Relevant bibliographies by topics / Film Blowing

Academic literature on the topic 'Film Blowing'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Film Blowing"

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Liu, C. C., D. C. Bogue, and J. E. Spruiell. "Tubular Film Blowing." International Polymer Processing 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.950226.

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Liu, C. C., D. C. Bogue, and J. E. Spruiell. "Tubular Film Blowing." International Polymer Processing 10, no. 3 (September 1995): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.950230.

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Pinheiro, I. M. R. "NONISOTHERMAL NEWTONIAN FILM BLOWING." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2005): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2005.9637289.

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In this paper, we refine Han and Park results for nonisothermal film blowing: we propose a correction in their temperature and force balance equations, and prove that with this change the actual system should be split into three other systems, and use a different scaling supposedly more suitable to find the solution of the equations. Besides all that, we also provide an analysis on how our nonisothermal model could improve modeling of the film blowing process. It is worth mentioning that, even though we have corrected (mathematically) the force balance equation by Han and Park, we only make use of the first version of the split model in our simulations to match the other simulations done with the model so far. Future work will include further refinements on the simulations. Šiame straipsnyje tobulinami Hano ir Parko rezultatai apie neizotermini filmo juostos pūtima. Autoriai patikslina temperatūros ir jegu balanso lygtis ir irodo, kad tai išskaido lygčiu sistema i tris sistemas. Tai igalina rasti uždavinio sprendini. Taip pat pateikta analize kaip šis modelis, gali patobulinti pūtimo procesa. Kadangi naudojamas pataisytas Hano ir Parko modelis, todel modeliuojant gauti rezultatai ne visuomet sutampa su kitu eksperimentu rezultatais. Ateityje numatoma tobulinti šiuos eksperimentus.
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Greener, J., and J. R. G. Evans. "Film blowing of ceramics." Journal of Materials Science 28, no. 22 (November 1993): 6190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00365042.

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Pak, A. Ram, Jung Hyun Park, and Seung Geol Lee. "Blowing Properties and Functionality of Thermoplastic Polyester Film Using Thermally Expandable Microcapsules." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101652.

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Blowing film was prepared using a polyester elastomer with thermally expandable microcapsules to investigate its blowing properties and functionality. Film with 11% microcapsule contents showed the lowest specific gravity and the highest blowing efficiency. However, the collapse and merging of blowing cells with 11% microcapsule contents was found by SEM. Therefore, film with 9% microcapsule contents was shown to have better blowing and cell stability than that of film with 11% microcapsule contents. Tensile strength and elongation decreased by increasing microcapsule contents. Film curl and film shrinkage properties were unaffected by microcapsule contents. Water vapor permeability and hydrostatic pressure was decreased by increasing microcapsule contents.
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Jiang, Yuanping, Cong Yan, Kai Wang, Dawei Shi, Zhengying Liu, and Mingbo Yang. "Super-Toughed PLA Blown Film with Enhanced Gas Barrier Property Available for Packaging and Agricultural Applications." Materials 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12101663.

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Polylactic acid (PLA) holds enormous potential as an alternative to the ubiquitous petroleum-based plastics to be used in packaging film and agricultural film. However, the poor viscoelastic behavior and its extremely low melt strength means it fails to meet the requirements in film blowing processing, which is the most efficient film processing method with the lowest costs. Also, the PLA’s brittleness and insufficient gas barrier properties also seriously limit PLA’s potential application as a common film material. Herein, special stereocomplex (SC) networks were introduced to improve the melt strength and film blowing stability of PLA; polyethylene glycol (PEG) was introduced to improve PLA’s toughness and gas barrier properties. Compared with neat poly(l-lactide) acid (PLLA), modified PLA is stable in the film blowing process and its film elongation at break increases more than 18 times and reaches over 250%, and its O2 permeability coefficient decreased by 61%. The resulting film material also has good light transmittance, which has great potential for green packaging applications, such as disposable packaging and agricultural films.
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Sikora, Janusz W., Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102523.

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Four different plastics were tested: potato starch based plastic (TPS-P)–BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C)–BioComp BF 01HP; polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA)—BioComp BF 7210 and low density polyethylene, trade name Malen E FABS 23-D022; as a petrochemical reference sample. Using the blown film extrusion method and various screw rotational speeds, films were obtained and tested, as a result of which the following were determined: breaking stress, strain at break, static and dynamic friction coefficient of film in longitudinal and transverse direction, puncture resistance and strain at break, color, brightness and gloss of film, surface roughness, barrier properties and microstructure. The biodegradable plastics tested are characterized by comparable or even better mechanical strength than petrochemical polyethylene for the range of film blowing processing parameters used here. The effect of the screw rotational speed on the mechanical characteristics of the films obtained was also demonstrated. With the increase in the screw rotational speed, the decrease of barrier properties was also observed. No correlation between roughness and permeability of gases and water vapor was shown. It was indicated that biodegradable plastics might be competitive for conventional petrochemical materials used in film blowing niche applications where cost, recyclability, optical and water vapor barrier properties are not critical.
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Mapleston, Peter. "Blowing Hot and Cold: Advances in Blown-Film Technology." Plastics Engineering 64, no. 8 (September 2008): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2008.tb00360.x.

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Mistretta, Maria Chiara, Luigi Botta, Rossella Arrigo, Francesco Leto, Giulio Malucelli, and Francesco Paolo La Mantia. "Bionanocomposite Blown Films: Insights on the Rheological and Mechanical Behavior." Polymers 13, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071167.

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In this work, bionanocomposites based on two different types of biopolymers belonging to the MaterBi® family and containing two kinds of modified nanoclays were compounded in a twin-screw extruder and then subjected to a film blowing process, aiming at obtaining sustainable films potentially suitable for packaging applications. The preliminary characterization of the extruded bionanocomposites allowed establishing some correlations between the obtained morphology and the material rheological and mechanical behavior. More specifically, the morphological analysis showed that, regardless of the type of biopolymeric matrix, a homogeneous nanofiller dispersion was achieved; furthermore, the established biopolymer/nanofiller interactions caused a restrain of the dynamics of the biopolymer chains, thus inducing a significant modification of the material rheological response, which involves the appearance of an apparent yield stress and the amplification of the elastic feature of the viscoelastic behavior. Besides, the rheological characterization under non-isothermal elongational flow revealed a marginal effect of the embedded nanofillers on the biopolymers behavior, thus indicating their suitability for film blowing processing. Additionally, the processing behavior of the bionanocomposites was evaluated and compared to that of similar systems based on a low-density polyethylene matrix: this way, it was possible to identify the most suitable materials for film blowing operations. Finally, the assessment of the mechanical properties of the produced blown films documented the potential exploitation of the selected materials for packaging applications, also at an industrial level.
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Sidiropoulos, V., J. J. Tian, and J. Vlachopoulos. "Computer Simulation of Film Blowing." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 12, no. 2 (April 1996): 107–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875608799601200204.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Film Blowing"

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Bennett, James Cameron, and james bennett@student rmit edu au. "Mathematical Analysis of Film Blowing." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081128.115021.

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Film blowing is a highly complex industrial process used to manufacture thin plastic films for uses in a wide range of applications; for example, plastic bags. The mathematical modelling of this process involves the analysis of highly nonlinear differential equations describing the complex phenomena arising in the film blowing process, and requires a sophisticated mathematical approach. This dissertation applies an innovative combination of tools, namely analytic, numerical and heuristic mathematical techniques to the analysis of the film blowing process. The research undertaken examines, in particular, a two-point boundary value problem arising from the modelling of the radial profile of the polymer film. For even the simplest modelling of this process, namely the isothermal Newtonian model, the resulting differential equation is a highly nonlinear, second order one, with an extra degree of difficulty due to the presence of a small parameter multiplying the highest derivative. Thus, the problem falls into the category of a nonlinear singular perturbation problem. Analytic techniques are applied to the isothermal Newtonian blown film model to obtain a closed form explicit approximation to the film bubble radius. This is then used as a base approximation for an iterative numerical scheme to obtain an improved numerical solution of the problem. The process is extended to include temperature variations, varying viscosity (Power law model) and viscoelastic effects (Maxwell model). As before, closed form approximations are constructed for these models which are used to launch numerical schemes, whose solutions display good accuracy. The results compare well with results obtained by purely numerical solutions in the literature.
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Fang, Yunli. "Rheological effect in film blowing." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0019/MQ48852.pdf.

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Tas, Paul Prudent. "Film blowing from polymer to product /." Online version, 1994. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/23861.

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Mayavaram, Ravisankar S. "Modeling and simulation of film blowing process." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2454.

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Film blowing process is a flexible mass production technology used for manufacturing thin polymeric films. Its flexibility in using an existing die to produce films of different width and thickness, just by controlling process conditions such as, extrudate velocity, excess pressure, and line speed, makes it an attractive process with less capital investment. Controlling the process conditions to obtain a stable bubble, however, is not a trivial task. It is a costly trial and error procedure, which could result is a large wastage of material and other resources. Hence, it is necessary to develop methods to simulate the process and design it using numerical experiments. This important need of the industry defines the objective of this work. In this dissertation, a transient, axisymmetric, nonisothermal, viscoelastic model is developed to simulate the process, and it is solved using finite element method. Material behavior of polymer melt is described using a modified Phan-Thien-Tanner model in the liquid??like region, and anisotropic Kelvin??Voight model in the solid zone, and the transition is modeled using a simple mixture theory. Crystallization kinetics is described using a modified Avrami model with factors to account for the influence of temperature and strain. Results obtained are compared with available experimental results and the model is used to explore stability issues and the role of different parameters. Software developed using this model comes with a GUI based pre- and post-processor, and it can be easily adapted to use other constitutive models.
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Muslet, Iyad A. "Computer simulation of the film blowing process incorporating crystallization and viscoelasticity." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85088.

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A comprehensive two-dimensional simulation of the film blowing process is developed based on a mathematical model that incorporates the Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) and the Neo-Hookean constitutive equations with crystallization effects. The PTT constitutive equation is employed in the liquid-like region, while the Neo-Hookean constitutive equation is employed in the solid-like region, to describe the rheological behavior of the film. The effects of the process variables and parameters on the stress balance and overall behavior of the film were evaluated. The orientation-induced crystallization is accounted for by incorporating the Nakamura non-isothermal equation along with the Ziabicki equation. The proposed model provides predictions of the bubble shape and dimensions, the position of the freeze-line, and the evolution of temperature, crystallinity, birefringence, stresses and deformation in the blown film. The predictions of the model show good agreement with experimental results reported by various workers.
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Niknezhad, Setareh. "Ultrasonically Assisted Single Screw Extrusion, Film Blowing and Film Casting of LLDPE/Clay and PA6/Clay Nanocomposites." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1363079642.

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Steffl, Thomas. "Rheological and film blowing properties of various low density polyethylenes and their blends." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972028625.

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Payne, Clare Elizabeth Ann. "Novel fabrication techniques for solid oxide fuel cells." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318427.

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Steffl, Thomas [Verfasser]. "Rheological and film blowing properties of various low density polyethylenes and their blends / Thomas Steffl." Aachen : Shaker, 2004. http://d-nb.info/1170529844/34.

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Guy, Ashley Ray. "Effect of Blowing Ratio on the Nusselt Number and Film Cooling Effectiveness Distributions of a Showerhead Film Cooled Blade in a Transonic Cascade." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43764.

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This paper investigates the effect of blowing ratio on the film cooling performance of a showerhead film cooled first stage turbine blade. The blade was instrumented with double-sided thin film heat flux gages to experimentally characterize the Nusselt number and film cooling effectiveness distributions over the surface of the blade. The blade was arranged in a two-dimensional, linear cascade within a transonic, blowdown type wind tunnel. The wind tunnel freestream conditions were varied over two exit Mach numbers, Me=0.78 and Me=1.01, with an inlet freestream turbulence intensity of 12% , with an integral length scale normalized by blade chord of 0.26 generated by a passive, mesh turbulence grid. The coolant conditions were varied by changing the ratio of coolant to freestream mass flux, blowing ratio, over three values, BR=0.60, 1.0, and 1.5 while keeping a density ratio of 1.7. Experimental results show that ingestion of freestream flow into the showerhead cooling plenum can occur below a blowing ratio of 0.6. Film cooling increases Nusselt number over the uncooled case and increasing the blowing ratio also increases Nusselt number. At a blowing ratio of 1.5 and Me=1.01 a large drop in effectiveness just downstream of injection on both the pressure and suction surfaces is evidence of jet liftoff. The blowing ratio of 1.0 was found to have superior heat load reduction over the blade surface at both freestream conditions tested. The blowing ratio of 1.0 reduced the heat load by as much as 39% and 32% at Me=0.78 and 1.01, respectively.
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Books on the topic "Film Blowing"

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Hammelef, Danielle S. Mind-blowing makeup in special effects. North Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press, A Capstone imprint, 2015.

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Forster, W. C. Blown film. Telford: British Polymer Training Association, 1989.

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Cantor, Kirk. Blown Film Extrusion. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446428195.

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Cantor, Kirk. Blown film extrusion. 2nd ed. Cincinnati, Ohio: Hanser Publications, 2011.

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Colpaert, T. Analysis of a cross-directional control system for a blown film process. Manchester: UMIST, 1997.

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Koivisto, Kaisa, and Jaakko Liikanen. Lasismi, ensimmäinen tarina: Lasismi, the first story. Riihimäki]: [Lasismi], 2012.

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Cari, Lynn, ed. The whistleblower: Sex trafficking, military contractors, and one woman's fight for justice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

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Cooper, Cynthia. Extraordinary circumstances: The journey of a corporate whistleblower. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.

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Extraordinary circumstances: The journey of a corporate whistleblower. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.

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Material change: Design thinking and the social entrepreneurship movement. New York: Metropolis Books, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Film Blowing"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Film Blowing." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 304. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4923.

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Gormley, Paul. "Blowing Up the War Film." In A Companion to the Action Film, 364–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119100744.ch19.

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Vlachopoulos, J., and V. Sidiropoulos. "Die Flow Analysis and Mathematical Modeling of Film Blowing." In Film Processing Advances, 111–32. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569905364.004.

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Peter, Johannes M. F., and Markus J. Kloker. "Numerical Simulation of Film Cooling in Supersonic Flow." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design, 79–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_5.

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Abstract High-order direct numerical simulations of film cooling by tangentially blowing cool helium at supersonic speeds into a hot turbulent boundary-layer flow of steam (gaseous H2O) at a free stream Mach number of 3.3 are presented. The stagnation temperature of the hot gas is much larger than that of the coolant flow, which is injected from a vertical slot of height s in a backward-facing step. The influence of the coolant mass flow rate is investigated by varying the blowing ratio F or the injection height s at kept cooling-gas temperature and Mach number. A variation of the coolant Mach number shows no significant influence. In the canonical baseline cases all walls are treated as adiabatic, and the investigation of a strongly cooled wall up to the blowing position, resembling regenerative wall cooling present in a rocket engine, shows a strong influence on the flow field. No significant influence of the lip thickness on the cooling performance is found. Cooling correlations are examined, and a cooling-effectiveness comparison between tangential and wall-normal blowing is performed.
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Dealy, John M., and Kurt F. Wissbrun. "Role of Rheology in Film Blowing and Sheet Extrusion." In Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing, 531–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9738-4_17.

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Dealy, John M., and Kurt F. Wissbrun. "Role of Rheology in Film Blowing and Sheet Extrusion." In Melt Rheology and Its Role in Plastics Processing, 531–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2163-4_17.

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Peter, Johannes M. F., and Markus J. Kloker. "Direct Numerical Simulation of Supersonic Film Cooling by Tangential Blowing." In High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering '19, 263–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66792-4_18.

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Li, Shaohua, Tao Peng, Li-xian Liu, Ting-ting Guo, and Bin Yuan. "Numerical Simulation of Turbine Blade Film-cooling with Different Blowing Ratio and Hole-to-hole Space." In Challenges of Power Engineering and Environment, 1372–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76694-0_258.

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Kurzbeck, S., and H. Münstedt. "Elongational Properties of Polyolefin Melts and Correlations with Their Processing Behaviour in Film Blowing and Thermoforming." In Progress and Trends in Rheology V, 402–3. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-51062-5_193.

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Ghijsels, A., J. J. S. M. Ente, and J. Raadsen. "Melt Strength Behaviour of Polyethylenes and Polyethylene Blends and its Relation to Bubble Stability in Film Blowing." In Integration of Fundamental Polymer Science and Technology—2, 466–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1361-5_70.

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Conference papers on the topic "Film Blowing"

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Berardi, P. G., G. Cuccurullo, and L. Di Maio. "Thermography for polymers film blowing." In 1998 Quantitative InfraRed Thermography. QIRT Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21611/qirt.1998.042.

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Mandracchia, Biagio, Zhe Wang, Pietro Ferraro, Vincenzo Ferraro, Daniele Tammaro, Ernesto Di Maio, and Pier Luca Maffettone. "Interferometric measurement of film thickness during bubble blowing." In Optical Methods for Inspection, Characterization, and Imaging of Biomaterials, edited by Pietro Ferraro, Monika Ritsch-Marte, Simonetta Grilli, and Christoph K. Hitzenberger. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2274754.

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Natsui, Greg, Zachary Little, Jay Kapat, Anthony Socotch, Anquan Wang, and Jason E. Dees. "Adiabatic Film Cooling Effectiveness Measurements Throughout Multi-Row Film Cooling Arrays." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56183.

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Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness measurements are obtained using pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) on a flat film cooled surface. The effects of blowing ratio and hole spacing are investigated for four multi-row arrays comprised of 8 rows containing 52 holes of 3.8 mm diameter with 20° inclination angles and hole length-to-diameter ratio of 11.2. The four arrays investigated have two different hole-to-hole spacings composed of cylindrical and diffuser holes. For the first case, lateral and streamwise pitches are 7.5 times the diameter. For the second case, pitch-to-diameter ratio is 14 in lateral direction and 10 in the streamwise direction. The holes are in a staggered arrangement. Adiabatic effectiveness measurements are taken for a blowing ratio range of 0.3 to 1.2 and a density ratio of 1.5, with CO2 injected as the coolant. A thorough boundary layer analysis is presented, and data was taken using hotwire anemometry with air injection, with boundary layer and turbulence measurements taken at multiple locations in order to characterize the boundary layer. Local effectiveness, laterally averaged effectiveness, boundary layer thickness, momentum thickness, turbulence intensity and turbulence length scale are presented. For the cylindrical holes, at the first row of injection, the film jets are still attached at a blowing ratio of 0.3. By a blowing ratio of 0.5, the jet is observed to lift off, and then impinge back onto the test surface. At a blowing ratio of 1.2, the jets lift off, but reattach much further downstream, spreading the coolant further along the test surface. A thorough uncertainty analysis has been conducted in order to fully understand the presented measurements and any shortcomings of the measurement technique. The maximum uncertainty of effectiveness and blowing ratio is 0.02 counts of effectiveness and 3 percent respectively.
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Sun, Zhen-he. "Study on Temperature Control Strategy for Film Blowing Machine." In 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2010.524.

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Kusterer, Karsten, Anas Elyas, Dieter Bohn, Takao Sugimoto, and Ryozo Tanaka. "Double-Jet Film-Cooling for Highly Efficient Film-Cooling With Low Blowing Ratios." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50073.

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Further improvement of the thermal efficiency of modern gas turbines can be achieved by a further reduction of the cooling air amount. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the cooling effectiveness so that the available cooling air fulfils the cooling task even if the amount has been reduced. In particular, the cooling effort for the vanes and blades of the first stage in a modern gas turbine is very high. The task of the film-cooling is to protect the blade material from the hot gas attack to the surface. Unfortunately, aerodynamic mixing processes are enhanced by secondary vortices in the cooling jets and, thus, the film-cooling effectiveness is reduced shortly behind the cooling air ejection through the holes. By improvement of the hole positioning the negative interaction effects can be reduced. The Double-jet Film-cooling (DJFC) Technology invented by the authors is one method to reach a significant increase in film-cooling effectiveness by establishing an anti-kidney vortex pair in a combined jet from the two jets starting from cylindrical ejection holes. This has been shown by numerical investigations and application to an industrial gas turbine as reported in recent publications. Whereas the original design application has been for moderate and high blowing ratios, the present numerical investigation shows that the DJFC is also applicable for lower blowing ratios (0.5<M<1.0) with only slight modification of the geometry of the configuration. The anti-kidney vortex concept can also be established for the lower blowing ratios and, as a result, a very high film-cooling effectiveness is reached not only behind the ejection holes but also for a very long distance downstream (> 30 hole diameters).
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El-Gabry, Lamyaa A., and Richard B. Rivir. "Effect of Pulsed Film Cooling on Leading Edge Film Effectiveness." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37354.

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Detailed film effectiveness measurements have been made on a cylindrical leading edge surface for steady and pulsating flow. The film hole is off-centered by 21.5° from the centerline and angled 20° to the surface and 90° from the stream wise direction. Two jet-to-cross-flow velocity ratios have been considered: VR = 1 and 2 which correspond to blowing ratio of 1 and 2, respectively. The pulsating frequency is 10 Hz and the duty cycle is 50%. Comparisons between film effectiveness with a pulsating film and a continuous film show that for the same blowing ratio, the effectiveness of the film drops by a factor of 2 when the flow is pulsed. Hotwire measurements are made to characterize the pulsating velocity waveform at the exit of the film exit and verify the integrity of the pulse. The variation in the measured surface adiabatic wall temperature over the pulsing duration is very small suggesting a large thermal inertia that keeps the wall surface largely unaffected by the time scale of the pulsations; this holds true for both blowing ratios tested.
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Liao, Gaoliang, Xinjun Wang, Jun Li, and Feng Zhang. "Effects of Curvature on the Film Cooling Effectiveness of Double-Jet Film Cooling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26263.

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The effect of curvature on the film cooling characteristics of Double-Jet Film Cooling (DJFC) was numerically investigated using three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS). The low-Reynolds number shear stress transport (SST) model was employed as the turbulence closure model. Six different curved surfaces and a flat surface were tested numerically. The blowing ratios were from 0.66 to 1.99, and the compound injection angle with respect to the cooled surface was 30 degree. The blowing ratios and the curvature of cooled surface have crucial effects on the film cooling effectiveness. The numerical results show that there are two peek value of the averaged film cooling effectiveness along the mainstream direction. The results also indicate that the film cooling effectiveness of a specified curved surface depends on the reasonable selection of the slope of curved surface and blowing ratios.
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8

Babaee, Hessam, Xiaoliang Wan, and Sumanta Acharya. "Effect of Uncertainty in Blowing Ratio on Film Cooling Effectiveness." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17159.

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In this study the effect of randomness of blowing ratio on film cooling performance is investigated by combining direct numerical simulations with a stochastic collocation approach. The geometry includes a 35-degree inclined jet with a plenum attached to it. The blowing ratio variations are assumed to have a truncated Gaussian distribution with mean of 0.3 and the standard variation of approximately 0.1. The parametric space is discretized using Multi-Element general Polynomial Chaos (ME-gPC) with five elements where general polynomial chaos of order 3 is used in each element. A fast convergence of the polynomial expansion in the random space was observed. Direct numerical simulations were carried out using spectral element method to sample the governing equations in space and time. The probability density function of the film cooling effectiveness was obtained and the standard deviation of the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness on the blade surface was calculated. A maximum standard deviation of 15% was observed in the region within a four-jet-diameter distance downstream of the exit hole. The spatially-averaged adiabatic film cooling effectiveness was 0.23 ± 0.02. The calculation of all the statistical properties were carried out as off-line post-processing. Overall the computational strategy is shown to be very effective with the total computational cost being equivalent to solving twenty independent direct numerical simulations that are performed concurrently.
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9

Ou, S., and J. C. Han. "Influence of Mainstream Turbulence on Leading Edge Film Cooling Heat Transfer Through Two Rows of Inclined Film Slots." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-254.

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The effect of film slot injection on leading edge heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness under high mainstream turbulence conditions was experimentally studied for flow across a blunt body with a semi-cylinder leading edge and a flat afterbody. High mainstream turbulence levels were generated by a bar grid (Tu = 5.07%) and a passive grid (Tu = 9.67%). The incident mainstream Reynolds number based on the cylinder diameter was about 100,000. The spanwise and streamwise distributions of the heat transfer coefficient and film effectiveness in the leading edge and on the flat sidewall were obtained for three blowing ratios (B = 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2) with two rows of film slots located at ±15° and ±40° from stagnation line. The cross-sectional slot length-to-width ratio was two. The slots in each row were spaced three cross-sectional slot lengths apart and were angled 30° and 90° to the surface in the spanwise and streamwise direction, respectively. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing blowing ratio, but the film effectiveness reaches the maximum at an intermediate blowing ratio of B = 0.8 for both low (Tu = 0.75%) and high (Tu = 9.67%) mainstream turbulence conditions. The leading edge heat transfer coefficient increases and the film effectiveness decreases with mainstream turbulence level for the low blowing ratio; however, the mainstream turbulence effect reduces for the high blowing ratio. The leading edge heat load is significantly reduced with two rows of film slot injection. The blowing ratio of B = 0.4 provides the lowest heat load in the leading edge region for the low mainstream turbulence but B = 0.8 gives the lowest heat load for the high mainstream turbulence conditions.
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10

Lewis, Scott, Brett Barker, Jeffrey P. Bons, Weiguo Ai, and Thomas H. Fletcher. "Film Cooling Effectiveness and Heat Transfer Near Deposit-Laden Film Holes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59567.

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Experiments were conducted to determine the impact of synfuel deposits on film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer. Scaled up models were made of synfuel deposits formed on film-cooled turbine blade coupons exposed to accelerated deposition. Three distinct deposition patterns were modeled: a large deposition pattern (max deposit peak ≅ 2 hole diameters) located exclusively upstream of the holes, a large deposition pattern (max deposit peak ≅ 1.25 hole diameters) extending downstream between the cooling holes, and a small deposition pattern (max deposit peak ≅ 0.75 hole diameter) also extending downstream between the cooling holes. The models featured cylindrical holes inclined at 30 degrees to the surface and aligned with the primary flow direction. The spacing of the holes were 3, 3.35, and 4.5 hole diameters respectively. Flat models with the same film cooling hole geometry and spacing were used for comparison. The models were tested using blowing ratios of 0.5–2 with a turbulent approach boundary layer and 0.5% freestream turbulence. The density ratio was approximately 1.1 and the primary flow Reynolds number at the film cooling row location was 300,000. An infrared camera was used to obtain the film cooling effectiveness from steady state tests and surface convective heat transfer coefficients using transient tests. The model with upstream deposition caused the primary flow to lift off the surface over the roughness peaks and allowed the coolant to stay attached to the model. Increasing the blowing ratio from 0.5 to 2 only expanded the region that the coolant could reach and improved the cooling effectiveness. Though the heat transfer coefficient also increased at high blowing ratios, the net heat flux ratio was still less than unity, indicating film cooling benefit. For the two models with deposition between the cooling holes, the free stream air was forced into the valleys in line with the coolant holes and degraded area-averaged coolant performance at lower blowing ratios. It is concluded that the film cooling effectiveness is highest when deposition is limited to upstream of the cooling holes. When accounting for the insulating effect of the deposits between the film holes, even the panels with deposits downstream of the film holes can yield a net decrease in heat flux for some cases.
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