to the Fatim- id establishment, including eyewitness accounts from Jaʿfar al-Ḥājib’s Sīrat Jaʿfar al-Ḥājib, secondary sources such as Aḥmad b. Ibrāhīm al-Naysābūrī’s Istitār al-Imām (‘The Concealment of the Imam’), and other historical works such as the influential Iftitāh al-daʿwa wa-ibtidāʿ al-dawla (‘Com- mencement of the Mission and the Beginnings of the State’) authored by Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān (29-30). These references help readers pinpoint who was instrumental in recording Fatimid history. In chapter two, Jiwa discusses the establishment of the Fatimid state, giving details of its institutions, processes, and hallmark locations. Al-Mah- dī is seen to have incorporated officials who had previously served the Aghlabids (the previous rulers of Qayrawān). In addition, institutions such as maẓālim (oppressive acts) courts are discussed as having been estab- lished to provide redress for ordinary civilians against abuses of power (35). During this time of development, dissension amongst the Kutama is seen to have imploded on the basis of marginalized sentiments. Once having been one of the most loyal dāʿīs to al-Mahdī, al-Shīʿī had led a rebellion against his former Imam on charges of being a false mahdī. Ultimately this campaign was pacified, resulting in the execution of al Shīʿī. This chapter also reveals new characters who later became prominent figures in Fatimid history. The heir apparent or Prince Abū’l-Qāsim Muḥammad, the eldest son of al-Mahdī, already took up much of his father’s duties while his own son, Ismāʿīl or al-Manṣūr bi’llāh (‘the One Who is Victorious by God’) was entrusted by the sitting Imam, al-Mahdī (his grandfather), as his most faithful confidant (39). The port city of al-Mahdiyya which had been con- structed by the Fatimids in 916 is described as having been unique in its architectural design and strategic in its location. Al-Mahdiyya served as the new Mediterranean capital and had secured the Fatimids a booming com mercial fabric. Similarly, the city of Palermo in Sicily had been occupied by the Fatimids and had also brought a great deal of cultural exchange and goods. Jiwa brings out images of palaces and charts out maps of the port city to provide visual comprehension of the architecture. Chapter three surveys the reign of al-Manṣūr, discussing his ascension to power under fraught circumstances and his construction of a new city. This chapter focuses attention on the reconstruction of Palermo in vivid archaeological detail. Readers are informed of the Khariji rebellion from Ifrīqiya spearheaded by Abū Yazīd al-Nukkarī. The Kharijis are described to have been insurmountable by the Fatimids, pushing their Empire as far back as to the Mediterranean coast of al-Mahdiyya (60). It was not until al-Ḥasan b. ‘Alī al-Kalbī, the governor of Tunis, and his army pushed back against the Kharijis that the North African coastland would be recaptured (61). Despite this, the Kharijis were too difficult to overcome and remained at conflict with the Fatimids up until the death of Abū’l-Qāsim. Fearful that news of Abū’l-Qāsim’s death would puncture the morale of the Fatimid war effort, al-Manṣūr had managed to keep the news of his father’s passing silent. After an eventful encounter, al-Manṣūr would eventually go on to defeat Abū Yazīd’s army and restore Fatimid rule. Following this victory, al-Manṣūr began taking restorative measures to recover the now war-torn society. Socially considerate policies such as charity stipends, the appoint- ment of a Sunni-based Maliki judge, and omission of taxes were all strides in this effort. But the most significant of his developments was the con- struction of a new capital called Manṣūriyya. Much of this city’s structural inspiration came from the North African ancient ruins al-Manṣūr had been enchanted by (68). Jiwa’s training as a historian is evident in how she cites primary sources every chance she gets, from sermons to testimonies. Clos- ing this chapter, Jiwa provides an anecdote recorded by al-Nuʿmān which romantically relays the moment al-Manṣūr knew that his son, al-Muʿizz li-Dīn Allāh, was ready to ascend to power (77). Jiwa’s anecdotes connect the reader to the ethos of Fatimid personalities. Chapter four delves into the reign of al-Manṣūr’s heir, al-Muʿizz (953- 75), who came into conflict with both the Umayyads and the Byzantines during his reign and would later live out his final days in his new capital, al-Qāhira al-Muʿizziya (‘the Victorious City of al-Muʿizz’)—modern-day Cairo (78). Beyond the royal family, Jiwa presents key stalwarts that the Em- pire was indebted to. Once servant to al-Mahdī, Jawhar, who was of Slavic origin, had risen through the ranks (serving both as scribe and commander in battle), eventually being entrusted with many honorable state positions. This chapter is the longest one of the book and attempts to accomplish many things. Along with discussing the battles which ensued during this juncture, Jiwa also fleshes out the theology of Ismaili beliefs. Al-Nuʿmān is said to have written extensively on the topic—including his text written between 958 and 960, Daʿā’im al-Islām (‘Pillars of Islam’), which delineates such fundamental concepts to Ismaili theology as walāya (allegiance and obedience), īmān (faith), ẓāhir (exoteric), and bāṭin (esoteric) (88-89). The early Fatimid age is described as having been a milieu of knowledge seek- ing, with debates and lectures taking place on a frequent basis. Through the majālis (teaching sessions) program, the Ismaili doctrine would proliferate to the broader society. Jiwa’s text is filled with firsthand accounts which describe Fatimid institutions, ceremonies, and events, providing vivid pic- tures of what is being described (e.g., al-Nuʿmān’s description of the grand circumcision ceremony hosted in 962 and Ibn Haytham’s description of the diversity of attendees and tailoring of lessons in the majālis by teach- ers such as Aflaḥ b. Hārūn al-Mālūsī, 95). The tension between the Uma- yyads in Spain and the Fatimids is also presented in this chapter, depicted as stemming from their varying loyalties in the rivalry between ‘Alī b. Abī Ṭālib and Muʿāwiya. The coastal regions of the Mediterranean and North Africa would see many conflicts between the Fatimids and Umayyads; the Umayyads and the Byzantines worked together to suppress their Fatimid adversary, with the Byzantines launching campaigns on the parts of the Empire closest to Sicily while the Umayyads attacked the most western part. After briefly losing parts of their North African territories, the Fatimids eventually reasserted their control over the Maghrib, leaving the Umayyads no choice but to resort to a peace treaty (103). The Ismaili daʿwā reached far and wide, with its message gaining adherents from the Gulf of Yemen to as far as Sind. Jiwa also describes the Kalbid dynasty of Fatimid Sicily, which had come under the governorship of al-Ḥasan al-Kalbī. During this period (960-65), Sicily had been the site of intense warfare between the Fatimids and the Byzantines, with two distinct battles resulting in the most pivotal outcomes for the region, namely the Pit and the Straits (119). Like the Umayyads, the Byzantines would also later come to negotiate terms of peace with the Fatimids in 958 (116). Chapter five speaks to the venture the Fatimids made into Egypt in 966. Here, readers are presented with the terms acknowledged by local nobles such as Sharīf Abū Jaʿfar Muslim al-Ḥusaynī and the Fatimids, the founding of the new capital (al-Qāhira), and the relocation of al-Muʿizz along with a significant portion of the Manṣūriyyan population in 972. The chapter serves as both a close to the book and a cliffhanger for the second volume of the series (which turns to Fatimid rule in Egypt under the son of al-Muʿizz, Niẓār b. al-Muʿizz). Capturing the cohesive religious fabric of Fatimid rule, Jiwa notes that al-Muʿizz pledged to maintain Sunni religious life while ruling over Egypt (126); she describes pillars of Sunni Islam that can serve as points of contrast to the Ismaili tradition (127). Individuals who can justly be seen as archetypes of the Fatimid intel- ligentsia are referenced both biographically and through their works. Jiwa introduces her readers to eminent characters including missionaries like Abū Yaʿqūb al-Sijistānī of Khurāsān (d. after 971); writers and thinkers who composed the Fatimid ideology such as Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān; poets who gave inspiration such as Muḥammad b. Hānī; and generals who rendered their lives for the Fatimid Empire such as al-Ḥasan b. ‘Ali al-Kalbī. Although some readers may be frustrated by the detail of jumping back and forth across names, dates, and events, those who are able to follow the work the- matically will certainly find this work to be nothing short of informative. Jiwa impressively condenses a rich and fluid history into few pages while including the most essential elements, people, and institutions making up this period. Readers are provided with visual aids (maps, family tree charts, and city maps) to help identify and locations and structures which would otherwise come off as abstract and jargon-heavy. In addition, she includes colorful images of important monuments such as mosques, coins, and ar- tifacts. Ameen OmarMA, Islamic Studies & HistoryThe George Washington University

The layout and organisation of wooden houses in Aalborg from 1050-1600This analysis of the layout, organisation and use of wooden houses in Aalborg in the period 1050-1600 is based on the remains of 39 buildings from a total of 11 different excavations carried out between 1962 and 2008. Wooden houses have been excavated at 41 sites in Aalborg, but at only 12 of these sites was the level of recording adequate to permit inclusion in this analysis. In addition, Aalborg has 23 half-timbered houses dated prior to 1600, seven of which still stand on their original site. Out of this total of 62 wooden houses, 25 examples provide good information on layout, organisation and use and therefore form the backbone of this study.In terms of date, the main weight of the excavated houses lies in the 15th century, while the 14th century is poorest represented. Looking exclusively at the 23 best-preserved houses, the distribution is more uniform throughout the Middle Ages; however the 14th century remains underrepresented (tables 1 and 2).None of the houses in the present assemblage has been excavated in its full extent. Even so, it is apparent from the data that the width of the houses was very uniform: generally 5-6 m in the case of the excavated houses. The reason for this is probably that wider houses would require longer tie beams and thereby have a weaker construction. The houses were probably built with a framed construction that contained insufficient timber to stabilise a wider structure. The length of the houses varied as the timber-framed buildings have a modular construction made up of bays. The length of a house can therefore be increased as required by simply adding further bays.Regionality is a major question in the discussion of layout, organisation and use and as all the primary material for this study derives from Aalborg, it is possibly only representative of the situation in Northern Jutland. Studies of 18th century farmhouses show that regional differences do not necessarily follow the usual regional groupings and, moreover, that they can be quite considerable (fig. 4). Variation between houses can also be the result of the different housing requirements of the various social strata.If the study’s best preserved houses are examined in the light of the above, three things become immediately apparent: All the houses, with only two exceptions, are situated with their gable extending all the way out to the street, and secondly, also with two exceptions, they are located along Aalborg’s main thoroughfare. Finally, all the houses lie in a dense, intensive settlement. Despite the small sample size, the material reveals so many similarities between the houses that it can be considered to be homogeneous. Consequently, it is able to shed light on the prevailing conditions in the gable-fronted houses which faced on to Aalborg’s main street.A collective overview of the layout and organisation of the houses is best illustrated by figures 2 and 3, where the house outlines are arranged in chronological order. As is apparent, partition walls have exclusively been identified running across the houses, and the number of rooms in each of them is modest. In the houses dating from the period 1050-1300 it was apparently normal to have a large room out towards the street, and in several instances the presence of some form of hearth has been demonstrated here. The room behind this was generally slightly smaller or of the same size as that at the front. The houses from the period 1350-1600 are, as in the preceding period, very uniform. They all have a large room out towards the street, but it is not possible to demonstrate whether this room was heated. The most striking common feature of the houses is that there are hearth structures in the rearmost or middle room; these are interpreted as representing the kitchen regions in the houses. The layout and organisation of two of the timbered-framed houses match that of the two latest, excavated houses. In both cases there is a large room out towards the street; this room was heated by a jamb stove. Behind this room lies the room with the kitchen hearth arrangement. In general, it can be said that the layout of Aalborg’s medieval and early Renaissance town houses was not particularly complicated and there were only very few rooms. The differences between the two periods 1050-1350 and 1350-1600 lie primarily in where and how the hearth was situated in the house.The presence of fixed hearths can be relatively easy to demonstrate archaeologically, because charcoal and burnt clay are durable materials. Out of the 39 houses that were examined, a fixed hearth was not identified in only 12 cases, and of these houses without a recognised hearth, most had been only partially excavated. The evidence suggests that throughout the entire Middle Ages in Aalborg it was usual to employ stoves and open hearths side by side. This is in direct conflict with the accepted view that hearths were replaced by stoves during the course of the Middle Ages. It is not possible to ascertain whether this variation results from regional differences or a statistically inadequate sample (tables 3 and 4).If a stove is sited with the stokehole in one room and the stove chamber in the next, it becomes possible to heat a room without it being plagued by smoke (fig. 5). Some of Denmark’s earliest examples of jamb stoves were found in Aalborg and the two best examples were excavated at Algade 9. The two houses in question have been dendrochronologically dated to the 1120s (fig. 6) and the 1170s (fig. 7), respectively. One of them, house 8, was a direct replacement of the other, house 5. Both are well-documented with unequivocal traces of partition walls.The jamb stove heated the second room back from the street which, as a consequence, was warm and comfortable without the inconvenience of smoke. All the other hearths were located in the first room out to the street and activities which required a hearth must necessarily have taken place here. This way of organising the dwelling must, on the basis of the material analysed here, have been usual in the Early Middle Ages, up until the 14th century. Of the 15 houses dated to this period, the same pattern can be recognised, more or less, in eight of them. Probably the earliest house with a jamb stove was excavated at Bredgade 7 (fig. 2, house 2) and is dated stratigraphically to the end of the 11th century.In none of these Early Medieval jamb stoves has it been possible to demonstrate the use of “potkakler” – hollow ceramic tiles – in the stove construction. These tiles first appeared in Aalborg in the 15th century. Consequently, there is no connection between the introduction of “potkakler” and the introduction of jamb stoves to Aalborg.The evidence suggests that hearths after the 14th century, compared with the preceding period, were positioned further back in the house. The most marked traces of hearths are now to be found in the middle part of the house, corresponding to the second room in from the street. In houses 18, 20, 21, 22 and 23 on figure 3 there are complicated hearth structures which are, in all cases, interpreted as kitchen facilities (fig. 8). Consequently, the kitchen moved back in the house and it seems that this change took place after the middle of the 14th century. The position of the hearths in the two timber-framed houses 24 and 25 is almost identical to that seen in the houses from the Late Middle Ages. The kitchen hearth was located in the second room back from the street and was built up against the partition wall. The front room could thereby be heated with a jamb stove with a stokehole in the kitchen. This resulted in a heated but smoke-free room.In the two well-preserved houses 5 and 8, the presence of a door has been demonstrated between the front two rooms in the buildings, interpreted as the living quarters in the houses. As these buildings were gable-fronted houses, the main door must have opened to the street and access to the house’s second room, the one with the jamb stove, was therefore through the front room. This front room with the hearths was probably the most public room in the house. There are no traces of doors in the part containing the living quarters in the Late Medieval houses, but in the two timber-framed houses, a main door in the gable leads into the front room. This room was probably a more public room than the kitchen room behind it. There was direct access between the two rooms. In both houses, the kitchen room has a further outer door which must be perceived as a back door.In Denmark, fixed, raised wall benches are considered to be a completely standard fixture in the dwelling houses of Viking times and the Middle Ages. Their use ceased in Denmark during the course of the 13th century, a development which can be partially confirmed by the evidence from Aalborg. The wall benches probably went out of use because this was the time when movable furniture became more widespread.The excavated remains of the wooden houses in Aalborg demonstrate that, in the course of the Middle Ages, a change took place in the internal organisation of the houses. The main development was that the cooking hearth was moved from the front room further back in the house. As a consequence, cooking no longer took place in the first room encountered on entering the building. In the Early Middle Ages, a relatively standard pattern can be observed in the internal organisation of houses in Aalborg. At the front of the house, out towards the street, there was a room which contained all the house’s hearths. It was also from here that a jamb stove was fired, which heated the room behind. The smoke-filled front room would have been the first room people came into in the house, while the room behind would have been smoke-free. This latter, more comfortable room probably functioned as the house’s living-/bedroom. The fact that it was necessary to go through the first room in order to reach the more comfortable room behind suggests that the rear room was more private than that at the front. The room with the hearths was probably the place where externally-directed activities such as trade took place.In the excavated houses from the Late Middle Ages, the kitchen region is no longer found to be in the room out towards the street. It is unclear how the front room was used, but one possibility is that it had the same function as in the later timber-framed houses, i.e. as an entrance hall with externally-directed functions. The activities which took place around the house’s main hearth had possibly become of a more private nature and were therefore, together with the hearth, moved away from the front, more public, room.This change in internal organisation appears to have taken place during the course of the 14th century. If this is true, then it coincided with a series of other social changes and upheavals such as the agricultural crisis, the population decline, the plague epidemics and consequent changes in family structure. It is not inconceivable that the reason for the revised preferences with regard to specific types of dwelling organisation has its basis in these altered family patterns. The Late Medieval way of organising a dwelling next underwent changes at the beginning of the 17th century.Christian G. KlingeNordjyllands Historiske Museum

This study aims to examine the effect of the work environment, rewards and work culture on work motivation and job satisfaction as intervening variables in Indonesian Go-Jek drivers. This study uses a quantitative method with sampling aimed at Indonesian Go-Jek drivers, especially two-wheeled vehicles with a total sample of 96 respondents. Data collection uses a questionnaire to be filled in by the respondents. After that, instrument tests were carried out in the form of validity tests and reliability tests, along with data analysis with the PLS test to find out the hypothesis. The results obtained from this study indicate that the effect of reward and work culture has no significant effect on motivation and job satisfaction, but there is a significant effect of the work environment on work motivation and job satisfaction on work motivation. As well as suggestions for future researchers should use other variables, namely workload and leadership.

Over a period of ten years Paul Ewing documented the life of his family on film – initially using Super 8 film and then converting to VHS with the advent of the new technology. Through the lens of home movies, autoethnography and memory I discuss his approach to amateur image making and its lasting legacy. Home movies have been the driving force behind a number of autobiographical documentaries such as Tarnation, Video Fool for Love and Stories We Tell. Here I take an auto ethnographical look at the films my own father made over a ten year period, prior to my parents divorce, and examine their impact on my own life and look to see if there is any value to them outside of my own personal investment. “Autoethnography is predicated on the ability to invite readers into the lived experience of the presumed “Other” and to experience it viscerally” (Boylorn and Orbe 15). It is a research method that connects “the autobiographical and personal to the cultural, social and political” (Ellis xix). Autoethnography involves the turning of the ethnographic gaze inward on the self (Denzin 227). Autoethnographers use their personal experience as primary data reflexively to bend back on self and look more deeply at self-other interactions.Paul Francis Ewing was born in 1947 in Redhill in the United Kingdom. Inez Anne Taveira was born eight years previously in another part of the world entirely, Taiping in Malaysia or Malaya as it was known then. She immigrated to the UK when she was 21 to study acting and later teaching. She married Paul in 1970 and by 1976 they had two children – my brother Brendan and myself. Around 1978 Paul, or Dad, started to film the family. He wanted to “capture the moment. Like writing a diary”. Patricia Zimmerman writes, “Amateur film represents psychic tracings of diaries and dreams. The family, dreams, and nightmares create new hybrids, new discourses” (276). In the beginning of the last century Pierre Janet already noted that: "certain happenings ... leave indelible and distressing memories – memories to which the sufferer continually returns, and by which he is tormented by day and by night.” Janet, postulated that intense emotional reactions make events traumatic by interfering with the integration of the experience into existing memory schemes. Intense emotions, Janet thought, cause memories of particular events to be dissociated from consciousness, and to be stored, instead, as visceral sensations (anxiety and panic), or as visual images (nightmares and flashbacks). Schachtel defined it as: “Memory as a function of the living personality can be understood as a capacity for the organization and reconstruction of past experiences and impressions in the service of present needs, fears, and interests” (284).The images captured by Paul Ewing are part of both my consciousness and unconsciousness. I have revisited them on numerous occasions for varying reasons. Amateur film’s otherness requires analysis of active relationships between maker and subject (Zimmerman 277). When I questioned Paul in regards to this research, he suggested that screening the films was very important to him. “Mum and I enjoyed them and then later the grand parents. Also you and Bren.” I found it more than interesting that he placed my brother and myself last in the list of those who enjoyed the screenings. As a student of film I have looked for the stories within these images, looking to understand whom the man behind the lens was: potentially who the men behind the lenses have been. Who was the man from my/our memories, who was the boy, who were the boys who became the man/men we are? Van der Kolk and Fisler suggest that ‘dissociation refers to a compartmentalization of experience: elements of the experience are not integrated into a unitary whole, but are stored in memory as isolated fragments consisting of sensory perceptions or affective states” (510). Karen L. Ishizuka insists, “Within home movies ... lie hidden histories of the world.” In this case, perhaps only hidden histories of myself. Given a consistent dissociative reaction to stressful situations my honest agenda in watching and re-watching my father’s home cinema may indeed be to attempt to decode what Janet claimed people experience when intense emotions, memories cannot be transformed into a neutral narrative: a person is “unable to make the recital which we call narrative memory, and yet he remains confronted by the difficult situation” (660). This results in a phobia of memory that prevents the integration of traumatic events and splits off the traumatic memories from ordinary consciousness. Piaget claimed that dissociation occurs when an active failure of semantic memory leads to the organization of memory on somatosensory or iconic levels (201). It cannot be coincidence that these descriptors sound familiar to any student or practitioner of cinema. We, the automaton: a moving mechanical device made in imitation of a human being.“The limbic system is thought to be the part of the central nervous system that maintains and guides the emotions and behavior necessary for self-preservation and survival of the species, and that is critically involved in the storage and retrieval of memory” (Van der Kolk 10). Of all areas in the central nervous system, the amygdala is most clearly implicated in the evaluation of the emotional meaning of incoming stimuli. It is thought to integrate internal representations of the external world in the form of memory images with emotional experiences associated with those memories (Calvin). In a series of experiments, J LeDoux utilized repeated electrical stimulation of the amygdala to produce conditioned fear responses. He found that cortical lesions prevent their extinction. This led him to conclude that, once formed, the subcortical traces of the conditioned fear response are indelible, and that "emotional memory may be forever". Paul filmed us for approximately eight years. First using the Super 8 format and later straight onto VHS using a cumbersome, oversized camera that fed into a VHS deck carried over the shoulder in a plastic satchel. Zimmerman suggests that home movies graph the contradictions between the realities of family life bounded by class, race, and gender expectations and the fantasies of the nuclear family, and they also reveal the unfinished production of obedient subjects and histories (278). They create expectations that wrestle with the fragile nature of family. Paul wasn’t the only “cinematographer” in the family. The camera was often passed to Inez so that Paul’s presence in family occasions could be authenticated. Eventually both Brendan and myself were allowed moments of seeing the world through the black and white view finders. Perhaps those early cinematographic moments started me on the path to today. The picture as a model of reality. The “real” and the “performed” act is twofold in the home movie. Our many different roles exemplify the separation and interrelation of our public and private lives. The act of mimesis seems to signify “I exist” or, rather, “I represent myself here for immortality.” This imitation of ourselves is an authentic “copy” of the original, since actor and role are identical (Forgacs 52). Identical yet problematic: dissociated? Merilee Bennett’s 1987 film, A Song of Air, is a compilation film composed of home movies shot by Merilee’s father, Reverend Arnold Lucas Bennett, who regularly filmed his family with a Paillard Bolex 16mm camera between 1956 and 1983. I saw A Song of Air as an undergraduate and it has never left me. It did not occur to me until years later to work with my own family’s filmic archive but Bennett’s work is undoubtedly a key influence. The film invites two levels of reading: first, the level of the home movies made by the father; second, the analysis made by Merilee of her father’s home movies through her own reediting of the images and her omnipresent commentary in the form of a letter addressed to her father (Odin 256).No other types of films evidence as much direct address as the home movie. The family filmmaker’s camera functions first as a go-between and only secondly as a recording instrument. To film is to take part in a collective game in the family domain. These familial interactions are not always peaceful. In a personal letter, Merilee Bennett recounts one of these conflicts. “The shot of him [my father] talking directly into the camera with a tree and blue sky behind him was shot by me when I was 12 years old and he is actually telling me to stop, that it was enough now. I remember holding my finger on that button knowing that he couldn’t get really mad at me because I would have it on film, so he had to keep smiling even though he was getting cross.” Merilee reclaims her identity through editing, imposing her own order on her father’s films. The father, “like an omnipotent God,” uses cinema to mold his family.Paul Ewing may have been doing the same – he was the only one aware of how fractured the family, his family, our family, my family actually was.In her autobiography The Words to Say It, Marie Cardinal explains to her psychoanalyst that after clinical treatment she had the strength to undertake a search for the origin of her trauma. I had a similar experience in that I was encouraged by a therapist to ask my father about the reasons behind his infidelity and what he felt were the grounds for his divorce. I had for many years believed it was because of me, that I had disappointed him as a son. Cardinal remembered her father filmed her pissing in the forest. Conscious that her urination has not only been watched, but also filmed, she felt traumatized and thought, “I want to hurt him. I want to kill him! (151)” Shooting a home movie does not always have such dramatic consequences, but it always carries a risk for the subjects filmed, especially children. Parents are not aware of the psychic consequences of a seemingly harmless act. Paul Ewing filmed my brother and I in the bath. I was using the toilet as the filming started and jumped, laughing into the tub with my brother. There is nothing suspect in this description. As a father myself I can understand the desire to film all aspects of my child’s life. At last count I have approximately thirty thousand digital photos and videos of my five year old son and the numbers are rising for his one year old sister. As Paul films us, my brother and I, playing with action figures and acting up for the camera, I laugh at my father. Some days later we were assembled to watch Paul’s latest film. The family convened in the living room, along with our maid Yolanda. When the image came on screen, it seemed to slow down. All I saw was my bottom and then as I entered the bath, my penis. And I saw it being seen by Yolanda. I was devastated, ashamed and furious at my father for showing this private moment. I ran off in tears.Unlike traditional cinematographic projection, to watch a home movie is to be involved in a “performance.” Boris Eikhenbaum proposed the notion of “interior language”: “The process of interior discourse resides in the mind of the spectator.” This interior language can be understood without referring to a context because it is located in the Subject. With the home movie, the context resides in the experience of the Subject. This model explains how completely banal images can refer to representations far removed from what is represented. Contrary to the generally euphoric collective experience, this process of returning to the self often conjures painful memories. One image, of Inez, my mother, comes up in my mind a lot. She stares into the camera as my Father films her. She appears to be engaged in a non verbal conversation with him, with the camera. She doesn’t smile but looks ready to resign, the request to stop filming that is present in so many other instances of her in Paul’s films is absent – it seems to suggest there is no point in her asking. Shortly after the date stamped onto the video image, she revealed to my brother and myself that Paul had been having an affair. “Your father does not love us anymore”. In therapy I have explored both moments – the memory and the video taped image. Something in my mother’s gaze suggests the break, the end of the illusion Paul had crafted both on film and video, and in life. Pierre Bourdieu, discussing family photography, argued that nothing could be filmed outside of what must be filmed. The same ritual ceremonies (marriage, birth, family meals, gift-giving), the same daily scenes (a baby in his mother’s arms, a baby having a bath), the same vacation sequences (playtime on the beach, walks in the forest) appear across most home movies. Discussing “common things,” Georges Perec contended the difficulty is “to free these images from the straitjacket in which they are trapped, to make them produce meaning and speak about what they are and what we are.” Home movies are precisely “common things.” Erving Goffman terms the process of “shifting of frame.” A film of minor importance can suddenly become a fabulous document when the historical context of reading changes. Every old home movie that operates within a different spatial, cultural, ethnic, or social framework will benefit from de-framed readings. Even if these images were not documents and were stereotypical home movies, they become precious because they look new. Hungarian filmmaker Péter Forgács “creates masterful reflections on the notion of the document itself: why one makes films; the language of the images and language itself; and the possibilities that the image holds for cognition” (Odin 266). The cinematography of Paul Ewing remains a source of possibilities. ReferencesAnderson, Steve F. Technologies of History: Visual Media and the Eccentricity of the Past. Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2011.Bourdieu, Pierre. Photography: A Middle-Brow Art. Cambridge: Polity, 1990Boylorn, Robin M., and Mark P. Orbe, eds. Critical Autoethnography: Intersecting Cultural Identities in Everyday Life. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2013.Calvin, WH. The Cerebral Symphony. New York: Bantam, 1990.Cardinal, Marie. The Words to Say It: An Autobiographical Novel. London: Women's Press, 1993.Denzin, NK. Interpretive Ethnography: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997.Ellis, C. The Ethnographic I: A Methodological Novel about Autoethnography. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2004. Eikhenbaum, Boris. “Problemes de Cine-Stylistique.” Cahiers du Cinema 220-221 (1970): 70-78.Forgacs, Peter. “Wittgenstein Tractatus: Personal Reflections of Home Movies.” Mining the Home Movie: Excavations in Histories and Memories. Berkeley. Eds. Karen Ishizuka and Patricia Zimmermann. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. 47-56.Goffman, Erving. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.Ishizuka, Karen L. “The Home Movie: A Veil of Poetry.” Jubilee Book: Essays on Amateur Film (1997): 45-50.Janet, P. L’Automatisme Psychologique. Paris: Alcan, 1889. Janet, P. Les Medications Psychologiques. Paris: Alcan, 1925. MacLean, PD. “Brain Evolution Relating to Family, Play, and the Separation Call.” Arch Gen Psychiat 42 (1985): 505-517.Odin, Roger. “Reflections on the Family Home Movie as Document: A Semio-Pragmatic Approach.” Mining the Home Movie: Excavations in Histories and Memories. Eds. Karen Ishizuka and Patricia Zimmermann. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. 255-271.Perec, Georges. “Approche de Quoi.” Le Pourrissement des Societies. 1975. 251-255.Piaget, Jean. Play, Dreams and Imitation in Childhood. Florence: Routledge, 2013.Schachtel, Ernest G. Metamorphosis: On the Development of Affect, Perception, Attention, and Memory. New York: Basic Books, 1959.Van der Kolk, Bessel. The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Post Traumatic Stress. Boston: Harvard Medical School, 1994.Van der Kolk, Bessel, and Rita Fisler. “Dissociation and the Fragmentary Nature of Traumatic Memories: Overview and Exploratory Study.” Journal of Traumatic Stress (1995): 505-525.Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Culture and Value. University of Chicago Press, 1984.Zimmerman, Patricia. “Morphing History into Histories: From Amateur Film to the Archive of the Future.” Mining the Home Movie: Excavations in Histories and Memories. Eds. Karen Ishizuka and Patricia Zimmermann. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2007. 275-288.

This essay aims to propose a sustainability model applied to the Brazilian beef production chain. The proposed model seeks to integrate the sustainability indicators of the corporate models and the names of the literature, having as reference the incorporation of the Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) principles to the cosmovision of the Stakeholder Capitalism Model. The literature review, based on previous models on sustainability, showed that these models have gaps that need to be filled so that the materiality matrix of Socio-Environmental Reports (CSR) is effectively contemplated so that one can go beyond the rhetorical resources disseminated as greenwashing in various sustainability publications. The objective of this essay resulted in the presentation to the academy of a specific methodological tool to be applied along the beef production chain that contemplates the ESG materiality matrix in line with the Declaration of the Davos Manifesto in 2020.

The current study examined the association between psychopathy, criminal behavior, and the role of verbal intelligence. One promising approach is to examine alternative links between psychopathic traits and criminality like moderation and mediation effects by considering the potential relevance of verbal intelligence as a possible moderating variable. We hypothesized that psychopathic traits linearly predict antisocial behavior (ASB) but that a conviction because of ASB is moderated by verbal intelligence. To test a path model of this hypothesis, N = 305 participants (42% women; n = 172 inmates of German correctional facilities) filled in questionnaires to assess psychopathic traits, ASB, criminal behavior, and verbal intelligence. The moderated mediation analysis revealed that high psychopathic traits go along with a higher number of ASB, whereas individuals with higher verbal intelligence were more likely to evade detection, thus being more successful in their antisocial acts. These results sheds further light on the construct of adaptive psychopathy, supporting the notion that also non-incarcerated psychopathic individuals act highly antisocial. Only separate factors like verbal intelligence might mitigate negative consequences. Further implications for the concept of successful psychopathy are discussed.

In Vietnam, Incidence of Old Unreduced Hip Dislocation may account for up to 20%. Old Dislocation is defined as older than 3 weeks not relocated. Inside the dislocated hip, develop many inflammatory tissues such as granulation, fibrous with injured a surrounding structure (capsule, ligaments, tendons, bony pieces etc...) which filled up the acetabulum, prevents the head to be relocated. Over effort to reduce closely an old hip dislocation risks fracture of neck or trochanteric femur. In this case, open reduction is almost mandatory. There are many approaches to access and relocate a dislocated hip, we propose a new one which enables surgeon to expose the acetabulum, to liberate the femoral head, reconstruct the defect of acetabulum and /or femoral head and relocate the hip. Skin incision in shape of S for the left hip, in shape of Z for the right hip, from iliac wing to trochanter, then along the femoral shaft. Figure1 Follow strictly on the bone of lateral iliac wing, go posteriorly will find out the acetabulum; determine the anterior border of Gluteus Medius, dissect the muscles toward greater trochanter, and get complete exposure of operative field. Femoral head is found out & liberated from surrounding tissue. Clear up the acetabulum, reconstruct the bony lesions. Relocate the femoral head in acetabulum, and stabilize with a K-wire. The hip is often immobilized with a Spica casting for > 3 weeks.

Background: Most of the men go through infertility due to DNA defects in sperm. DNA defects in sperm can be measured by sperm DNA fragmentation test. Sperm DNA splitting have been correlated with sperm viability and its major impact on male infertility. Many studies have shown that men with disturbed lifestyle habits such as smoking ,alcoholic consumption ,poor diet have very poor DNA quality compared to the men with proper habits like good diet , exercise and a well maintained routine. There has been many tests to measure the DNA breakage after conducting proper semen examination and infertility duration. This can be treated with proper medications and regular exercise. Objectives: 1. To predict the reason for male infertility by evaluating routine semen parameters. To study the effects of daily lifestyle habits associated with SDF in patients who are not fertile. To investigate the amount of sperm DNA splitting in men who are not fertile. 4.To investigate the association between DFI and semen quality, between DFI and IVF, between DFI and IUI. 5.To estimate the outcomes of sperm DNA fragmentation index and allow the patients to seek post infertility treatments. Methods: This non-invasive methodology includes recording of treatment history and the indications of infertility. Proper counselling for the patients were done. A proforma were filled along with their consent showing the accuracy of smoking, alcohol consumption, stress levels and other mentioned factors and hence calculating the sperm breakage levels.

Abstract Biosensors capable of detecting cancer cell quantity are significant for cancer pathological investigation and prognosis. Herein, a facile electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensor is developed for cancer cell detection by comprehensively utilizing the features of functionalized graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) nanomaterials like well film-forming capability and functionalization level tunability. The solid-state ECL biosensor is fabricated via a simple dropping-drying method by subsequent deposition of g-CN nanosheets/graphene oxide nanocomposites (CNNS/GO) as ECL emitter, folate functionalized g-CN quantum dots (FA-CNQDs) as cancer cell capture agent, and bull serum albumin as blocker to prevent nonspecific binding on glassy carbon electrodes. The strong and stable ECL emission of CNNS/GO along with the tunability of FA content in FA-CNQDs endow the ECL biosensor with competitive sensitivity, which is able to detect folate receptor-positive cancer cells (HepG2) in the concentration range of 100-104 cells/mL under optimal condition. Additionally, the proposed ECL biosensor shows high specificity, reproducibility and long-term stability as well as good reliability towards serum sample detection.

IntroductionAs burnout has become a global pandemic, there is a call for improved understanding and detection of alterations in brain functions related to it. We have previously reported challenges in executive functions (EFs) in daily life, especially in metacognition, in subjects with occupational burnout, along with alterations in cardiac physiology. In the current study, we focused on the impact of burnout on brain physiology during a task requiring EF.MethodsFifty-four volunteers filled in inventories of burnout, depression, and EF in daily life (BBI-15, BDI, and BRIEF-A). Based on the BBI-15 score, subjects were divided into burnout and non-burnout groups. Subjects performed a Go/NoGo test (Executive RT test) engaging several EFs, while their EEG was recorded. The inventory scores, cognitive performance scores, and event-related potential (N2, P3) amplitudes, latencies, and interpeak latencies (IPLs) were compared between the groups.ResultsThere were significant differences in the BDI and BRIEF-A scores between the groups, with more symptoms of depression and challenges in daily life in the burnout group. There were no differences in objective performance measures in the EF task between the groups. However, centroparietal P3 amplitude was larger, and while there were no differences in N2 or P3 latencies, N2-P3 IPL was longer in the Go condition in the burnout than in non-burnout group. Both ERP measures correlated significantly with burnout symptoms. A regression model from centroparietal P3 amplitude and N2-P3 IPL predicted significantly both the BBI-15 score and the BRIEF-A metacognition index.DiscussionWe conclude that burnout is linked with challenges in EF in daily life and alterations in the underlying neural processes. While cognitive performance in the task was equal, electrophysiological measures differed between the groups. Prolonged N2-P3 IPL points toward slowed transition from one cognitive process to another. Increased P3 amplitude, on the other hand, reflects increased allocation of neural processing resources. This may be a compensatory mechanism, allowing for equal performance with controls. These electrophysiological measures, obtained during the EF task, show promise as brain physiology-based biomarkers of burnout, contributing to its improved and objective detection. In addition, these results indicate occupational burnout is linked with objective alterations in brain physiology.

As the second most populated nation on the planet, India faces a noteworthy issue in garbage management. In the majority of the urban area, the flooded garbage bins are making an unhygienic environment. This additionally leads to promotion of various sorts of anonymous diseases. Starting at now there are customary waste administration frameworks like intermittent and routine clearing by the different urban bodies like the municipality. In any case, despite the fact that these normal systems of support are done we frequently go over flooding refuse containers from which the trash spills on to the lanes. This happens in light of the fact that starting at now there is no framework set up that can screen the trash canisters and demonstrate the same to the company. We introduce a waste gathering arrangement in view of giving knowledge to dustbins, by utilizing an IoT model implanted with sensors, which can read, gather, isolate the waste and transmit dustbin volume information and area over the Internet. This framework screens the dustbins and educates about the level of trash gathered in the waste canisters by means of a site page. For this the framework utilizes infrared sensors and MQ-6 sensor set inside the receptacles to quantify the status of the dustbin. At the point when the dustbin is being filled, the tallness of the gathered misuse of the receptacle will be shown and transmitted. Once these smart bins are installed on a large scale, by replacing our existing containers, waste can be maintained effectively and lumping of garbage along the roadside can be minimized.

Recently, tourism scholars turned their attention to families, specifically children's experiences. Yet, research illustrating children's voices in tourism family entrepreneurship is missing. Social researchers are encouraged to include children's voices to reveal their lived experiences rather than considering them too vulnerable to be interviewed. This qualitative study, underpinned by constructivist epistemology, explored how families are embedded within lifestyle migration and the tourism entrepreneurial process on Hainan Island in China. A combination of methods was adopted to create a toolbox suitable for family research, including children's voices through whole-family interviews and LEGO® Serious Play® workshops. Playing LEGO® seriously ensures that the researcher does not drive participants' thoughts, and children can freely express their opinions in playful, metaphorical, and meaningful ways. Moving beyond Western-centered methods, data was collected at Old Dad Teahouses (or Lao Ba Cha 老爸茶 in Chinese) to create a friendly environment. Old Dad Teahouses are a Hainanese cultural ritual where locals gather to enjoy tea along with local savory snacks. Historically, the name Old Dad Tea refers to predominantly male customers over 50 years of age who regularly attended tea houses in the afternoon as part of their leisure. Nowadays, people who go to Old Dad Tea are more diverse in age and gender, and spending time there represents a popular leisure activity among families living in Hainan. We emphasize that our methodological toolbox allows us to explore how individuals construct their understanding through their own belief systems and culture. The methodological toolbox allowed us to understand the scholarship on family tourism entrepreneurship from a Chinese cultural perspective by providing insight into the experiences of 15 children from eight entrepreneurial families, providing agency to the children. This study aims to enrich the definition of family entrepreneurship by identifying how children as family members can influence migration and entrepreneurial behaviors and exploring the experiences gained by children through the entrepreneurial process. Children's voices are usually filled by adults within the family business unit. However, children are also rights holders and social agents. This study supports the right of children to participate and have their voices heard.

Cryogenic treatments have been applied to enhance both wear and abrasion resistance for the cutting inserts. Therefore, many investigations focused on the shallow and deep cryogenic treatments in terms of their performance on the machinability criteria. This paper presents a detailed analysis on machinability investigation of cryogenically treated hardened 4140 steel (55 HRC), and sustainability assessment in hard machining on finishing mode carried out at dry cutting regime. A series of machining trials have been performed under varied cutting conditions (feed, depth of cut and speed) following the L9 orthogonal array design experimental layout for analysis of various responses along with cost estimation in hard turning. Moreover, the machining parameters are optimized and mathematically formulated for the minimization of various responses using a multi-objective optimization method. Finally, considering the motivational idea of “Go green–Think green–Act green”, a unique novel approach has been proposed concerning economic evaluation and sustainability assessment in hard turning for safer and cleaner approach of environment friendly manufacturing. According to statistical analysis, feed influenced both surface roughness and cutting force significantly. Because of cryogenic treatment both surface roughness and cutting force diminished. It is noticed that with high speed, low feed, and depth of cut both force and roughness value declined. The tool life of CBN was 44[Formula: see text]min and considering the same, Gilbert’s machining economic model calculated the overall machining cost per part of ₹80.86 in the machining of hardened AISI 4140 steel. The outcomes clearly established that machining under dry conditions provides environment friendliness, technologically viable, and economically feasible to improve sustainability.

AbstractIn today's environment, finite element analysis is crucial for Mechanical Engineers. In today's highly competitive industries, graduates need to be productive from Day one as they enter the industry. To meet the vast range of industrial requirements or even for higher education, education institutes must adhere to an industry enabled curriculum as defined in collaboration with industry employees. As students reach their prefinal year of mechanical engineering studies, they will encounter courses like finite element analysis, design of machine elements, and failure analysis in design, which will serve as foundation steps for their future careers. As students need to compete in the real world, it becomes imperative to have a thorough understanding of both theoretical and practical issues. The focus of current work is to provide them a platform to think as a real‐time problem‐solving engineer to address the society‐based problems and how he/she approaches the problem in an optimized way and finally, convert the entire work to tangible documents in the form of research articles. Since 2018, a new vertical called as “advanced computer aided engineering (CAE)” has emerged to link and prepare people for the business. In the realm of finite element method (FEM) theoretical and allied laboratory work, the current study discusses sustainability while selecting the problem statement. The entire emphasis is on eco‐environment with nature's sustainability along with the go‐green concept in terms of materials, design, optimization, cost, quality, and so on. The present work includes several new features that were not present in the previous curriculum, such as transforming the work to high‐quality journals, student feedback, subscription‐based journal selection for the manuscript, and embedding experimental and analytical work alongside simulation studies. This time, 40 teams participated, with around 36 project works being qualified for publication in prestigious journals and 8–10 works being filed for Indian patents. In terms of quality and quantity of work completed, this is the best output attained in contrast to previous iterations. Because of the increasing growth rate of higher education, our students have been able to get into Top 100 QS ranked universities. The figures show that because of faculty involvement in the FEM lab, Advanced CAE I, and Advanced CAE II, over the previous 4–5 years, students were able to publish more than 50 publications in prestigious peer‐reviewed International/National Journals and Conference papers.