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1
Marsh, Richard. "Plastic film recycling from waste sources." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56031/.
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This thesis focuses on the thermal recycling of plastic film materials that have originated from waste sources. The problems with waste plastic film recycling are outlined. The key aspects of this work included waste management, economics, logistics, the recycling industry, aspects of polymer science and the effect of the consumer environment on material properties of polymers. The aim of the research was to determine how these problems can be best understood and solved in order to prove that plastic film recycling is a sound opportunity from a financial and engineering point of view. A series of novel experimental studies were designed and performed to evaluate the effect that a film's life-cycle has on the material properties of the product. These studies involved exposing a number of polyethylene samples to factors such as heat cycling and dust contamination whilst measuring the characteristics of the material before and after exposure. Material tests included evaluation of mechanical and rheological properties, crystallinity content and molecular weight. As a natural continuation of the behaviour and characteristic studies already highlighted, two novel products namely a geomembrane and aggregate drainage material were manufactured. Tests were undertaken to determine the suitability of these under harsh environmental conditions. It was found that both materials were capable of meeting specifications laid down for application as engineering barriers. With the effects of a products' life-cycle understood, the investigation then involved the development of a predictive model. This anticipated the effects of these life-cycle factors and calculated the resultant physical properties of a plastic film material once it had been thermally recycled. This model used correlations between the key factor and the crystallinity of the polymer in order to determine the degradative effects. Results showed that key material properties could be modelled to within 15% accuracy of those found by experimental verification. To assess the feasibility of recycling plastic film an economic model was produced to simulate the financial performance of a recycling plant. Model inputs were based on industrial experiences and were used in conjunction with a series of operating parameters to outline economic feasibility. The simulation showed that profitability was closely related to the quality of the input material, the cost of procuring waste feedstocks and the price paid for the final product. Overall the thesis showed that plastic film recycling is a viable concept, provided recyclers sufficiently improve the quality of feedstocks by separation and washing, procure a reliable source of feedstock and operate a facility that is adaptable to changes in material condition. These factors must be undertaken with sound financial management to ensure that a profitable product is produced. Although there is a small number of possible recycled products to be produced from plastic film, more development is needed to create a demand for waste feedstock materials. This will ensure that mandatory recycling targets are met for government and businesses that are required by European legislation. This investigation has outlined many of the key factors to allow film recycling businesses to expand into future markets and produce recycled products of equal quality to that of existing products made from virgin stocks.
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Strater, Kurt F. "Countercurrent cooling of blown film." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66003.
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Chang, Q. "Colorimetric and fluorimetric plastic film sensors for carbon dioxide." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636226.
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Medical diagnosis and treatment of critically ill patients require frequent monitoring of carbon dioxide partial pressure in the human body. Along with the traditional methods (i.e. IR capnography and Severinghaus electrode), colorimetric and fluorimetric CO2 sensors are playing an increasingly important role in detection of correct intubation, intensive care and blood CO2 analysis, due to its advantages of cheapness in cost, miniature in size, and mechanically robust. In Chapter One an outline of the recent development of such sensor systems is given, and their applications background in the biomedical area is discussed. Chapter Two focuses on the experimental techniques used in these studies. In Chapters Three and Four the equilibrium responses of three new colorimetric and one fluorescence plastic film sensors for CO2 as a function of % CO2 and temperature are described, respectively. The results fit a model in which there is a 1:1 equilibrium reaction between the deprotonated form of the dye (present in the film as an ion pair) and CO2. The basic theory behind conventional colorimetric and fluorimetric optical sensors for CO2 is proposed and examined in Chapter Five. Special attention is given to the effect on sensor response of the key parameters of initial base concentration and dye acid dissociation constant, KD. In Chapter Six the diffusion-controlled response and recovery behaviour of a naked optical film sensor with a hyperbolic-type reponse changes in analyte concentration in a system under test is approximated using a numerical model, followed by a second part in which a systematic, experimental investigation on the kinetics, responses and recovery behaviour of the colorimetric film sensors is described. Finally, in Chapter Seven, a plasticised and unplasticised polymer colorimetric film sensor for gaseous CO2 is tested as a sensor for dissolved CO2. The plasticised form of the film sensor develops a measurable degree of opacity when exposed to aqueous solution, while an unplasticised polymer remains largely clear upon exposure to aqueous solution and it is shown that it also functions as a quantitative sensor for dissolved CO2 over the range 0-4% CO2.
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Bas, Derek. "Laser Beam Steering with Thin Film GaAs on Plastic." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1277119321.
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Wentzel, John P. "An investigation into surface effects in thin film plastic scintillators." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18348.
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An investigation into the luminescent response of thin film plastic scintillators as a function of their method of preparation is made. Investigations are carried out on NE102A and NE118 using four different methods of preparation. It is found that the Birks model for luminescence as a function of film thickness successfully explains the response in three of the four methods of preparation, but fails to explain the response of thin films prepared on a glass surface. These films show an unexpected non-linearity in their behaviour. It is proposed that the behaviour in these films can be explained in terms of the existence of surface regions in these films. A model based on the existence of these surface regions is prepared. It is further proposed that, in general, the luminescent response of thin films of plastic scintillator is dependent on their method of preparation.
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Lin, Qian. "A Plastic-Based Thick-Film Li-Ion Microbattery for Autonomous Microsensors." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1175.pdf.
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Hur, Sung-ho. "Model based cross-directional monitoring and control of plastic film thickness." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25796.
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The main topics of this research are modelling, fault monitoring, and cross-directional control of a plastic film manufacturing process operated by DuPont Teijin Films Ltd. The developed model is of high dimension and built using the first-principles of chemical and mechanical engineering, such as equations for mass transfer, heat transfer, and the flow of viscous fluids in addition to empirical knowledge related to the behaviour of polymer. The model in turn provides a safe off-line platform for developing new cross-directional control and fault monitoring systems. As with other sheet-forming processes, such as papermaking and steel rolling, the plastic film manufacturing process employs large arrays of actuators spread across a continuously moving sheet to control the cross-directional profiles of key product properties. In plastic manufacturing, the main control property is finished product thickness profile as measured by a scanning gauge downstream from the actuators. The role of the cross-directional control system is to maintain the measured cross-directional profiles of plastic properties on target. The second part of this research develops a novel cross-directional controller, which is in turn demonstrated by application to the first-principles model. Fault monitoring systems can be broadly classified into 3 categories: model-based, data-driven, and knowledge-based. The third part of this research introduces a novel model-based fault monitoring system. The system is demonstrated by application to both the first-principles model and industrial data extracted from the real-life plant.
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Khatami, Hassan. "Influence of titanium dioxide pigments on the thermal and photochemical oxidation of low density polyethylene film." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283081.
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Bastarrachea, Gutiérrez Luis Javier. "Biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) film incorporated with nisin characterization, effectiveness against Listeria innocua, and nisin release kinetics /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/l_bastarrachea_031010.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in biological and agricultural engineering)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 14, 2010). "Department of Biological Systems Engineering." Includes bibliographical references.
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Butterfield, Craig. "A novel laboratory dispersive and distributive minimixer and applications : development of a new minimixer that can duplicate mixing which occurs in a large twin screw extruder." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4930.
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The mixing of additives into a plastic is an extremely important step in the plastics industry, necessary for the manufacture of almost every conceivable product. Therefore the costs in developing new products can prove very expensive as the testing is usually carried out using full scale machines, usually using twin screw extruders because they are able to provide good dispersive and distributive mixing. This is particularly important when compounding difficult to disperse additives and nano-additives. What is required is a machine that can replicate the mixing abilities of a twin-screw extruder but on a laboratory scale. There have been attempts by industry to develop smaller machines, such as the Thermo Scientific HAAKE Minilab II Micro Compounder which processes on the scale of 7 cm3 of material volume. This can be too small for some needs and therefore a machine is required to produce material on the 10g to 100g scale. To this end a laboratory mixer of novel design was devised and its mixing performance was assessed using conductive carbon black and compared against the Thermo Scientific HAAKE Minilab II Micro Compounder, a 19 mm co-rotating twin-screw extruder and a 40 mm co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Carbon black was used because mixing performance can be assessed by measuring the minimum carbon loading necessary to induce electrical conductivity. It was found that the minimixer was able to induce electrical conductivity at loading of 5.75% but the comparison with the other machines proved difficult as the achievement of the threshold at which semi-conductivity occurred appeared independent of shear rate and mixing duration.
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Jabalameli, Morteza. "The Effect of Black Plastic Mulch Alone and in Combination with Various Types of Plastic Row Covers on Production of Sweet Corn." DigitalCommons@USU, 1992. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6938.
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The effects of black polyethylene (PE) mulch alone and in combination with plastic film tunnels (Agronet, Reemay, whiteperforated, clear, and clear-slitted) were studied on morphology and yield of sweet corn in North Logan, Utah. Yields of "Miracle" sweet corn (Zea mays L.) were increased significantly by using black PE mulch and with a combination of various types of plastic row covers, as compared to unmulched soil. Standard-growth analysis procedures were conducted to verify responses among treatments. Treatment effects were determined by measuring days to first flowering, ear weight, number of side tillers, cob length, cob circumference, cob fill length, number of rows, and number of kernels missing per cob. Leaf area, plant height, and total shoot dry mass were significantly larger for mulched than for unmulched plants.
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Mohammad, Davoudi Kamyar. "Plastic Behavior of Polycrytalline Thin Films: Discrete Dislocation Study." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11634.
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Explaining the work-hardening behavior of crystalline materials and the size dependent plasticity has been a long lasting problem. Plastic deformation mainly arises from the collective motion of dislocations. Although individual dislocation processes are well studied, the study of the overall effects of these processes was challenging before the emergence of computer modeling. Of the computer simulation techniques, discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) is the most suitable method to model thin films at the micron scale and below. This method allows us to study the quantitative effects of certain mechanisms.Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Dale, Jon. "Fragmentation in the plastic pulse : the "underground film" of Ken Jacobs and Jack Smith /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ard139.pdf.
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Wu, Chuanbin. "Influence of non-traditional plasticizers and enteric polymers on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymeric films and film coated solid substrates /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Тищенко, Костянтин Володимирович, Константин Владимирович Тищенко, Kostiantyn Volodymyrovych Tyshchenko, Ірина Михайлівна Пазуха, Ирина Михайловна Пазуха, Iryna Mykhailivna Pazukha, Наталія Іванівна Шумакова, Наталия Ивановна Шумакова, and Nataliia Ivanivna Shumakova. "Strain Properties of Nanodimentional Film Systems Based on Fe and Pt." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35200.
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The results of research structural, phase state and strain properties of nanodimentional film systems
based on Fe and Pt at deformation intervals l1 = (0 - 1)%, l2 = (0 - 2)% and l3 = (0 - 3)% are presented.
After condensation in films occurred initiation disordered solid solution fcc-FePt with the mean value of
lattice parameter ā = 0,385 nm. The analysis of experimental deformation dependence at different Fe thickness,
which changes in the range from 4 to 57 nm, while the thickness of Pt = 18 nm = const, were presented.
It was shown that the value of mean strain coefficient depends on total film thickness and Fe concentration.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35200
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Crowley, Kathryn Jane. "Effects of colored plastic film on several field grown and greenhouse grown cut flower species." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Fall%20Theses/Crowley_Kathryn_6.pdf.
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Okoronkwo, U. J. "Plasticulture." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36216.
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Simply put, Plasticulture is the combination of two words, plastic and agriculture. It is defined as the use of plastic in plant and animal agriculture. The first use of plastic film in agriculture was in 1948 in an effort to make a cheaper version of a glasshouse. Professor E.M. Emmert built the first plastic greenhouse, a wooden structure covered with cellulose acetate film. He later switched this to a more effective polyethylene film which has been used in large scale agricultural production around the world till date.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36216
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Коротка, Валерія Олександрівна. "Екструзійний агрегат з модернізацією черв‘яка." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/41797.
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Метою розробки і проектування є аналітичні, проектувальні розрахунки з використанням відомих методів, нормативних документів, комп’ютерних програм.
Проектування та розробка екструзійного агрегату виконана на основі патентних досліджень, вивчення науково-технічної літератури, інженерно-технічних розрахунків та аналітичного огляду. Виконане наступне:
-проведені інженерні розрахунки для проектування та розробки ееструдера,згідно з технічним завданням;
-вивчено принцип роботи екструзійного агрегату для плівкового пластикату,проаналізовані технічні параметри та характеристики;
-на основі патентного дослідження модернізовано черв’як екструзійного агрегату;
-розроблено та спроектовано екструзійний агрегат з модернізованим черв’яком для плівкового пластикату;The purpose of development and design is analytical, design calculations using known methods, regulations, computer programs. The design and development of the extrusion unit is performed on the basis of patent research, study of scientific and technical literature, engineering and technical calculations and analytical review. The following was done: -engineered calculations for the design and development of eestruder, in accordance with the terms of reference; - the principle of operation of the extrusion unit for film plastic was studied, technical parameters and characteristics were analyzed; - on the basis of patent research the worm of the extrusion unit is modernized; - developed and designed an extrusion unit with an upgraded worm for film plastic;
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Макуха, Зінаїда Миколаївна, Зинаида Николаевна Макуха, Zinaida Mykolaivna Makukha, Юрій Михайлович Шабельник, Юрий Михайлович Шабельник, Yurii Mykhailovych Shabelnyk, Ірина Михайлівна Пазуха, et al. "Strain Properties of Nanodimentional Thin Film Systems Based on Ag and Co." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34874.
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The results of research strain deformation properties of thin films Ag, Co and two-layer film systems
Ag/Co in the range of deformation l 0 – 1% were presented. The plastic deformation in Co layer caused
a similar deformation in the entire film system, even if the strain range of Ag layer is not reached the limits
of the transition elastic/plastic deformation.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34874
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Borgemenke, Joshua P. "Development of Efficiently Produced, Renewable Polycarbonates from Fatty Acids, CO2, and Propylene Oxide for Plastic Film Applications." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1511785564232497.
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Al-Ati, Tareq. "Oxygen permeation of virgin HDPE films versus recycled HDPE films /." Online version of thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11875.
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Mourao, Isabel de Maria Cardoso Gonsalves. "Analysis of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) growth and development in response to microclimate under direct plastic film crop covers." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262637.
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Porto, Karina Meschini Batista Geribello. "Efeitos da radiação gama (cobalto-60) nas principais propriedades físicas e químicas de embalagens compostas por papel grau cirúrgico e filme plástico laminado, destinada à esterilização de produtos para saúde." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-26112013-102247/.
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A radiação gama é uma das tecnologias aplicadas para a esterilização de sistemas de embalagens contendo produtos para a saúde. No processo de esterilização, é fundamental que as propriedades das embalagens sejam mantidas. Neste estudo, duas amostras de embalagens comerciais, no formato de envelope compostas por papel grau cirúrgico de um dos lados e filme plástico laminado do outro, foram irradiadas com raios gama com doses de 25 kGy (taxa de dose de 1,57 kGy/h) e 50 kGy (taxa de dose de 1,48 kGy/h). Uma das amostras de embalagem era constituída por papel de fibras de coníferas e filme plástico laminado de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET)/polietileno (PE) e a outra por papel de fibras de coníferas e de folhosas e filme plástico laminado de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET)/polipropileno (PP). Os efeitos da radiação nas propriedades físicas e químicas dos papéis e dos filmes plásticos, assim como nas propriedades da embalagem foram estudados. O papel foi o material mais sensível à radiação, sendo a alvura, o pH e as resistências ao rasgo, ao arrebentamento e à tração os parâmetros nos quais foram observadas maiores modificações, em ambas as amostras. Todavia, dos dois tipos de papel, o efeito foi mais pronunciado para a amostra com fibras de conífera e de folhosas. A porosidade dos papéis foi alterada com 50 kGy. No caso dos filmes plásticos, a propriedade com maior modificação foi a resistência à tração, em ambas as amostras. No caso das embalagens, a irradiação diminuiu a resistência da selagem. Os efeitos observados para a dose de 50 kGy foram em média mais pronunciados quando comparados com as modificações nos valores das amostras tratadas com 25 kGy, que é a dose usualmente empregada para esterilização de produtos para a saúde. A dosimetria deste estudo foi realizada nos materiais irradiados com 25 kGy, 40 kGy e 50 kGy, demonstrando sua importância à medida que a variação média para as três doses estudadas foi de 20 %.Gamma radiation is one of the technologies applied for the sterilization of packaging systems containing products for health. During sterilization process it is critical that the properties of packages are maintained. In this study two samples of commercial pouch packaging comprised of surgical grade paper on one side and the other side multilayer plastic film were irradiated with gamma rays. The following doses were applied 25 kGy (1,57 kGy/h) and 50 kGy (1,48 kGy/h). One packaging sample was paper formed by softwood fibers and multilayer plastic film based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/polyethylene (PE). The second type of paper sample was made by a mixture of softwood and hardwood fibers and multilayer plastic film based on polyethylene terephthalate (ethylene) (PET)/polypropylene (PP). The effects of radiation on the physical and chemical properties of papers and multilayer plastic films, as well as the properties of the package were studied. The paper was the more radiation sensitive among the studied materials and radiation effects were more pronounced at brightness, pH, tearing resistance, bursting strength and tensile strength. Nonetheless, worst comparatively effects were noted on the sample made by a mixture of softwood and hardwood fibers. The porosity of paper was enhanced by 50 kGy. In the case of plastic films, radiation effects on tensile strength was the most pronounced property for both samples. In the case of the packaging the sealing resistance decreased with radiation. The effects observed for the treatment at 50 kGy were more pronounced when compared to 25 kGy. This last is the dose which is usually applied to sterilize health products. A dosimetry study was performed during irradiation at 25 kGy, 40 kGy and 50 kGy and its importance may be reported by the average dose variation 20 %.
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Kim, Namsu. "Fabrication and characterization of thin-film encapsulation for organic electronics." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31772.
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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Chair: Samuel Graham; Committee Member: Bernard Kippelen; Committee Member: David McDowell; Committee Member: Sankar Nair; Committee Member: Suresh Sitaraman. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Basso, Fernanda Carvalho [UNESP]. "Estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92406.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho com a utilização de inoculante microbiano, bem como o uso de filme plástico de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio associado ao filme convencional. Para tanto foram conduzidos três experimentos. No primeiro e segundo experimentos os objetivos foram avaliar os efeitos de doses de Lactobacillus buchneri (5x104, 1x105, 5x105 e 1x106 UFC/ g) sobre as características fermentativas, a dinâmica microbiológica, a estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional de silagens de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho. No terceiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do filme plástico de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio associado ao filme convencional sobre a perdas na armazenagem e a estabilidade aeróbia de silagem de planta de milho, em silo tipo superfície. O L. buchneri é eficiente no controle de leveduras e fungos filamentosos, assim como melhora a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho e não afeta o valor nutricional. O filme de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio associado ao filme convencional é eficiente na manutenção das características fermentativas, no controle da população de leveduras e na redução de perdas, principalmente quando a fatia de retirada é menor
Aimed to evaluate the aerobic stability of plant and of high moisture corn silage with the use of microbial inoculant and oxygen barrier film associated with conventional film. Therefore, three experiments were conducted. In the first and second experiments the objectives were to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri doses (5x104, 1x105, 5x105 and 1x106 CFU/g) on the fermentation characteristics, microbial dynamics, aerobic stability and nutritional value of plant and of grain moisture corn silage. The third experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of oxygen barrier film associated with conventional film under the storage losses and aerobic stability of plant corn silage in a horizontal silo. The L. buchneri is effective in control of yeasts and molds, and improve the aerobic stability of plant and of high moisture corn silage and do not affect nutritional value. The oxygen barrier film is effective in maintaining the fermentation characteristics, in yeasts population control and loss reduction, mainly when the feedout rate is lower
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Basso, Fernanda Carvalho. "Estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92406.
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Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho com a utilização de inoculante microbiano, bem como o uso de filme plástico de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio associado ao filme convencional. Para tanto foram conduzidos três experimentos. No primeiro e segundo experimentos os objetivos foram avaliar os efeitos de doses de Lactobacillus buchneri (5x104, 1x105, 5x105 e 1x106 UFC/ g) sobre as características fermentativas, a dinâmica microbiológica, a estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional de silagens de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho. No terceiro experimento, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do filme plástico de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio associado ao filme convencional sobre a perdas na armazenagem e a estabilidade aeróbia de silagem de planta de milho, em silo tipo superfície. O L. buchneri é eficiente no controle de leveduras e fungos filamentosos, assim como melhora a estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta e de grãos úmidos de milho e não afeta o valor nutricional. O filme de baixa permeabilidade ao oxigênio associado ao filme convencional é eficiente na manutenção das características fermentativas, no controle da população de leveduras e na redução de perdas, principalmente quando a fatia de retirada é menorAbstract: Aimed to evaluate the aerobic stability of plant and of high moisture corn silage with the use of microbial inoculant and oxygen barrier film associated with conventional film. Therefore, three experiments were conducted. In the first and second experiments the objectives were to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri doses (5x104, 1x105, 5x105 and 1x106 CFU/g) on the fermentation characteristics, microbial dynamics, aerobic stability and nutritional value of plant and of grain moisture corn silage. The third experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of oxygen barrier film associated with conventional film under the storage losses and aerobic stability of plant corn silage in a horizontal silo. The L. buchneri is effective in control of yeasts and molds, and improve the aerobic stability of plant and of high moisture corn silage and do not affect nutritional value. The oxygen barrier film is effective in maintaining the fermentation characteristics, in yeasts population control and loss reduction, mainly when the feedout rate is lower
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Coorientador: Ana Claudia Ruggieri
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Bodalia, Raj. "An investigation of the "walking" behavior in the manufacturing of biaxially oriented polypropylene films /." Online version of thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10691.
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Aw, Cheong Soon (Samuel). "A study to evaluate the permeation characteristics of black tea flavors and linalool in four different plastic films /." Online version of thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11853.
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Nath, Caroline Daiane. "Caracterização microbiológica, fermentativa e estabilidade aeróbia em silagens pré-secadas de capim Tifton 85, com diferentes camadas de filme de polietileno e tempos de armazenamento." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1585.
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This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological and fermentative profile, aerobic stability and variation of the external temperature in silo bags with pre-dried silage of Tifton 85 grass, with different layers of polyethylene film and storage times. The trial design was completely randomized with a split plot in the weather, with 4 replications. In the main plot were allocated the treatments (2 and 3 layers of involvement) and the subplots the sampling times, 3 times (30, 60 and 90 days of storage) for microbiological and fermentative evaluation and water activity (Aw) and 5 times (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days of aerobic exposure) for aerobic stability evaluation. For the study of the external temperature variation in silos during storage, the treatment allocated in the plots were constituted by evaluation strata (surface, middle and silo base) and the subplots, the evaluation times (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77 and 84 days of storage). Silos of 400 kg have been made, with the use of inoculant in the baling and these ones stored in the weather, and after their opening were placed in a covered shed. In the microbiological profile, after the silage s opening, it was quantified by culturing, the population of Clostridium, Bacillus, enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, Listeria sp., Salmonella sp., yeasts and fungi. The aerobic stability was evaluated from its opening to the fourth day of exposure of the silage to the oxygen. The pH and the levels of soluble carbohydrates and ammonia nitrogen (NH3/ N total) were evaluated after the silage s opening. The evaluation of temperature in the silo strata (surface, middle and base) was performed weekly during the silage s storage, with the aid of an infrared thermometer with laser sight. It was found that the storage time and the number of layers of polyethylene film has not reflected in changes in the Clostridium population, lactic acid bacteria and Aw. values. There was a decrease in the population of enterobacteria with the increasing of storage period in both treatments. The Bacillus population was lower in silages made with three layers of involvement (3.63 log CFU g-1), 30 days of opening. There was no growth of Listeria sp. and Salmonella sp. during the silage storage period. The fungus genre of greater occurrence in silage pre-dried of Tifton 85 grass was the Penicillium. There was no breach of aerobic stability during periods of evaluation due to the high temperatures of silage, which are above ambient temperature. The pH was greater than recommended for good silage preservation (4.2) in the opening and during exposure to oxygen. It was found that the content of ammonia nitrogen and soluble carbohydrates in the silages with two layers differ between the storage times. There was alteration in temperature in the different strata of evaluation in silos with two layers of involvement at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days and the silos with three layers of involvement at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 35 days of storage. The temperature at the base and in the middle of the silos with two and three layers of involvement at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 63 and 84 days of ensiling exceeded the values of the ambient temperature, characterizing the heating of the silage during storage. The pre-dried silage of Tifton 85 grass wrapped with two and three layers of polyethylene film had their aerobic stability and fermentation profile damaged during storage and shortages of silos, therefore the silage obtained cannot be considered of good quality
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil microbiológico, fermentativo, a estabilidade aeróbia e a variação da temperatura externa em silos bags com silagens pré-secadas de capim Tifton 85, com diferentes camadas de filme de polietileno e tempos de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com 4 repetições. Nas parcelas principais foram alocados os tratamentos (2 e 3 camadas de envelopamento) e nas subparcelas os tempos de amostragem, sendo 3 tempos (30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento) para avaliação microbiológica, fermentativa e da atividade de água (Aw) e 5 tempos (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 dias de exposição aeróbia) para avaliação da estabilidade aeróbia. Para estudo da variação de temperatura externa nos silos durante o armazenamento, os tratamentos alocados nas parcelas foram constituídos pelos estratos de avaliação (superfície, meio e base do silo) e as subparcelas, os tempos de avaliação (0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77 e 84 dias de armazenamento). Foram confeccionados silos de 400 kg cada, com uso de inoculante no enfardamento, e estes armazenados no tempo, sendo após sua abertura, acondicionados em galpão coberto. No perfil microbiológico após abertura da silagem, foi quantificado por meio de cultura a população de Clostridium, Bacillus, enterobactérias, bactérias ácido lácticas, Listeria sp., Salmonella sp., leveduras e fungos. A estabilidade aeróbia foi avaliada da abertura ao quarto dia de exposição da silagem ao oxigênio. O pH e os teores de carboidratos solúveis e nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3/N total), foram avaliados após abertura da silagem. A avaliação da temperatura nos estratos (superfície, meio e base) dos silos foi realizada semanalmente durante o armazenamento da silagem, com auxílio de um termômetro de infravermelho com mira laser. Verificou-se que o tempo de armazenamento e o número de camadas de filme de polietileno não refletiram em alterações na população de Clostridium, bactérias ácido lácticas e nos valores de Aw. Houve uma diminuição na população de enterobactérias com o aumento do período de armazenamento em ambos os tratamentos. A população de Bacillus foi menor em silagens confeccionadas com três camadas de envelopamento (3,63 log UFC g-1), aos 30 dias de abertura. Não houve crescimento de Listeria sp. e Salmonella sp. durante o período de armazenamento das silagens. O gênero de fungo de maior ocorrência em silagens pré-secadas de capim Tifton 85 foi o Penicillium. Não houve quebra de estabilidade aeróbia durante os períodos avaliados, em função das elevadas temperaturas das silagens, sendo estas superiores a temperatura ambiente. O pH ficou superior ao preconizado para uma boa conservação da silagem (4,2) na abertura e durante a exposição ao oxigênio. Verificou-se que os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal e de carboidratos solúveis nas silagens com duas camadas diferiram entre os tempos de armazenamento. Houve alteração da temperatura nos diferentes estratos de avaliação nos silos com duas camadas de envelopamento aos 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias e nos silos com três camadas de envelopamento aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 35 dias de armazenamento. A temperatura na base e no meio dos silos com duas e três camadas de envelopamento aos 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 63 e 84 dias de ensilagem superaram os valores da temperatura ambiente, caracterizando o aquecimento da silagem durante o armazenamento. As silagens pré-secadas de capim Tifton 85 envelopadas com duas e três camadas de filme de polietileno tiveram sua estabilidade aeróbia e perfil fermentativo prejudicados durante o armazenamento e desabastecimento dos silos, portanto as silagens obtidas não podem ser consideradas de boa qualidade
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Schönström, Linus, Anna Nordh, Anton Strignert, Frida Lemel, Jakob Ekengard, Sofie Wallin, and Zargham Jabri. "A process recipe for bonding a silicone membrane to a plastic substrate." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-201008.
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A spin-cast silicone membrane has been successfully bonded between two injection-molded microstructured plastic discs. This sandwich structure creates a useful platform for mass production of microfluidic systems, provided that the bonds are leakproof. The bonds were achieved by a silicon dioxide coating deposited on the plastic discs by evaporation. This investigation is concerned with the process and the result only, no theory is discussed.
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Breese, David Ryan. "Transitional Fiber/Non-Fibrous Gel Process-Structure-Property Model for Uniaxially Oriented Polymer Films." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1240967856.
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Vainstein, Jimmy. "A study of the conditions and variables that affect the printing of shrink films on waterbased flexography /." Link to online version, 2005. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/1107.
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Moran, Matthew T. "Testing the predictability of water-based flexographic inks on plastic substrates /." Online version of thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11271.
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Логвинов, А. М. "Тензорезистивні властивості двошарових плівок Fe/Ag." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/40868.
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Багатошарові багатокомпонентні плівкові системи у вигляді сплавів, мультишарів чи гранульованих сплавів знайшли широке прикладне застосування в електронному мікроприладобудуванні, оскільки саме ці матеріали мають широкі функціональні можливості.
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Hartl, Petr. "Mazaní plastových ozubených soukolí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417769.
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The work deals with the process of lubrication of gears from a combination of materials that have significantly different material properties. The experimental measurement is performed on a tribometer in simulated gear contact with a ball-disk configuration. The Chromatic Optical Interferometry method is used to measure the formation of a lubricating film in contact. The purpose of this work is to clarify the process of film thickness formation and compare experimental measurements with predictions, which are valid in Soft EHL regime.
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Caron, Vanessa Cristina. "Conservação refrigerada de lima ácida \"Tahiti\" em combinação com atmosfera modificada, ácido giberélico e permanganato de potássio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-26022010-080246/.
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Embora o Brasil seja o maior produtor e exportador mundial da lima ácida Tahiti, atualmente, exporta apenas 5% do total produzido. Isso se deve, parcialmente, à falta de qualidade destas limas, caracterizada pela perda da coloração verde da casca, após a colheita. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera modificada, do ácido giberélico (GA) e do permanganato de potássio, isolados e combinados entre si, na conservação da cor verde da casca de limas Tahiti, beneficiadas com cera, fungicida e refrigeradas. Para isso, foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, avaliou-se o efeito da atmosfera modificada com os filmes: PEBD (30 µm); PEBD (65 µm); Vegetal Pack (18 µm); Cryovac D-955 (15 µm) e Xtend (18 µm). No segundo, avaliou-se o efeito de duas doses de GA (20 e 100 mg L-1) isoladas ou em combinação com dois filmes plásticos selecionados no experimento 1. No terceiro, avaliou-se o efeito do permanganato de potássio isolado e em combinação com GA e filme plástico selecionado no experimento 2. Nos três experimentos foram realizadas avaliações físico-químicas e de composição gasosa no interior das embalagens durante 24 dias a 10 ± 1ºC, mais 6 dias a 20 ± 1ºC e 75 ± 5% de umidade relativa. No final do primeiro experimento, os filmes Vegetal Pack e Cryovac D-955 foram selecionados, pois não promoveram formação de altos teores de aceltaldeído e etanol e possibilitaram baixa perda de massa fresca. Houve maior conservação da coloração da casca nos frutos sob os filmes PEBD, porém, estes resultaram em modificação drástica da atmosfera, com alterações de aroma, coloração da polpa e alta incidência de podridões. No segundo experimento, a dose de 20 mg L-1 de GA foi suficiente para conservar a cor da casca por mais tempo que os frutos sem GA. Os filmes Vegetal Pack e Cryovac D-955 resultaram em frutos com maior ângulo de cor e menor croma que aqueles sem filme plástico. O filme Cryovac D-955 foi selecionado por ser termoencolhível e facilitar o processo de embalagem no packing house. No terceiro experimento, o permanganato de potássio reduziu os teores de etileno no interior das embalagens. A combinação do sache com filme plástico resultou em maiores teores de clorofila e frutos de coloração mais verde. O filme Cryovac D-955 conservou os frutos com 4% a mais de peso, com ângulo de cor maior, luminosidade menor e maior teor de clorofila que os frutos sem embalagem. Os teores de ácido ascórbico e de sólidos solúveis não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos em nenhum dos experimentos. Os frutos acondicionados nos filmes PEBD, no primeiro experimento, resultaram em menores teores de ácido cítrico, devido à alteração drástica da atmosfera interna. Em conclusão, o uso do filme Cryovac D-955 é eficiente na conservação da coloração verde das limas Tahiti beneficiadas com cera, fungicida e refrigeradas. Absorvedores de etileno incrementam a conservação destas limas quando combinados com filme plástico. O ácido giberélico só é efetivo na conservação da coloração verde de limas quando aplicado em frutos verde-oliva brilhante.Although Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of \'Tahiti\' lime, actually, exports only 5% of total production. This is, in part, because of a lack of quality of these limes, characterized by loss of green skin colour after harvest. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of modified atmosphere, gibberellic acid (GA) and potassium permanganate, alone and combined with each, in the maintenance of green skin \'Tahiti\' limes, processed with wax, fungicide and cold storage. For this, three experiments were carried out. At first, the effect of modified atmosphere was evaluated with the films: LDPE (30 µm), LDPE (65 µm), Vegetable Pack (18 µm), Cryovac D-955 (15 µm) and Xtend (18 µm). In the second, the effect of two doses of GA (20 and 100 mg L-1) alone and combined with two plastic films, selected in experiment 1, was assessed. In the third, the effect of potassium permanganate alone and combined with GA and plastic film, selected in experiment 2, was evaluated. In three experiments, the physico-chemical analysis and the gas composition inside the package for 24 days at 10 ± 1ºC, 6 days at 20 ± 1ºC and 75 ± 5% relative humidity were performed. At the end of the first experiment, the films Vegetable Pack and Cryovac D-955 were selected, because it didnt promote the formation of high levels of ethanol and acetaldehyde and promoted low weight loss. There was greater retention of skin color in the fruits under the LDPE films, but these resulted in drastic modification of the atmosphere, with changes in flavor, the pulp colour and high decay incidence. In the second experiment, the dose of 20 mg L-1 GA was enough to keep the skin colour longer than the fruits without GA. Films Vegetable Pack and Cryovac D-955 resulted in fruit with greater hue angle and lower chroma than fruits without film. The film Cryovac D-955 was selected because it is shrinkable and facilitate the packing process in the packing house. In the third experiment, the potassium permanganate reduced ethylene levels inside the package. The combination of the sachet with plastic film resulted in higher levels of chlorophyll and fruits with a greener. The film Cryovac D-955 retained the fruits with 4% more weight, with greater hue angle, brightness lower and higher chlorophyll content than the fruits without packaging. The levels of ascorbic acid and soluble solids were not affected by treatments in either experiment. Fruits packed in LDPE films, in the first experiment, resulted in lower levels of citric acid, because of the drastic change of the internal atmosphere. In conclusion, the use of film Cryovac D-955 is effective in preserving the green colour of the \'Tahiti\' limes treated with wax, fungicide and storage. Ethylene absorbers enhance the preservation of limes when combined with plastic film. The gibberellic acid is effective in preserving the green colour of limes when applied to fruit with olive brilliant colour.
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Овруцький, А. С. "Особливості розмірної залежності інтегрального коефіцієнта поздовжньої тензочутливості плівок сплаву Ni[80]Fe[20]." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64714.
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У роботі наведені результати дослідження тензоефекту в плівках пермалою (Py) Ni80Fe20 в діапазоні товщин d = 10-50 нм. Тонкоплівкові зразки отримувалися методом термічного випаровування масивного матеріалу Py 79 НМ (79–80 мас. % Ni, 15–16 мас. % Fe; 4–5 мас. % Мо) зі швидкістю 0,1 нм/с на полістиролові підкладки (П). Вивчення тензорезистивних властивостей проводилося протягом 3-х циклів «навантаження ↔ зняття навантаження» у деформаційному інтервалі Δεl = 0–1 %.
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Swanson, Duane A. "Determination of the thermal properties of thin polymer films /." Online version of thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10789.
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Chapples, J. "Electrochemical and chemical methods of metallizing plastic films." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3240.
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This thesis describes two novel techniques for the metallization of
non-electroactive polymer films and thicker sectioned polyethylene and nylon
substrates.
In the first approach, non-electroactive polymer substrates were impregnated
with surface layers of polypyrrole and polyaniline, using electrochemical and chemical
methods of polymerization. The relative merits of both these approaches are discussed
and compared with other methods in the literature. The resultant composite materials
exhibited sufficient conductivity to permit the direct electrodeposition of metal surface
coats. Polypyrrole coated substrates were also metallized using chemical methods.
Cyclic voltammetry studies and scanning electron microscopy of metal coated
polypyrrole, showed that metal deposition occurred mainly at the polymer surface by
a mechanism of instantaneous nucleation and growth. Using optimized deposition
conditions, both electrochemical and chemical metal deposition methods were used to
deposit highly reflecting and coherent metal layers onto conducting polymer coated
materials.
The second approach of metallizing polymers, was the metallization of
non-electroactive polymer films by the electroreduction of silver from non-aqueous
based silver plating solutions. The effects of the electrode substrate, the deposition
potential, and the concentration of metal ions in solution were investigated to
determine suitable metal salt/solvent, and polymer film/solvent combinations. The
resultant metallized polymer films were evaluated using optical and scanning electron
microscopy, ac impedance, and reflectance measurements. These studies enabled the
optimum deposition conditions to be determined, and these were subsequently used
for the preparation of high quality, uniform, and reflective metal coated films.
The results for the electrodeposition of silver into polymer films using the
latter approach are compared with those obtained from alternative electrochemical and
chemical methods of metallizing polymer films.
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Löfgren, Max. "Deep learning for measuring radon on plastic films." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Signaler och system, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-441986.
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Exposure to high levels of radon can be very harmful and lead to serious health issues. Measuring radon in buildings and houses is an important measure to prevent this. One way of measuring radon is to place out plastic films to be exposed over a period and then analyze images of them. Image processing together with deep learning has become very useful for image recognition and analysis. Training artificial neural networks using huge amount of data to learn to classify and predict new data is a widely used approach. In this project, artificial neural networks were trained to be able to predict the radon measurement of exposed plastic films. The data used was microscopic images of these films that first was modified to fit the training better and then sorted into two datasets. The datasets were divided into 10 classes with measurement values in intervals of 100 up to 1000. Two main types of neural networks were used in different shapes and with different training parameters: Convolutional neural networks and Dense neural networks. The convolutional model was able to predict new data with a 70 percent accuracy and the performance increased with a bigger image size (more pixels) but not with a deeper network architecture. Over 90 percent of the wrong data predictions also belonged to a class in the interval just above or below the predicted result which shows that the network has potential for improvements. The dense model only had a 35 percent accuracy but had a training accuracy of over 90 percent. This is because the model was heavily overfitted. A way to get better results could be to increase the dataset that was used with more images.
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Zhang, Ci. "ELECTROMECHANICAL DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF LAYERED POLYMERIC FILMS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1600528144785256.
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Milton, A. J. "Structural properties of polyaniline films." Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5548/.
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This thesis describes the experimental investigations of the structural properties of the conductive polymer, poly aniline. These studies have been performed on free-standing film samples, solution cast using the solvent N- methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). Such specimens have enabled a wealth of detailed information about polyaniline to be derived. The polymer itself was synthesised in the emeraldine base form using a chemical route optimised at Durham. The product was then assessed for its chemical structure and molecular weight using (^13)c NMR, elemental analysis and gel permeation chromatography. The process of fabricating the polymer into free-standing films is discussed and assessed. It has been shown that such films may be oriented by the application of uniaxial stress at elevated temperatures and this procedure has been described and analysed in detail. This stretching process aligns the polymer chains on a molecular level and hence produces changes in the physical properties of films. In particular, upon doping to the conducting emeraldine salt form by protonation in aqueous HCl, stretch oriented films display a remarkable increase in conductivity (parallel to the stretch direction) over their unstretched, doped counterparts. Various thermal analysis techniques, including dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, dielectric thermal analysis, thermomechanical analysis and infrared spectroscopy have been used to probe the physical properties of polyaniline films. Using these techniques a number of important thermal transitions have been observed and furthermore the stretch alignment process has been rationalised. Infrared orientational analysis has revealed detailed information about the molecular orientation produced during macroscopic stretching of a film. The type and degree of chain orientation has been analysed as well as the geometrical structure of a single chain. X-ray diffraction has probed the crystalline fraction of polyaniline films. Various aspects concerning the crystalline fraction of film samples has been derived along with an orientational analysis which has been contrasted with the infrared results. An even greater amount of structural information has been revealed by neutron diffraction and this technique has enabled a detailed examination of the structure of the crystalline phases of polyaniline to be made.
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Uvieghara, Mathias N. "The Effect of Deborah Number and Aspect Ratio on the Film Casting of LLDPE Melts." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/UviegharaMN2004.pdf.
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Hornung, Christian Harald. "The development of microreactors made from plastic microcapillary films." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612155.
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Paolizzi, Simone. "Sulla formatura di film plastico in macchine blisteratrici con infrarossi." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6031/.
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La tesi è rivolta allo studio delle dinamiche di riscaldamento del film plastico in macchine blisteratrici e alla possibilità di utilizzo di irradiatori infrarossi nella fase di preriscaldo.
Sono stati effettuati i calcoli analitici dei tempi necessari al riscaldamento e dopo avere progettato e realizzato i supporti sono state fatte delle prove empiriche in macchina per identificare la migliore configurazione delle lampade e trovare conferma dei risultati teorici.
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Mokwena, Kereilemang Khanah. "Barrier properties of ethylene vinyl alcohol films in thermal processing." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/k_mokwena_050310.pdf.
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Souza, Claudio Roberto Lima de. "STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN HIGH BARRIER MULTILAYER FILM/FOAM SYSTEMS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1605692744465504.
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Chang, Tei-Lin, and 張得霖. "Implementation of Plastic-Film Friction-Coefficient Tester." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79912609265951211553.
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碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
101
This thesis explains the implementation of Plastic-Film Friction-Coefficient Tester to be applied in the static and kinetic coefficients of plastic film and sheet. Since the instrument, imported from foreign makers, is expensive, the manufacturing or purchasing cost is high for small and medium enterprises. Handheld force gauges are often used instead. However, the measurement data by handheld force gauges are unstable and lack of credibility. To reduce the manufacturing or purchasing cost in industry circles, the major purpose of this research is to ensure the reliability of each measurement by well design and tests conforming to ASTM D1894 and calibrated measuring systems. The key introduction of this thesis emphasizes on the design of the friction test platform mechanism, circuit of load cell amplifier and frequency transducer, and the software. This tester can be easily operated with fully automatic measurement. Values will be calculated automatically after test completion, including coefficient and average coefficient of static friction and kinetic frication, and standard deviation. Main features of the software contain test parameter inputs, real-time friction display, and graphics capability of data recording. The experiment tested 5 groups of PVC film with thickness of 0.18 mm, and the test result shows the standard deviation of both static and kinetic friction coefficient is very low, which is 0.034 and 0.004 respectively. It represents a considerable reliability of this test system, which can be applied to the needs of industries. The whole hardware expenditure is only a sixth of a foreign brand, which greatly reducing enterprises’ manufacturing or purchasing costs.
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Fathi, Ehsanollah. "Thin Film Solar Cells on Transparent Plastic Foils." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5952.
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The focus of this thesis is on the optimization and fabrication of p-i-n amorphous silicon
(a-Si:H) solar cells both on glass and transparent plastic substrates. These solar
cells are specifically fabricated on transparent substrates to facilitate the integration of thin film batteries with these solar cells. To comply with plastic substrates, different silicon layers are optimized at the low processing temperature of 135 C. In the first part of the optimization process, the structural, electronic, and optical properties of boron- and phosphorous-doped, hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) thin films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at the
substrate temperature of 135 C are elaborated. Additionally, in this part, the deposition of protocrystalline silicon (pc-Si) films on glass substrates are investigated. In the device integration and fabrication part of this thesis, the optimization process is continued by fabricating single junction devices with different hydrogen dilution ratios for the cell absorber layer. The optimum device performance is achieved with an absorber layer right at the transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon. To further improve the performance of the fabricated solar cells, amorphous silicon
carbide buffer layers are introduced between the nc-Si p-layer and the undoped pc-Si
absorber layer. Single junction p-p'-i-n solar cells are fabricated and characterized
both on glass and plastic substrates. Our measurements show conversion efficiencies
of 7.0% and 6.07% for the cells fabricated on glass and plastic substrates, respectively. In the last part of this research, the light trapping enhancement in amorphous silicon solar cells using Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs) are experimentally demonstrated. Reflectance characteristics of DBR test structures, consisting of amorphous silicon (a-Si) / amorphous silicon nitride (SiN) film stacks are analysed and compared with those of conventional ZnO/Al back reflectors. DBR optical measurements show that the average total reflectance over the wavelength region of 600-800 nm is improved by 28% for DBR back structures. Accordingly, single junction amorphous silicon solar cells with DBR and Al back reflectors are fabricated both on glass and plastic substrates. Our results show that the short-circuit current density and consequently the conversion efficiency is enhanced by 10% for the cells fabricated on textured transparent conductive oxide substrates. In addition, these DBR back structures are designed and employed to improve the efficiency of semi-transparent solar cells. In this application, the optimized DBR structures are designed to be optically transparent for the part of the visible range and highly reflective for the red and infra-red part of the spectrum. Using these DBR structures, the efficiency of the optimum semi-transparent solar cell is enhanced by 5%.
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Tsay, Chong Ru, and 蔡忠儒. "Study on the Starch Based Biodegradable Plastic Film." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68775712339596112185.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中原大學
化學工程研究所
82
The film cast from a small quantity of poly(vinyl alcohol) having strong film forming property and a large quantity of starch or it''s derivatives under the glycerol plasticizer, are rapid effective biodegradability. And these films are impre- ganated with water resistant resin, because of water soluble film. Poly(vinyl alcohol) filled with starch or it''s derivatives , generally will decrease mechanical properties, and starch graft copolymer affact little than starch. When glycerol is added with an increased quantity, the tensile strength will decrease but elongation increase. In the flexible blend polymer formed under the fixed com- position of poly( vinyl alcohol ) and glycerol, less quantity of filler will decrease mechancial properties and the opposite will increase tensile strength but will continue to decrease elongation. In the same large quantity of total starch, increase starch graft copolymer will decrease tensile strength but will increase elongation. Under the same quantity of filler, when high graft percent one is used,the transparency will be lower, and increase filler will decrease transparency more or less. Impregnated water resistant film, in general, will show a higher transparency. Increasing filler in the fixed composition of poly( vinyl alcohol) and glycerol,will increase water absorption,and lower graft percent one, in general, will show a lower. And in the same large quantity of filler, higher graft percent one will show a lower water absorption.