Academic literature on the topic 'Film Farm'
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Journal articles on the topic "Film Farm"
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Carter, Angie. "Film Review: Truck Farm." Teaching Sociology 41, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0092055x13485557.
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Tabacco, Ernesto, Francesco Ferrero, and Giorgio Borreani. "Feasibility of Utilizing Biodegradable Plastic Film to Cover Corn Silage under Farm Conditions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082803.
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The degree of anaerobiosis and its maintenance over the conservation period are key factors in obtaining high quality silage. There is currently a demand to replace petroleum-based plastic films with biodegradable materials with suitable mechanical properties. This work has evaluated, under outdoor conditions, the shelf life of a Mater-Bi® biodegradable plastic (MB) film and its effects on the fermentative characteristics, microbial counts and aerobic stability of corn silage, and compared it with commercially available polyethylene (PE) and high oxygen barrier (OB) films. Corn (409 g DM/kg) was ensiled in 30 drive-over piles covered with MB, PE or OB films. The piles were opened after 21, 85, 133, 195 and 230 d of conservation. The effect of the film was assessed in silage sample close to (CF) and far (FF) from the film. The OB film allowed high quality corn silages to be obtained with similar pH, lactic acid, yeast and mold counts for CF and FF during the entire 230 d of conservation. The PE film showed similar values for the FF and CF areas for the first conservation period (until 133 d). The MB film showed a similar silage quality to OB until day 85, after which it underwent biodegradation and lost its ability to preserve silage in a good state.
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Miao, Fangfei. "Here and Now—Chinese People's Self-Representation in a Transnational Context." Congress on Research in Dance Conference Proceedings 2015 (2015): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cor.2015.19.
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This paper is part of my dissertation that examines Chinese modern dance choreographers who have learned modern dance from American teachers. In it, I investigate a key topic in my dissertation—self-representation in a transnational context. By studying a Chinese documentary film Dance with Farm Workers (2001), I argue that farm workers, the marginalized group in contemporary China, are further alienated and marginalized in art. The choreographer Wen Hui and the film director Wu Wenguang fail to speak for the farm workers in the film's international tour. In Dance with Farm Workers, dance and film constitute a double-layered representation that silences Chinese farm workers. Also, this presentation arouses a question I must consider in writing my dissertation: how should I position myself, as a Chinese PhD student in American academia, in order to write about Chinese dance?
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Glenn, D. M., G. Puterka, and S. Drake. "253 The Use of Particle Film Technology in Tree Fruit Production." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 485F—485. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.485f.
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Particle film technology uses inert mineral particles to envelope a plant in a protective and porous “particle film.” The film appears to protect against insect damage by creating a hostile and unfamiliar environment, causing nonrecognition of the host, acting as an irritant, and giving poor adhesion or gripping of eggs and insects to the plant surface. Being porous, the particle film allows free exchange of water and carbon dioxide from the leaf during photosynthesis. The mineral particles are reflective of infrared radiation and reduce the heat load on the plant. Laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials demonstrate that particle film technology is a viable pest control practice for a wide range of insect and disease problems with additional horticultural benefits due to reduced heat stress. In field studies, reducing heat stress improved red apple color development, increased leaf photosynthetic rates, and increased yield. Particle film technology appears to be a viable alternative to conventional pesticide use in apple and pear production. Particle films have the added benefits of reducing plant heat stress and improving safety to farm workers, consumers, and the environment.
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Finn, Stephen Marcus. "Beyond the Fence: A Farmed Animal Rights Manifesto for Film." Journal of Animal Ethics 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21601267.12.1.07.
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Abstract Film has not always been kind to farmed animals, maltreatment ranging from horrendous cruelty to anthropomorphization and training under duress. Admittedly, many fine documentaries have been made on maltreatment, but many of these tend to see farmed animals as a mass, with deindividuation leading to a psychic numbing in those watching. In contrast, narrative films on this theme generally have the farmed animal protagonists as human-like in being able to converse in the language of the people around them and generally with happily-ever-after endings, subverting the reality for most farmed animals. Writers on animal rights generally neglect film as a medium and its relationship to farmed animals. This article sets out a farmed animal rights manifesto (FARM) for film, aimed at overcoming these problems in insisting on ethical treatment in all ways.
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Zhao, Yiming, Fangyuan Zhang, Lu Li, Xiangjun Yang, Fengwei Zhang, Wuyun Zhao, and Qiang He. "Substitution Experiment of Biodegradable Paper Mulching Film and White Plastic Mulching Film in Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081225.
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Biodegradable paper mulch has the advantages of being easily degradable and environmentally benign, but its own performance and adaptability to harsh environments have not been tested. This paper uses scanning electron microscopy and three-dimensional morphometry to microscopically characterize biodegradable paper mulch and white plastic mulch. To analyze and compare their mechanical and hydrophobic properties, and weather resistance, the two mulches were measured through tensile tear load and static contact angle. A comparative analysis of the effect of mulching in the dry crop area of the Hexi Corridor was conducted by comparing the growth index, farm water heat, soil oxygen content, and yield using maize and flax. The test results show that biodegradable paper mulch films were slightly inferior to traditional white mulch films in terms of mechanical and hydrophobic properties, with inadequate insulation and moisture retention, but better in terms of aging resistance, soil oxygen content, and crop insulation and water storage capacity in the middle and growth stages. White mulch film had a better yield enhancement effect on maize, while with biodegradable paper mulch film, this was more significant with flax.
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Bao, Weihong. "Archaeology of a Medium: The (Agri)Cultural Techniques of a Paddy Film Farm." boundary 2 49, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 25–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01903659-9615389.
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This essay explores a critical dialogue between methods and conceptions of cultural techniques—the second wave of media archaeology—and a case in contemporary Chinese documentary. I examine filmmaker Mao Chenyu, who is also an organic farmer, a critical thinker and writer, and a film exhibitor. Mao provides an intriguing case of how ethnography, ecology, and cosmology intertwine; how media art can take the form of media activism by redefining its boundaries and exhibition space; and how media art can be rethought by replacing its usual focus on media as object with a focus on media as space, community, and social process. By engaging Mao's film practice and critical writings, I test the promise and limits of cultural techniques to reopen the question of culture and public sphere without privileging the a priori of technical operations as the programmability of society.
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Dinç, Enis. "Performing Modernity: The Film of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk on his Forest Farm." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 39, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439685.2018.1479216.
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Alipio, Melchizedek I., Allen Earl M. Dela Cruz, Jess David A. Doria, and Rowena Maria S. Fruto. "On the design of Nutrient Film Technique hydroponics farm for smart agriculture." Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 12, no. 3 (July 2019): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eaef.2019.02.008.
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Borreani, G., E. Tabacco, and L. Cavallarin. "A New Oxygen Barrier Film Reduces Aerobic Deterioration in Farm-Scale Corn Silage." Journal of Dairy Science 90, no. 10 (October 2007): 4701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0310.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Film Farm"
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Sotomayor, Hector. "He_rtland: The Violence of Neoliberalism." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6027.
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Perhaps, under the consciousness of today, “neoliberalism” has defined our world during the previous and current centuries more than any other socioeconomic system. But the evolution of this ideology, which initially aimed to enhance, or rather, reinvent capitalism and individual freedom, has, in essence, induced an unrecognized problem. I argue that neoliberalism is the catalyst for much of the hostility in this globalized society where tensions and poverty are casualties of individual and corporate prosperity. Because of this revelation, I argue that neoliberalism inadvertently instills violence that is both unseen and gendered. In order to formulate my argument, I introduce a historical chronology to the ideological origins of neoliberalism and how it manifested its way to its socioeconomic prominence. I then concentrate my attention to neoconservatism, most notably, Reaganism, with the year 1984, which I feel is the official christening of neoliberalism. From that year, I bring forth, three films about the crisis of farming in the 20th century, Country, Places in the Heart, and The River. Through these “farm crisis films,”which centers their themes around pastoral virtues, I argue that the violence conveyed in these films critiques neoliberalism. On the surface, these films demonstrate violence through an invisible and unrecognizable antagonist. But at the heart of this violence is a gendered angle that has much more to do with neoliberalism than with feminist debates. The gendered violence of neoliberalism is, in actuality, linked to the characters’ struggle to maintain some sense of autonomy, but this possibility is always uncertain because of their failure to recognize their inevitable interdependencies.
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Demir, Ibrahim. "The firm size, farm size, and transaction costs the case of hazelnut farms in Turkey /." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1202498616/.
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Malmquist, Sebastian. "Aesthetics of Defiance : Queer Subjectivity in the Films of Xavier Dolan." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Filmvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145006.
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This master's thesis is an investigation into Xavier Dolan's depictions of queer and non-normative characters. Through close analyses of the director's first five films, this study identifies Dolan's recurring stylistics and narrative techniques, and how they relate to his cinematic representation of individuals who do not conform to society's norms. The question of how queer subjectivity is presented to the spectator of the films guides the study, which outlines different kinds of subjective images and ways of expressing the inner worlds of the protagonists. As one of the first extensive academic studies of Dolan in English, the thesis carries out a dialogue with the few existing scholarly sources on the filmmaker, while also employing theories put forward by Deleuze, Pasolini, Bonitzer and Foucault, among others. Whereas previous writings on Dolan have focused almost entirely on national aspects of his work – interpreting the films as typically Québécois – this study considers the filmmaker from an international perspective. Although being an auteur study, the thesis highlights current issues of queer self-representation and the voices of the marginalized, proposing that Dolan's work offers non-normative alternatives to heteronormative narrative structures, patriarchal storytelling conventions and traditional family constellations.
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Lagerkvist, Carl Johan. "Essays on the user cost of capital and financing of the agricultural firm /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5720-3.pdf.
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Ait, Sidhoum Amer. "Sustainability and firm performance : evidence from corportate and farm level." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664276.
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This thesis approaches the question of sustainability and firm performance. In the contemporary business model, firm performance measurement must take into account not only economic profits, but also environmental and social issues, in order to ensure the sustainable development of the firm. By using advanced methodological approaches and exploring sustainability through a holistic view, this thesis contributes significantly to sustainability performance literature.
Three specific objectives have been fulfilled through three papers that constitute the main body of the present thesis. The first article aims to answer whether profitable business is compatible with balanced sustainability by investigating the relationship between the economic, social, environmental and governance performance for a sample of global firms. A canonical vine (C-vine) copula is used for this purpose. Results show the existence of a fairly strong positive relationship between economic, social and environmental performance. The corporate governance dimension is shown to have a weak relationship with the rest of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions. Important policy implications are derived from these results.
The second paper investigates the relationships among performance dimensions associated with corporate social responsibility focusing on the U.S. electric utility sector. Results of a statistical copula approach suggest that economic performance of utilities is compatible with environmental, social, and governance performance. The CSR model has the potential to help U.S. electric utilities become better corporate citizens while also obtaining higher economic profits.
The third paper investigates farms’ stochastic production technology as the interaction of three-main types of sub-technologies that govern, respectively, the production of agricultural commodities, environmental pollution, and social outputs of agricultural activities. The model is empirically implemented through a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The empirical application is based on a survey of Catalan arable crop farms. On average, we find our sample farms to display high technical and social performance, while they show relatively poor environmental performance.Esta tesis aborda la cuestión de la sostenibilidad y el rendimiento de la empresa. En el modelo de negocio contemporáneo, la medición del rendimiento de la empresa debe tener en cuenta no solo las ganancias económicas, sino también las cuestiones ambientales y sociales, para garantizar el desarrollo sostenible de la empresa. Mediante el uso de enfoques metodológicos avanzados y la exploración de la sostenibilidad a través de una visión holística, esta tesis contribuye significativamente a la literatura sobre la sostenibilidad. Tres objetivos específicos se han cumplido a través de tres documentos que constituyen el cuerpo principal de la presente tesis. El primer artículo tiene como objetivo responder si el negocio rentable es compatible con la sostenibilidad equilibrada, mediante la investigación de la relación entre el desempeño económico, social, medio-ambiental y de gobernanza de una muestra de empresas globales. Un modelo canónico de viña de copulas (C-vine) se usa para este propósito. Los resultados muestran la existencia de una relación positiva bastante fuerte entre el desempeño económico, social y ambiental. Se muestra que la dimensión de gobernanza corporativa tiene una relación débil con el resto de las dimensiones de la responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC). Importantes implicaciones de política se derivan de estos resultados. El segundo articulo investiga las relaciones entre las dimensiones de desempeño asociadas con la responsabilidad social corporativa que se centran en el sector de servicios eléctricos de los EE. UU. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis de las cópulas sugieren que el desempeño económico de las empresas eléctricas es compatible con el desempeño ambiental, social y de gobernanza. El modelo de la RSC tiene el potencial de ayudar a que los servicios eléctricos de los EE. UU. Se conviertan en mejores ciudadanos corporativos mientras se logran mayores beneficios económicos. El tercer trabajo investiga la tecnología de producción estocástica de las explotaciones agrícolas como una interacción de tres sub-tecnologías que gobiernan, respectivamente, la producción de productos agrícolas, la contaminación ambiental y los productos sociales de las actividades agrícolas. El modelo se implementa empíricamente a través de un modelo de Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA). La aplicación empírica se basa en una encuesta de explotaciones de cultivos en la región de Cataluña. En promedio, encontramos que nuestras explotaciones muestran un alto desempeño técnico y social, mientras que muestran un desempeño ambiental relativamente pobre.
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Cella, Daltro. "Caracterização dos fatores relacionados ao sucesso de um empreendedor rural." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-23072002-162811/.
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A fim de identificar os fatores que descrevem um empreendedor rural bem sucedido, três grupos focais foram realizados com produtores rurais e profissionais da assistência técnica da Cooperativa Tritícola Mista Alto Jacui Ltda. Cotrijal em Não-Me-Toque, estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Algumas variáveis foram consideradas importantes para explicar por que um produtor é considerado bem ou mal sucedido, além da habilidade em produzir lucro. Entre estas variáveis foram apontadas: (1) competência, dada pelo domínio do conhecimento sobre a tecnologia, pela habilidade de conduzir as atividades de produção e comercialização e por ter atitudes em conformidade com os valores do grupo social de cooperados; (2) constante procura por informações técnicas e econômicas; (3) participação em eventos ou cursos que ampliem sua qualificação profissional; (4) disposição e habilidade em promover parcerias, associações ou condomínios de produção; (5) habilidade em diversificar sua produção, como estratégia para diminuição de riscos; (6) disposição em adotar novas idéias, tecnologias ou sistemas de produção; (7) habilidade em organizar a produção e a propriedade rural; (8) existência de sistemas de controle financeiro dos gastos e receitas; (9) planejamento da produção e das atividades da empresa; (10) liberdade em fixar os próprios horários e autonomia decisória, que permite ao produtor tirar férias; (11) envolvimento direto da família com a empresa rural; (12) promoção de um bom padrão de vida para a família, inclusive oferecendo oportunidades de educação formal aos filhos; (13) envolvimento com os assuntos comunitários; e, finalmente, (14) preservação do meio ambiente e ser exemplo para outros empresários rurais. Um questionário com 37 afirmações/questões foi aplicado a uma amostra de 140 produtores rurais associados à Cotrijal. As afirmativas foram baseadas nas características sugeridas pelos grupos focais e organizadas de acordo com as quatro funções gerenciais (planejamento, organização, direção e controle), em dois níveis (estratégico e operacional) e nas quatro áreas de atuação da empresa (produção, finanças, comercialização e recursos humanos). A grande quantidade de dados foi condensada, ao se definir oito fatores (a partir da análise fatorial multivariada) que compreenderam 62,3% da variância total da amostra: (1) financeiro; (2) planejamento comercial; (3) comunicação e informação; (4) planejamento pessoal; (5) gerenciamento de pessoal; (6) organização da produção; (7) aproveitamento de oportunidades; e (8) experiência comercial. Três equações de regressão linear foram estimadas com as notas atribuídas à capacidade administrativa dos produtores rurais como variáveis dependentes. As notas foram atribuídas pelos próprios produtores, por outros produtores entrevistados (pares) e pelos profissionais da assistência técnica da Cotrijal. As equações mostram que quatro fatores são estatisticamente significativos em explicar as notas: financeiro, comunicação e informação, planejamento pessoal e aproveitamento de oportunidades. Outras três variáveis genéricas também foram estatisticamente significativas: satisfação pessoal, qualidade dos produtos e controle físico e financeiro de gastos e receitas. Embora as equações explicassem somente uma pequena parte das variações nas notas atribuídas à capacidade administrativa dos produtores rurais (explicação entre 14 e 27%, medida pelo coeficiente R2 ajustado), são significativas, conforme medidas pelo teste estatístico F.In order to identify the factors that describe a successful rural entrepreneur, three focus groups were conduced with farmers and extension agents of the Wheat Cooperative of Alto Jacui Cotrijal at Não-Me-Toque, Rio Grande do Sul State. Several variables were suggested as playing important roles in explaining why a farmer is considered successful or not, besides their ability to produce profits. Among these variables are: (1) the farmer competence as shown by his technological knowledge, his ability to implement production and trading processes, and by his attitudes in conformity with the values of the Cotrijals social group; (2) farmers constant search for new technical and economical informations; (3) farmer attendance of courses and events that will enhance its technical qualifications; (4) farmers willingness and ability to promote partnerships, associations and group production; (5) farmers ability to diversify their activities as strategies to reduce risks; (6) farmers willingness to adopt knew ideas, technologies or production systems; (7) farmers ability to organize production and their farms; (8) the existence of a system of expenditure and receipt control; (9) how they plan production and other farm activities; (10) farmers that have freedom to travel and to set their own time to work; (11) farmers that have their families involved with the farm business; (12) their ability to provide for children formal education and to give their family higher levels of consumption; (13) farmers involvement with the community subjects; and finally, (14) farmers that are seen as persons that preserves the environment and as model for other farms. A questionnaire with 37 statements were applied to 140 farmers of Cotrijal. The statements were based on the focus group suggested characteristics and organized according to the four management functions (planning, organizing, direction, and control), on two strategic levels (strategic and operational) and on the four firms working areas (finance, production, commercialization, and human resource). The huge amount of data were condensed by defining eight factors (from multivariate factor analysis) that comprised 62.3% of the sample total variance: (1) financial, (2) commercial planning, (3) communication and information, (4) personal planning, (5) human resource management, (6) production organization, (7) dealing with new opportunities, and (8) previous commercial experience. Three linear regression equations were estimated with attributed grades for farmers' entrepreneurship ability as the dependent variables. Grades were attributed by the farmers (themselves), by other interviewed farmers, and by the extension agents of Cotrijal. Equations show that four factor were statistically significant in explaining the grades: financial, communication and information, personal planning, and dealing with new opportunities. Other three general variables also were statistically significant in explaining the grades: personal satisfaction, product quality, and physical and financial control. Although the equations explained only a small part of the variations in the grade attributed to the farmers entrepreneurs ability (from 14 to 27% explanation measured by the adjusted R2 coefficient) they showed high significant levels as measured by the F statistic test.
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Krogars, Karin. "Aqueous-based amylose-rich maize starch solution and dispersion : a study on free films and coatings." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/farma/vk/krogars/.
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Schütz, Gunter M. "Single-file diffusion far from equilibrium." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-195144.
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The stationary states of driven diffusive single-file systems, connected to boundary reservoirs with fixed particle density are shown to be selected by an extremal principle for the macroscopic current. Given the current one obtains the exact first- and secondorder non-equilibrium phase transition lines for the bulk density as a function of the boundary densities. The basic dynamical mechanism behind the extremal
principle is an intriguing generic interplay between the motion of shocks and localized perturbations. Two-component driven systems exhibit unexpected and fascinating critical phenomena.
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Schütz, Gunter M. "Single-file diffusion far from equilibrium." Diffusion fundamentals 2 (2005) 5, S. 1-19, 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14334.
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The stationary states of driven diffusive single-file systems, connected to boundary reservoirs with fixed particle density are shown to be selected by an extremal principle for the macroscopic current. Given the current one obtains the exact first- and secondorder non-equilibrium phase transition lines for the bulk density as a function of the boundary densities. The basic dynamical mechanism behind the extremal
principle is an intriguing generic interplay between the motion of shocks and localized perturbations. Two-component driven systems exhibit unexpected and fascinating critical phenomena.
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Schmid, Wolfgang. "A farm package for MODFLOW-2000 simulation of irrigation demand and conjunctively managed surface-water and ground-water supply /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2004_287_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
Full textBooks on the topic "Film Farm"
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Ron, Fontes, and Korman Justine, eds. Babe: The film storybook. Harmondsworth: Puffin Books, 1995.
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Lohmann, Jürgen M. Animal farm, Aufstand der Tiere: Materialien zu einem Film von John Halas und Joy Batchelor. Duisburg: Atlas Film + Av, 1990.
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Latulippe, Hugo. Bacon, le livre: Scénario du film et carnets de résistance. Montréal: L'Effet pourpre, 2003.
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Hawcock, David. Babe and friends: A fold-out pop-up play set from the new feature film Babe, pig in the city. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1998.
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Fellini, Federico. Fare un film. Torino: Einaudi, 1993.
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Clarke, Stephen P. Recycling farm plastic films. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 1995.
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Amelio, Gianni. Il vizio del cinema: Vedere, amare, fare un film. Torino: Einaudi, 2004.
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Moore, Austin. A current review of the Quality Control System in operation at Farm Fed Chickens and the changes required for the aquisition of BS 5750. [s. l: The Author], 1991.
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Hillen, Ronnie. The way forward: An H.R.M. strategy for Farm Fed Ltd.. [s.l: The Author], 1995.
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Hillen, Ronnie. The way forward: An HRM strategy fo Farm Fed Limited. (s.l: The Author), 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Film Farm"
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Westphal, Manon. "Antagonismus auf der Animal Farm." In Politische Theorie im Film, 253–75. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-07206-3_12.
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Knowles, Kim. "From Film Labs to Film Farm: Alternative Communities and Eco-Sensibilities." In Experimental Film and Artists’ Moving Image, 137–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44309-2_4.
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Xie, Jing-Chen. "A Study of Micro-film Creation: Using the Inspirational Story of a Tomato Farm Micro-film." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 80–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48490-7_10.
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Diederen, Paul, Hans van Meijl, and Arjan Wolters. "Innovation and Farm Performance: The Case of Dutch Agriculture." In Innovation and Firm Performance, 73–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230595880_4.
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Donnelly, K. J. "How Far Can Too Far Go? Radical Approaches to Silent Film Music." In Today’s Sounds for Yesterday’s Films, 10–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137466365_2.
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Agada, Omoche Cheche, Ibifubara Iganibo, James Jones, and Kevin Fairbanks. "A Digital Body Farm for Collecting Deleted File Decay Data." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 3–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10078-9_1.
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Sheen, Erica. "‘Far from literature’: writing as bare act in Robert Bresson’s Journal d’un curé de campagne (1951)." In The Writer on Film, 206–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137317230_14.
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Ganz, Marshall. ""David conquered Goliath with five smooth stones. So it was with the Farm Workers"." In The New Rank and File, edited by Staughton Lynd and Alice Lynd, 17–30. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501728341-004.
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von Moltke, Johannes. "Far Away So Close: Loving to Hate Hitler." In Hitler — Films from Germany, 234–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137032386_11.
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Murray Levine, Alison J. "Farm." In Vivre Ici, 133–60. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786940414.003.0006.
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This chapter analyzes films by several filmmakers interested in life on family farms. The films included are Raymond Depardon’s trilogy, Profils paysans (2001/2005/2008); Les Terriens, a 2000 film by Ariane Doublet, and Les Fils de la terre (2011) a television documentary by Edouard Bergeon. All three films include portraits of farmers in which rural spaces appear as locally specific places in which multisensory experience, rather than linear argumentation, can unfold. They summon the viewer into the space of the farm, to “feel” his or her way through the experience, often with unsettling effects. These documentaries reduce the distance between rural and urban spaces, urging viewers to press up close to rural experience, to feel both its pleasures and its dangers, and to consider their position alongside the farmers within a contiguous socio-historical space and a web of interconnected interests. The last section of the chapter addresses the historical evidence for reception of these films in the context of the disappearing family farm in contemporary France, increased interest in farming and food production among urban consumers, and the reversal of the rural exodus in France
Conference papers on the topic "Film Farm"
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Huang, Xiuquan, Xi Wang, Tao Zhang, Baoxin Chen, Yang Shen, and Fanbo Li. "China's farm film utilization efficiency during 2001-2015: based on the total factor productivity." In BIC 2022: 2022 2nd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Intelligent Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3523286.3524559.
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Shen, W. Z., and A. G. Unil Perera. "Novel Si homojunction far-infrared detectors." In 4th International Conference on Thin Film Physics and Applications, edited by Junhao Chu, Pulin Liu, and Yong Chang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.408411.
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Kumar, A. Ravi, Zhuomin M. Zhang, Vladimir A. Boychev, David B. Tanner, Leila R. Vale, and David A. Rudman. "Far-Infrared Transmittance and Reflectance of YBa2Cu3O7-δ Films on Si Substrates." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0624.
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Abstract The transmittance and reflectance of superconductive YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) thin films deposited on Si substrates have been measured in the far-infrared frequency region from 10 to 100 cm−1 (wavelength from 1000 to 100 μm) at temperatures between 10 and 300 K. The effects of interference, optical resonance, and antireflection on the radiative properties of high-temperature superconducting (HTSC) films are observed and quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, we have measured the reflectance of the HTSC film-substrate composites for radiation incident on the substrate side (backside reflectance) for the first time. The backside reflectance increases significantly from the normal state to the superconducting state at certain frequencies; this experimentally demonstrates that HTSC films can be used to build far-infrared intensity modulators. The complex refractive index of the YBCO films is determined from the measured transmittance using the Drude model in the normal state and a two-fluid model in the superconducting state. The complex refractive index obtained from this study is useful for various applications of YBCO films, including radiation modulators, detectors, and Fabry-Perot resonators.
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Tagawa, Norio, Ken-ichi Kitamura, and Atsunobu Mori. "Development of Multi-Layered Composite PZT Thin Films for Active Sliders in Hard Disk Drives." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33284.
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This paper describes the development of novel PZT thin films for active sliders in hard disk drives. So far, it is common that single-layered thin films are used as micro-actuators for conventional PZT thin films such as sol-gel or sputtered thin films. In this study, however, the novel composite PZT thin films are developed. The feature is that sol-gel PZT thin film is deposited on sputtered PZT thin film fabricated on Pt/Ti bottom electrode. These multilayered composite PZT thin films are found to have the higher (111) preferred orientation as well as better P-E hysteresis loop characteristics than not only sol-gel PZT thin films but also sputtered PZT thin films. Furthermore, the piezoelectric strain constant d31 for the novel PZT thin films is identified to be 189 × 10−12m/V. This value is 2.0 times higher than that for conventional PZT thin films and it is found that the novel PZT thin films have good piezoelectric properties.
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Tagawa, Norio, and Hiroshi Tani. "Structural Stability of Nanometer-Thick Diamond-Like Carbon Films due to Heating for Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording." In ASME 2013 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isps2013-2853.
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Thermally assisted magnetic recording (TAMR) has been studied to achieve high magnetic recording densities. Thus far, we have investigated the depletion of a thin lubricant film on a disk surface subjected to rapid laser heating in TAMR and elucidated the fundamental characteristics and the mechanisms related to lubricant depletion due to laser heating, theoretically and experimentally. A DLC thin film on a disk surface is damaged when it is heated to high temperatures of approximately 200∼400°C using laser beams in TAMR. These concerns may also be a critical technical issue in TAMR. Thus far, experimental research has been carried out to understand the DLC damage due to laser heating[1][2]. However, existing knowledge regarding the abovementioned issue is still limited. Therefore, in this study, experimental studies have been conducted to understand the structural stability of DLC thin films under heating using CVD and FCVA DLC films.
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Wemhoff, Aaron P., and Van P. Carey. "Exploration of Nanoscale Features of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59429.
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Thin liquid films on solid surfaces are seen in a variety of systems including bubble growth during nucleate boiling and microgroove heat pipe evaporators and condensers. The small thickness of such films leads to difficult experimental observation of phenomena within various regions of the film: the wall-affected region, the bulk liquid, and the liquid-vapor interfacial region. A novel hybrid simulation methodology is used that combines a deterministic molecular dynamics simulation of the liquid regions with a stochastic treatment of the far-field vapor region boundary. In this simulation scheme, the imposed far-field pressure is iterated as the simulation is advanced in time until the mass in the system stabilizes at the specified temperature. This establishes the equilibrium saturation vapor pressure for the specified temperature as dictated by the intermolecular force interaction models for the fluid and molecules near the solid surface. Simulation results are presented for an argon liquid film on a metallic surface. The simulated surface tension values compare favorably with those from ASHRAE tables, although the simulated saturation density and pressure values behave as though the system is at a slightly higher temperature. The method presented here is a viable tool for simulating thin films on solid surfaces for systems operating far from the critical point.
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Larruquert, Juan Ignacio, Luis V. Rodríguez-de Marcos, Nuria Gutiérrez-Luna, Lucía Espinosa-Yáñez, Carlos Honrado-Benítez, José Chavero-Royán, and Belén Perea-Abarca. "Enhanced far-UV reflectance of Al mirrors protected with hot-deposited MgF2." In Advances in Optical Thin Films VI, edited by Michel Lequime, H. Angus Macleod, and Detlev Ristau. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2313635.
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Yasuoka, Yoshizumi, Hiroaki Kobayashi, and Takashi Shimizu. "Antenna-coupled thin-film far-infrared radiation detectors." In Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, edited by Bjorn F. Andresen and Marija S. Scholl. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.243500.
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Kim, Jongmin, Muamer Zukic, and Douglas G. Torr. "Multilayer thin-film design as far-ultraviolet polarizers." In San Diego '92, edited by Richard B. Hoover and Arthur B. C. Walker II. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.140575.
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Chao, David F., J. B. McQuillen, J. M. Sankovic, and Nengli Zhang. "Catastrophe Optics Method to Determine the Micro-Nano Size Profiles at TPL of Liquid Films on a Solid Surface." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18335.
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As discovered by recent studies, the wetting and spreading is directly affected by the curvature in the micro-region rather than the macroscopic contact angle. Consequently, measuring the liquid profile in the micro-region becomes an important research topic. Recently, catastrophe optics has been applied to these measurements. Optical catastrophe occurring in far field of waves of liquid-refracted laser beam yields a wealth of information about the liquid spreading not only for liquid drops but also for films. When a parallel laser beam passes through a liquid film on a slide glass at the three-phase-line (TPL), very interesting optical image patterns occur on a screen far from the film. An analysis based on catastrophe optics discloses and interprets the formation of these optical image patterns. The analysis reveals that the caustic line manifested as the bright-thick line on the screen implies the lowest hierarchy of optical catastrophes, called fold caustic. This optical catastrophe is produced by the inflexion line on the liquid surface at the liquid foot, which is formed not only in the spreading of drops but also in spreading of films. The generalized catastrophe optics method enables the identification of the edge profiles and determine the edge foot height of liquid films.
Reports on the topic "Film Farm"
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English, B. C., R. R. Alexander, K. H. Loewen, S. A. Coady, G. V. Cole, and W. R. Goodman. Development of a farm-firm modelling system for evaluation of herbaceous energy crops. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5995038.
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Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni, and Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.
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As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.
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Alviarez, Vanessa, Brian Cevallos Fujiy, and Tomasz Święcki. Cross-Border Intra-Firm Trade and the Propagation of Idiosyncratic Shocks: A New Dataset. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004327.
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We study how disruptions in international production networks propagate across countries. We use comprehensive data on natural disasters around the globe over the last two decades from the EM-DAT and SHELDUS database to identify exogenous shocks to sourcing foreign inputs. We then trace out the effect of these shocks on activity of multinationals located in the United States. and their network of foreign affiliates using U.S. Bill of Lading microdata and data on domestic and international ownership linkages from Orbis. Our findings indicate that major natural disasters can have an economically significant negative impact even far from the directly affected areas. Furthermore, the strength of the propagation depends on whether the shocks led to disruptions in intra-firm or arms-length trade. This technical note provides detailed information on the construction of the novel dataset used in Alviarez et al. (2021).
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Biek, Robert F., Peter D. Rowley, and David B. Hacker. Utah’s Ancient Mega-Landslides: Geology, Discovery, and Guide to Earth’s Largest Terrestrial Landslides. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/c-132.
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Southwest Utah contains what may be the largest landslide complex on land in the world. This complex includes three ancient side-by-side gigantic slides that cover an area roughly the size of Yellowstone National Park with a volume of slide debris that would nearly fill the Grand Canyon to its rim. Geologists call it the Marysvale gravity slide complex— “Marysvale” for the namesake volcanic field that partly failed catastrophically three separate times, and “gravity slide” to call attention to a special class of extremely large and geologically complex landslides several tens to thousands of square miles in extent. Here we refer to them simply as mega-landslides or slides—they are larger and far more interesting than geologists could ever have imagined.
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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.
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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Sadowski, Dieter. Board-Level Codetermination in Germany - The Importance and Economic Impact of Fiduciary Duties. Association Inter-University Centre Dubrovnik, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53099/ntkd4304.
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The empirical accounts of the costs and benefits of quasi-parity codetermined supervisory boards, a very special German institution, have long been inconclusive. A valid economic analysis of a particular legal regulation must take the legal specificities seriously, otherwise it will be easily lost in economic fictions of functional equivalence. At its core the corporate actor “supervisory board” has no a priori objective function to be maximised – the corner stone of the theory of the firm – but its objective function will only be brought about a posteriori – should negotiations result in an agreement (E. Fraenkel). With this understanding,the paper presents six recent quasi-experimental studies on the economic (dis) advantageousness of the German codetermination laws that try to follow the rules of causal inference despite the lack of random variation. By and large they refute the hold-up model of codetermination by showing positive or nonnegative effects even on shareholder wealth – and a far-reaching improvement of the well-being of the core workforce. In conclusion, indications are offered that the shareholder primacy movement has only weakened, but not dissolved the “Deutschland AG”.
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Occhiali, Giovanni, Doris Akol, and Philip M. Kargbo. ICT and Tax Administration in Sub-Saharan Africa: Adopting ITAS in Uganda and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.014.
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The adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the public sector, including for tax administration, has been hailed as potentially transformational over the last few decades. Its impact has been less far-reaching than imagined. A literature examining the determinants of – and obstacles to – ICT adoption arose as a result, almost exclusively focusing on the experience of high-income countries. However, understanding the experience of adoption in low-income countries is equally important, especially given the potential role that ICTs can play in tackling various development issues, including increasing mobilisation of domestic revenue. To help fill this gap, we present two in-depth case studies of the process of adopting an integrated tax administration system (ITAS) in Uganda and Sierra Leone, based on a series of semi-structured interviews with members of the respective revenue authorities and ministries of finance. Our analysis shows that many of the factors that facilitate and impede the adoption process are the same as those identified in high-income countries. However, we also identify some factors that are more likely to be relevant for low-income countries. These include the impact of the timeline for disbursing donor funding, the processes donors require to be used for procurement, and the quality of legacy data to be migrated into the new system. The need to embark on change management and re-engineering business processes was also recognised more fully than might have been expected in countries with relatively little prior experience in e-government services.
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Kirby, Stefan M., J. Lucy Jordan, Janae Wallace, Nathan Payne, and Christian Hardwick. Hydrogeology and Water Budget for Goshen Valley, Utah County, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ss-171.
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Goshen Valley contains extensive areas of agriculture, significant wetlands, and several small municipalities, all of which rely on both groundwater and surface water. The objective of this study is to characterize the hydrogeology and groundwater conditions in Goshen Valley and calculate a water budget for the groundwater system. Based on the geologic and hydrologic data presented in this paper, we delineate three conceptual groundwater zones. Zones are delineated based on areas of shared hydrogeologic, geochemical, and potentiometric characteristics within the larger Goshen Valley. Groundwater in Goshen Valley resides primarily in the upper basin fill aquifer unit (UBFAU) and lower carbonate aquifer unit (LCAU) hydrostratigraphic units. Most wells in Goshen Valley are completed in the UBFAU, which covers much of the valley floor. The UBFAU is the upper part of the basin fill, which is generally less than 1500 feet thick in Goshen Valley. Important spring discharge at Goshen Warm Springs issues from the LCAU. Relatively impermeable volcanic rocks (VU) occur along much of the upland parts of the southern part of Goshen Valley. Large sections of the southwest part of the Goshen Valley basin boundary have limited potential for interbasin flow. Interbasin groundwater flow is likely at several locations including the Mosida Hills and northern parts of Long Ridge and Goshen Gap in areas underlain by LCAU. Depth to groundwater in Goshen Valley ranges from at or just below the land surface to greater than 400 feet. Groundwater is within 30 feet of the land surface near and north of Goshen, in areas of irrigated pastures and wetlands that extend east toward Long Ridge and Goshen Warm Springs, and to the north towards Genola. Groundwater movement is from upland parts of the study area toward the valley floor and Utah Lake. Long-term water-level change is evident across much of Goshen Valley, with the most significant decline present in conceptual zone 2 and the southern part of conceptual zone 1. The area of maximum groundwater-level decline—over 50 feet—is centered a few miles south of Elberta in conceptual zone 2. Groundwater in Goshen Valley spans a range of chemistries that include locally high total dissolved solids and elevated nitrate and arsenic concentrations and varies from calcium-bicarbonate to sodium-chloride-type waters. Overlap in chemistry exists in surface water samples from Currant Creek, the Highline Canal, and groundwater. Stable isotopes indicate that groundwater recharges from various locations that may include local recharge, from the East Tintic Mountains, or far-traveled groundwater recharged either in Cedar Valley or east of the study area along the Wasatch Range. Dissolved gas recharge temperatures support localized recharge outside of Goshen. Most groundwater samples in Goshen Valley are old, with limited evidence of recent groundwater recharge. An annual water budget based on components of recharge and discharge yields total recharge of 32,805 acre-ft/yr and total discharge of 35,750 acre-ft/yr. Most recharge is likely from interbasin flow and lesser amounts from precipitation and infiltration of surface water. Most discharge is from well water withdrawal with minor spring discharge and groundwater evapotranspiration. Water-budget components show discharge is greater than recharge by less than 3000 acreft/yr. This deficit or change in storage is manifested as longterm water-level decline in conceptual zone 2, and to a lesser degree, in conceptual zone 1. The primary driver of discharge in conceptual zone 2 is well withdrawal. Conceptual zone 3 is broadly in balance across the various sources of recharge and discharge, and up to 1830 acre-ft/yr of water may discharge from conceptual zone 3 into Utah Lake. Minimal groundwater likely flows to Utah Lake from zones 1 or 2.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.
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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.
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Lazonick, William. Investing in Innovation: A Policy Framework for Attaining Sustainable Prosperity in the United States. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp182.
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“Sustainable prosperity” denotes an economy that generates stable and equitable growth for a large and growing middle class. From the 1940s into the 1970s, the United States appeared to be on a trajectory of sustainable prosperity, especially for white-male members of the U.S. labor force. Since the 1980s, however, an increasing proportion of the U.S labor force has experienced unstable employment and inequitable income, while growing numbers of the business firms upon which they rely for employment have generated anemic productivity growth. Stable and equitable growth requires innovative enterprise. The essence of innovative enterprise is investment in productive capabilities that can generate higher-quality, lower-cost goods and services than those previously available. The innovative enterprise tends to be a business firm—a unit of strategic control that, by selling products, must make profits over time to survive. In a modern society, however, business firms are not alone in making investments in the productive capabilities required to generate innovative goods and services. Household units and government agencies also make investments in productive capabilities upon which business firms rely for their own investment activities. When they work in a harmonious fashion, these three types of organizations—household units, government agencies, and business firms—constitute “the investment triad.” The Biden administration’s Build Back Better agenda to restore sustainable prosperity in the United States focuses on investment in productive capabilities by two of the three types of organizations in the triad: government agencies, implementing the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and household units, implementing the yet-to-be-passed American Families Act. Absent, however, is a policy agenda to encourage and enable investment in innovation by business firms. This gaping lacuna is particularly problematic because many of the largest industrial corporations in the United States place a far higher priority on distributing the contents of the corporate treasury to shareholders in the form of cash dividends and stock buybacks for the sake of higher stock yields than on investing in the productive capabilities of their workforces for the sake of innovation. Based on analyzes of the “financialization” of major U.S. business corporations, I argue that, unless Build Back Better includes an effective policy agenda to encourage and enable corporate investment in innovation, the Biden administration’s program for attaining stable and equitable growth will fail. Drawing on the experience of the U.S. economy over the past seven decades, I summarize how the United States moved toward stable and equitable growth from the late 1940s through the 1970s under a “retain-and-reinvest” resource-allocation regime at major U.S. business firms. Companies retained a substantial portion of their profits to reinvest in productive capabilities, including those of career employees. In contrast, since the early 1980s, under a “downsize-and-distribute” corporate resource-allocation regime, unstable employment, inequitable income, and sagging productivity have characterized the U.S. economy. In transition from retain-and-reinvest to downsize-and-distribute, many of the largest, most powerful corporations have adopted a “dominate-and-distribute” resource-allocation regime: Based on the innovative capabilities that they have previously developed, these companies dominate market segments of their industries but prioritize shareholders in corporate resource allocation. The practice of open-market share repurchases—aka stock buybacks—at major U.S. business corporations has been central to the dominate-and-distribute and downsize-and-distribute regimes. Since the mid-1980s, stock buybacks have become the prime mode for the legalized looting of the business corporation. I call this looting process “predatory value extraction” and contend that it is the fundamental cause of the increasing concentration of income among the richest household units and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities for most other Americans. I conclude the paper by outlining a policy framework that could stop the looting of the business corporation and put in place social institutions that support sustainable prosperity. The agenda includes a ban on stock buybacks done as open-market repurchases, radical changes in incentives for senior corporate executives, representation of workers and taxpayers as directors on corporate boards, reform of the tax system to reward innovation and penalize financialization, and, guided by the investment-triad framework, government programs to support “collective and cumulative careers” of members of the U.S. labor force. Sustained investment in human capabilities by the investment triad, including business firms, would make it possible for an ever-increasing portion of the U.S. labor force to engage in the productive careers that underpin upward socioeconomic mobility, which would be manifested by a growing, robust, and hopeful American middle class.