Journal articles on the topic 'Film souple'

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1

Gegen, Gegen. "Femme Fatale in French Film Noir." Advances in Humanities Research 1, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/ahr.2021001.

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The term film noir was coined by two French film critics Borde and Chaumenton in 1956 to describe American detective stories mode in the 1940s. Noir films were seen as a counter-cultural movement within Hollywood at that time, and the French new wave continued this feature in the 1960s. Therefore, the term noir itself connects the Frenchness and Americanness. This paper tends to map out the film noir sensibilities in French content through unfolding the characteristics of femme fatale in two French noir films Jean-Luc Godards A bout de souffle (Breathless) (1960) and Jean-Jacques Beineixs Diva (1981).
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Gwizdała, Karolina, Paweł Szarlej, Przemysław Gnatowski, Edyta Piłat, Maciej Sienkiewicz, and Justyna Kucińska-Lipka. "Determination of Liquid Detergent Pods as a Potential Microplastic Source." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.02.365.

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Washing pods became a popular way to add detergent to washing machines. Despite the claims about the degradability of the pod film, the sludge in pipes can be observed after the usage of such pods. This study fo-cused on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of washing pod films as a source of microplastic.
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Christol, Florent. "Le gore, modalité virale du cinéma hollywoodien." Cinémas 20, no. 2-3 (January 7, 2011): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/045146ar.

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À partir d’une série de films post-hollywoodiens qui font de l’irruption de l’abject un motif privilégié, cet article se propose de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une modalité « virale » qui, se propageant à partir d’un film souche (The Masque of the Red Death de Roger Corman, sorti en 1964), allait infiltrer et contaminer nombre de films à venir. Afin d’éclairer l’émergence de cette modalité, l’auteur revient dans un premier temps sur la logique socioculturelle de décontamination amenée par le puritanisme et sur les thèses développées par Jean Baudrillard sur l’apparition de virus dans un milieu aseptisé. La modalité virale est ainsi présentée comme le symptôme d’une culture qui, à force d’éliminer les « souillures », génère ses propres pathologies. Dans un deuxième temps, cette modalité virale est saisie dans sa dimension métaphorique, comme reflet des soubresauts sociopolitiques qui ébranlent l’Amérique des sixties. À partir de thèses de René Girard, l’apparition du virus dans le cadre du cinéma américain est appréhendée dans sa dimension démystificatrice. Au terme de ce travail, il s’agit de voir en quoi cette modalité peut être envisagée comme une pathologie typiquement filmique. Le film d’horreur « viral » enregistrerait, en effet, la lutte entre un virus et le corps filmique dans lequel il se développe.
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Noel, Laurent, Amine Khitous, Quentin Kirscher, Céline Molinaro, Dominique Berling, and Olivier Soppera. "Écriture laser de materiaux fonctionnels inorganiques preparés par voie sol-gel." Photoniques, no. 112 (2022): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202211243.

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Les matériaux semi-conducteurs ont des propriétés optoélectroniques intéressantes pour de nombreuses applications microélectroniques. Leur introduction sous forme de films minces sur des substrats fragiles, tels que du verre fin, des feuilles de plastique souple ou des pièces imprimées en 3D, permet de créer de nouveaux matériaux intelligents en introduisant des capteurs ou des photodétecteurs. Dans cet article, nous illustrons l’intérêt de nouvelles approches basées sur des technologies laser et une chimie sol-gel pour intégrer des matériaux fonctionnels inorganiques semi-conducteurs ou diélectriques, dans des procédés rapides, agiles, avec des résolutions spatiales aux échelles micro et nanométriques.
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Müller, Jürgen E. "Pragmatique historique du film : Nouvelle Vague et conception de l’auteur. La réception d’À bout de souffle aux Pays-Bas." Cinémas 2, no. 2-3 (March 8, 2011): 56–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1001078ar.

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Partant de la théorie de la pragmatique historique du texte, l’auteur développe un modèle heuristique d’une pragmatique historique du film. Basé sur l’esthétique de la réception, sur la phénoménologie et sur la sociologie de la connaissance, ce modèle s’attarde aux processus de production et de réception, c’est-à-dire au réseau d’activités qui constituent l’existence des « textes filmiques ». Dans la deuxième partie de l’article, l’auteur s’applique à démontrer les possibilités de son approche en analysant le rôle du concept de l’« auteur » (comme élément historique du savoir) dans la première réception du film À bout de souffle aux Pays-Bas.
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Mérida Serrano, Rosario, and Tarxilias Heras Peinado. "Análisis de Género del Cine de Animación Infantil como Recurso para una Escuela Coeducativa." Pixel-Bit, Revista de Medios y Educación, no. 62 (2021): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/pixelbit.86062.

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Esta investigación analiza la figura femenina y masculina en 11 películas de animación de las factorías Disney, Pixar y DreamWorks. Se busca aportar información sobre la existencia de roles sexistas y discriminatorios en películas que pueden ser utilizadas como recurso didáctico y comprobar si son un modo de transmisión de contravalores que comprometan la socialización en igualdad de género de la infancia. La investigación se ha llevado a cabo utilizando un enfoque cualitativo de análisis de contenido, a través de un registro analítico elaborado ‘ad hoc’, para conocer en qué porcentaje está representada la figura femenina, su relación con otros personajes y las tramas argumentales asociadas a cada protagonista en función de su género. Los resultados revelan que existe un desequilibrio en la representación femenina y masculina y que se identifican comportamientos sexistas que perpetúan la tradicional imagen social de mujeres y hombres. Se muestran dos nuevos estereotipos: la rebeldía de género y el alarde de excepcionalidad. Se concluye que estas películas no son un recurso óptimo para potenciar los valores de igualdad propios de una escuela coeducativa, a menos que los docentes junto al alumnado, realicen un análisis crítico con perspectiva de género durante su proyección en el aula.
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Laborde, Barbara. "Guillaume Soulez, Quand le film nous parle, rhétorique, cinéma et télévision." Questions de communication, no. 20 (December 31, 2011): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.2187.

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8

Smith, Steve. "Godard and film noir: a Reading of A bout de souffle." Nottingham French Studies 32, no. 1 (March 1993): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nfs.1993.007.

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Menezes Ferro, Andressa Liz. "IMBRICAÇÕES FOTONARRATIVAS NO FILME ACOSSADO (À BOUT DE SOUFFLE), DE JEAN-LUC GODARD." PÓLEMOS – Revista de Estudantes de Filosofia da Universidade de Brasília 6, no. 12 (January 10, 2018): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/pl.v6i12.11769.

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Buscou-se nesse artigo um diálogo entre visualidade e textualidade a partir da análise do filme Acossado, de Jean-Luc Godard. Esse filme foi um dos pioneiros da “Nouvelle Vague”, movimento cinematográfico da década de 60 que instaurou uma nova linguagem do cinema. Essa nova linguagem nasce a partir da proposta de um cinema autoral e inovações de técnicas narrativas que proporcionam uma diversidade de interpretações e diálogos que se dão pela quebra da narrativa tradicional cinematográfica. O filme de Godard apresenta um contínuo interstício entre imagens que dialogam diretamente com o espectador fazendo com que sua ação de ver o filme se torne ativa, e não passiva.
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Kendall, James. "Planting the Seeds of Artistic Subversiveness in À Bout De Souffle: Godard’s Trailblazing Cinematic Language." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 65, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2020-0046.

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Abstract The following article frames a particular case study: Jean-Luc Godard’s À bout de souffle (1960), referenced in the paper with its American title, Breathless. Foraging through the dense and sophisticated thicket of narrative, visual and textual features, the present study will attempt to untangle the overall intrinsic complexity of Godard’s film, as it exceeds simple commonalities between genre conventions or traditional stylistic approaches. The abrasive dialectical opposition that Breathless enacts against classical storytelling is indeed central to the specific cluster that can be examined under the labels of “experimental cinema”, “auteur cinema”, “art cinema”, predicated on Godard’s abundant departures from cinematic (mainstream) norms. The methodology adopted in the article will encompass both a cultural studies approach and the visual strategies of textual analysis from the perspective of film studies. This will spur a close examination of Godard’s directorial style, paying attention to a rich plethora of technical devices inscribed within salient sequences and offset against the matrix of creative options presented by the French Nouvelle Vague.
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11

Parais, Pierre-Emmanuel, and Marie Renoue. "Interview avec Raoul Coutard." Protée 31, no. 3 (May 27, 2004): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/008441ar.

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Résumé Célèbre chef-opérateur de la « nouvelle vague », photographe et réalisateur, Raoul Coutard évoque, au milieu d’anecdotes sur des « films-cultes » du cinéma – Le Mépris, À bout de souffle,Alphaville ou Tirez sur le pianiste –, son travail d’éclairagiste, en particulier les contraintes techniques, chimiques rencontrées lors des tournages. Une discussion fort technique qui indique, au-delà des manques du langage de la lumière patents lors des tournages, combien les contraintes matérielles sont génératrices d’effets lumineux signifiants et admirables pour leurs spectateurs.
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12

КОНДРАТЬЕВ, Н. Б., А. Е. БАЖЕНОВА, Е. В. КАЗАНЦЕВ, М. В. ОСИПОВ, and Н. А. ПЕТРОВА. "IMPROVING THE PRESERVATION OF GLAZED CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTS OF A FOAMY STRUCTURE." Известия вузов. Пищевая технология, no. 4(388) (December 12, 2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26297/0579-3009.2022.4.8.

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При хранении в кондитерских изделиях пенообразной структуры появляется свободная влага, образующаяся при разрушении структуры пены, что влияет на изменение показателей качества такой продукции. Для повышения сохранности глазированных конфет типа суфле исследовано влияние яблочного пектина на микроструктуру пены. Объектами исследования были глазурь, изготовленная на основе заменителя масла какао лауринового типа с массовой долей влаги 15% и активностью воды 0,785, и пены, полученные сбиванием 10 см3 раствора 1,5%-го яичного белка и 20%-го белого сахара с добавлением яблочного пектина в количестве 0,025; 0,05; 0,075; 0,1 г/100 г и без него (контрольный образец). Установлено, что при увеличении концентрации пектина до 0,1 г/100 г уменьшается толщина пленки, модуль ее упругости увеличивается, что приводит к растяжению более толстых частей пленки, выравниванию толщин и стабилизации структуры пены. Показано, что укрепление прочности пленок пены при увеличении концентрации структурообразователей приводит к сохранению молекул воды в каналах Плато–Гиббса и способствует повышению срока годности глазированных конфет. Также определено, что после 8 недель хранения глазированных конфет с корпусами из конфетной массы типа суфле при температуре 18°С количество КМАФАнМ в корпусах увеличилось на порядок, в глазури – в 8 раз; количество плесеней в корпусах выросло в 4 раза, а в глазури – более чем в 12 раз, что явилось причиной появления мыльного привкуса. Поэтому для обеспечения сохранности глазированных конфет необходимо повышать требования к исходной микробиологической обсемененности. When stored in confectionery products of a foamy structure, free moisture appears, which is formed when the foam structure is destroyed. This affects the change in product quality indicators. To improve the preservation of glazed sweets such as souffle, the effect of apple pectin on the foam microstructure has been studied. The objects of the study were glaze made on the basis of a lauric-type cocoa butter substitute with a mass moisture content of 15% and a water activity of 0,785, and foams obtained by knocking down 10 cm3 of a solution of 1,5% egg white and 20% white sugar with the addition of apple pectin in an amount of 0,025; 0,05; 0,075; 0,1 g/100 g and without it (control sample). It has been found that with an increase in the concentration of pectin to 0.1 g/100 g, the thickness of the film decreases, its modulus of elasticity increases, which leads to stretching of thicker parts of the film, leveling of thicknesses and stabilization of the foam structure. It is shown that strengthening the strength of foam films with an increase in the concentration of structure–forming agents leads to the preservation of water molecules in the Plateau-Gibbs channels and contributes to an increase in the shelf life of glazed sweets. It was also determined that after 8 weeks of storage of glazed candies with souffle-type candy mass cases at a temperature of 18°С the number of KMAFAnM in the cases increased by an order of magnitude, in the glaze – by 8 times; the number of molds in the cases increased by 4 times, and in the glaze – by more than 12 times, which was the reason for the appearance of a soapy taste. Therefore, in order to ensure the preservation of glazed sweets, it is necessary to increase the requirements for the initial microbiological contamination.
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Fortin, Andrée. "Mémoire des années 1960 dans le cinéma québécois." Les Cahiers des dix, no. 69 (March 14, 2016): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035596ar.

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Comment le cinéma québécois porte-t-il la mémoire de la Révolution tranquille ? Comment la construit-il ? L’étude des films tournés pendant les années 1960 et ceux produits par la suite et dont l’action se situe pendant cette décennie permet de répondre à cette question. Les thèmes abordés dans l’analyse sont les lieux de l’action, les liens intergénérationnels et le rattachement des personnages à une communauté, le nationalisme, l’ici et l’ailleurs, le rapport à l’art et en particulier à la musique et enfin l’usage du médium cinématographique. Si un vent de changement souffle sur le Québec des années 1960 et si les protagonistes des films sont jeunes, ce n’est pas le même changement sur lequel insistent les films des années 1960 et ceux sur ces années. Surtout, ils n’ont pas le même rapport à l’histoire et à la mémoire : les premiers veulent faire du passé table rase, et les personnages évoluent dans un présent pas nécessairement doté d’avenir, alors que les seconds situent leurs protagonistes dans une généalogie et dans un devenir.
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Bouchdoug, M., J. Menaucourt, and A. Thomy. "Propriétés du film de krypton adsorbé sur la face (0001) du graphite préalablement recouverte d'hexafluorure de soufre." Journal de Physique 47, no. 10 (1986): 1797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphys:0198600470100179700.

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Menaucourt, J., and C. Bockel. "Déplacement par le xénon, du film d'hexafluorure de soufre préalablement adsorbé sur la face (0001) du graphite." Journal de Physique 51, no. 17 (1990): 1987–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphys:0199000510170198700.

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Joly, Diane. "Loyola, Annabel. Le Dernier Souffle. Au coeur de l’Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal. Saint-Calixte (Québec), Amazone Film, 2017, dvd, 72 min." Rabaska: Revue d'ethnologie de l'Amérique française 16 (2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1051361ar.

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Jullier, Laurent. "Guillaume Soulez, Quand le film nous parle. Rhétorique, cinéma, télévision, Paris, Presses universitaires de France (coll. « Lignes d’art »), 2011, 251 p." Cinémas: Revue d'études cinématographiques 23, no. 1 (2012): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013373ar.

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Umar Daraz, Umar Daraz, Tariq Mahmood Ansari Tariq Mahmood Ansari, Shafique Ahmad Arain Shafique Ahmad Arain, and Muhammad Adil Mansoor and Muhammad Mazhar Muhammad Adil Mansoor and Muhammad Mazhar. "Structural, Topographical and Optoelectronic Properties of ZnIn2S4 Thin Films Deposited from Dual Source Using Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (AACVD) Technique." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 42, no. 2 (2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000624/jcsp/42.02.2020.

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The ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) thin films have been successfully developed from a homogeneous toluene solution of dithiocarbamate complexes of zinc and indium with formula [Zn(S2CNCy2)2(py)] (1) and [In(S2CNCy2)3].2py (2) via aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) technique. Deposition experiments were carried out at 500oC in an inert atmosphere of argon gas on FTO substrate. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Raman spectroscopy have been used for the determination of phase purity, surface topography of the uniformly distributed particles and oxidation states of the elements present in thin films. Further UV-visible spectrophotometry elucidates that the thin films absorbs in entire visible region and give estimated band gap energy of 2.37 eV. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) response in terms of linear scan voltammetry (LSV) provides a photocurrent density 2.27 mA.cm-2 at 0.7 V vs Ag/AgCl/3M KCl using 0.05 M sodium sulphide solution under AM 1.5 G illumination (100 mW.cm-2). The LSV results are further reinforced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) that gives charge transfer resistance (Rct) value of 5.7 x 104 Ω under dark conditions and reduces to 3.7 x 104 Ω under illumination.
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Strüver, Anke. "Performative Raumproduktionen und ihre Materialisierungen: soul kitchen – der Film – und Soulkitchen – die Halle." Geographische Zeitschrift 103, no. 4 (2015): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25162/gz-2015-0023.

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Turk, Karmen, and Janno Lahe. "The Web Host's Privilege of Limited Liability: Its Application to Operators of Commentary Rooms." European Review of Private Law 20, Issue 2 (April 1, 2012): 447–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2012027.

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Abstract: The Internet today is increasingly being shaped by users who post material on it. One type of user-generated Internet content comes in the form of texts written and posted on various public forums and commentary rooms. In Estonia, for example, almost all leading periodicals allow readers to add their comments to published articles. There are also commentators whose remarks contain incorrect facts or value judgments that defame third parties. Since the victims cannot in such circumstances identify the person who posted the comment in question, they often file claims for compensation against the operator of the commentary room. Commentary room operators cannot exactly be described as typical information hosts because of their active 'encouragement' of adding comments. Therefore, a flexible solution that would enable the liability of commentary room operators to be determined is needed. A solution that strikes a fair balance between the interests of the commentary authors, the victims, and the operators is needed. The aim of this article is to identify the conditions in which web hosts are capable of incurring liability and to establish exactly who the commentary operators are - when can they be regarded as traditional publishers (who are liable under the general law of torts) and when can they be treated as information hosts enjoying the privilege of limited liability? Résumé: L'internet est aujourd'hui de plus en plus utilisé par des internautes qui envoient des messages sur la toile. L'un des types de contenu du réseau prend la forme de textes écrits et envoyés à divers forums publics et à des espaces réservés aux commentaires. En Estonie par exemple, presque tous les grands périodiques permettent à leurs lecteurs d'ajouter leurs commentaires sur des articles publiés. Il existe aussi des commentateurs dont les remarques contiennent des faits erronnés ou des jugements de valeur diffamatoires à l'égard d'autrui. Comme les victimes ne peuvent identifier dans de telles circonstances la personne qui a envoyé le commentaire en question, elles déposent souvent plainte pour dommages et intérêts contre l'opérateur de l'espace reservé aux commentaires. Ces opérateurs ne peuvent être décrits exactement comme des hôtes typiques d'informationsen raison de leur "encouragement" actif permettant d'ajouter des commentaires. C'est pourquoi ilest nécessaire de trouver une solution souple qui permette de déterminer la responsabilité des opérateurs d'espaces de commentaires. Il faut arriver à une solution qui trouve un juste équilibre entre les intérêts des auteurs de commentaires, des victimes et des opérateurs. L'objet du present article est de déterminer les conditions dans lesquelles les hôtes du réseau sont susceptibles d'encourir une responsabilité, et d'établir exactement qui sont les opérateurs de commentaires - quand peuvent-ils être considérés comme des éditeurs traditionnels (dont la responsabilité est basée sur la loi générale de la responsabilité délictuelle) et quand peuvent-ils être traités comme des hôtes d'informations pouvant bénéficier du privilège d'une responsabilité limitée?
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Zokirov, Bekhzodjon Ilkhomjon Ugli. "WORKS OF FOREIGN TOURISTS VISITING CENTRAL ASIA IN THE XIX CENTURY AS A SOURCE IN THE STUDY OF REGIONAL ETHNOTOPONYMS." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF HISTORY 02, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/history-crjh-02-10-08.

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This article classifies and analyzes the ethnotoponyms of the region, which are found in “travelogues” created based on travel memoirs of foreign tourists and officials of the countries who visited Central Asia in the XIX century. We know that ethnotoponyms are place names associated with "ethnos", which reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socio-economic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. One of the most important issues of historical toponymy is the comparative analysis of ethnotoponyms based on known sources, the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the region, demographic processes and factors influencing them in terms of sourceology and historiography. In this regard, the study of place names in the khanates based on travelogues of foreign tourists visiting the Central Asian khanates, which are planned to be disclosed in the article, serves to fill in some gaps not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the source significance of travelogues in the study of Central Asian ethnotoponyms, and by determining the weight of ethnotoponyms in them, the general purpose of travelogues is to reveal their differences and similarities and to develop the principle of classification according to certain criteria. The article used research methods such as systematic analysis, chronology, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification of place names, genetic analysis, used in historical research. As a result of the research, the role of travelogues as a common source and the total weight of ethnotoponyms of Central Asia in them were shown. The classification of existing ethnotoponyms, peculiarities of their emergence, theoretical and practical aspects of the study of ethnoponyms in the socio-economic and ethnic history of the khanate was analyzed.
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Methong, Titinan, Masaya Shigeta, Manabu Tanaka, Rinsei Ikeda, Muneo Matsushita, and Tokihiko Kataoka. "Diagnostic of Heat Source Characteristics in Gas Metal Arc Welding Using CO2 Shielding Gas." QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 35, no. 2 (2017): 103s—107s. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.35.103s.

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KO, Kwang-Shik. "L'application de la théorie de la sociolinguistique de P. Bourdieu aux films <À bout de souffle> et : sa possibilité et sa limite (en anglais: The application of the theory of the P. Bourdieu's Sociolinguistics to the films and : its possibility and limit)." Societe d'Etudes Franco-Coreennes 90 (November 15, 2019): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18812/refc.2019.90.207.

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. Zokirov, Bekhzodjon I. "ETHNOTOPONYMS IN THE WORKS OF FOREIGN TOURISTS WHO VISITED CENTRAL ASIA IN THE XIX CENTURY AS A SOURCE IN THE STUDY OF THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE POPULATION." Frontline Social Sciences and History Journal 02, no. 01 (January 1, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/social-fsshj-02-01-01.

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This article analyzes the role of ethnotoponyms in the study of the social structure of the population of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates, which are found in "travelogues" created on the basis of travel memoirs of Russian and foreign tourists and officials of the countries visiting Central Asia in the XIX century. We know that ethnotoponyms as a special type of place names reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socio-economic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. One of the most important issues of historical toponymy is the comparative analysis of ethnotoponyms on the basis of known sources, the study of the ethnic composition of the population of the region, demographic processes and factors influencing them in terms of sourceology and historiography.From this point of view, the scientific problem studied in this article is to study the social structure and strata of the population of the Central Asian khanates through ethnotoponyms of the region cited in foreign sources to fill some vague gaps not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the source significance of place names in the study of the social structure of the population of the Bukhara Emirate, Khiva and Kokand khanates, to determine their prestige in society, territorial identity and place in socio-economic life. Given the fact that ethnotoponyms are a multifaceted historical source, it is also intended to provide a scientific basis for their ability to reflect the socio-stratification of society. The article used research methods such as systematic analysis, chronology, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification, toponymic stratification of place names, genetic analysis, used in historical research. The study identified the role of travelogues as a common source and the ethnotoponyms in them as an additional source in reflecting the social composition of the population in Central Asia. The place names related to the social structure of the population were classified, the peculiarities of their origin and the theoretical and practical aspects of their study of the socio-economic and ethnic history of the khanate were analyzed.
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ZOKIROV, BEHZODJON. "Toponyms in the works of foreign tourists who visited Central Asia in the 19th century as a source for studying the ethnic-social structure of the population." Sharqshunoslik. Востоковедение. Oriental Studies 02, no. 02 (September 1, 2022): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/os/vol-01issue-02-15.

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The state analyzes the role of autonyms in the study of the ethnic-social composition of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara, the Khiva and Kokand khanates, which are found in the "guides" created on the basis of the travel memories of the Tursi Yussi. and officials who visited Central Asia in the 19th century. We know that ethnotoponyms, as a special type of toponyms, reflect the composition of the population of a particular area and the socio-economic processes associated with them, as well as traditions and values. Consideration of ethnotoponyms from the point of view of source studies and historiography on the basis of well-known sources is one of the most important issues of historical toponymy. A comparative analysis of the names of historical places from different sources, the ethnic composition of the population of the corresponding area, demographic processes, and factors that influenced them is also carried out. From this point of view, the scientific problem studied in this article serves to study the ethnic-social structure and strata of the population of the Central Asian khanates according to foreign sources in the region, to fill in some vague gaps not mentioned in local sources. The main purpose of the study is to recognize the initial value of toponyms in the study of the ethnic-social composition of the population of the Emirate of Bukhara, the Khiva and Kokand khanates, to determine their prestige in society, territorial identity, and place in social terms. - business life. Given the fact that ethnotoponyms are a multifaceted historical source, it is also intended to provide a scientific justification for their ability to reflect the social stratification of society. The article uses such research methods as systematic analysis, chronological, problem-chronological, as well as toponymic stratification, toponymic stratification of toponyms, and genetic analysis used in historical research. The study found that the role of travel notes as a common source and ethnotoponyms in them are an additional source in reflecting the ethnic-social composition of the population of Central Asia. The toponyms associated with the ethnic-social structure of the population were classified, and the features of their origin and the theoretical and practical aspects of their study in the socio-economic and ethnic history of the khanate were analyzed.
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Frota, Regis. "O Acossado e o cinema moderno da desmistificação godardiana." AVANCA | CINEMA, February 26, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37390/avancacinema.2020.a200.

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The French film “À bout de souffle” (Acossado, 1959) directed by Jean-Luc Godard represents the transgression of social, political and aesthetic norms. Having begun a new cycle in twentieth-century cinematography, this film questions, explains, and parodies American gangster films. We intend, here, to interpret them on their foundations and aesthetic results.
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O'Rawe, Des. "The Fraternity of Metaphors." Kinema: A Journal for Film and Audiovisual Media, November 20, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/kinema.vi.1216.

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THE FRATERNITY OF METAPHORS: JEAN-LUC GODARD'S FILM SOCIALISME The moment an artist takes notice of what other people want, and tries to supply the demand, he ceases to be an artist, and becomes a dull or amusing craftsman, an honest or dishonest tradesman.Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man Under Socialism(1) JEAN LUC GODARD'S career in filmmaking began in the early 1950s when, as a young journalist (and lapsed anthropologist), he dabbled in some amateur and short documentary projects. His great breakthrough came with À bout de souffle (Breathless, 1960), and since then he has been directly involved in the production of over eighty films, many of which are major works of cinema. While there might seem to be discrete periods, or points of departure, in Godard's career (the heady days of the Nouvelle Vague, the Groupe Dziga Vertov phase, the mid-life 'autobiographical' turn, or, according...
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Capriotti, Leaha. "L’adaptation textuelle-filmique de Kuessipan." Mouvances Francophones 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/mf.v6i2.13995.

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Le film a repris le flouté des plus belles parties textuelles de façon merveilleuse. Il a pris les plus petits extraits, les plus petits fragments et les plus petites mentions pour créer ces personnages complexes à travers ces indices, et cette histoire à plusieurs niveaux. Certains panoramas sont à couper le souffle et le jeu des acteurs est naturel. Je crois que le film a réussi dans les petits détails et donne un aspect de l’essence du texte orignal, mais il n’a pas réussi à faire passer l’essentiel.
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Muñoz López de Lerma, Felicia María. "Simeón ("del desierto") y el vino triste hecho carne alegre..." Littera Aperta. International Journal of Literary and Cultural Studies, December 30, 2013, 19–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/ltap.v1i1.10816.

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This article analyzes in detail Luis Buñuel’s film Simón del desierto, according to sources related to Egyptian monasticism and taking into account some literary works known by the Spanish director. Therefore, it focuses on the pictorial, historical and literary intertextuality of the film, emphasizing also the scenes in which the cinematographic technique reveals contents. The director’s ideology, that can be traced back from his “autobiography”, Mon dernier soupir, is also considered, as well as its reflection in the film. Finally, the paper addresses Buñuel’s connection with the surrealist movement and how all these circumstances affect to his interpretation, his parody of the History of Christianity, and also his conception of Christian religion.
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Olivesi, Stéphane. "Guillaume SOULEZ (2011), Quand le film nous parle. Rhétorique, cinéma, télévision." Communication, Vol. 30/2 (November 15, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/communication.3643.

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Boudreault-fournier, Alexandrine. "Film ethnographique." Anthropen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.097.

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Certains ont déjà déclaré que le genre du film ethnographique n’existe pas (MacDougall, 1978), alors que d’autres soulignent la nature obsolète de sa définition (Friedman, 2017). Enfin, certains définissent le film ethnographique d’une manière si restreinte qu’ils mettent de côté tout un pan de son histoire. Par exemple, l’anthropologue américain et critique de films Jay Ruby (2000) définit le film ethnographique comme un film produit par un anthropologue pour des fins anthropologiques. Robert J. Flaherty, qui a réalisé le film Nanook of the North(1922), lui-même considéré comme le père du documentaire au cinéma et du film ethnographique, n’a jamais reçu une formation en anthropologie; sa première carrière était celle d’un prospecteur pour une compagnie ferroviaire dans la région de la Baie d’Hudson. Aussi, peut-on se demander : Est-il possible de réaliser un film ethnographique en adoptant une sensibilité anthropologique, sans toutefois être un.e anthropologue de formation? Nous sommes d’avis que oui. Une question demeure : Comment peut-on définir la sensibilité ethnographique du point de vue cinématographique? Le film ethnographique doit être caractérisé tout d’abord par une responsabilité éthique de la part de l’anthropologue-réalisateur. Cela signifie que celui-ci doit adopter une approche consciencieuse et respectueuse face à la manière dont il inclut « l’autre » soit dans le film soit dans le processus de réalisation. C’est ce qui peut différencier le film ethnographique d’un style cinématographique défini selon ses caractéristiques commerciales ou journalistiques. De plus, le film ethnographique est généralement basé sur de longues périodes d’études de terrain ou de recherche. L’anthropologue-réalisateur peut ainsi avoir entretenu des relations avec les protagonistes du film depuis une longue période de temps. Enfin, l’anthropologue-réalisateur doit démontrer un sincère intérêt à « parler près de » au lieu de « parler de » l’autre, comme le suggère la réalisatrice Trinh T. Minh-ha dans son film Reassamblage (1982) tourné au Sénégal, pour signifier l’intention de l’anthropologue de s’approcher de la réalité de « l’autre » plutôt que d’en parler d’une manière distante. L’histoire du film ethnographique est tissée serrée avec celle de la discipline de l’anthropologie d’une part, et des développements technologiques d’autre part. Les thèmes abordés, mais aussi la manière dont le visuel et le sonore sont traités, analysés et édités, sont en lien direct avec les enjeux et les questions soulevés par les anthropologues à différentes époques de l’histoire de la discipline. Par exemple, Margaret Mead (1975) définit l’anthropologie comme une discipline basée sur l’écrit. De plus, elle critique le fait que les anthropologues s’approprient très peu la caméra. Elle défend l’idée selon laquelle il faudrait favoriser l’utilisation du visuel comme outil de recherche objectif de collecte de données tout en adoptant un discours positiviste et scientifique. Cette approche, que certains qualifieront plus tard de « naïve » (Worth 1980), exclut la présence du réalisateur comme transposant sa subjectivité dans le film. Mead prenait pour acquis que la personne derrière la caméra n’influençait pas la nature des images captées, que sa présence ne changeait en rien les événements en cours, et que ceux et celles devant la caméra vaquaient à leurs occupations comme si la caméra n’y était pas. Cette croyance d’invisibilité de l’anthropologue, pouvant être qualifiée de « mouche sur le mur », suggère l’ignorance du fait que la présence du chercheur influence toujours le contexte dans lequel il se trouve, et ce d’autant plus s’il pointe sa caméra sur les gens. On devrait alors plutôt parler de « mouche dans la soupe » (Crawford 1992 : 67). La crise de la représentation qui a secoué l’anthropologie dans les années 1980 (Clifford & Marcus, 1986) a eu un impact majeur sur la manière dont les anthropologues commencèrent à s’interroger sur leurs pratiques de représentation à l’écrit. Cependant, cette révolution ne s’est pas fait sentir de manière aussi prononcée dans le domaine de l’anthropologie visuelle. Pourtant, les questions de représentations vont demeurer au centre des conversations en anthropologie visuelle jusque que dans les années 2000. Un mouvement progressif vers des approches non-représentationnelles (Vannini, 2015) encourage une exploration cinématographique qui arpente les sens, le mouvement et la relation entre l’anthropologie et l’art. Le film Leviathan (2013), des réalisateurs Lucien Castaing-Taylor et Véréna Paravel du Sensory Ethnography Lab à l’Université d’Harvard, porte sur une sortie en mer d’un bateau de pêche. Une vision presque kaléidoscopique des relations entre les poissons, la mer, les pêcheurs et les machines émerge de ce portrait cosmique du travail de la pêche. L’approche du visuel dans la production de films ethnographiques se développe donc de pair avec les enjeux contemporains de la discipline. La technologie influence également la manière avec laquelle les anthropologues-réalisateurs peuvent utiliser les appareils à leur disposition. Par exemple, l’invention de la caméra à l’épaule et du son synchronisé dans les années 1960 – où le son s’enregistre simultanément avec l'image –permet une plus grande flexibilité de mouvements et de possibilités filmiques. Il devient plus courant de voir des participants à un film avoir des échanges ou répondre à la caméra (par exemple Chronique d’un été de Jean Rouch et Edgar Morin (1961)) plutôt que d’avoir des commentaires en voix off par un narrateur dieu (par exemple The Hunters de John Marshall et Robert Gardner (1957)). Ces technologies ont donné naissance à de nouveaux genres filmiques tels que le cinéma-vérité associé à l’anthropologue-cinématographe français Jean Rouch et à une lignée de réalisateurs qui ont été influencés par son travail. Ses films Moi, un noir (1958), et Jaguar (1968) relancent les débats sur les frontières entre la fiction et le documentaire. Ils forcent les anthropologues à penser à une approche plus collaborative et partagée du film ethnographique. Les Australiens David et Judith MacDougall ont également contribué à ouvrir la voie à une approche qui encourage la collaboration entre les anthropologues-réalisateurs et les participants-protagonistes des films (Grimshaw 2008). Du point de vue de la forme du film, ils ont aussi été des pionniers dans l’introduction des sous-titres plutôt que l’utilisation de voix off, pour ainsi entendre l’intonation des voix. Il existe plusieurs genres et sous-genres de films ethnographiques, tels que les films observationnels, participatifs, d’auteur, sensoriels, expérimentaux, etc. Comme tout genre cinématographique, le film ethnographique s’identifie à une histoire, à une approche visuelle, à des influences et à des réalisateurs qui ont laissé leurs marques. En Amérique du Nord, dans les années 1950 et 1960, le cinéma direct, inspiré par le travail du cinéaste russe Dziga Vertoz, le Kino-Pravda (traduit comme « cinéma vérité », qui a aussi influencé Jean Rouch), avait pour objectif de capter la réalité telle qu’elle se déroule devant la caméra. Ce désir de refléter le commun et la vie de tous les jours a contribué à créer une esthétique cinématographique particulière. Optant pour un style observationnel, le cinéma direct est caractérisé par un rythme lent et de longues prises, peu de musique ou effets spéciaux, mettant souvent l’emphase sur l’observation minutieuse de processus (comme par exemple, le sacrifice d’un animal ou la construction d’un bateau) plutôt que sur une trame narrative forte. Au Québec, le film Les Raquetteurs (1958) coréalisé par Michel Brault et Gilles Groulx et produit par l’Office National du Film du Canada en est un bon exemple. Certains films, que l’on associe souvent au « quatrième » cinéma et qui sont caractérisés par une équipe autochtone, ont aussi contribué au décloisonnement du film ethnographique comme étant essentiellement une forme de représentation de l’autre. Fondée en 1999, Isuma Igloolik Production est la première compagnie de production inuite au Canada. Elle a produit et réalisé des films, dont Atanarjuat : The Fast Runner (2001) qui a gagné la Caméra d’Or à Cannes ainsi que six prix gémeaux. Grâce à la technologie numérique, qui a démocratisé la production du film ethnographique, on observe une éclosion des genres et des thèmes explorés par la vidéo ainsi qu’une prolifération des productions. Tout porte à croire que le film ethnographique et ses dérivés (vidéos, installations, compositions sonores avec images) sont en pleine expansion.
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Seignobos, Émeline. "Guillaume Soulez, Quand le film nous parle. Rhétorique, cinéma, télévision, 2011, Paris, PUF (Lignes d’art), 252 pages." Mots, no. 97 (November 15, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mots.20554.

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Couto, Giancarlo, and Cristiane Freitas Gutfreind. "O cemitério das almas perdidas: como uma imagem de horror reconta a história e redescobre o Brasil." Galáxia (São Paulo) 47 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-2553202257466.

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Resumo Neste texto discutimos uma passagem do filme O cemitério das almas perdidas (2020), de Rodrigo Aragão, como uma imagem de horror que pode desmontar a história (DIDI-HUBERMAN, 2015) e redescobrir a ideia de nação com base cinema de horror brasileiro contemporâneo. Para isto, partimos da noção de imagem dialética benjaminiana proposta por Didi-Huberman (2015) contrapondo o trecho do filme de Aragão com outras imagens que retratam o mesmo momento histórico em diferentes períodos, como: A primeira missa no Brasil (1859-1861), de Victor Meirelles, O descobrimento do Brasil (1937), de Humberto Mauro, e Terra em transe (1967), de Glauber Rocha. Notamos reincidências e rupturas nos modos estéticos de tratar o mesmo tema, priorizando ora o naturalismo, ora a alegoria. Nesta perspectiva, o filme de Aragão se estabelece como uma nova chave de leitura para este momento histórico, privilegiando o horror e o conflito para pensar a história do país e o contexto atual.
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Dutton, Jacqueline Louise. "C'est dégueulasse!: Matters of Taste and “La Grande bouffe” (1973)." M/C Journal 17, no. 1 (March 18, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.763.

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Dégueulasse is French slang for “disgusting,” derived in 1867 from the French verb dégueuler, to vomit. Despite its vulgar status, it is frequently used by almost every French speaker, including foreigners and students. It is also a term that has often been employed to describe the 1973 cult film, La Grande bouffe [Blow Out], by Marco Ferreri, which recounts in grotesque detail the gastronomic suicide of four male protagonists. This R-rated French-Italian production was booed, and the director spat on, at the 26th Cannes Film Festival—the Jury President, Ingrid Bergman, said it was the most “sordid” film she’d ever seen, and is even reported to have vomited after watching it (Télérama). Ferreri nevertheless walked away with the Prix FIPRESCI, awarded by the Federation of International Critics, and it is apparently the largest grossing release in the history of Paris with more than 700,000 entries in Paris and almost 3 million in France overall. Scandal sells, and this was especially seemingly so 1970s, when this film was avidly consumed as part of an unholy trinity alongside Bernardo Bertolucci’s Le Dernier Tango à Paris [Last Tango in Paris] (1972) and Jean Eustache’s La Maman et la putain [The Mother and the Whore] (1973). Fast forward forty years, though, and at the very moment when La Grande bouffe was being commemorated with a special screening on the 2013 Cannes Film Festival programme, a handful of University of Melbourne French students in a subject called “Matters of Taste” were boycotting the film as an unacceptable assault to their sensibilities. Over the decade that I have been showing the film to undergraduate students, this has never happened before. In this article, I want to examine critically the questions of taste that underpin this particular predicament. Analysing firstly the intradiegetic portrayal of taste in the film, through both gustatory and aesthetic signifiers, then the choice of the film as a key element in a University subject corpus, I will finally question the (dis)taste displayed by certain students, contextualising it as part of an ongoing socio-cultural commentary on food, sex, life, and death. Framed by a brief foray into Bourdieusian theories of taste, I will attempt to draw some conclusions on the continual renegotiation of gustatory and aesthetic tastes in relation to La Grande bouffe, and thereby deepen understanding of why it has become the incarnation of dégueulasse today. Theories of Taste In the 1970s, the parameters of “good” and “bad” taste imploded in the West, following political challenges to the power of the bourgeoisie that also undermined their status as the contemporary arbiters of taste. This revolution of manners was particularly shattering in France, fuelled by the initial success of the May 68 student, worker, and women’s rights movements (Ross). The democratization of taste served to legitimize desires different from those previously dictated by bourgeois norms, enabling greater diversity in representing taste across a broad spectrum. It was reflected in the cultural products of the 1970s, including cinema, which had already broken with tradition during the New Wave in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and became a vector for political ideologies as well as radical aesthetic choices (Smith). Commonly regarded as “the decade that taste forgot,” the 1970s were also a time for re-assessing the sociology of taste, with the magisterial publication of Pierre Bourdieu’s Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979, English trans. 1984). As Bourdieu refuted Kant’s differentiation between the legitimate aesthetic, so defined by its “disinterestedness,” and the common aesthetic, derived from sensory pleasures and ordinary meanings, he also attempted to abolish the opposition between the “taste of reflection” (pure pleasure) and the “taste of sense” (facile pleasure) (Bourdieu 7). In so doing, he laid the foundations of a new paradigm for understanding the apparently incommensurable choices that are not the innate expression of our unique personalities, but rather the product of our class, education, family experiences—our habitus. Where Bourdieu’s theories align most closely with the relationship between taste and revulsion is in the realm of aesthetic disposition and its desire to differentiate: “good” taste is almost always predicated on the distaste of the tastes of others. Tastes (i.e. manifested preferences) are the practical affirmation of an inevitable difference. It is no accident that, when they have to be justified, they are asserted purely negatively, by the refusal of other tastes. In matters of taste, more than anywhere else, all determination is negation; and tastes are perhaps first and foremost distastes, disgust provoked by horror or visceral intolerance (“sick-making”) of the tastes of others. “De gustibus non est disputandum”: not because “tous les goûts sont dans la nature,” but because each taste feels itself to be natural—and so it almost is, being a habitus—which amounts to rejecting others as unnatural and therefore vicious. Aesthetic intolerance can be terribly violent. Aversion to different life-styles is perhaps one of the strongest barriers between the classes (Bourdieu). Although today’s “Gen Y” Melbourne University students are a long way from 1970s French working class/bourgeois culture clashes, these observations on taste as the corollary of distaste are still salient tools of interpretation of their attitudes towards La Grande bouffe. And, just as Bourdieu effectively deconstructed Kant’s Critique of Aesthetic Judgement and the 18th “century of taste” notions of universality and morality in aesthetics (Dickie, Gadamer, Allison) in his groundbreaking study of distinction, his own theories have in turn been subject to revision in an age of omnivorous consumption and eclectic globalisation, with various cultural practices further destabilising the hierarchies that formerly monopolized legitimate taste (Sciences Humaines, etc). Bourdieu’s theories are still, however, useful for analysing La Grande bouffe given the contemporaneous production of these texts, as they provide a frame for understanding (dis)taste both within the filmic narrative and in the wider context of its reception. Taste and Distaste in La Grande bouffe To go to the cinema is like to eat or shit, it’s a physiological act, it’s urban guerrilla […] Enough with feelings, I want to make a physiological film (Celluloid Liberation Front). Marco Ferreri’s statements about his motivations for La Grande bouffe coincide here with Bourdieu’s explanation of taste: clearly the director wished to depart from psychological cinema favoured by contemporary critics and audiences and demonstrated his distaste for their preference. There were, however, psychological impulses underpinning his subject matter, as according to film academic Maurizio Viano, Ferrari had a self-destructive, compulsive relation to food, having been forced to spend a few weeks in a Swiss clinic specialising in eating disorders in 1972–1973 (Viano). Food issues abound in his biography. In an interview with Tullio Masoni, the director declared: “I was fat as a child”; his composer Phillipe Sarde recalls the grand Italian-style dinners that he would organise in Paris during the film; and, two of the film’s stars, Marcello Mastroianni and Ugo Tognazzi, actually credit the conception of La Grande bouffe to a Rabelaisian feast prepared by Tognazzi, during which Ferreri exclaimed “hey guys, we are killing ourselves!” (Viano 197–8). Evidently, there were psychological factors behind this film, but it was nevertheless the physiological aspects that Ferreri chose to foreground in his creation. The resulting film does indeed privilege the physiological, as the protagonists fornicate, fart, vomit, defecate, and—of course—eat, to wild excess. The opening scenes do not betray such sordid sequences; the four bourgeois men are introduced one by one so as to establish their class credentials as well as display their different tastes. We first encounter Ugo (Tognazzi), an Italian chef of humble peasant origins, as he leaves his elegant restaurant “Le Biscuit à soupe” and his bourgeois French wife, to take his knives and recipes away with him for the weekend. Then Michel (Piccoli), a TV host who has pre-taped his shows, gives his apartment keys to his 1970s-styled baba-cool daughter as he bids her farewell, and packs up his cleaning products and rubber gloves to take with him. Marcello (Mastroianni) emerges from a cockpit in his aviator sunglasses and smart pilot’s uniform, ordering his sexy airhostesses to carry his cheese and wine for him as he takes a last longing look around his plane. Finally, the judge and owner of the property where the action will unfold, Philippe (Noiret), is awoken by an elderly woman, Nicole, who feeds him tea and brioche, pestering him for details of his whereabouts for the weekend, until he demonstrates his free will and authority, joking about his serious life, and lying to her about attending a legal conference in London. Having given over power of attorney to Nicole, he hints at the finality of his departure, but is trying to wrest back his independence as his nanny exhorts him not to go off with whores. She would rather continue to “sacrifice herself for him” and “keep it in the family,” as she discreetly pleasures him in this scene. Scholars have identified each protagonist as an ideological signifier. For some, they represent power—Philippe is justice—and three products of that ideology: Michel is spectacle, Ugo is food, and Marcello is adventure (Celluloid Liberation Front). For others, these characters are the perfect incarnations of the first four Freudian stages of sexual development: Philippe is Oedipal, Michel is indifferent, Ugo is oral, and Marcello is impotent (Tury & Peter); or even the four temperaments of Hippocratic humouralism: Philippe the phlegmatic, Michel the melancholic, Ugo the sanguine, and Marcello the choleric (Calvesi, Viano). I would like to offer another dimension to these categories, positing that it is each protagonist’s taste that prescribes his participation in this gastronomic suicide as well as the means by which he eventually dies. Before I develop this hypothesis, I will first describe the main thrust of the narrative. The four men arrive at the villa at 68 rue Boileau where they intend to end their days (although this is not yet revealed). All is prepared for the most sophisticated and decadent feasting imaginable, with a delivery of the best meats and poultry unfurling like a surrealist painting. Surrounded by elegant artworks and demonstrating their cultural capital by reciting Shakespeare, Brillat-Savarin, and other classics, the men embark on a race to their death, beginning with a competition to eat the most oysters while watching a vintage pornographic slideshow. There is a strong thread of masculine athletic engagement in this film, as has been studied in detail by James R. Keller in “Four Little Caligulas: La Grande bouffe, Consumption and Male Masochism,” and this is exacerbated by the arrival of a young but matronly schoolmistress Andréa (Ferréol) with her students who want to see the garden. She accepts the men’s invitation to stay on in the house to become another object of competitive desire, and fully embraces all the sexual and gustatory indulgence around her. Marcello goes further by inviting three prostitutes to join them and Ugo prepares a banquet fit for a funeral. The excessive eating makes Michel flatulent and Marcello impotent; when Marcello kicks the toilet in frustration, it explodes in the famous fecal fountain scene that apparently so disgusted his then partner Catherine Deneuve, that she did not speak to him for a week (Ebert). The prostitutes flee the revolting madness, but Andréa stays like an Angel of Death, helping the men meet their end and, in surviving, perhaps symbolically marking an end to the masculinist bourgeoisie they represent.To return to the role of taste in defining the rise and demise of the protagonists, let me begin with Marcello, as he is the first to die. Despite his bourgeois attitudes, he is a modern man, associated with machines and mobility, such as the planes and the beautiful Bugatti, which he strokes with greater sensuality than the women he hoists onto it. His taste is for the functioning mechanical body, fast and competitive, much like himself when he is gorging on oysters. But his own body betrays him when his “masculine mechanics” stop functioning, and it is the fact that the Bugatti has broken down that actually causes his death—he is found frozen in driver’s seat after trying to escape in the Bugatti during the night. Marcello’s taste for the mechanical leads therefore to his eventual demise. Michel is the next victim of his own taste, which privileges aesthetic beauty, elegance, the arts, and fashion, and euphemises the less attractive or impolite, the scatological, boorish side of life. His feminized attire—pink polo-neck and flowing caftan—cannot distract from what is happening in his body. The bourgeois manners that bind him to beauty mean that breaking wind traumatises him. His elegant gestures at the dance barre encourage rather than disguise his flatulence; his loud piano playing cannot cover the sound of his loud farts, much to the mirth of Philippe and Andréa. In a final effort to conceal his painful bowel obstruction, he slips outside to die in obscene and noisy agony, balanced in an improbably balletic pose on the balcony balustrade. His desire for elegance and euphemism heralds his death. Neither Marcello nor Michel go willingly to their ends. Their tastes are thwarted, and their deaths are disgusting to them. Their cadavers are placed in the freezer room as silent witnesses to the orgy that accelerates towards its fatal goal. Ugo’s taste is more earthy and inherently linked to the aims of the adventure. He is the one who states explicitly: “If you don’t eat, you won’t die.” He wants to cook for others and be appreciated for his talents, as well as eat and have sex, preferably at the same time. It is a combination of these desires that kills him as he force-feeds himself the monumental creation of pâté in the shape of the Cathedral of Saint-Peter that has been rejected as too dry by Philippe, and too rich by Andréa. The pride that makes him attempt to finish eating his masterpiece while Andréa masturbates him on the dining table leads to a heart-stopping finale for Ugo. As for Philippe, his taste is transgressive. In spite of his upstanding career as a judge, he lies and flouts convention in his unorthodox relationship with nanny Nicole. Andréa represents another maternal figure to whom he is attracted and, while he wishes to marry her, thereby conforming to bourgeois norms, he also has sex with her, and her promiscuous nature is clearly signalled. Given his status as a judge, he reasons that he can not bring Marcello’s frozen body inside because concealing a cadaver is a crime, yet he promotes collective suicide on his premises. Philippe’s final transgression of the rules combines diabetic disobedience with Oedipal complex—Andréa serves him a sugary pink jelly dessert in the form of a woman’s breasts, complete with cherries, which he consumes knowingly and mournfully, causing his death. Unlike Marcello and Michel, Ugo and Philippe choose their demise by indulging their tastes for ingestion and transgression. Following Ferreri’s motivations and this analysis of the four male protagonists, taste is clearly a cornerstone of La Grande bouffe’s conception and narrative structure. It is equally evident that these tastes are contrary to bourgeois norms, provoking distaste and even revulsion in spectators. The film’s reception at the time of its release and ever since have confirmed this tendency in both critical reviews and popular feedback as André Habib’s article on Salo and La Grande bouffe (2001) meticulously demonstrates. With such a violent reaction, one might wonder why La Grande bouffe is found on so many cinema studies curricula and is considered to be a must-see film (The Guardian). Corpus and Corporeality in Food Film Studies I chose La Grande bouffe as the first film in the “Matters of Taste” subject, alongside Luis Bunuel’s Le Charme discret de la bourgeoisie, Gabriel Axel’s Babette’s Feast, and Laurent Bénégui’s Au Petit Marguery, as all are considered classic films depicting French eating cultures. Certainly any French cinema student would know La Grande bouffe and most cinephiles around the world have seen it. It is essential background knowledge for students studying French eating cultures and features as a key reference in much scholarly research and popular culture on the subject. After explaining the canonical status of La Grande bouffe and thus validating its inclusion in the course, I warned students about the explicit nature of the film. We studied it for one week out of the 12 weeks of semester, focusing on questions of taste in the film and the socio-cultural representations of food. Although the almost ubiquitous response was: “C’est dégueulasse!,” there was no serious resistance until the final exam when a few students declared that they would boycott any questions on La Grande bouffe. I had not actually included any such questions in the exam. The student evaluations at the end of semester indicated that several students questioned the inclusion of this “disgusting pornography” in the corpus. There is undoubtedly less nudity, violence, gore, or sex in this film than in the Game of Thrones TV series. What, then, repulses these Gen Y students? Is it as Pasolini suggests, the neorealistic dialogue and décor that disturbs, given the ontologically challenging subject of suicide? (Viano). Or is it the fact that there is no reason given for the desire to end their lives, which privileges the physiological over the psychological? Is the scatological more confronting than the pornographic? Interestingly, “food porn” is now a widely accepted term to describe a glamourized and sometimes sexualized presentation of food, with Nigella Lawson as its star, and hundreds of blog sites reinforcing its popularity. Yet as Andrew Chan points out in his article “La Grande bouffe: Cooking Shows as Pornography,” this film is where it all began: “the genealogy reaches further back, as brilliantly visualized in Marco Ferreri’s 1973 film La Grande bouffe, in which four men eat, screw and fart themselves to death” (47). Is it the overt corporeality depicted in the film that shocks cerebral students into revulsion and rebellion? Conclusion In the guise of a conclusion, I suggest that my Gen Y students’ taste may reveal a Bourdieusian distaste for the taste of others, in a third degree reaction to the 1970s distaste for bourgeois taste. First degree: Ferreri and his entourage reject the psychological for the physiological in order to condemn bourgeois values, provoking scandal in the 1970s, but providing compelling cinema on a socio-political scale. Second degree: in spite of the outcry, high audience numbers demonstrate their taste for scandal, and La Grande bouffe becomes a must-see canonical film, encouraging my choice to include it in the “Matters of Taste” corpus. Third degree: my Gen Y students’ taste expresses a distaste for the academic norms that I have embraced in showing them the film, a distaste that may be more aesthetic than political. Oui, c’est dégueulasse, mais … Bibliography Allison, Henry E. Kant’s Theory of Taste: A Reading of the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2001. Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1984. Calvesi, M. “Dipingere all moviola” (Painting at the Moviola). Corriere della Sera, 10 Oct. 1976. Reprint. “Arti figurative e il cinema” (Cinema and the Visual Arts). Avanguardia di massa. Ed. M. Calvesi. Milan: Feltrinelli, 1978. 243–46. Celluloid Liberation Front. “Consumerist Ultimate Indigestion: La Grande Bouffe's Deadly Physiological Pleasures.” Bright Lights Film Journal 60 (2008). 13 Jan. 2014 ‹http://brightlightsfilm.com/60/60lagrandebouffe.php#.Utd6gs1-es5›. Chan, Andrew. “La Grande bouffe: Cooking Shows as Pornography.” Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture 3.4 (2003): 47–53. Dickie, George. The Century of Taste: The Philosophical Odyssey of Taste in the Eighteenth Century. New York and Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. Ebert, Roger, “La Grande bouffe.” 13 Jan. 2014 ‹http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/la-grande-bouffe-1973›. Ferreri, Marco. La Grande bouffe. Italy-France, 1973. Freedman, Paul H. Food: The History of Taste. U of California P, 2007. Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Trans. Joel Winsheimer and Donald C. Marshall. New York: Continuum, 1999. Habib, André. “Remarques sur une ‘réception impossible’: Salo and La Grande bouffe.” Hors champ (cinéma), 4 Jan. 2001. 11 Jan. 2014 ‹http://www.horschamp.qc.ca/cinema/030101/salo-bouffe.html›. Keller, James R. “Four Little Caligulas: La Grande bouffe, Consumption and Male Masochism.” Food, Film and Culture: A Genre Study. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 2006: 49–59. Masoni, Tullio. Marco Ferreri. Gremese, 1998. Pasolini, P.P. “Le ambigue forme della ritualita narrativa.” Cinema Nuovo 231 (1974): 342–46. Ross, Kristin. May 68 and its Afterlives. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2008. Smith, Alison. French Cinema in the 1970s: The Echoes of May. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2005. Télérama: “La Grande bouffe: l’un des derniers grands scandales du Festival de Cannes. 19 May 2013. 13 Jan. 2014 ‹http://www.telerama.fr/festival-de-cannes/2013/la-grande-bouffe-l-un-des-derniers-grands-scandales-du-festival-de-cannes,97615.php›. The Guardian: 1000 films to see before you die. 2007. 17 Jan. 2014 ‹http://www.theguardian.com/film/series/1000-films-to-see-before-you-die› Tury, F., and O. Peter. “Food, Life, and Death: The Film La Grande bouffe of Marco Ferreri in an Art Psychological Point of View.” European Psychiatry 22.1 (2007): S214. Viano, Maurizio. “La Grande Abbuffata/La Grande bouffe.” The Cinema of Italy. Ed. Giorgio Bertellini. London: Wallflower Press, 2004: 193–202.
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35

Salzbrunn, Monika. "Artivisme." Anthropen, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.091.

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Abstract:
Artivisme est un néologisme composé des mots art et activisme. Il concerne l’engagement social et politique d’artistes militants (Lemoine et Ouardi 2010) mais aussi l’art utilisé par des citoyen.ne.s comme moyen d’expression politique (Salzbrunn 2014, 2015 ; Malzacher 2014 : 14 ; Mouffe 2014). La distinction qui porte sur la formation initiale est davantage analytique qu’empirique dans la mesure où la définition d’artistes ou d’œuvres d’art en lien avec une formation institutionnelle (hautes écoles d’art) est aujourd’hui mise en question : Le succès planétaire d’artistes autodidactes engagés comme le photographe français JR montrent qu’on peut acquérir une reconnaissance en tant qu’artiste sans avoir été formé dans une école d’art. De plus, la différence entre l’engagement politique des artistes et leurs œuvres au sens propre est de plus en plus difficile à saisir (Roussel 2006 ; Dufournet et al. 2007). Sur le plan conceptuel, les recherches sur l’artivisme remettent en question la distinction entre l’art considéré comme travail et l’art pour l’art, discutée entre autres par Jacques Rancière dans « Le partage du sensible. Esthétique et politique » : « Produire unit à l’acte de fabriquer celui de mettre au jour, de définir un rapport nouveau entre le faire et le voir. L’art anticipe le travail parce qu’il en réalise le principe : la transformation de la matière sensible en présentation à soi de la communauté » (Rancière 2000 : 71). Les expressions artistiques couvrent un très large panel, allant de l’art plastique et mural, en passant par le graffiti, la bande dessinée, la musique, le flash mobs, le théâtre, à l’invention de nouvelles formes d’expression (Concept Store #3, 2010). L’artivisme actuel, notamment les performances, trouvent leurs racines dans d’autres courants artistiques expérimentaux développés dans les années 1960, notamment le théâtre de l’opprimé d’Agosto Boal, le situationnisme (Debord 1967), le fluxus (http://georgemaciunas.com/). Certains remontent encore plus loin vers le surréalisme et le dadaïsme auxquels l’Internationale situationniste (1958-1969) se réfère afin de pousser la création libre encore plus loin. Tout comme le mouvement situationniste cherchait à créer des situations (1967) pour changer la situation et déstabiliser le public (Lemoine et Ouardiri 2010), et que le théâtre de l’opprimé (Boal 1996) pratiquait le théâtre comme thérapie, l’artivisme contemporain vise à éveiller les consciences afin que les spectateurs sortent de leur « inertie supposée » et prennent position (Lemoine et Ouardi 2010 ; pour les transformations dans et de l’espace urbain voir aussi Schmitz 2015 ; Salzbrunn 2011). Ainsi, les mouvements politiques récents comme Occupy Wallstreet (Graeber 2012) ou La nuit debout (Les Temps Modernes, 2016/05, no. 691 ; Vacarme 2016/03, no. 76) ont occupé l’espace publique de façon créative, se servant de la mascarade et du détournement (de situations, notamment de l’état d’urgence et de l’interdiction de rassemblement), afin d’inciter les passants à s’exprimer et à participer (Bishop 2012). D’autres courants comme les Femen, mouvement féministe translocal, ont eu recours à des performances spectaculaires dans l’espace public ou faisant irruption au cours de rituels religieux ou politiques (Femen 2015). Si ces moyens d’action performatifs au sein du politique étaient largement employés par les courants politiques de gauche (Butler et Athanasiou 2013), l’extrême-droite les emploie également, comme le mouvement identitaire qui a protesté par des actions coup de poing contre les réfugiés dans les Alpes françaises en hiver 2018 (https://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2018/04/30/militants-identitaires-dans-les-alpes-les-autorites-denoncent-une-operation-de-communication_5292856_1653578.html). Les thèmes politiques abordés se situent néanmoins majoritairement à gauche de l’échiquier politique : mouvement zapatiste, LGBTqueer, lutte anti-capitaliste, antifasciste et pro-refugiés, (afro-/latino-) féminismes (de Lima Costa 2012), mouvement contre l’exclusion des personnes à mobilité réduite, protestation contre la gentrification et la dépossession de l’espace urbain qui s’opère en faveur des touristes et spéculateurs immobiliers et qui va à l’encontre des habitants (Youkhana 2014 ; Pisanello 2017), mouvement d’occupation d’espace, de squat et de centres sociaux auto-gérés, lutte créative en faveur de nouvelles formes de vie commune comme dans la ZAD (Zone à défendre) contre l’aéroport de Nantes etc. (Rancière 2017 : 65-73). Si ces luttes s’inscrivent dans une réflexion critique générale sur les conséquences de la glocalisation, elles se concentrent parfois sur l’amélioration de l’espace local, voire micro-local (Lindgaard 2005), par exemple en créant une convivialité (Caillé et al. 2013) ou des espaces de « guerilla gardening » (mouvement de jardinage urbain comme acte politique) au sein d’une ville. Les « commonistes » qui s’occupent de biens communs et développent les créations par soi-même (DIY – Do it yourself) à travers des FabLabs (laboratoires de fabrication) s’inscrivent également dans cette philosophie en mettant en question de façon créative le rapport entre production et consommation (Baier et al. 2013). Enfin, les mouvements actuels ont largement recours aux dernières technologies d’information et de diffusion, pendant le processus de création et pendant la circulation des œuvres, des images et des témoignages (Salzbrunn et al. 2015). Plus radicalement encore, les hacktivistes interviennent sur des sites web en les détournant et en les transformant. Dans certains endroits, l’humour occupe une place centrale au sein de ces activités artistiques, que ce soit dans le recours aux moyens de style carnavalesques (Cohen 1993), en réinventant le carnaval (Salzbrunn 2014) ou encore en cherchant à créer une ambiance politico-festive réenchantente, assurant un moment de joie et de partage heureux pour les participants. Betz (2016) a traité ce dernier aspect en analysant notamment des « Schnippeldiskos », discos organisés par le mouvement slow food jeunesse qui prennent la forme d’une séance joyeuse de coupage de légumes destinées à une soupe partagée, un moment de « protestation joyeuse », une « forme hybride de désobéissance collective ». Ces nouvelles formes d’interaction entre art, activisme et politique appellent au développement de méthodes de recherches anthropologiques inédites. Ainsi, l’ethnographie est devenue multi-sensorielle (Pink 2009), attentive au toucher, aux parfums, au goût, aux sensations des chercheur.e.s et des personnes impliquées dans l’action artivistique. L’observation participante devient plus radicale sous forme d’apprentissage (Downey et al. 2015). Enfin, les anthropologues qui travaillent sur l’artivisme ont non seulement recours à de nouvelles méthodes, mais aussi à de formes inédites de restitution de leurs recherches, visant notamment à dépasser le centrage sur le texte (Schneider et Wright 2006) en tournant des films documentaires, créant des bandes dessinées (www.erccomics.com), discutant avec les artivistes à travers blogs (www.erc-artivism.ch), ou interagissant à travers des performances comme « Rawson’s Boat », conduite par le Nigérian Jelili Akiku en mai 2018 au Musée d’Acquitaine de Bordeaux.
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