Journal articles: 'Fills (earthwork)'

1

Bezgin, Niyazi Özgür. "Use of geosynthetics to reduce the required right-of-way for roadways and railways." Challenge Journal of Structural Mechanics 4, no. 2 (June 9, 2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20528/cjsmec.2018.02.003.

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Roadway and railway routes require a right-of-way (ROW) to provide the necessary width for the required travelled way, drainage and earthwork. Correct understanding of ROW along a route is necessary in order to establish a correct width for the intended transportation corridor. Availability of land becomes scarce and cost of land increases in urban zones. Therefore, the costs of establishing a ROW in rural areas and in urban areas are not the same. Earthworks are an important component of route establishment. The required excavations and fills necessitate the use of proper side slopes for the stability of the excavation or the fill. These side slopes directly relate to the mechanical properties of the soil and the depth of the earthwork. This study provides a quantitative and a qualitative understanding of the ROW requirements of roadways and railways and the influence of the earthworks on the determined values of the ROW. The study further investigates the benefits of using geogrids to reduce the necessary ROW for a transportation route through finite element analysis.

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Sherwood, Sarah C., John H. Blitz, and Lauren E. Downs. "An Integrated Geoarchaeology of a Late Woodland Sand Mound." American Antiquity 78, no. 2 (April 2013): 344–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.2.344.

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AbstractThe Graveline Mound (22JA503) is a sand platform mound in Jackson County, Mississippi, built on a low, late Pleistocene terrace on the Mississippi Sound. The Late Woodland mound (A.D. 590–780) is composed of local soils, and its presence today is a testament to the ancient builders’ knowledge of earthen construction materials and methods. Central to the study of the mound is an integrated geoarchaeological approach that uses stratigraphy and micromorphology to decipher material source and selection, construction techniques, and periodicity, in combination with more traditional artifacts, revealing the activities that created this ultimately monumental space. The mound was built in three rapid stages beginning with a low earthwork demarcating a ritual precinct used during late spring/early summer. Stage II quickly followed with a series of alternating zoned fills, sealing the space that was then subsequently covered by Stage III, a massive hard red surface that marked the location with a platform mound.

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Shah, R. K. "Earthwork Planning and Visualisation of Time-Location Information in Road Construction Projects." Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management 1 (May 13, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jacem.v1i0.14924.

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Accurate information of locations from visual aspect is vital for efficient resource planning and managing the workspace conflicts in the earthwork operations, which are missing in the existing linear schedules. Hence, the construction managers have to depend on the subjective decisions and intangible imagining for resources allocation, workspace conflicts and location-based progress monitoring in the earthwork projects. This has caused uncertainties in planning and scheduling of earthworks, and consequently delays and cost overruns of the projects. To overcome these issues, a framework of computer based prototype model was developed using the theory of location-based planning. This paper focuses on the case study experiments to demonstrate the functions of the model, which includes automatic generation of location-based earthwork schedules and visualisation of cut-fill locations on a weekly basis. The experiment results confirmed the model’s capability in identifying precise weekly locations of cut-fill and also visualising the time-space conflicts at the earthwork projects. Hence, the paper concludes that the model is a useful decision supporting tool to improve site productivity and reduce production cost of earthworks in the construction projects like roads and railways. Journal of Advanced College of Engineering and Management, Vol. 1, 2015, pp. 75-84

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Stauffer, J. Grant, Seth B. Grooms, Lorraine W. Hu, Joy Mersmann, Tristram R. Kidder, and Edward R. Henry. "Reimagining the Development of Downtown Cahokia Using Remote Sensing Visualizations from the Western Edge of the Grand Plaza." Land 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2023): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020342.

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The distribution of mounds, plazas, and defensive palisades associated with Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (CMSHS) defines the core urban environment of Eastern North America’s first American Indian city. The large mounds surrounding Cahokia’s centrally located Grand Plaza, including the palisades that enclose them, are referred to as Downtown Cahokia. In this portion of the site, archaeologists have identified material culture (e.g., ceramics), earthen fills to level the plaza, and several earthen mound constructions. These findings suggest an occupational history for the area that occurred over the 9th–14th centuries CE, with the emergence of plaza delineation and earthwork construction beginning in the early 11th century CE. In sum, Downtown Cahokia and its Grand Plaza are considered by archaeologists to be a vibrant space characterized by ongoing American Indian transformations to an early metropolitan landscape. We conducted magnetometer and electromagnetic induction surveys at the western edge of the Grand Plaza. When compared with the LiDAR-derived visualizations we generated from this portion of the site, our aerial and terrestrial remote sensing data offered new information on the nature and sequence of monument construction in Downtown Cahokia, as well as architectural changes in domestic and special-use structures. These multi-scalar and complementary remote sensing datasets allowed us, without excavating, to trace important sequences of change in Downtown Cahokia’s history.

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Park, Jinseok, Jungmoon Ha, Woojoo Kim, Piotr G. Jablonski, and Sang-im Lee. "Assessing dietary specialization to inform the conservation of the fairy pitta (Pitta nympha), an endangered vermivore." PeerJ 12 (April 29, 2024): e17189. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17189.

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Quantifying the diet of endangered species is crucial for conservation, especially for diet specialists, which can be more susceptible to environmental changes. The vulnerable fairy pitta (Pitta nympha) is considered a specialist that primarily feeds its nestlings with earthworms. However, there have been few studies of the nestling diet provisioned by parents, and no assessments of earthworm proportion in the diet of adults. Our study aimed to fill these gaps, shedding light on crucial factors for conservation. Combining new observations with existing literature, we confirmed a consistent dominance of earthworms in the nestling diet, regardless of rainfall, nestling age, and time of day. We extrapolated the total earthworm consumption during a breeding event, accounting for potential variation in the availability of earthworms and their prevalence in the adult diet. We used literature-based earthworm densities in pitta habitats and our estimates of family earthworm consumption to calculate the habitat area that could provide a pitta family with the number of earthworms consumed during a breeding event. The predictions matched observed pitta home range sizes when assumed that the adult diet is comprised of approximately 70% earthworms. The results highlight the importance of earthworm-rich habitats for conservation planning of the fairy pitta. To mitigate the effects of habitat destruction, we discuss conservation practices that may involve enhancing earthworm abundance in natural habitats and providing vegetation cover for foraging pittas in adjacent anthropogenic habitats rich in earthworms. To guide conservation efforts effectively, future studies should investigate whether previously reported breeding in developed plantation habitats is due to high earthworm abundance there. Future studies should also quantify correlations between local earthworm densities, home range size, and the breeding success of the fairy pitta.

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Saidate, Ikram, Abd Elmajid Berga, and Tayeb Rikioui. "Stabilization of Gypsum Clay Soil by Adding Lime." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 2511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-11-010.

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Often, the temperature and water variation exist in semi-arid areas of a clayey soil leads to vertical and horizontal settlements, cracks in the soil and in general disorder to the building installed on this soil. The objective of this work is to stabilize the local gypsum clay soil, which poses problems at the level of self-construction built on it. Chemical soil stabilization can improve soil properties. In fact, adding natural lime to these clays can provide an ideal solution for stabilizing them through interesting modifications to their geotechnical properties throw the experimental tests on both unstabilized and stabilized soil samples by adding lime in quantities of 2, 4, and 6%, in percentages by the soil's weight, prepared at room temperature, The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at different curing ages is measured, The results obtained provide a significant increase in compressive strength and modulus of Elasticity which allow better qualities and improve strength parameters throughout any phase of earthwork construction design that leads to strengthening subgrades, reducing the thickness, and, as a result, low construction costs. The results of the study show that (1) for the best utilization effect, the optimum percentage of lime is 6%; (2) the UCS is 3.23 times of the pure soil after curing of 28 days under the optimum percentage of lime; (3) the curing age has a significant effect on strength; (4) the main reason for the strength increase of the modified soil is that the crystal produced by the pozzolanic activity fills the pores of the soil. The ideal percentage is 6% lime treatment with a resistance of 2.3 MPa and 135.60 MPa the value of elasticity modulus at 28 days. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-11-010 Full Text: PDF

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Abbott, I. "Distribution of the native earthworm fauna of Australia - a continent-wide perspective." Soil Research 32, no. 1 (1994): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940117.

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Based on nearly 2000 available records, the broadscale geographical distribution of the native earthworm fauna of Australia was mapped. Native earthworms were recorded from south-eastern, eastern and northern Australia within 400 km of the coast. Isolated faunas were present in Tasmania and south-west Western Australia, and apparently isolated faunas occurred in the Adelaide area/Fleurieu Peninsula of South Australia and the ranges of central Australia. All but 30 locality records occurred where annual rainfall averaged or exceeded 400 mm; 16 of these records were instances of moisture-gaining sites (moist caves, waterholes, banks of large rivers, edge of granite domes). A collecting strategy to both fill in gaps in the distribution map and discover additional anomalous occurrences (with respect to the 400 mm isohyet) is outlined.

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Wan, Hong Hao, and Ting Hua Xu. "The Application of Table Operations Method in Earthwork Blending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.463.

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According to linear programming model of operations research, the paper optimized blending scheme of earthwork by using table operation method. List the earthwork cut and fill balance sheet, through the calculation of excavation and backfill area quantity. Determine the initial transportation scheme with minimum element method, and optimize the scheme with closed circuit method, then get the minimum amount of earthwork blending scheme. It could bring better economic benefits in construction projects by using the table operation method.

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Yongxiao, Wen, Yuan Xitun, Yang Xiongfei, Zhang Hang, and Han Qi. "Research on Earthwork Calculation Based on TIN Model." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124803001.

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In actual engineering construction, the calculation of earthwork directly affects the cost budget of the project and the selection of the optimal plan. Therefore, the calculation accuracy and efficiency of the earthwork are very important. This article introduces the construction principle of the TIN model. Based on the TIN model, the earthwork calculation is carried out by the triangular prism method. The data of a fill-excavation balance project in a rugged mountainous area is selected, and under different conditions, the TIN network method and the square grid method are used to calculate the earthwork, and the results are compared and analyzed with accuracy. Estimate. After comparative analysis, it is found that the earthwork calculation using the TIN network method is simple and cheap, and the calculation result is more accurate. It is better than the traditional square grid method as a whole, and can be used in the actual engineering earthwork calculation.

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10

Jacob, Blaise, and Brandon Naidoo. "The use of high-strength geogrids in fill embankments." E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336802024.

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The uses of geosynthetics in civil engineering are relatively well-defined according to their functions. There is still, however, an inclination to use traditional methods over geosynthetics. The use of high-strength geogrids is not as widely used as lower-strength geogrids which are commonly applied in civil engineering applications. Zimbali Lakes Resort was a development that required earthworks conducted before the construction of the facilities. The initial construction required high-engineered fills that were designed to reach a height of up to 15m. The excessive load projected instability, and the high-water table necessitated the requirement for control measures. Reinforcement was required to increase the shear strength of the soil before it can support the self-weight of the fill. High-strength geogrids were used to restrict the vertical displacement of the fills by preventing base sliding, controlling differential settlement, and protecting the embankment against internal and global stability failures.

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Miao, Kun, Xing Sun, and Liang Li. "A Roadbed Earthwork Allocation Model Based on ACO Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 3483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.3483.

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A new optimized highway earthwork allocation model from mass-haul diagram idea is built in this study. A mass-haul diagram is a kind of traditional manual method, but it is visualized and convenient for earthwork allocation. With it, the earth moving operations can be represented as discrete events systems, and an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is developed as a system to be equipped with the model. It was shown that the model developed in this study was effective and could increase earthwork allocation efficiency. The model can compute cut and fill quantities and generate the optimal earthmoving plan automatically.

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12

Zhao, Chun Ju, Chun Yu Wang, Yi Hong Zhou, and Hua Wei Zhou. "Modeling of Earthwork Dynamic Allocation for Rock-Fill Dams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 256-259 (December 2012): 2454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.256-259.2454.

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By analyzing feeding sources and material accepted fields involved in the earthwork allocation for rock-fill dam, a dynamic model of earthwork allocation is set up by incorporating dynamic programming. Dividing filling and excavation process into n steps, functions of allocation costs during each period is defined according to equation of state transitions, on the basis of which the optimization function is formed. Then the sequential method is employed to get the optimized solution. Finally a practical case is studied for application of this model.

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13

Cho, Jin-Woo, Jae-Kang Lee, and Jisoo Park. "Large-Scale Earthwork Progress Digitalization Practices Using Series of 3D Models Generated from UAS Images." Drones 5, no. 4 (December 12, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5040147.

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Since the Fourth Industrial Revolution, existing manpower-centric manufacture has been shifting towards technology and data-centric production in all areas of society. The construction sector is also facing a new paradigm called smart construction with a clear purpose of improving productivity and securing safety by applying site management using information and communications technology (ICT). This study aims to develop a framework for earthwork process digitalization based on images acquired by using the unmanned aerial system (UAS). The entire framework includes precise UAS data acquisition, cut-and-fill volume estimation, cross-section drawing, and geo-fencing generation. To this end, homogeneous time-series drone image data were obtained from active road construction sites under earthwork. The developed system was able to generate precise 3D topographical models and estimate cut-and-fill volume changes. In addition, the proposed framework generated cross-sectional views of each area of interest throughout the construction stages and finally created geo-fencing to assist the safe operation of heavy equipment. We expect that the proposed framework can contribute to smart construction areas by automating the process of digitizing earthwork progress.

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14

Easa, Said M. "Simplifying roadway cross sections without reducing volume accuracy." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-078.

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A method for simplifying irregular ground profile of roadway cross sections by a straight line is presented. The presented method does not affect the accuracy of earthwork volume computations. Two types of cross sections are considered: cut (or fill) and transition sections. For a cut (or fill) section, the simplified section is designed such that its area equals that of the original section. This is accomplished by adjusting the least-squares (LS) parameters. Three cases of adjustments that depend on the area of the original section and the unadjusted LS parameters are presented. These cases preserve the section type (cut or fill) and, as much as possible, the general shape of the original section. For a transition section, the simplified section is designed such that its cut and fill areas equal those of the original section. These conditions of equal areas are used to develop formulas for designing the simplified section directly. Application of the method is illustrated by numerical examples. Key words: roadway, cross section, irregular, least squares, linear profile, earthwork volume.

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Ismail, Badrul Nizam, and Nurhanis Yahaya. "Variation in Air Void Content of Compacted Fill by Considering Variation in Particle Density." ESTEEM Academic Journal 19, September (September 30, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/esteem.v19iseptember.21149.

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Compaction plays a vital role in earthworks to ensure that engineered fill such as embankment is performed at its required capacity. Two main criteria that need to be checked for compacted fill are density and air void content. The air void content is crucial to avoid the possibility of wetting collapse, i.e. failure when water fills the air void. In this study, the effect of different particle densities due to different particle sizes was investigated. The effect of different particle densities on air void content was also investigated. The particle density of soil was determined using two configurations: 1) by combining all sizes and 2) by separating it into five different sizes. The air void content was determined using two different values of particle density. It was found that particle density varies with different size, and it increases as the particle size decreases. This variation results in different air void contents. It was also found that at higher dry density, the air void content might provide a different value that is significant as it differentiates between comply and non-comply. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of considering the effect of variation in particle density in determining the air void content of compacted fill.

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Saunders, Joe W., Rolfe D. Mandel, C. Garth Sampson, Charles M. Allen, E. Thurman Allen, Daniel A. Bush, James K. Feathers, et al. "Watson Brake, a Middle Archaic Mound Complex in Northeast Louisiana." American Antiquity 70, no. 4 (October 2005): 631–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035868.

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Middle Archaic earthen mound complexes in the lower Mississippi valley are remote antecedents of the famous but much younger Poverty Point earthworks. Watson Brake is the largest and most complex of these early mound sites. Very extensive coring and stratigraphic studies, aided by 25 radiocarbon dates and six luminescence dates, show that minor earthworks were begun here at ca. 3500 B.C. in association with an oval arrangement of burned rock middens at the edge of a stream terrace. The full extent of the first earthworks is not yet known. Substantial moundraising began ca. 3350 B.C. and continued in stages until some time after 3000 B.C. when the site was abandoned. All 11 mounds and their connecting ridges were occupied between building bursts. Soils formed on some of these temporary surfaces, while lithics, fire-cracked rock, and fired clay/loam objects became scattered throughout the mound fills. Faunal and floral remains from a basal midden indicate all-season occupation, supported by broad-spectrum foraging centered on nuts, fish, and deer. All the overlying fills are so acidic that organics have not survived. The area enclosed by the mounds was kept clean of debris, suggesting its use as ritual space. The reasons why such elaborate activities first occurred here remain elusive. However, some building bursts covary with very well-documented increases in El Niño/Southern Oscillation events. During such rapid increases in ENSO frequencies, rainfall becomes extremely erratic and unpredictable. It may be that early moundraising was a communal response to new stresses of droughts and flooding that created a suddenly more unpredictable food base.

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Zhu, Cai-Hui. "Post-construction settlement estimation and increased earthwork volumes calculation of high loess fill." Journal of Geo-Engineering Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 8, 2016): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jgs-150035.

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In this study, the post-construction settlement (PCS) area distribution of high fill was analyzed based with reference to a case history of an airport runway crossing a deep gully reclaimed by a thick fill of loess. Earthwork volumes (EV) attributed to PCS was calculated based on in-situ tests. Results showed that the uneven PCS were related to fill depth, construction time, fill rate, integrated compaction degree, and boundary conditions. An empirical equation that considers the aforementioned influence factors was established to calculate the final PCS of high fill. The surface PCS of high fill and the EV can be estimated according to the proposed empirical equation and the original site topography using the three-dimensional finite element method.

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Christian, John, and Havindra Caldera. "Earthmoving cost optimization by operational research." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 679–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-088.

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Among the wide variety of operations in many construction projects, the earthmoving operation is very significant in terms of cost and productivity. When there are several excavation and fill areas, the overall earthmoving cost can be minimized by optimizing the distribution of the cut and fill quantities along the various haul routes. A transportation model which optimizes the earthmoving cost is introduced in this paper. A numerical example is used to explain the simplicity of the application of the model. Key words: compaction, construction equipment, earthwork, economic analysis, excavation, operational research, optimization, transportation.

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Papa, Ivica, Rodolfo Picchio, Mihael Lovrinčević, David Janeš, Tibor Pentek, Dino Validžić, Rachele Venanzi, and Andreja Đuka. "Factors Affecting Earthwork Volume in Forest Road Construction on Steep Terrain." Land 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12020400.

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Forest roads, as a prerequisite for high-quality forest management, should be optimally distributed in order to avoid negative environmental impacts and to best fulfill their task. In the design phase of forest roads, it is necessary to know which factors influence most the volume of earthworks to enable the designer to best adapt to the terrain requirements. In this paper the impact of an average cross terrain slope and carriageway value of a forest road on cut and fill volume is analyzed. The research was carried out in the area of the management unit Trovrh–Kik, characterized by irregular terrain with slopes ranging between 27 and 58%, and on some micro locations even up to 84%. On eight forest roads, based on standard cross-section profiles, the influence of the average cross terrain slope and carriageway value (difference between ground level and grade level) of the forest road on the cut and fill volume per 1 m of the forest road route was analyzed. The obtained coefficients of determination indicate a strong correlation between the cut volume and carriageway value (R2 = 0.6841), and a moderate correlation between the fill volume and carriageway value (R2 = 0.5619). Unlike the influence of carriageway value on the cut and fill volume, the correlation between the cross terrain slope and fill volume is weak (R2 = 0.2076) or moderate in the case of the cut volume (R2 = 0.3167). On the basis of the analyzed standard cross-section profiles, it was determined that the carriageway value was 0.051 m, where the difference between the cut and fill volume was minimum and the average actual carriageway value was determined to be −0.09 m. It can be concluded that, on terrains with large and varying slopes, there is no unique model or terrain factor that could describe the earthworks required in the construction of a forest road. However, it is beyond doubt that the increase in the carriageway value and cross terrain slope caused the increase in the aforementioned volumes.

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Chang, Jun, Bo Cui, and Deng Hua Zhong. "Research on Construction Schedule Real-Time Control of High Core Rock-Fill Dam Based on Digital Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (November 2012): 1062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.1062.

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The real-time control of the construction schedule for the high core rock-fill dam is researched, and the construction schedule forecasting and analysis method for the high core rock-fill dam is proposed based on the real-time monitoring and simulation. According to the basic principles of schedule control, the control process of construction schedule for the high core rock-fill dam is established, and the implementation method of the dynamic adjustment and control for construction schedule of the high core rock-fill dam is put forward by comparing the current construction schedule with the plan and combining measures such as earthwork dynamic balance optimization and dynamic adjustment and optimization of construction method. The achievement has been used in a hydropower project in southwest China, which provides strong technical support for the high standard construction of the project.

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Yao, Tian Ju, and Lin Xin Liu. "The Stack Soil Management for Construction Site." Advanced Materials Research 1049-1050 (October 2014): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1049-1050.487.

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The topography, hydrogeological condition and engineering geological condition of various regions are complicated in China. The demolition and site preparation of mountains construction site generally need to do a large number of excavation and embankment fill, need to consider the problem such as landslide and slope, temporary earthwork stack. The available soil temporary stack involving the question such as safety, environmental protection, etc, with two instances to illustrate should according to quality, safety and environmental protection objectives for construction management of temporary pile soil.

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Gwak, Han-Seong, Jongwon Seo, and Dong-Eun Lee. "Optimal cut-fill pairing and sequencing method in earthwork operation." Automation in Construction 87 (March 2018): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2017.12.010.

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Adalier, Korhan, and Ahmet Pamuk. "On the Important Mechanical Properties of Rubber-Sand." Advanced Materials Research 685 (April 2013): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.685.8.

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More than a billion rubber tires are discarded annually around the world. Growing piles of discarded tires create fire and environmental hazards. Current disposal methods are mostly wasteful and costly. Tires possess high tensile strength, are chemically very stable, practically non-destructible and light in weight. All of these properties make tires a potentially useful geo-material. This paper presents the results of an extensive laboratory testing study investigating the potential of using shredded tires mixed with sandy soils (rubber-sand) as lightweight fill and backfill material in road construction. The results show that rubber-sand has significant promise for use as an earthwork fill material. In addition to its engineering benefits, such use of scrap tires would significantly contribute to solving the ever-growing tire disposal problem.

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Kresta, František. "Metallurgical By-Products in Earthworks, Hazards of their Utilization." Advanced Materials Research 1020 (October 2014): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.98.

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Metallurgical by-products, primarily blast furnace and steel slag, have ranked among important alternative sources of fill as well as of material for the structural layers in highways. The properties of aggregates based on blast furnace or steel slag are determined to a decisive degree by the process employed by the specific ironmaker or steelmaker in question, or as the case may be, the specific producer of a nonferrous metal. Main hazards of metallurgical by-products are closely connected to their chemical and mineralogical composition and they are resulted in volume changes. Pavement deformation of the D47 motorway does not constitute Czech Republic’s first example of damage to an engineering structure due to volume changes of metallurgical by-products, but since this problem became widely known it drew greater attention to the problems of volume stability of the metallurgical by-products. Comparison of blast furnace slag, steel slag and other metallurgical by products parameters allow us to define the most hazardous material as steelworks waste. It is surprising that such material obtained a certificate based on which it was used as fill.

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Muddle, D. M., and K. M. Briggs. "Macropore structure and permeability of clay fill samples from a historic clay fill earthwork." Transportation Geotechnics 19 (June 2019): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.02.003.

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Matinnia, Benyamin, Aidin Parsakhoo, Jahangir Mohamadi, and Shaban Shataee Jouibary. "Study of the LiDAR accuracy in mapping forest road alignments and estimating the earthwork volume." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 11 (December 3, 2018): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2018-jfs.

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Today, differential geographical position system and total station devices are improving the accuracy of positioning information, but in critical locations such as steep slopes and closed canopy cover, the device accuracy is limited. Moreover, field surveying in this technique is time-consuming and expensive. For this reason, remote sensing technique such as light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanner should be used in field measurements. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare precision and time expenditure of total station and airborne LiDAR in producing horizontal and vertical alignments and estimating earthwork volume of two proposed forest roads in a deciduous forest of Iran. To investigate this task, the geographical position of proposed forest roads were detected by differential geographical position system and then marked on land. Mentioned roads were taken again with Leica Total Station (LTS) on control points with same 5 m intervals from start point. Recent data served as a reference value for comparison with LiDAR measurements. The data were processed in Civil 3D, Fusion and Leica geo office software. Results showed that in comparison to field-surveyed routes by LTS, the LiDAR-derived routes exhibited a horizontal accuracy of 0.23 and 0.47 m and vertical accuracy of 0.31 and 0.66 m for road 1 and road 2, respectively. The LiDAR-derived sections every 1 m exhibited cut and fill accuracy of 2.39 and 3.18 m3 for road 1 and 2.98 and 5.60 m3 road 2, respectively. In this study, it was proved that the road project can be prepared faster by LiDAR than that of LTS. Therefore, high accuracy of road projection by LiDAR is useful for terrain analysis without the need for field reconnaissance.

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Chatterjee, B., and P. N. Gupta. "Nanocomposite films dispersed with silica nanoparticles extracted from earthworm humus." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 358, no. 23 (December 2012): 3355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2012.08.020.

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Kolosova, Natalya, and Vladislav Sergeev. "Researching Transformation of Analytical Data Obtained from Visual Programming System «Dynamo» into Microsoft Excel Worksheets." Bulletin of Baikal State University 31, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2021.31(2).156-166.

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Construction companies face barriers and challenges in adopting BIM, as there are no guidelines or best practices they could study and use in their activities. One of the most difficult and time-consuming tasks in designing construction projects is calculating the volume of earthworks, which sometimes has to be done in difficult climatic conditions. The article presents a study of using BIM technology and the development of a script in the visual programming environment «Dynamo», which will simplify this labour intensive process without losing its quality and saving time for other design tasks. The developed script can be used when calculating earthworks and studying their fill diagram in order to cut costs of performing initial construction works by designing marks on the Earth’s surface. It can be used in road building when plotting the most economically feasible route in terms of construction costs. The use of the developed script will significantly reduce the time of performing a big amount of same type repetitive operations when developing representative units or creating complex parametric geometry.

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Ergasheva, X. "Biotechnological Bases of Obtaining Biohumus." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/72/15.

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Currently, along with the development of agriculture, a certain amount of organic waste is generated from products produced to meet the needs of the population. Organic waste can be recycled with the assistance of earthworms. The technology of processing organic waste using earthworms is of great theoretical and practical importance in solving biotechnological problems. In vermicompost with the help of local earthworms, the content of total nitrogen increased from 0.4 to 0.5%, total phosphorus — from 0.2 to 0.4%, total potassium — from 0.45 to 1.6%, calcium — from 0.15 to 1%, sodium — from 0.12 to 1%.

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Hara, Yuji, Chizuko Hirai, and Yuki Sampei. "Mapping Uncounted Anthropogenic Fill Flows: Environmental Impact and Mitigation." Land 11, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): 1959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11111959.

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Fill material flows created by land development earthworks are anthropogenic agents that generate massive energy use from their heavy loads. However, formal quantification of these flows has been neglected. We use Osaka Prefecture in Japan as a case study to quantify fill flows and associated CO2 emissions. We collected data on fill flows, including fill generation and acceptance. We mapped these publicly uncounted fill flows and calculated the CO2 emissions from the associated energy use. We also simulated a scenario in which optimized shortest-distance matching is achieved between fill generators and acceptors. We estimated the current fill flows based on distance and weight and broke down the total by type of site and activity. We compared our estimates of current fill flows with estimates from our matching simulation and found the simulation could achieve an 8448 km reduction in flow length and a 5724 t-CO2 reduction in emissions associated with transportation. We discussed the implications of flexible matching, especially in different construction sectors, and the importance of continuous, spatially geo-referenced monitoring of these fill flows toward further environmental impact mitigation. The approach presented here could apply to assessing environmental loads arising from landform changes in other cities and lead to development of a new regional- and global-scale fill material science in the Anthropocene.

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Cao, Xilun, Ying Zhang, and Cheng Luo. "The Application of Building Information Modelling in Landscape Design for Ecological Protection." E3S Web of Conferences 283 (2021): 02042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128302042.

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Over the last decade, the widely use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) has significantly improved the efficiency of architectural, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry in China. Many studies have been dedicated to how BIM could help in construction works. However, due to lack of BIM application in landscape filed, limited researches could be found on how many excessive works could be prevented by BIM and its ecological value in protecting local environment, especially for those hillside areas with relatively vulnerable ecosystem, which covers over two thirds of the land in China. This paper aims to set up a BIM-based landscape design workflow and examine its effectiveness in reducing construction waste produced in design process. One project case of hillside residential district planning design was carried out by applying the established BIM workflow, showing that earthworks were reduced significantly, and the final net cut/fill volume was controlled at 32.45m3 after project completion. Minimizing earthworks prevents the local topsoil and vegetation from been destroyed by unnecessary constructions. Utilizing BIM in landscape design enables the architects to pursue a more ecological and integrated design solution, paying more attention to the relationship between human beings and nature.

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Suwaji and Rezky Anisari. "Optimizing the Use of Heavy Equipment on Earthworks on the Syamsudin Noor Banjarbaru Airport Ring Road." Jurnal Multidisiplin Madani 4, no. 3 (March 22, 2024): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/mudima.v4i3.8364.

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Earthworks on the Syamsudin Noor Banjarbaru Airport Ring Road Construction Project in 2019 include activities of digging, moving, displacing, leveling, forming the road body and compacting embankment soil in a loose volume of 375,000.00 m3 in solid with laterite soil type (chosen fill) . The heavy equipment used will be calculated for productivity, tool requirements and operational costs for each tool, namely: Komatsu PC 200 Excavator, Nissan Hino FM 260 JD 16 m3 Dump Truck, Catterpillar D6R Bulldozer, Catterpillar 120 G Motor Grader and Vibratory Roller Bomag Komatsu BW 217 D. Analysis and calculations using data analysis methods include material analysis, work implementation methodology, equipment production calculations, tool requirements, and equipment operating costs to complete the work. The results of the analysis show that Excavator productivity is 150.70 m3/hour, number of 3 units, operational costs Rp. .77m3/hour, number of 2 units, operational costs Rp. 1,617,521,830.24, Motor Grader productivity 1,392 m3 / hour, quantity 1 unit, operational costs Rp. 247,830,796, 12 and Vibratory Roller productivity 241.07 m3 / hour, number of 2 units, operational costs Rp. 757. 806,142.93. with a total cost of using heavy equipment for earthworks of Rp. 8,481,158,634.27

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Powell, G. E., and T. Y. Irfan. "Geotechnical design for a controlled tip in Hong Kong." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.63.

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AbstractAs a result of the rapid expansion of the population of Hong Kong, and a chronic shortage of land close to, or within, urban areas, sites for the controlled disposal of refuse often involve major earthworks on steep slopes and encroachment of the tip site into the sea. The particular project described will infill a complete valley of approximately 20 ha with an average height of 80 m of refuse fill. The front of the tip will be up to 200 m from the existing shore and is supported by a permanent seawall. Filling over marine sediments wil be necessary.

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Choi, Gwan, and SangUk Han. "Reinforcement learning-based dynamic planning of cut and fill operations for earthwork optimization." Automation in Construction 156 (December 2023): 105111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2023.105111.

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Sable, Sunil, Sanjeev Ahuja, and Haripada Bhunia. "Effect of pro-oxidant concentration on characteristics of packaging films of cobalt stearate filled polypropylene." Journal of Polymer Engineering 40, no. 8 (September 25, 2020): 637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0065.

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AbstractIn this work, polypropylene (PP) filled with different proportions of CoSt were prepared in a twin-screw extruder by compounding technique. Eight films of these compounds were prepared using compression moulding. The modified PP films were characterized for chemical, physical, thermal, and morphological properties (before and after biodegradation). The biodegradation of the CoSt filled PP films was studied under controlled composting conditions, and the degradation intermediates were evaluated for their ecotoxicological impact. The CoSt present in the PP film was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As the addition of CoSt was progressively increased, the tensile strength and thermal stability decreased as shown by UTM and thermogravimetric analysis. The compounding of CoSt in PP reduced its crystallinity as revealed by the differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction analysis, and this led to enhanced degradation of PP. After biodegradation, SEM results of modified PP films showed rougher morphology than before biodegradation. The maximum biodegradation (19.78%) was shown by the film having 2 phr CoSt. The ecotoxicity tests of the degraded material, namely, microbial test, plant growth test, and earthworm acute-toxicity test demonstrated that the biodegradation intermediates were nontoxic. Hence, CoSt filled PP has high industrial potential to make biodegradable flexible packaging.

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Andim Rendy Setiawan, Totok Yulianto, Titin Sundari, Rahma Ramadhani, and Meriana Wahyu Nugroho. "Analisis Penjadwalan Pekerjaan Tanah (Land Clearing) Menggunakan Precedence Diagram Method, Pada Proyek Perumahan Bunda Asri Karangdagangan, Jombang." JURAL RISET RUMPUN ILMU TEKNIK 2, no. 2 (August 19, 2023): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jurritek.v2i2.1735.

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Land work (land clearing) in the Bunda Asri housing development project was carried out to meet the contours of the land so as to reach the planned contours, according to housing project data the volume of excavation work (cut) was 374,758.15 m³ and heap (fill) was 323,320.39 m³. The volume of excavation (cut) and embankment (fill) is divided into five sections of the earthwork area with a duration of work completion of 90 calendar days. Time constraints are the reason for project or work activities to be right on plan. Scheduling in this study uses the precedence diagram method (PDM) and is assisted by Microsoft Project software. A network that has definite dependencies and can be used in projects with overlapping activities between one another's work is called PDM. The results of the research analysis used the PDM method for the construction of Bunda Asri housing, namely 81 calendar days. which is faster than the estimate of the housing developer which lasted 90 calendar days. This happened because the grouping of work with a work breakdown structure and predecessors reduced the duration time and did not precede each other among other works.

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Nahar, Najmun, Sayful Kabir Khan, and Zakaria Hossain. "Impact of Rice Husk Ash on the Compaction Characteristics of Soil." Jagannath University Journal of Science 10, no. 2 (February 7, 2024): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jnujsci.v10i2.71258.

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Usually, the measurement of maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) is important for assessing the quality control of the compacted fill or earthwork constructions as the compaction parameters. Rice husk ash (RHA), plentifully available in many rice-producing countries, can be used as a building material. This study mainly tries to investigate the effect of RHA on compaction features of sandy soil classified as A-2-4 or SM for soil stabilization. Nominal to a maximal dosage of RHA addition in the soil was considered for the experiments by the standard Proctor compaction tests. The result revealed that by increasing the amount of RHA in the soil, MDD was reduced and OMC increased significantly. It can be concluded that applying a soil-RHA combination is beneficial to soil improvement. Jagannath University Journal of Science, Volume 10, Number II, Dec. 2023, pp. 87-93

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Tanaka, Yo, Yuji Noguchi, Yaxiaer Yalikun, and Norihiro Kamamichi. "Earthworm muscle driven bio-micropump." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 242 (April 2017): 1186–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.123.

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Darvill, Timothy, Alex Bayliss, Debra Costen, Ellen Hambleton, Frances Healy, Rupert A. Housley, Linda O'Connell, et al. "Excavations at a Neolithic Enclosure on The Peak, near Birdlip, Gloucestershire." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77 (2011): 139–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00000669.

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Surveys and excavations in 1980–1 confirmed Peak Camp as a Neolithic enclosure on a flat promontory of the Cotswold escarpment overlooking the Severn Valley just 1 km south of Crickley Hill. Although heavily eroded by quarrying the site can be reconstructed as having two concentric arcs of boundary earthworks forming an oval plan which was probably open to the north where a steep natural slope defined the edge of the site. A section through the outer boundary showed four main phases of ditch construction, at least one causewayed. An extensive series of radiocarbon dates shows construction began in the late 37th century calbcand probably continued through successive remodellings into the 33rd century calbcor beyond. An internal ditch or elongated pit situated in the area between the inner and outer boundary earthworks had a similar history. Where sampled, the ditch and internal feature were rich in material culture, including a substantial assemblage of plain bowl pottery; flint implements and working waste; animal remains dominated by cattle but including also the remains of a cat; human foot bones; slight traces of cereal production; a fragment of a Group VI axe; part of a sandstone disc; and a highly unusual shale arc pendant of continental type. It is suggested that the ditch fills represent selectively redeposited midden material from within the site that started to accumulate in the late 5th or early 4th millennium calbc. The construction and use of Peak Camp is contemporary with activity on Crickley Hill, and the two sites probably formed components of a single complex. Its use was also contemporary with the deposition of burials at local long barrows in the Cotswold-Severn tradition which are linked by common ceramic traditions and the selective deposition of human body parts.

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Al Asadi, Layth Abdul Rasool, Hussein Shakir Al Bahrani, and Luay Kadhim Al Waeli. "Parametric Study for Design and Analysis of Box Culvert by Using Newton's-Raphson Method and MATLAB Software." Key Engineering Materials 870 (October 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.870.11.

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Box culverts are the monolithic unit build to pass across railway lines, roadways, etc. earthworks are made to balance the discharge water on both sides. Box takes different types of loads created by a cushion, traffic, water, soil, etc. This paper deals with the optimum design of box culvert by using Newton's-Raphson Method and AppDesigner in MATLAB Software R2017a and studies the design parameters such as the influence of depth of earth fill at the top slab of the culvert, earth pressure, factor Dead Load, Live load, effective width, etc. In this paper, the study of the box-culvert with normal and minimum cushion analyzed for different classes of loadings and conclusions made on the basis of Newton's-Raphson Method normal and minimum cushion and normal cushioning cases.

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Rutty, P. C., and T. P. Johnston. "Optimum use of material: selection of limits for suitable earthworks fill: Irish experience." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 26, no. 1 (2012): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp26.10.

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Diana, Willis, Edi Hartono, Agus Setyo Muntohar, and Kartika Wulandary. "Evaluation of Soil Compaction in Building Construction Projects." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 28, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v28i1.32720.

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Soil compaction is one of the robust methods to improve the strength and compressibility of earthwork since the method is more efficient and practical. However, the compaction work must be evaluated to meet the maximum dry density (MDD) required from the standard laboratory compaction test. The common method used for the evaluation of field density is the sand-cone test. The main objective of this study was to investigate the relative compaction of the borrow-fill at the building construction using the sand-cone test. The test procedure followed the ASTM D1556/D1556M-15e1 and ASTM D698-12e2 for sand-cone test and Proctor standard compaction test. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the density and moisture obtained from the field test at Dorm and Research and Innovation Center (RIC) project construction. The probability (p) of the compaction work exceeded the 0,9 MDD or Rc=90% was calculated p=13% and p=18%. The results corresponded to average relative compaction (Rc) of 80% and 82% at the Dorm and RIC project, respectively, with the deviation standard of 8.69 dan 8.81.

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Moselhi, Osama, and Ahmed Hassanein. "Data acquisition and analysis for highway construction using geographic information systems." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-002.

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Earthmoving operations represent a sizeable percentage of highway construction costs. Accurate estimation of cut and fill quantities, as well as haul distances, are thus essential for developing realistic schedules and reliable cost estimates for highway construction projects. This paper presents a model designed to aid highway construction personnel in optimizing earthmoving operations by developing realistic mass haul diagrams. The model automates data acquisition and accounts for the presence of different soil strata and natural and (or) man-made obstructions affecting earthmoving plans. Geographic information systems (GIS) are employed to generate three-dimensional digital terrain models of the topography and soil profiles. The model is supported by a relational database for soil data and has been implemented in a prototype software developed in ArcView® environment. It provides a user-friendly interface to facilitate data entry and efficient reporting capabilities. The model has flexible input and output formats designed to facilitate data sharing with a number of commercially available software systems. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the features of the developed model.Key words: data acquisition, geographic information systems, quantity estimating, earthwork optimization.

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Thomas, B. R. "Application of evaporative dewatering methods to allow the use of wet fills in the construction of earthworks." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 10, no. 1 (1995): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1995.010.01.20.

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Evans, J. G. "Notes on some Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Events in Long Barrow Ditches in Southern and Eastern England." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 56 (1990): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00005065.

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This note draws attention to similar sequences of archaeology and environment in three long barrow ditches on the Chalk of southern and eastern England. Although the data have already been, or will shortly be, published in individual site reports, the events warrant consideration as a group because they are of regional importance. They are significant specifically for the later Neolithic use of long barrows and more generally for the identification of areas of arable, pasture and abandoned land in the later Neolithic and Bronze Age. The state of the Bronze Age soils has implications for their later use.To start, the basic lithopedostratigraphy of a large ditch infilling on chalk (Evans 1972.) is iterated. There are four main stages:(1) Primary fill. Coarse rubble with finer layers and turves derived from the contemporary soil. Formed by high energy, but seasonally intermittent, processes of physical weathering and gravity.(2) Secondary fill. Loam, generally fining upwards and becoming increasingly humic as chemical weathering supersedes deposition. Formed by low energy processes of soil creep, rainwash of earthworm casts and others subsumed under the term colluviation; the details are unknown because such deposits have never been observed forming.(3) Soil. Formation of soil profile after the natural depositional processes have ceased. Essentially this involves the increasing humification and weathering of the deposits as infilling slows down and ultimately ceases, so there is a merging boundary between the secondary fill and the soil.

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Goktepe, A. Burak, and A. Hilmi Lav. "Method for Balancing Cut-Fill and Minimizing the Amount of Earthwork in the Geometric Design of Highways." Journal of Transportation Engineering 129, no. 5 (September 2003): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2003)129:5(564).

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Turk, Janez, Janko Urbanc, Ana Mladenovič, Alenka Pavlin, Primož Oprčkal, Karmen Fifer Bizjak, Barbara Likar, Marko Brodnik, and Nina Mali. "Construction of lysimeters for researching the leaching of potentially toxic elements from building materials." Geologija 63, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 271–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2020.020.

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By using recycled waste in construction, natural materials are being replaced, thus establishing a circular economy at the local level. An important aspect is also the conservation of natural resources. This is especially important in case of earthworks (embankments, backfills), which are large consumers of materials. Compared to natural aggregates and earth, geotechnical composites based on recycled materials can contain a higher total content of potentially toxic elements (heavy metals, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, organic pollutants etc.). The prerequisite for beneficial use of such composites is that the potentially toxic elements are immobilized in the composites, meaning that they are chemically inert. Potential environmental impacts, especially those associated with transfer of potentially toxic elements from new geotechnical composites into soil (aquifer respectively), are usually evaluated on laboratory scale, while their behaviour in real environment is usually poorly investigated. For this reason, there is a demand for the development of sensitive, reliable, and cost and time efficient monitoring tools for determining mass flows of potentially toxic elements from building materials, for example geotechnical composites, which are under the influence of various environmental factors. This paper presents the construction of field laboratory, based on a system of pan lysimeters. The lysimeters are used to collect leachate from geotechnical composites based on recycled materials. They are constructed in a way to be relatively low cost and at the same time large enough to representatively reflect the processes in geotechnical fills. Obtained data on the amount and quality of leachate can be used as a basis for the study of immobilization processes and for water balance. Moreover, this data will be used as input in the geochemical numerical model for the simulation of transport of potentially toxic elements released from geotechnical fills in different types of aquifers (alluvial aquifer with intergranular porosity, aquifer in consolidated rocks with fissure porosity).

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Shehzad, Aamer, and Mohd Zaidi Abd Rozan. "Potential Fit between Geotechnical Tasks and Mobile Computing Technologies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.7 (July 4, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.7.16194.

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Trend of rapid pace in earthworks has forced geotechnical laboratories to increase their productivity and performance at organizational as well as at individual level. Though geotechnical work involves numerous mobile work processes but the true potential of rapidly growing mobile computing technologies (MCT) has not yet been effectively exploited mainly due to lack of realization of a potential match between features of this specific technological paradigm and major task requirements. To fill this gap, this study investigated and characterized salient task characteristics and features of MCT. Based on the theory of task-technology fit (TTF), an initial conceptual model is proposed which reflects hypothesized relationships for finding a fit between task and technology and consequently assessing its impact on performance of geotechnical field workers. This paper contributes to the knowledge pool of information system through development of an adapted TTF model in geotechnical mobile work context. Lastly, future research plan of using quantitative methodology for finding empirical support of this conceptual model is presented.

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Lv, Ze, Xiaohan Meng, Shaoyang Sun, Tianzhen Jiang, Shengfu Zhang, and Jianguo Feng. "Biodegradable Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Hymexazol-Loaded Mulch Film for Soybean Root Rot Control." Agronomy 13, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13092205.

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Soybean root rot is an important disease that has affected soybean crops in recent years, but the available control methods still do not provide good protection for soybeans. In this study, three biodegradable mulch films (HML@CMCS, HML@PVA, HML@CMCS/PVA) were prepared from carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and hymexazol (HML) was loaded on them. The surface and cryofractured surface were compared via micromorphological observations using SEM, AFM, and 3D measurements. Mechanical, water barrier, and optical properties were compared between the different films, and the results showed that the composite film (HML@CMCS/PVA) had better tensile properties, lower water content (35%), and lower water solubility (28%), while water barrier properties were significantly improved. HML@CMCS/PVA also had better light transmission than commercial films (opacity at 600 nm of 1.92). Finally, the composite film was selected to study antifungal properties, soil degradability, and biosafety. The results showed that it exhibited significant inhibitory activity against Fusarium oxysporum and could effectively control soybean root rot, while degradation reached 58% after 7 d of soil burial, and the mortality of earthworms relative to the microplastics produced by the film within 7 d (23.33%) was much lower than that of the commercial film, demonstrating its excellent biosafety. This study provides a new approach for the on-farm management of soybean root rot and the reduction in soil microplastic pollution.

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Kowalski, Jan, Marzena Lendo-Siwicka, Grzegorz Wrzesiński, and Roman Trach. "Verification of Performance Standards for Construction Equipment in Terms of CO2 Emissions." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (October 24, 2023): 15188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115188.

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Almost every civil engineering project involves heavy construction equipment to create earthworks. This in turn is connected with carbon dioxide emissions, which are hazardous to the environment, especially in densely populated areas. Strict control and regulation of emissions from construction equipment has already been introduced in Hong Kong. This paper presents the results of several years of field research on the performance of construction equipment (excavators). The comparative analysis concerns the data obtained during a field survey in relation to the outlays proposed in the catalogues of material outlays commonly used in Poland (KNR catalogues.) The presented problem fills in the gaps in research on the performance of construction equipment. The results of the study clearly show the discrepancy between theoretical data from the KNR and the actual use of construction equipment during the construction of underground sanitary networks. Apart from the excessive consumption of diesel fuel, sequentially increased CO2 emissions occur. The presented research results allow for the development of an innovative method for the optimal use of heavy construction equipment, thus reducing CO2 emissions. This study is a continuation of a pilot study conducted by the staff of the Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Science.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fills (earthwork)'

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