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Nistor, Adela, and Diana Reianu. "Determinants of housing prices: evidence from Ontario cities, 2001-2011." International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis 11, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhma-08-2017-0078.
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Purpose This paper aims to present a panel data econometric model of the main determinants of house prices in the ten largest census metropolitan areas (CMA) in Ontario, Canada, for the years 2001, 2006 and 2011. The impact of immigration on the housing market in Canada is little researched; however, immigration plays an important role into the economy of Canada. According to Statistics Canada, not only is immigration key to Canada’s population growth but also without immigration, in the next 20 years, Canada’s population growth will be zero. The motivation for this study is the bursting of housing bubbles in some developed countries (e.g. USA). The authors analyze variables that are related to the immigration policy in Canada, accounting also for the impact of the interest rate, income, unemployment, household size and housing supply to analyze housing price determinants. The study investigates the magnitude of the impact of the top three leading categories of immigrants to Canada, namely, Chinese, Indian and Filipino, on the housing prices in Ontario’s largest cities. The results show the main factors that explain home prices over time that are interest rate, immigration, unemployment rate, household size and income. Over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, immigration grew by 400 per cent in Toronto CMA, the largest receiving area in Ontario, while the nonimmigrant population grew by 14 per cent. For Toronto CMA, immigrants, income, unemployment rate and interest rate explain the CA$158,875 average home price increase over the 2001-2011 time period. Out of this, the three categories of immigrants’ share of total home price increase is 54.57 per cent, with the corresponding interest rate share 58.60 per cent and income share 11.32 per cent of the total price growth. Unemployment rate contributes negatively to the housing price and its share of the total price increase is 24.49 per cent. Design/methodology/approach The framework for the empirical analysis applies the hedonic pricing model theory to housing sales prices for the ten largest CMAs in Ontario over the years 2001-2011. Following Akbari and Aydede (2012) and O’Meara (2015), market clearing in the housing market results in the housing price as a function of several housing attributes. The authors selected the housing attributes based on data availability for the Canadian Census years of 2001, 2006 and 2011 and the variables that have been most used in the literature. The model has the average housing prices as the dependent variable, and the independent variables are: immigrants per dwelling (Chinese, Indian, and Filipino), unemployment rate, average employment income, household size, housing supply and the interest rate. To capture the relative scarcity of dwellings, the independent variable immigrants per dwelling was used. Findings This study seems to suggest that one cause of high prices in Ontario is large inflows of immigrants together with low mortgage interest rate. The authors focused their attention on Toronto CMA, as it is the main destination of immigrants and comprises the largest cities, including Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton and Oakville. Looking over the 10-year period from 2001 to 2011, the authors can see the factors that impact the home prices in Toronto CMA: immigration, unemployment rate, household size, interest rate and income. Over the period of 10 years from 2001 to 2011, immigrants’ group from China, India and the Philippines account for CA$86,701 increase in the home price (54.57 per cent share of the total increase). Income accounts for CA$17,986 increase in the home price (11.32 per cent share); interest rate accounts for CA$93,103 of the average home price increase in Toronto CMA (58.60 per cent share); and unemployment rate accounts for CA$38,916 decrease in the Toronto average home prices (24.49 per cent share). Household size remain stable over time in Toronto (2.8 average household size) and does not have a contribution to home price change. All these four factors, interest rate, immigrants, unemployment rate and income, together explain CA$158,875 increase in home prices in Toronto CMA between 2001 and 2011. Practical implications The housing market price analysis may be more complex, and there may be factors impacting the housing prices extending beyond immigration, interest rate, income and household size. Finally, the results of this paper can be extended to include the most recent census data for the year 2016 to reflect more accurately the price situation in the housing market for Ontario cities. Social implications The fact that currently, in 2017, the young working population cannot afford buying a property in the Toronto CMA area means there is a problem with this market and a corresponding decrease in the quality of life. According to The Globe and Mail (July 2017), a new pool in 2017 suggested that two in five Canadians believe housing in this country is not affordable for them. Further, 38 per cent of respondents who consider themselves middle or upper class believe in no affordability of housing. The Trudeau Government promised Canadians a national housing strategy for affordable housing. Designing a national housing strategy may be challenging because it has to account for the differential income ranges across regions. Municipal leaders are asking the government to prioritize repair and construct new affordable housing. Another reason discussed in the media of the unaffordability of housing in Toronto and Vancouver is foreign buyers. The Canadian Government recently implemented a tax measure on what it may seem the housing bubble problem: foreign buyers. Following Vancouver, in April 2017, Ontario Government imposed a 15 per cent tax on foreign buyers who are not Canadian citizens or permanent residents. This tax is levied on houses purchased in the area stretching from Niagara Region and Greater Toronto to Peterborough. Originality/value Few studies use Canadian data to explain house prices and analyze the effect of immigration on housing prices. There is not much research on the effect of the immigrants and immigrants’ ethnicity (e.g., Chinese, Indian and Filipino immigrants), on the housing prices in Canada cities. This study investigates the impact of the most prevalent immigrant races (e.g., from China, India and the Philippines) on housing prices, using data for Canadian major cities in Ontario within a panel data econometric framework. This paper fills this gap and contributes to the literature, which analyzes the determinants of housing prices based on a panel of cities in the Canadian province of Ontario.
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Jiang, Shirley X., Roberto Trasolini, Michael Heer, Benjamin Cox, Ciaran Galts, Vladimir Marquez, and Eric M. Yoshida. "Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Filipino North American patients: Results from a multi-ethnic cohort." Canadian Liver Journal 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/canlivj-2021-0025.
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BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is more prevalent in certain ethnicities due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and metabolic factors. North American Filipino populations may have lifestyle and metabolic risk factors for NAFLD; however, the prevalence of NAFLD in this group is unknown. We sought to determine whether Filipino patients are over-represented in a multi-ethnic NAFLD cohort and describe their clinical presentation, primarily compared to other ethnicities in the same geographical region and secondarily compared to Manila-based Filipino patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients with NAFLD who were followed at the Hepatology Clinic at Vancouver General Hospital, Canada, from January 2015 to August 2018. Data were extracted for clinicodemographic data, ethnicity, anthropometric measures, blood work, and transient elastography (TE). External comparison data was obtained online from the Metro Vancouver census and a NAFLD study conducted in Manila, Philippines. RESULTS: Of 317 patients meeting inclusion criteria for the study, 224 patients had complete datasets. The mean age was 51.1 years, and 50% were female. There were 139 (62%) Caucasian and other ethnicity patients, 55 (25%) Asian patients, and 30 (13%) Filipino patients. Compared to other ethnic groups, the Filipino group had similar clinical characteristics, including NAFLD fibrosis scores and TE. Of included NAFLD patients, the proportion of Filipino patients (13.39%) was significantly greater than the proportion of Filipino residents in Metro Vancouver (5.52%, p <0.01). Our Filipino Canadians seemed to be younger, with fewer females and a lower proportion of diabetes mellitus, but a higher proportion of hypertension than the previously reported cohort from Manila. CONCLUSIONS: While Filipino patients have not previously been examined in multi-ethnic NAFLD studies, they may represent a high-risk population. Further research is needed to clarify the prevalence and presentation of NAFLD in Filipino Canadian patients, as this appears to be a significant health issue in this community.
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Bokore, Nimo, and Jillian Premachuk. "Community Service Provider's Stories: COVID-19 Impacts and Vulnerable Canadians." Journal of Sociological Research 12, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsr.v12i2.18272.
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In 2020 a global health pandemic began causing significant life challenges for most populations around the world. For vulnerable groups in Canada, like newcomers and refugees, the COVID19 global health crisis amplified pre-existing inequalities and barriers. Given the previous understandings of racial inequality in Canada, we began an online discussion with a group of social service providers to explore how newcomers and refugees are impacted by the social lockdowns, physical distance, and the closures of many services. As a result, we collected informative stories that tell how the pandemic disproportionately and distinctly impact newcomers and refugees, resulting in new challenges finding employment, access to educational services for their families, and maintaining an adequate social and spiritual connection. We also found out how community service provision drastically changed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in additional challenges and barriers for marginalized communities.
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Ahmad, Sajjad, and Keith S. Dobson. "Providing Psychological Services to Immigrant Children: Challenges and Potential Solutions." Clinical and Counselling Psychology Review 1, no. 2 (December 2019): 48–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/ccpr.12.04.
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Canada is a diverse and multicultural country. More than one fifth of Canadians are foreign-born individuals from over 200 countries (Statistics Canada, 2017a). Whereas diversity and official multiculturalism makes Canada attractive for immigrants, the newcomers nonetheless face challenges in the areas of settlement, employment, and access to mental health services. These challenges are particularly acute for immigrant children. This article describes four major challenges related to the provision of psychological services to immigrant children and suggests potential solutions for each of these four challenges. The article concludes with the suggestion of a multilevel approach to address these challenges, and the collaborative inclusion of relevant stakeholders.
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Kazymyra, Nadia. "Canada’s Digital Collections: youth employment opportunities and Canadian content online." Art Libraries Journal 27, no. 2 (2002): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200012700.
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Since 1996, Canada’s Digital Collections (CDC), a federal government program has enabled organizations across Canada to add high-quality Canadian content on the Internet while providing on-the-job experience in information technology to young Canadians. This article presents an overview of CDC as a model for the digitization of various types of Canadian content. It also highlights three key aspects which have served the CDC program well: the use of alternative fiscal resources (youth employment funds); the development of an accountable and economical program design to facilitate digitization; and the fostering of partnerships among government, cultural institutions and entrepreneurial youth as a means of leveraging value-added results in digitization.
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Glavin, Paul. "Multiple jobs? The prevalence, intensity and determinants of multiple jobholding in Canada." Economic and Labour Relations Review 31, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304620933399.
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While traditional labour market estimates indicate that there has been little change in the proportion of workers holding multiple jobs in North America, survey instrument deficiencies may be hiding more substantial growth driven by the gig economy. To address this possibility, I test a broader measure of multiple jobholding to examine its prevalence in the Canadian workforce based on two national studies of workers (2011 Canadian Work Stress and Health Study and 2019 Canadian Quality of Work and Economic Life Study). Almost 20% of workers in 2019 reported multiple jobholding – a rate that is three times higher than Statistics Canada estimates. While multivariate analyses reveal that the multiple jobholding rate in 2019 was 30% higher than in the 2011 Canadian Work Stress and Health Study, multiple jobholders in 2019 were less likely to report longer work hours in secondary employment. Analyses also revealed that having financial difficulties is consistently associated with multiple jobholding in 2011 and 2019. Collectively, these findings suggest that while the spread of short-term work arrangements has facilitated Canadians’ secondary employment decisions, for many workers these decisions may reflect underlying problems in the quality of primary employment in Canada, rather than labour market opportunity. I discuss the potential links between multiple jobholding, the gig economy and employment precariousness. JEL Code: J21
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Gupta, Shikha, Mahadeo Sukhai, and Walter Wittich. "Employment outcomes and experiences of people with seeing disability in Canada: An analysis of the Canadian Survey on Disability 2017." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0260160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260160.
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Background Many individuals with disabilities face barriers to meaningful employment. Legislation has been put in place to ensure employment equity for individuals with disabilities in Canada. However, little is known about the employment profile and experiences of people with seeing disabilities. Objectives The objectives of our research study were to explore the employment rates of people with seeing disabilities in Canada, the factors associated with being employed, and supports and barriers that affect their work participation. Methods We used the nationally representative data from the Canadian Survey on Disability (CSD) 2017, collected by Statistics Canada. The CSD is a national cross-sectional survey of Canadians 15 years of age and above who face a functional limitation due to a health-related condition, representing more than 6 million (n = 6,246,640) Canadians. Our analyses focused on people who reported having a seeing disability. A subset of the complete dataset was created, focusing on individuals with a seeing disability. Weighted descriptive analyses were performed using SPSS. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted for individuals between 25–64 years of age to identify predictors of employment. Results Out of the estimated 892,220 working-age adults (25–64 years) with a seeing disability who were represented by the survey, 54% were employed, 6% were unemployed and 40% were not in the labour force. Early onset of seeing disability (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.32–1.35), less severe seeing disability (OR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.49–1.53), education above high school (OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.97–2.02) and daily use of the internet (OR: 2.46; 95% CI: 2.41–2.51) were positively related with employment. The top three employment accommodations that were needed and were made available included: modified work hours (45%); work from home (38.5%) and a modified workstation (37%). The top three needed but least available accommodations were technical aids (14%), communication aids (22%) and a computer with specialized software or adaptation (27%). Overall, 26% reported that an accommodation was required but was not made available by the employer. While 75% of individuals with a seeing disability were out of the labour force due to their condition, the remaining identified barriers that prevented them from working which included (top 3): (i) too few jobs available (20%); (ii) inadequate training/experience (19%), (iii) past attempts at finding employment were unsuccessful (19%). Conclusion Adults with seeing disability in Canada experience lower labour force participation than the general population. Rigorous programs are required to assist them with the job search, job retraining and workplace accommodations. It is important for governments to improve efforts towards inclusive education and develop strategies that promote digital literacy of employees and job seekers with visual impairments. Although accessibility legislations have been put in place, programs should be established that provide accessibility solutions for various employers, enabling them to hire individuals with different abilities.
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Minh, Anita, Ute Bültmann, Sijmen A. Reijneveld, Sander K. R. van Zon, and Christopher B. McLeod. "Depressive Symptom Trajectories and Early Adult Education and Employment: Comparing Longitudinal Cohorts in Canada and the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 17, 2021): 4279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084279.
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Adolescent depressive symptoms are risk factors for lower education and unemployment in early adulthood. This study examines how the course of symptoms from ages 16–25 influences early adult education and employment in Canada and the USA. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (n = 2348) and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 Child/Young Adult (n = 3961), four trajectories (low-stable; increasing; decreasing; and increasing then decreasing, i.e., mid-peak) were linked to five outcomes (working with a post-secondary degree; a high school degree; no degree; in school; and NEET, i.e., not in employment, education, or training). In both countries, increasing, decreasing, and mid-peak trajectories were associated with higher odds of working with low educational credentials, and/or NEET relative to low-stable trajectories. In Canada, however, all trajectories had a higher predicted probability of either being in school or working with a post-secondary degree than the other outcomes; in the USA, all trajectory groups were most likely to be working with a high school degree. Higher depressive symptom levels at various points between adolescent and adulthood are associated with working with low education and NEET in Canada and the USA, but Canadians are more likely to have better education and employment outcomes.
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Dong, Weizhen. "Informal Caregiving and Its Hidden Cost to National Economy- With a Toronto Case Study." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.1.1186.
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More than eight million Canadians are providing care for their aging family members, relatives, neighbours, or friends. Due to staff shortage, eldercare facilities are also relying on their residents’ families to fill the gap of the care needs. Caregiving responsibilities have forced many employees to take time-off from work or take early retirement, which is a heavy loss of productivity of Canada’s national economy. This study employed a mixed method strategy, and with both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods: interview, focus group discussion, and a questionnaire survey. It shows that Canadians must take time off from work or to leave jobs for providing care to their loved ones, even when they are residing in a long-term care setting. This seemingly private matter is a very public one in the other side of the coin: family caregivers’ lost time in employment is affecting Canada’s national economy significantly. Government should work with stakeholders to develop a national strategy to tackle the issue. COVID-19 outbreak has revealed long-term care institutions’ struggle with severe staff shortage in Canada.
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Benoit, Cecilia, Leah Shumka, Kate Vallance, Helga Hallgrímsdóttir, Rachel Phillips, Karen Kobayashi, Olena Hankivsky, Colleen Reid, and Elana Brief. "Explaining the Health Gap Experienced by Girls and Women in Canada: A Social Determinants of Health Perspective." Sociological Research Online 14, no. 5 (November 2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2024.
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In the last few decades there has been a resurgence of interest in the social causes of health inequities among and between individuals and populations. This ‘social determinants’ perspective focuses on the myriad demographic and societal factors that shape health and well-being. Heeding calls for the mainstreaming of two very specific health determinants - sex and gender - we incorporate both into our analysis of the health gap experienced by girls and women in Canada. However, we take an intersectional approach in that we argue that a comprehensive picture of health inequities must, in addition to considering sex and gender, include a context sensitive analysis of all the major dimensions of social stratification. In the case of the current worldwide economic downturn, and the uniquely diverse Canadian population spread over a vast territory, this means thinking carefully about how socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, immigrant status, employment status and geography uniquely shape the health of all Canadians, but especially girls and women. We argue that while a social determinants of health perspective is important in its own right, it needs to be understood against the backdrop of broader structural processes that shape Canadian health policy and practice. By doing so we can observe how the social safety net of all Canadians has been eroding, especially for those occupying vulnerable social locations.
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Karelina, Nataliya Aleksandrovna. "Indigenous peoples of Canada: key indicators of the current stage of socioeconomic development." Человек и культура, no. 4 (April 2021): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.4.36287.
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The subject of this research is the socioeconomic situation of the indigenous peoples of Canada at the present stage of their development. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of such key socioeconomic indicators as life expectancy of the representatives of indigenous population, employment and unemployment rate, average annual income, level of secondary and higher education, command of native language, etc. An attempt is made to determine the major factors of socioeconomic development, measures of state support, as well as the existing problems and future prospects. The author notes correlation between the modernization of education of indigenous peoples and preservation of their languages and cultural traditions. Since the early 2000s, the socioeconomic situation of indigenous peoples of Canada has somewhat improved, considering high rate of population growth, as well as slight minimization of the gap with nonindigenous Canadians such key indicators as life expectancy, employment rate, level of education, and average annual income. First and foremost, it pertains to the indigenous peoples outside Indian reservations and Mestizo. The situation with indigenous peoples in Indian reservations and the Inuit remains complicated. Majority of the problems that slow down the pace of socioeconomic development are associated namely with these groups of indigenous peoples. In economic terms, there is a noticeable increase of self-employment among the indigenous population, the development of aboriginal tourism. Positive changes are associated with popularization of the indigenous culture, which ultimately leads to the fact that more and more of the indigenous people in the country seek to legitimize their descent. Considering a significant share of young representatives of indigenous population, the government of Canada takes measures on the development of new programs in the sphere of education and employment, which are aimed not only at improving the quality of life of the indigenous peoples, but also at preserving their ethnocultural heritage.
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Gariépy, Geneviève, and Srividya Iyer. "The Mental Health of Young Canadians Who Are Not Working or in School." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, no. 5 (December 30, 2018): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743718815899.
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Objective: Recent studies suggest that youth who have a mental health problem are more likely to be NEET—not in education, employment, or training—but findings remain mixed, and evidence from Canada is limited. We examined this association across a range of mental and substance disorders in a representative sample of Canadian youth. Method: Data were from the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health ( n = 5622; ages 15-29). The survey identified past-year mental (depression, bipolar, generalized anxiety) and substance (alcohol, cannabis, other drugs) disorders from a structured interview and included questions on suicidal ideation. We classified as NEET respondents who were not in school or employed in the past week. Logistic regression models tested the associations between mental and substance disorders and NEET status, adjusted for sociodemographic, health, and geographic variables. Results: About 10% of youth were NEET. Being NEET was associated with past-year depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 to 2.63); bipolar (OR = 2.31; 95% CI, 0.98 to 5.45), generalized anxiety (OR = 2.65; 95% CI, 1.37 to 5.12), and drug use (OR = 3.22; 95% CI, 1.33 to 7.76) disorders; and suicidal ideation (OR = 1.75; 95% CI, 0.99 to 3.09) but was not associated with alcohol (OR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.69) or cannabis (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.47 to 2.00) disorders. Conclusions: Poor mental health was associated with being NEET in Canadian youth. Efforts targeting NEET should include provisions for mental health. Moreover, youth mental health initiatives should consider educational and employment outcomes. Further longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted.
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Smith, Peter H. "The Political Impact of Free Trade on Mexico." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 34, no. 1 (1992): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166148.
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the rule of free trade, taken by itself, is no longer able to govern international relations … Freedom of trade is fair only if it is subject to the demands of social justice.Pope Paul VIPopulorum ProgressioCurrent Debates over North American free trade focus almost exclusively on economic issues. Advocates claim that a trilateral agreement will provide impetus for sustained, long-term economic growth in Canada, Mexico, and the United States — and that it will provide a regional counterweight to the European Community (EC) and to Japan. Critics in the United States claim that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will encourage the export of US investment and employment to Mexico. Canadians fear accelerated debilitation of vulnerable sectors of the national economy, from natural gas to automobile parts. Skeptics in Mexico predict that NAFTA will perpetuate low wages for the Mexican working class and transform the entire country into a massive maquiladora.
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Ohle, Robert, Michelle Ohle, and Jeffrey J. Perry. "Factors associated with choosing the emergency department as the primary access point to health care: a Canadian population cross-sectional study." CJEM 19, no. 04 (August 12, 2016): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2016.350.
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Abstract Objective Approximately 4.3 million Canadians are without a primary care physician, of which 13% choose the emergency department (ED) as their regular access point to health care. We sought to identify factors associated with preferential ED use over other health services. We hypothesized that socioeconomic barriers (i.e., employment, health status, education) to primary care would also prevent access to ED alternatives. Methods Data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007 to 2008, were analysed (N=134,073; response rate 93.5%). Our study population comprised 14,091 individuals identified without a primary care physician. Socioeconomic variables included employment, health, and education. Covariates included chronic health conditions, immigrant status, gender, age, and mental health. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each variable were calculated. Weighted logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the importance of individual risk factors and their interactions after adjustment for relevant covariates. Results The sample comprised 57.2% males from across Canada. Employment (OR 0.73 [95% CI: 0.59-0.90]), good health (OR 0.73 [95% CI 0.57-0.88]), and post-secondary education (OR 0.68 [95% CI 0.53-0.88]) reduced respondents use of the ED. The reduced odds of ED use were independent of chronic conditions, mental health, gender, poor mobility, province, and age. Conclusions Low socioeconomic status dictates preferential ED use in those without a primary care physician. Specific policy and system development targeting this at-risk population are indicated to alter ED use patterns in this population.
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Foster, Jason. "From “Canadians First” to “Workers Unite”: Evolving Union Narratives of Migrant Workers." Articles 69, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 241–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1025028ar.
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Summary Federal government policy changes in the early 2000s led to the rapid expansion of Canada’s Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW) Program by increasing the number of eligible occupations. Before the expansion few trade unions in Canada had interaction with TFWs, but with the new rules, and the high profile political debate that ensued, unions were forced to confront the issue of migrant workers directly for the first time. Using narrative analysis, the paper examines media statements from union officials between 2006 to 2012 to track the narratives constructed by unions regarding TFWs. It finds three temporally sequential narrative arcs: 1-prioritizing of Canadian workers’ interests and portrayal of TFWs as employer pawns; 2-TFWs as vulnerable workers needing union advocacy for their employment and human rights; and 3-post-economic crisis conflicted efforts to integrate Canadian and TFW interests. The changing narratives reflect evolving union reaction to the issue of growing use of TFWs, as well as interaction with external political and economic contexts shaping the issue. The study examines how unions understand challenging new issues. The results suggest union discourses are shaped by the tension between internal pressures and external contexts. They also suggest that leaders’ responsibility to represent members can sometimes clash with unions’ broader values of social justice. Unions build internal value structures that inform their understanding of an issue, but they must also reflect members’ demands and concerns, even if those concerns may not reflect social justice values. The case study reveals the line between “business union” and “social union” philosophy is fluid, contested and context dependent. The paper also links union narratives of TFWs in this contemporary setting to labour’s historical attitude toward immigration and race, finding elements of both continuity and disruption.
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Pless, Ivan B. "Child Health in Canada." Pediatrics 86, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.6.1027.
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These data, coupled with the description of what is really an elegantly simple system of health services, provide a compelling argument for legislators to consider seriously some form of national health insurance for the US. This seems to be the conclusion of many Americans based on recent polls. Other arguments in support of comprehensive health insurance, at least for children, have been heard from some unusual quarters. Many of those advocating reconsideration of this issue, apart from some politicians, include economists, some branches of `organized medicine,' and even business (The Financial Post. November 3, 1989). For example, Lee Iacocca has written: "We've had a war on health care costs in this country for over 10 years, and we've lost it. Those costs have gone up year after year at almost double the rate of inflation, and they now account for about $550 billion a year or over 11% of our GNP." (Inside Guide. 1989:25) He goes on to call attention to the fact that the per capita health bill in the US is 41% higher than Canada's, 61% higher than Sweden's, 85% higher than France's, 131% more than Japan's, and 171% above Great Britain. As Iaccoca points out, if it was the case that the US was getting more for its investment than the others, the higher prices would make sense. But, he adds, "There is little such evidence. Life expectancy in the US is no better than the rest of the Western world, and infant mortality rates are one of the worst. There are nearly 40 million people without any health insurance coverage." He notes that an appendectomy or hysterectomy costs 3.5 times as much in California as in Ontario, and the ratio of costs is 5 times greater for a coronary artery bypass, and 7 times greater for an electrocardiogram. Iacocca's concern arises in large part because American business pays a large part of the costs of what he views as an `overpriced system.' Those costs go directly into the price of goods, and this amounts to an export tax when those goods are sold abroad. He estimates that over $700 of the cost of producing a car in the US goes to pay for health care for employees, compared with $223 in Canada. Between 1978 and 1980, General Motors reportedly spent three times as much on health insurance as it did on the steel used to manufacture its cars! Apart from these hard core economic issues, other differences are more subtle. Once concerns about paying for conventional medical care are set aside, serious consideration can be given to broader questions related to health and health care. In Canada there now appears to be a rapidly growing acceptance of the view that the main factors responsible for the health of populations are clean water, good food, education, employment, housing and, perhaps, good genes. This view has been articulated by the Population Health Group of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Nonetheless, the view that equitable access to medical care is essential to the integrity of a fair and just society remains firmly entrenched. As a consequence Canadians maintain a firm desire to accept even the high costs associated with elaborate hospital care and physician services to be confident that they will continue to be free for all. Many have observed that the major improvements in the health of most Western societies during the last 200 years predated advances in medical diagnosis and therapy by many years. Accordingly, some experts are convinced that the main determinants of health lie beyond traditional medical care. They note that the persistent discrepancies in the health status of different sectors of the population, particularly those divided by income or social class, may reflect complex social and environmental phenomena. Those in higher social class groups may have been quicker to adopt better lifestyles with respect to matters like smoking and diet. Similarly, social relationships, the control one has over one's own life, security of employment, and a sense of self-worth, all appear to be strongly related to health in the aggregate From this perspective it might appear that the arguments of critics of health insurance have some merit. The opponents suggest that it is not the absence of insurance per se that accounts for the embarrassing differences in health statistics when children in the US are compared with those in other nations, but rather differences in population composition. The argument is made that the American population has more poor, more blacks, and generally more heterogeneity than those of countries being compared. Even if that were true (although each point is debatable, and it seems a strange argument coming from what many consider to be one of the richest nations in the world), even if conceded, it seems to make the case for health insurance all the more compelling. This is so because there can be no doubt that one main effect of such insurance is to narrow the gap in access to and the use of services between the rich and the poor. Hence the more poor a nation has, the stronger the case for health insurance. Successive ministers of Health and Welfare in Canada, beginning with Lalonde in 1974 to Epp in 1987, have emphasized the importance of environment and lifestyle, as opposed to physicians and hospitals in obtaining further improvements in the health of Canadians. A cynic might suggest that these calls are motivated largely by the pressure to control spiralling health care costs, but the evidence appears to suggest that regardless of motive, they are on the right track. Contrary to views propagated in the US during the Reagan era, there is no evidence from Canada's experience that deregulation and competition either improves the public's health or reduces costs. In fact, the Canadian example suggests just the opposite, that the more care is made free to the patient at the time of receipt of service, and the more the system is planned and regulated by the state in the public interest, the better is the quality of service, the better the health of the people, and the less it costs. Despite the evidence, spokespersons for "the loyal opposition" persist: "Universal health insurance is not a good idea. . . [it] would fly in the face of the American way of doing things. . . .The United States is unique, and our pluralistic approach is unique. There is no reason to think that an imported system would be successful here or that American citizens would accept its implicit restrictions. . . . Other countries ignore appropriateness and effectiveness; they ignore the many complex elements of high-quality care that we in America demand; and they largely ignore the citizen's right to free choice, a concept we hold very dear." That dissenting opinion, written, perhaps not surprisingly by James S. Todd, of the American Medical Association, is certainly not one shared by most Canadians. It would seem that many Americans would gladly change places with their Canadian cousins or those of any of the other nations who long ago accepted that universal health insurance is a requisite for national self-respect.
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Rupa Rana. "Individualism: Quest for Self-Actualization in The Diviners." Creative Launcher 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2021.6.2.03.
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The meaning of individualism has shifted over the decades in Canada. Canada was founded as a bilingual country, where individuals were supposedly strongly aligned with the principal and views of their groups and religions. Merriam Webster dictionary defines it as “A theory maintaining the political and economic independence of the individuals and stressing individual initiative action and interests also: conduct on paretic guided by such a theory.” According to Laurence, “To had to deprive them, but if a person does not look after herself in this world. No one else is likely to” (The Stone Angel, 173). Women were not permitted much individualism of any kind. Their economic and social roles were preset. They were not to express their views. They could not wish marriage of her own choice. They had no right regarding children. They were considered less in the matter of employment and payment. They were not open sexually. Indigenous Canadians were certainly not permitted much individualism. They were forced into reserves or back into the bush. They are not capable of being an individual in the way a male like Britishers, or French Canadians are. One of Canadian’s most accomplished writers, Margaret Laurence (1926-87) received many awards, including Canada’s prestigious Governor General’s Literary Award for The Diviners and A Jest of God. The Diviners (1974) was Laurence’s final novel and is considered one of the Classics in Canadian Literature. In her novel, she searches herself when she stands because this last novel is considered her autobiography. She goes through an identity crisis in her life. She explores her routes and identity where she stands. Many of the incidents in her life, her agony, and curiosity to know her routes are well expressed in this novel. In The Diviners, the story of writer, Morag Gunn is true in its spirit to Laurence’s own maturing, is the climate work of the Manawaka cycle. A complex and profound novel, it brings the Scottish pioneers and the metis outcasts of Manawaka together and climates is the joining of the past and present and the affirming of the future person in the person of Pique, the daughter of Morag and Jules Tonnere.
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Lamb, Danielle, Margaret Yap, and Michael Turk. "Aboriginal/Non-Aboriginal Wage Gaps in Canada: Evidence from the 2011 National Household Survey." Articles 73, no. 2 (June 18, 2018): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1048569ar.
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The fact that Aboriginal peoples in Canada have experienced sizable and persistent earnings disadvantages is well documented. However, the most recent estimates of Aboriginal-non-Aboriginal wage differentials utilize data from the 2006 Census. The present analysis seeks to address this gap by providing more recent estimates of Aboriginal earnings disparities for various groups of full-time, full-year workers using data from the 2011 National Household Survey (NHS). We estimate and decompose Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal wage gaps at the mean for a number of different Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal groups living on- and off- reserve. We find that, consistent with previous literature, Aboriginal peoples continue to experience sizable earnings disparities relative to their non-Aboriginal counterparts. We find that Aboriginal Identity respondents living on-reserve experience the largest earnings disparity, followed by males who identify as First Nations and live off-reserve. Respondents who report Aboriginal ancestry, but who do not identify as Aboriginal persons, experience the smallest earnings disadvantage. Results of the decomposition analysis reveal that, unsurprisingly, educational attainment is the most salient factor contributing to the explained portion of the earnings disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians. Somewhat disconcerting, we find that where wage disparities are the largest, the explained proportion of the gap tends to be the smallest. Although previous studies can only serve as a rough comparator, relative to earlier estimates of Aboriginal/non-Aboriginal wage differentials using previous census periods, we find that earnings disparities among Aboriginal ancestry groups have remained relatively constant; wage gaps for Aboriginal identity groups have narrowed slightly; while the earnings disadvantage has widened for Aboriginal identity persons living on-reserve. Research and policy programs aimed at improving educational attainment and access to employment among Indigenous peoples are likely worthwhile initiatives. However, more research is needed on the potential role of discrimination in contributing to the persistent earnings disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous persons in Canada.
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Rocchi, Angela, Eric I. Benchimol, Charles N. Bernstein, Alain Bitton, Brian Feagan, Remo Panaccione, Kevin W. Glasgow, Aida Fernandes, and Subrata Ghosh. "Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Canadian Burden of Illness Review." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 26, no. 11 (2012): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/984575.
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BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) – Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) – significantly impact quality of life and account for substantial costs to the health care system and society.OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comprehensive review and summary of the burden of IBD that encompasses the epidemiology, direct medical costs, indirect costs and humanistic impact of these diseases in Canada.METHODS: A literature search focused on Canadian data sources. Analyses were applied to the current 2012 Canadian population.RESULTS: There are approximately 233,000 Canadians living with IBD in 2012 (129,000 individuals with CD and 104,000 with UC), corresponding to a prevalence of 0.67%. Approximately 10,200 incident cases occur annually. IBD can be diagnosed at any age, with typical onset occurring in the second or third decade of life. There are approximately 5900 Canadian children <18 years of age with IBD. The economic costs of IBD are estimated to be $2.8 billion in 2012 (almost $12,000 per IBD patient). Direct medical costs exceed $1.2 billion per annum and are driven by cost of medications ($521 million), hospitalizations ($395 million) and physician visits ($132 million). Indirect costs (society and patient costs) total $1.6 billion and are dominated by long-term work losses of $979 million. Compared with the general population, the quality of life patients experience is low across all dimensions of health.CONCLUSIONS: The present review documents a high burden of illness from IBD due to its high prevalence in Canada combined with high per-patient costs. Canada has among the highest prevalence and incidence rates of IBD in the world. Individuals with IBD face challenges in the current environment including lack of awareness of IBD as a chronic disease, late or inappropriate diagnosis, inequitable access to health care services and expensive medications, diminished employment prospects and limited community-based support.
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Tarnopolsky, Walter S. "Le contrôle de la discrimination raciale au Canada." L'égalité devant la loi 18, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 663–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042189ar.
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This article is divided into four parts: the first is a brief survey of race relations in Canada before the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation; the next two parts are devoted to an outline of the scope of this legislation and of the administration and enforcement of it ; finally, the last part suggests some current and possible future developments to make it more effective. Prior to the nineteenth century both the French and the British settlers in the colonies that have become a part of Canada had slaves. Slavery was not, however, very extensive due to lack of large agricultural holdings. At the end of the eighteenth century the legislature in Upper Canada and some judges in Lower Canada limited its expansion and helped to end its practice. The British Imperial Emancipation Act of 1833 brought it to an end. In the next few decades, up to the American Civil War, some Canadians helped run-away slaves from the slave-holding states in the United States, while others actively discouraged them from coming. By the end of the nineteenth century a new source of racial tension arose on the West Coast between the newer immigrants from Asia and the older immigrants from Europe. The result was the enactment of numerous discriminatory laws by the legislature of British Columbia and subsequently, on a lesser scale, by the other western provinces. Most of these remained on the statute books until after World War II. None of these laws were held invalid by the courts on the basis of their discriminatory nature. In addition, both the common law and the Civil Code were interpreted as not prohibiting private discrimination, except by hotel-keepers and common carriers. The change from this situation started in the I930's with a few specific legislative prohibitions of discrimination in specific instances. In the 1940's Ontario, with respect to signs and advertisements and Saskatchewan, with respect to a whole range of activities, enacted legislation prohibiting discrimination, enforcing their prohibitions with penal sanctions. The 1950's saw the introduction of fair employment and fair accommodation practices acts. By the I960's these were being consolidated into comprehensive human rights codes administered by human rights commissions. This trend has continued up to this year, with the result that all eleven jurisdictions have commissions charged with enforcing antidiscrimination codes or acts. The usual, but not invariable, procedure is the laying of a complaint, the investigation of it by the commission staff, an attempt to bring about a settlement and finally, failing that, a hearing before an adjudicative tribunal to determine whether an act of discrimination did occur and, if so, what redress is appropriate. In concluding, three suggestions are made regarding measures that could be taken to strengthen the effectiveness of anti-discrimination legislation: (I) contract compliance; (2) greater independence for the commissions from the government; and (3) giving the legislation paramountcy over other statutes.
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Kihika, Maureen. "Ghosts and Shadows: A History of Racism in Canada." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i1.3775.
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A history of racism reinforces discrimination and exploitation of racialized immigrants in general and African-Canadians in particular. My paper contends that historically institutionalized structures are the ideological fulcrum from which ongoing socio-economic inequalities derive and retain their legitimacy. Specifically, I argue that the historically institutionalized system of slavery and ensuing systemic structures of racial discrimination negatively influence the incorporation of racialized immigrants into the Canadian labour market. A historically racially segmented labour market continues to uphold colour coded social and economic hierarchies. Although Canada’s point system ensures that immigrants are primarily selected on the basis of their skills and qualifications, many professionally trained and experienced racialized immigrants endure perpetual socio-economic constraints, characterized primarily by low-end, precarious forms of employment. While not intended to serve as an exhaustive chronology, this essay draws on three historical periods of Black migration and experience in Canada: the first spans early sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth-century, the second dates from the nineteenth to mid-twentieth century, and the third extends from mid-twentieth century to the present. The following historical timeline traces the prevalence and enduring nature of systemic structures and substantiates Abigail Bakan’s (2008) suggestion that both “racism and a culture of hegemonic whiteness were and remain endemic to the Canadian state” (p. 6).Une histoire du racisme appuie le constat de la discrimination et de l’exploitation d’immigrants appartenant à des groupes raciaux en général et de Canadiens africains en particulier. Mon essai soutient que les structures historiquement institutionnalisées constituent le point de départ des inégalités socioéconomiques actuelles et prolongent leur légitimité. Plus précisément, je prétends que le système d’esclavage historiquement institutionnalisé et les structures systémiques de discrimination raciale qui en ont découlé ont nui à l’intégration sur le marché du travail canadien des immigrants appartenant à des groupes raciaux. Un marché du travail depuis toujours segmenté racialement renforce encore la hiérarchie économique et sociale fondée sur la couleur. Même si le système de points d’appréciation canadien fait en sorte que les immigrants sont choisis essentiellement sur la base de leur formation et de leurs compétences, de nombreux immigrants membres de groupes raciaux disposant d’une formation et d’une expérience professionnelles subissent de perpétuelles restrictions socioéconomiques, comme des emplois bas de gamme ou précaires. Cet essai ne prétend pas être une chronologie exhaustive, mais il décrit trois périodes historiques de la migration des Noirs et de leur expérience au Canada : la première époque s’étend du début du XVIe siècle à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, la deuxième du XIXe siècle au milieu du XXe siècle et la troisième, du milieu du XXe siècle à maintenant. Cette chronologie témoigne de la prévalence et de la persistance des structures systémiques et appuie la suggestion d’Abigail Bakan (2008) selon laquelle « le racisme et une culture dominante blanche ont été et demeurent endémiques dans l’État canadien » (p. 6) [traduction libre].
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Barbic, S., W. G. MacEwan, A. Leon, S. Chau, Q. Salehmohamed, B. Kim, B. Khamda, et al. "P013: What are the short-term goals of patients presenting the emergency department with an acute mental health complaint?" CJEM 19, S1 (May 2017): S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2017.215.
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Introduction: In the last year, Canada published its Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR) to ensure that patients receive the right treatment at the right time. Approximately, one in five Canadians will experience a mental illness in their life time, with many presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) as their entry point into the system. In order to improve patient outcomes and focus on patient-identified priorities, the aim of this study was to identify the short-term goals of patients with an acute mental health complaint (AMHC) presenting to the ED. Methods: We prospectively recruited a convenience sample of patients presenting to an inner city, academic ED with an annual census of 85,000 visits. Patients provided written informed consent and completed a survey package that included questions about employment intentions and short-term life goals. We collated the goals and used a content analysis to summarize the frequency of themes that emerged. Results: This study reports on the preliminary data from 108 of the targeted 200 patients (mean age 39.7 ±13.6 years; 65% male). A total of 75% of participants reported being unemployed, 84% of whom reported that they would like to gain some form of employment in the near future. Over half the sample (52%) identified that they were not satisfied with their current housing situation. In addition to improving housing and obtaining work, improving mental health (n=34), improving relationships with family or friends (n=27), going back to school (n=22) and managing addiction problems (n=20) were identified as the most common short-term goals. Other goals/priorities included improving physical health, traveling, exercising, and eating better. Conclusion: This study provides new information about the priorities of adults presenting with AMHC to the ED. It also offers insight into how to collaborate with patients to build sustainable, accessible, and coordinated care pathways that can bring about positive changes in their lives. This information can be used to compliment current care for mental health problems, ensuring greater quality, accountability, and continuity of care for this vulnerable patient group.
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Brassolotto, Julia, Tamara Daly, Pat Armstrong, and Vishaya Naidoo. "Experiences of moral distress by privately hired companions in Ontario’s long-term care facilities." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 18, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qaoa-12-2015-0054.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore long-term residential care provided by people other than the facilities’ employees. Privately hired paid “companions” are effectively invisible in health services research and policy. This research was designed to address this significant gap. There is growing recognition that nursing staff in long-term care (LTC) residential facilities experience moral distress, a phenomenon in which one knows the ethically right action to take, but is systemically constrained from taking it. To date, there has been no discussion of the distressing experiences of companions in LTC facilities. The purpose of this paper is to explore companions’ moral distress. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected using week-long rapid ethnographies in seven LTC facilities in Southern Ontario, Canada. A feminist political economy analytic framework was used in the research design and in the analysis of findings. Findings Despite the differences in their work tasks and employment conditions, structural barriers can cause moral distress for companions. This mirrors the impacts experienced by nurses that are highlighted in the literature. Though companions are hired in order to fill care gaps in the LTC system, they too struggle with the current system’s limitations. The hiring of private companions is not a sustainable or equitable solution to under-staffing and under-funding in Canada’s LTC facilities. Originality/value Recognizing moral distress and its impact on those providing LTC is critical in relation to supporting and protecting vulnerable and precarious care workers and ensuring high-quality care for Canadians in LTC.
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Palayew, Adam, Alexandra M. Schmidt, Sahar Saeed, Curtis L. Cooper, Alexander Wong, Valérie Martel-Laferrière, Sharon Walmsley, Joseph Cox, and Marina B. Klein. "Estimating an individual-level deprivation index for HIV/HCV coinfected persons in Canada." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): e0249836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249836.
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Background HIV-HCV coinfected individuals are often more deprived than the general population. However, deprivation is difficult to measure, often relying on aggregate data which does not capture individual heterogeneity. We developed an individual-level deprivation index for HIV-HCV co-infected persons that encapsulated social, material, and lifestyle factors. Methods We estimated an individual-level deprivation index with data from the Canadian Coinfection Cohort, a national prospective cohort study. We used a predetermined process to select 9 out of 19 dichotomous variables at baseline visit to include in the deprivation model: income >$1500/month; education >high school; employment; identifying as gay or bisexual; Indigenous status; injection drug use in last 6 months; injection drug use ever; past incarceration, and past psychiatric hospitalization. We fitted an item response theory model with: severity parameters (how likely an item was reported), discriminatory parameters, (how well a variable distinguished index levels), and an individual parameter (the index). We considered two models: a simple one with no provincial variation and a hierarchical model by province. The Widely Applicable Information Criterion (WAIC) was used to compare the fitted models. To showcase a potential utility of the proposed index, we evaluated with logistic regression the association of the index with non-attendance to a second clinic visit (as a proxy for disengagement) and using WAIC compared it to a model containing all the individual parameters that compose the index as covariates. Results We analyzed 1547 complete cases of 1842 enrolled participants. According to the WAIC the hierarchical model provided a better fit when compared to the model that does not consider the individual’s province. Values of the index were similarly distributed across the provinces. Overall, past incarceration, education, and unemployment had the highest discriminatory parameters. However, in each province different components of the index were associated with being deprived reflecting local epidemiology. For example, Saskatchewan had the highest severity parameter for Indigenous status while Quebec the lowest. For the secondary analysis, 457 (30%) failed to attend a second visit. A one-unit increase in the index was associated with 17% increased odds (95% credible interval, 2% to 34%) of not attending a second visit. The model with just the index performed better than the model with all the components as covariates in terms of WAIC. Conclusion We estimated an individual-level deprivation index in the Canadian Coinfection cohort. The index identified deprivation profiles across different provinces. This index and the methodology used may be useful in studying health and treatment outcomes that are influenced by social disparities in co-infected Canadians. The methodological approach described can be used in other studies with similar characteristics.
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Zeytinoglu, Isik U., Gordon B. Cooke, and Sara L. Mann. "Flexibility." Articles 64, no. 4 (January 14, 2010): 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/038873ar.
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Summary This paper examines whether flexible work schedules in Canada are created by employers for business reasons or to assist their workers achieve work-life balance. We focus on long workweek, flextime, compressed workweek, variable workweek length and/or variable workweek schedule. In the last three decades, two streams of literature have emerged on flexibility. One stream of literature discusses flexibility as demand-driven, that is, a strategic initiative of employers to enhance the business requirements of the firm. The other stream of literature discusses flexibility as supply-driven, where employees have the ability to influence the decisions about the nature of their work schedules and where employees, especially women, demand flexible work schedules for work-life balance. Thus, we ask are flexible work schedules created for business reasons or to assist workers achieve work-life balance? Statistics Canada’s 2003 Workplace and Employee Survey data linking employee microdata to workplace (i.e., employer) microdata are used in the analysis. Results show that more than half of the workers covered in this data have at least one of the five specified types of flexible work schedules. Approximately 5% of workers have a long workweek, 36% have flextime, 7% a compressed workweek, 13% a variable workweek length, and 16% a variable workweek schedule. Only two in five Canadians have a standard work schedule. Employment status, unionized work, occupation, and sector are factors consistently associated with flexible work schedules. Personal characteristics of marital status, dependent children, and childcare use are not significantly associated with flexible work schedules, while females are less likely to have a flexible work schedule than males. Overall, results suggest that flexible work schedules are created for business reasons rather than individual worker interests. Thus, if public policy makers are committed to facilitating workers’ work-family-life balance interests, then our results suggest that separate policy initiatives designed specifically for workers will be required.
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Giesbrecht, Gerald F., Mercedes Bagshawe, Melinda van Sloten, Anna L. MacKinnon, Ashley Dhillon, Marcel van de Wouw, Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany, et al. "Protocol for the Pregnancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic (PdP) Study: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Mental Health Among Pregnant Canadians During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Developmental Outcomes in Their Children." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): e25407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/25407.
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Background The COVID-19 pandemic and countermeasures implemented by governments around the world have led to dramatically increased symptoms of depression and anxiety. Pregnant individuals may be particularly vulnerable to the negative psychological effects of COVID-19 public health measures because they represent a demographic that is most affected by disasters and because pregnancy itself entails significant life changes that require major psychosocial and emotional adjustments. Objective The PdP study was designed to investigate the associations among exposure to objective hardship caused by the pandemic, perceived stress and psychological distress in pregnant individuals, and developmental outcomes in their offspring. Methods The PdP study comprises a prospective longitudinal cohort of individuals who were pregnant at enrollment, with repeated follow-ups during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Participants were eligible if they were pregnant, ≥17 years old, at ≤35 weeks of gestation at study enrollment, living in Canada, and able to read and write in English or French. At enrollment, participants completed an initial survey that assessed demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, previous pregnancies and births, prepregnancy health, health conditions during pregnancy, medications, psychological distress, social support, and hardships experienced because of the COVID-19 pandemic (eg, lost employment or a loved one dying). For the first three months following the initial survey, participants received a monthly email link to complete a follow-up survey that asked about their experiences since the previous survey. After three months, follow-up surveys were sent every other month to reduce participant burden. For each of these surveys, participants were first asked if they were still pregnant and then routed either to the next prenatal survey or to the delivery survey. In the postpartum period, surveys were sent at 3, 6, and 12 months of infant age to assess maternal stress, psychological distress, and infant development. Results Participant recruitment via social media (Facebook and Instagram) began on April 5, 2020, and is ongoing. As of April 2021, more than 11,000 individuals have started the initial survey. Follow-up data collection is ongoing. Conclusions This longitudinal investigation seeks to elucidate the associations among hardships, maternal psychological distress, child development during the COVID-19 pandemic, and risk and resilience factors that amplify or ameliorate these associations. The findings of this study are intended to generate knowledge about the psychological consequences of pandemics on pregnant individuals and point toward prevention and intervention targets. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/25407
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Lamb, Danielle, and Anil Verma. "Nonstandard Employment and Indigenous Earnings Inequality in Canada." Journal of Industrial Relations, June 8, 2021, 002218562110211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00221856211021128.
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The study investigates the extent to which the type of employment, specifically nonstandard work, may contribute to a better understanding of Indigenous earnings disparities. We find that Indigenous workers are overrepresented in nonstandard jobs and that such forms of work are associated with sizable earnings penalties. Although Indigenous earnings disparities are smaller in nonstandard work than in standard employment, the relatively low earnings of many nonstandard jobs are an important factor contributing to the overall economic inequalities experienced by many Indigenous Canadians. Policy responses aimed at improved human capital accumulation are likely to have limited efficacy unless additional barriers that prevent many Indigenous workers from accessing better quality employment and internal labor markets are identified and removed.
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J. S. Bains, Sagarika Bandyopadhyay, and Arup Gayen. "COMPARISON OF SELECTED DOMAINS OF QUALITY LIFESTYLE BETWEEN INDIANS AND INDIAN CANADIANS." EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD), August 8, 2020, 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra4983.
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The quality of various domains in life leads to life satisfaction which is essential for a balanced existence. From the perspective of physical and mental health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety & security to freedom, religious beliefs and the environment –all entities of a human life are involved to it. Attempt has been made to consider three major aspects of a quality life namely, mindful eating, physical activity and sleep hygiene to denote the status of behavioural habits of people living in India and Canada. 373 subjects, 234 from India and 139 from Canada, were selected conveniently for this study. It is observed that Canadian community is significantly superior in habits of mindful eating and physical activities in comparison to Indian subjects. However, no significant difference was found in sleep hygiene between the subjects living in India and Canada. KEY WORDS: Mindful eating, Physical Activity, Sleep Hygiene
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Prince, Michael. "Canadians with Disabilities, Labour Market Challenges, and Employment Opportunities in the Social Economy." Canadian journal of nonprofit and social economy research 5, no. 1 (May 12, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.22230/cjnser.2014v5n1a161.
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ABSTRACT This article examines the labour force participation of working-age adults with disabilities, and proposes nonprofits and community agencies as sites for employing disabled Canadians. It documents employment trends over the last 15 years and how they compare to those for people without disabilities. The employment reform agenda of the Canadian disability movement is outlined as two broad approaches: distributional improvements and structural innovations. Inclusive and gainful employment is regarded as an essential part of economic and social citizenship. The challenges of labour force participation for adults with disabilities are then related to recent reports on Canada’s aging population and to Harper government policies on employment for Canadians with disabilities. Finally, it explores applying a disability inclusion lens to the operations of social economy organizations. RÉSUMÉCet article porte sur la participation active des adultes en âge de travailler ayant des incapacités et propose la possibilité d'organismes sans but lucratif et des organismes communautaires comme un site d'emploi pour les Canadiens handicapés. Il documente les tendances de l'emploi au cours des 15 dernières années et comment ils se comparent aux personnes non handicapées. Le programme de réformes du travail du mouvement des personnes handicapées est décrite et approches de la réforme sont dites de diviser en deux grandes catégories : des améliorations et innovations structurelles. Travail rémunéré et inclusif est considéré comme une partie essentielle de la citoyenneté économique et sociale avec le préposé aux droits et responsabilités. Les défis de la participation de la population active pour les adultes ayant une déficience sont ensuite liés aux rapports publics récents sur la population vieillissante du Canada et aux décisions prises par le gouvernement conservateur Harper sur l'emploi pour les Canadiens ayant une déficience. Apprentissage politique et connaissances transfert peut se produire en appliquant une lentille d'inclusion des personnes handicapées aux activités des organisations d'économie sociale.
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Graham, Jim, Marolo Alfaro, Hamid Hamid, and David Kurz. "WARMING CLIMATE DAMAGES NORTHERN ROADS." Journal of Student Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.13034/jsst.v8i1.48.
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Canadians are increasingly aware of the needs and opportunities of northern Canada. Communities in the North need additional support in terms of health care, education, employment opportunities, and the high cost of living. Meanwhile, the economic importance of the North is increasing rapidly through development of mineral, petrocarbon, and hydroelectric resources. Reduction of ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is expected to lead to additional shipping in and out of northern ports. New roads are being planned over difficult terrain in Yukon Territory, Northwest Territory, Nunavut, northern Manitoba and northern Quebec. The only rail line in the North - to Churchill on the shores of Hudson’Bay - needs major repairs.
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Colley, Paige, Karen Schouten, Nicole Chabot, Matt Downs, Lauren Anstey, Marc S. Moulin, and Ruth E. Martin. "Examining Online Health Sciences Graduate Programs in Canada." International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 20, no. 3 (March 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i4.4007.
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Approximately one in 10 employed Canadians worked in health care and social services in 2016. Health professionals perceive life-long learning as an important element of professional life and value flexibility in their continuing education activities. Online learning is ideally suited to meet this need for flexible health sciences continuing education. The present study sought to identify and characterize online graduate programs in health sciences offered by Canadian universities. All Canadian (non-technical) university websites were hand searched for online graduate programs in health and related fields. Each identified program was characterized by 10 features: province, university, flexibility (i.e., fully online or blended), subject area, curriculum (e.g., coursework, thesis or project, practicum), duration and timing options (i.e., full-time, part-time), admission requirements, class size and acceptance rates, and employment outcomes. The search identified 171 Canadian university online graduate programs in health and related fields. Across Canada, the greatest numbers of programs are offered in Ontario and British Columbia. Most programs are master’s and graduate certificate programs, with graduate diploma and PhD programs being less common. While the majority of programs require an undergraduate degree for admission, some programs base entry requirements on previous work experience. Most programs offer a blended learning experience, with fewer being fully online. The most common content areas include nursing, public health, occupational health, and occupational therapy. These findings highlight opportunities to advance fully online, health continuing education in novel subject areas.
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Stringer, Leandra, Tina Luu Ly, Nicolas Vanin Moreno, Christopher Hewitt, Michael Haan, and Nicholas Power. "Assessing geographic and industry-related trends in bladder cancer in Ontario: A population-based study." Canadian Urological Association Journal 16, no. 2 (May 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.7263.
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Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the fifth most prevalent cancer in Canada, with 9000 Canadians diagnosed each year.1 While smoking is the most important risk factor, environmental and occupational carcinogens have been found to significantly contribute to BC rates.2 As Canada is highly reliant on natural resource industries, this study seeks to identify geographical and industry-related trends of BC rates in Ontario. Methods: The 1991 and 2001 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC; Statistics Canada) was used, along with individual years of Census data. Maps identifying hot and cold spots for BC within Ontario were generated, and the former were assessed for industry patterns between location and BC rates. Cox proportional hazards models were run for each age cohort to predict the likelihood of developing BC by industry of work. Results: Significant geographical and industrial trends in BC rates were identified. For 1991–2001; hot spots included the Cochrane, Manitoulin, Parry Sound, and Sudbury (90% confidence interval [CI]), and Nipissing and Temiskaming (95% CI) regions. Toronto and York were cold spots. Concurrently, metal (p=0.039), paper and publishing (p=0.0062), and wood and furniture (p<0.0001) industries had increased rates of BC. Notably, these industries had high employment density in our hot spot areas and low density in our cold spots. Conclusions: Significant geographical and industrial BC trends were found in Northern Ontario regions reliant on heavy employment in natural resource-based industries, such as forestry, agriculture, and wood/paper. These findings may inform future screening guidelines and aid in identifying individuals at risk of BC development.
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Anderson, Lindsey, Heather A. Ward, and Sharon E. Card. "Linking General Internal Medicine Residency Training to Human Resource Needs and Roles in a Changing Health Landscape." USURJ: University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal 1, no. 2 (March 30, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.32396/usurj.v1i2.105.
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Recently, there have been frequent calls for more generalists in the health care system, including General Internal Medicine (GIM). At the same time, the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons has published a report on unemployed and underemployed specialists throughout Canada. GIM residency programs aim to ensure all graduates have future employment positions that will benefit Canadians. However, there is currently little linkage between the educational and healthcare systems in terms of utilizing future health care needs to inform postgraduate training. There is a lack of consensus on how to plan future health care workforce needs. There is, however, consensus that this is important for both the population and for future physicians. Predictions must also take into account context, such as Saskatchewan's significantly rural and aboriginal population. Difficulties in health care workforce planning include economic factors, differences in physician scope of practice, and regional variations in scope of practice. To fully prepare graduates for both core GIM competencies and competencies tailored to their future practice, it is necessary for us to understand the range of scope of GIM practice in Saskatchewan. It is crucial to understand both current and anticipated perceived scopes of practice and practice opportunities for General Internists in order to plan physician resource needs and the required educational resources.
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Gatto, Laura E., Heather Pearce, Luiza Antonie, and Miana Plesca. "Work integrated learning resources for students with disabilities: are post-secondary institutions in Canada supporting this demographic to be career ready?" Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (April 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-08-2019-0106.
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PurposeThe Government of Canada is adopting the pedagogical practice of Work Integrated Learning (WIL) to help youth develop the career ready skills needed to transition from school to work. As a result, colleges and universities are receiving funding to grow academic programs that link theoretical learning with practical work experience. However, there is limited research about the resources available to students with disabilities who engage in WIL. From an environmental scan of disability supports for WIL on 55 Canadian post-secondary institutions’ websites and survey results from WIL professionals we ask: Do post-secondary institutions in Canada help students with disabilities become career ready? The data reveals that 40% of schools have no reference to disability services for any career related activities and only 18% refer to disability supports for WIL. Survey respondents report they are not being trained nor have access to resources to support students with disabilities in WIL. The authors therefore recommend changes to public policy and resource allocation to ensure colleges and universities provide disability services for all WIL programs, train practitioners about career related disability management, and hire professionals who specialize in supporting students with disabilities in WIL.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted an environmental scan of 55 Canadian post-secondary schools with a student population of 10,000 or more and identified services and resources publicly advertised online for students with disabilities in relation to employment and/or WIL activities. From this broad search, codes were developed based on general themes found in the recorded information, such as the location of information and the type of resources and services advertised for students with disabilities. During the environmental scan, the authors also collected names and emails of people listed as working in career and/or WIL departments who received an anonymous survey about their experiences working with students with disabilities.FindingsAs the Government of Canada expands WIL to improve labour market outcomes for youth, the research findings of the authors provide valuable evidence that post-secondary institutions are not supporting youth with disabilities to become career ready. Surprisingly, 40% of post-secondary institutions have no reference to disability supports for career related activities and only 18% reference supports available for engaging in WIL on their websites. In addition, WIL practitioners are not receiving the resources nor training to support this demographic to transition from school to work. This research can provide direction on resource allocation; specifically, the need for disability related supports and dedicated professionals for students who engage in WIL programs in higher education.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of the methodology in scanning public sites is that universities and colleges could have services or supports advertised on sites that can only be viewed by the faculty, staff and students from that school. Thus, it is possible that employment information for students with disabilities is available for those with login privileges. The authors attempted to mitigate this limitation by collecting survey responses about programs and services from WIL practitioners who work at the schools. The authors also did not measure marketing of services on social media platforms (e.g. Facebook, Instagram). Another limitation is that the WIL practitioner survey results are based on their perceptions. The sample size was not randomized, nor can the authors confirm it is a representative sample of all WIL practitioners in Canada.Practical implicationsAs countries continue to grapple with how to deal with the intersectionality of disability on an already disadvantaged demographic in the labour market, they must ensure that students with disabilities have access to career ready activities while in school. The authors therefore recommend public policy and resource allocation, not only in Canada but at a global level, that ensures post-secondary institutions: (1) create disability management programs and resources for all WIL and career activities; (2) hire dedicated professionals who specialize in working with students with disabilities in WIL; and (3) provide mandatory training for WIL practitioners on how to support students with disabilities in programs that develop their career ready skills.Social implicationsPreparing students with disabilities to be career ready when they graduate will benefit the Canadian economy. This wasted human capital not only negatively impacts a labour market with an aging demographic, it affects social service programs as Canadians with disabilities are one-third times more likely to live in poverty compared to Canadians without disabilities (Canadian Survey on Disability, 2017). The G20 report also stated that if employment rates for people with disabilities who are able to work were the same as for people without disabilities, economies around the world could increase their GDP by 3–7% (ILO and OECD, 2018).Originality/valueThere is no research in Canada to date that provides a national overview of the services in higher education advertised to support students with disabilities in WIL.
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Sayani, Ambreen, Jessica Dilney, Janet L. Kuhnke, and Tom McNeil. ""My Cancer Is Worth Only Fifteen Weeks?" A Critical Analysis of the Lived Experiences of Financial Toxicity and Cancer in Canada." International Journal of Health Policy and Management, August 15, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2021.83.
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Background: Cancer patients experience financial hardship due to rising expenses related to cancer treatment and declining income levels associated with reduced employability. Employment Insurance Sick Benefits (EI-SB) is a social income support program which provides temporary income replacement to Canadians when they fall ill. Although EI-SB is designed to maintain continuity of income during an illness, little is known about the perspectives of cancer patients who receive EI-SB. This knowledge can inform the development of public policies which are responsive to the needs and priorities of cancer patients. Methods: We conducted a theory-informed thematic analysis of data collected from twenty semi-structured interviews with participants who were receiving care in a cancer centre in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and had received EI-SB. A coding framework was developed using Taplin and colleagues’ intermediate outcomes of patient care across the cancer care continuum. Interpretation of findings was guided by the synergies of oppression theoretical lens. Results: Three overarching themes describe the experiences of cancer patients receiving social income support: Economic exclusion, in which the structure of the labour market and social welfare system determine access to workplace benefits and continuity of reasonable income; financial toxicity, a vicious cycle of financial burden and increasing financial distress; and constrained choices, where cancer influences employability and lowered income influences the need to be employed. Conclusion: Cancer patients need income support programs that are tailored to match their healthcare priorities. In addition, policies which strengthen working conditions and facilitate a reintegration to work when possible will be important in addressing the structural drivers of income insecurity experienced by cancer patients.
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"DO BLACK LIVE MATTER AMID COVID-19 PANDEMIC?" International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies 4 (2020): 067–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31355/73.
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Aim/Purpose: This article aims at exploring how systemic racism predisposes Canadian Blacks to COVID 19 infection, thereby raising the question as to whether Black Live Matters amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: Although many discourses about Blacks' vulnerability abound in the public media and academic literature, their vulnerabilities seem to have been overlooked amid the current COVID-19 global health crisis. Since COVID-19 was detected public health authorities deem older people, children, Indigenous people, and low-income Canadian families and those with weakened immune systems from underlying medical conditions as vulnerable to the pandemic. One group of people conspicuously missing from the vulnerable groups’ list is Black people. Drawing on evidence-based data from secondary sources, the article demonstrates that the gravities of the COVID-19 pandemic are deepening racial inequalities in Canada. The article also illustrates how many Black people and other racialized groups are at increased risk of COVID 19 infections and deaths due to a longstanding health inequality. Methodology: This study relies on evidence-based data drawn from various secondary sources, including academic papers, policy briefs, government reports, credible media sources, press notes and advisories, current newspapers, and online media reportage of the unfolding health crisis about COVID-19 to demonstrate that the gravities of the COVID-19 pandemic are deepening racial inequalities in Canada. Although research that articulates existing studies on Black people and the COVID-19 pandemic is very scanty, this paper is mostly exploratory as it emphasizes synthesizing secondary sources of literature review. Findings: The study finds that many Black people and other racialized groups are at increased risk of COVID 19 infections and deaths due to a longstanding health inequality. Further, the paper demonstrates that, historically, social determinants of health have prevented Black people from equal access to economic, social and healthcare opportunities. And thus, have exposed a longstanding systemic racism in employment, housing, education, and healthcare. Finally, the paper recommends two innovative strategies to achieve social transformation: 1) Black Canadians should shift from vulnerability to recognizing their vitalities/resiliencies and 2) building allyships with other oppressed groups to stop the spread of the two pandemics: anti-black racism and COVID-19. Impact on Society: This paper does not only contribute to our knowledge about the challenges Black people experience during the pandemic, but also enhances our understanding about the innovative strategy to defeat anti-black racism. This strategy implies that the time has come for Black Canadians to move beyond their vulnerabilities to discover their vitality and agency – moving from the discourse of victim hood to resilience, agency, vitality and creativity
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Ruth, Douglas, and Warren Stiver. "Standard of Living & Quality of Life Relies on Innovation: Innovation Relies on Engineering Design." Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association (CEEA), June 17, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/pceea.v0i0.4917.
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Quality of life has advanced since the industrial revolution and this advancement has accelerated with the information revolution. Life expectancy has increased, catalytic converters protect our air, a disabled athlete runs with the fastest runners in the world1, and global real GDP per capita has grown by a factor of 2.5 over the past 50 years2. This quality of life advancement is the result of continuous innovation. In today’s global economy, innovation is essential for Canada to compete (even to participate) and to continue advancing our quality of life. Collective global innovation has never been more critical. World population growth (7 billion and counting), diminishing non-renewable resources (oil and beyond) and escalating environmental challenges (climate change and pollution) all require global scale innovations or our collective quality of life will not be sustained. Canadians have contributed much to the world including the telephone and smartphone, CANDU® reactors, snowmobiles, IMAX®, and the pacemaker. However, over the last number of years, there have been multiple reports critical of Canada’s capacity for technological innovation3 and studies that offer strategies for improvement.4 While it is true that innovation is essential to the future of both Canada and the world, innovation is only a means to an end and it is incumbent on us to define the desired ends. Innovation can be a means to a higher quality of life and a more sustainable future for generations to come or it can simply be a means to increase the financial prosperity of the nation. To achieve the ends we value, it is essential to measure innovation in terms of these ends, not in terms of subtle differences in the rate of change in the GDP per capita. Are our innovations leading to cleaner water for all, a healthier and complete diet for all, and meaningful employment for all?
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Goldenberg, Irina, William James Denomme, and Jennifer E. C. Lee. "Pandemic-Related Challenges and Organizational Support Among Personnel in Canada's Defense Establishment." Frontiers in Public Health 9 (January 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.789912.
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In the final week of March 2020, 2.8 million Canadians were away from their usual places of work and engaging in remote and/or telework to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 (Statistics Canada, 2020). The Government of Canada's Department of National Defence (DND) and the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) were no exception, with most members from the regular force (Reg F), the primary reserve force (P Res), and the DND public service (DND PS) working from home. The COVID-19 Defence Team Survey was administered from April 29th, 2020, and May 22nd, 2020, to gain insight into work, health, and family-related challenges since the onset of the pandemic and change in work arrangements. Responses from five open-ended questions were qualitatively analyzed to determine general themes of concern regarding work, personal, and family related challenges, stress-management and coping strategies, and recommendations for improving the work situation and personal well-being. Given the different roles and conditions of employment, responses of the different groups or “components” of respondents (Reg F, P Res, DND PS) were compared to identify common and unique challenges to inform targeted organizational responses. A total of 26,207 members (Reg F = 13,668, 52.2%; P Res = 5,052, 19.3%; DND PS = 7,487, 28.6%) responded to the survey's five open-ended questions, which yielded a total of 75,000 open-ended responses. When asked about work-related challenges, respondents' most common challenges included dissatisfaction with technology/software, work arrangements, ergonomics, work-life balance, communication within the organization, and the uncertainties regarding career development. In terms of personal and/or family-related challenges, the most common challenges included social isolation, the impact of the pandemic on mental health, school closures and homeschooling, caring for vulnerable family members, and childcare concerns. The most common stress-management and coping strategies included exercise, spending time outdoors, communicating or spending time with family members, household chores/projects, mind-body wellness exercises, and playing games. The most common recommendations made by respondents to improve their work- or personal-related situations included improving technological capabilities, streamlining communication, providing hardware and software necessary to ensure comfortable ergonomics, the provision of flexibility in terms of telework schedules, return-to-work decisions, and the expansion of benefits and access to childcare services. In terms of differences among the components, DND PS personnel were most likely to report dissatisfaction with technological changes and ergonomics, and to recommend improving these technological limitations to maximize productivity. Reg F members, on the other hand, were most likely to recommend increased support and access to childcare, and both Reg F and P Res members were more likely to mention that increased benefits and entitlements in response to the COVID-19 pandemic would be ameliorative. The results of this study highlight several important facts about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on personnel working in large, diverse organizations. For example, advancements in organizational technological capabilities were highlighted herein, and these are likely to grow to maintain productivity should remote work come to be used more extensively in the long-term. This study also highlighted the importance of flexibility and accommodation in relation to individual needs – a trend that was already underway but has taken on greater relevance and urgency in light of the pandemic. This is clearly essential to the organization's role in supporting the well-being of personnel and their families. Clear and streamlined communication regarding organizational changes and support services is also essential to minimize uncertainty and to provide useful supports for coping with this and other stressful situations.