Academic literature on the topic 'Figitidae'

Os Figitinae são parasitóides primários de larvas de dípteros. Na região Neotropical, poucos estudos têm sido realizados com esse grupo. Neste trabalho é relatado o novo hospedeiro e o habitat de Neralsia splendens (Borgmeier, 1935) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) coletadas em Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker, 1849) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), utilizando armadilhas com iscas de fezes humanas na Fazenda do Curso de Agronomia, em Itumbiara, Goiás, Brasil, em fevereiro de 2005. Foram coletados 9 espécimens do parasitóide N. splendens que emergiram de 50 pupas de O. thornax. A taxa de parasitismo obtida foi de 18,0%.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho conhecer os himenópteros parasitoides associados às moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) de ocorrência em pomar urbano de goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) (Myrtaceae), em Fortaleza, Ceará, bem como determinar a flutuação populacional desses organismos nesse ecossistema. Realizaram-se coletas de frutos maduros em plantas de goiabeira e frutos recém-caídos, no período de novembro de 1999 a outubro de 2000. Os parasitoides obtidos pertencem às famílias Braconidae, Chalcididae, Figitidae (Eucoilinae), Diapriidae (Diapriinae) e Eulophidae, sendo que os da família Figitidae são os mais comuns. As maiores incidências desses organismos ocorreram nos meses de janeiro e março de 2000.

AbstractAsobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Ganaspis brasiliensis and Leptopilina japonica (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) are Asian larval parasitoids of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae). This study evaluated these parasitoids’ capacity to attack and develop from 24 non-target drosophilid species. Results showed that all three parasitoids were able to parasitize host larvae of multiple non-target species in artificial diet; A. japonica developed from 19 tested host species, regardless of the phylogenetic position of the host species, L. japonica developed from 11 tested species; and G. brasiliensis developed from only four of the exposed species. Success rate of parasitism (i.e., the probability that an adult wasp successfully emerged from a parasitized host) by the two figitid parasitoids was low in hosts other than the three species in the melanogaster group (D. melanogaster, D. simulans, and D. suzukii). The failure of the figitids to develop in most of the tested host species appears to correspond with more frequent encapsulation of the parasitoids by the hosts. The results indicate that G. brasiliensis is the most host specific to D. suzukii, L. japonica attacks mainly species in the melanogaster group and A. japonica is a generalist, at least physiologically. Overall, the developmental time of the parasitoids increased with the host’s developmental time. The body size of female A. japonica (as a model species) was positively related to host size, and mature egg load of female wasps increased with female body size. We discuss the use of these parasitoids for classical biological control of D. suzukii.

Eight genera of Charipinae are defined, keyed out, and illustrated. Keys for all charipine species within each valid genus, includingAlloxysta,Apocharips,Dilyta,Phaenoglyphis, andThoreauana, are presented, except forDilapothor,Lobopterocharips, andLytoxysta, which are monotypic. Figures are provided to show the diagnostic morphological features as used in the keys.

Superfamily Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) includes two very different groups of organismes. Macrocynipoids is a paraphyletic group of parasitoids of wood-bearing beetle larvae, characterized by its big size, and with a very low biodiversity. Microcynipoids, on the other hand, are a monophyletic group of smaller wasps (up to 3mm) with two distinct ways of life: while Cynipidae are gall-makers, Figitidae are parasitoids of endopterygot insects. Family Figitidae (Hymenoptera: Cynipodea) includes twelve subfamilies of parasitic wasps. Anacharitinae is one of those, characterized by being parasitoids of the aphid-feeding larvae of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera). This subfamily included eight genera – Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1897; Aegilips Haliday, 1835; Anacharis Dalman, 1823; Calofigites Kieffer, 1909; Hexacharis Kieffer, 1907; Proanacharis, 1996; Solenofigites Díaz, 1979 and Xyalaspis Hartig, 1843 – with most of its biodiversity located in the Neotropical and Palaearctic regions. The knowledge of the subfamily was scarce and outdated, and except for Acanthaegilips, there were no recent revisions on the taxonomical status of Anacharitinae species. The diversity of the subfamily in some of the most biodivresity-rich bioregions had not been studied. Thus, a revision was needed. The present Thesis has prosecuted three main objectives: i) studying the Anacharitinae global biodiversity, ii) studying the biology and relationships of its members and their hosts, iii) make the results accessible to the scientific community. These objectives have been accomplished through exmining all the type material of the previously described species, along with large series of unidentified material, deposited in scientific institutions all around the world. The results have been synthetized in identification keys fully illustrated and published in scientific journals with impact factor. The study of Anacharitinae material has led to the following taxonomical changes have been made: - Two new genera have been described: Acanthaegilopsis Pujade-Villar, 2013 and Cornaegilips Mata-Casanova & Pujade-Villar, 2017, the first with teo known species and the former with just one species. - Genera Calofigites, Hexacharis, Proanacharis and Solenofigites do not present changes regarding their taxonomical status. Calofigites comprises two species, while the other three remain as monotypic genera. - Regarding genus Anacharis, 12 species are considered still valid, while 10 are not considered valid anymore: 6 are synonyms, 2 have been designated as incertae sedis, and 2 have been moved to other genera (Aegilips and Figites Latreille, 1802). 8 new species have been described. - Regarding genus Xyalaspis, 8 species are considered still valid, while 5 are not considered valid anymore: 4 are synonyms, and 1 has been moved to other genera (Aegilips). 14 new species have been described. The study of Anacharitinae material has led to the following changes in the known distribution areas of the subfamily: - For the Afrotropical region, 4 genera and 11 species are known to be found there., with one endemic genus: Acanthaegilopsis. - For Asia (includying both the Eastern Palaearctic and the Indomalayan regions), 4 genera and 13 species are known to be found there, 5 of them being found in the Indomalayan region, which holded no previous Anacharitinae records. - For the Australasian region, 3 genera and 4 species are known to be found there. - For the Nearctic region, 4 genera and 17 species are found there, with one endemic genus: Hexacharis. - For the Neotropical region, 7 genera and 39 species are known to be found there. 4 genera are endemic of the region: Acanthaegilips, Calofigites, Cornaegilips and Solenofigites.
La present tesi representa una revisió taxonòmica i faunística complerta a nivell mundial de la subfamília Anacharitinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae), un grup d’insectes endoparasitoids cenobionts de la larves afidòfagues d’Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera). Abans de la realització de la tesi, aquesta subfamília incloïa vuit gèneres: Acanthaegilips Ashmead, 1897; Aegilips Haliday, 1835; AnacharisDalman, 1823; Calofigites Kieffer, 1909; Hexacharis Kieffer, 1907; Proanacharis, 1996; Solenofigites Díaz, 1979 i XyalaspisHartig, 1843. El coneixement del grup era força fragmentari i obsolet per a la majoria d’aquests gèneres. La tesi s’ha centrat en tres objectius principals: i) l’estudi de la biodiversitat global de la subfamília; ii) l’estudi de la biologia i relacions internes dels seus membres; iii) donar a conèixer aquests resultats a la comunitat científica. Aquests han estat aconseguint mitjançant l’estudi del material tipus pertanyent a la subfamília així com llargues sèries de material sense identificar depositat a institucions científiques. Els resultats obtinguts han estat els següents: - La descripció de 2 nous gèneres (Acanthaegilopsis Pujade-Villar, 2013 i Cornaegilips Mata- Casanova & Pujade-Villar, 2017). - La descripció de 35 noves espècies. - La revisió de l’estatus taxonòmic de 26 espècies prèviament descrites: 16 han estat - L’ampliació del registre i l’àrea de distribució de les espècies d’Anacharitinae a les regions Afrotropical, Australàsica, Neàrtica, Neotropical i Paleàrtica. - La citació per primer cop de la subfamília a la regió Indomalaya.

Members of the subfamily Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) are secondary parasitoids of aphids via Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and secondary parasitoids of psylids via Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). The charipines affect effectiveness of the primary parasitoids by decreasing their abundance and modifying their behavior. As a result, increase of aphid host populations can cause severe yield losses in some of the most important crops. Therefore, studies on the subfamily Charipinae have a great economical and biological importance. This subfamily was until now in a chaotic state with a null phylogenetic knowledge, with many described species within the last and a half century but without any deep revision of them, nor any study of the generic internal relationship. Before focus on ecological and molecular detailed studies based on charipines, it was necessary to carry out a basic taxonomic revision of this group. As well as study their diversity and distribution patterns, which has considerably helped to the identification of species we are working with. This has been the main objective during the last years, started with the updated worldwide catalogue of this subfamily. The knowledge about the subfamily Charipinae has been significantly increased, with special attention to the Alloxysta and Phaenoglyphis, the most abundant and widely distributed genera within this subfamily; these genera are also the most important affecting to the practices of aphid biological control. As a first step, it has been revised the type material of the Alloxysta, Apocharips and Phaenoglyphis genera in order to complete the revision of this subfamily. Thanks to the study of this type material, with the revision of many specimens deposited in different institutions and sent to the University of Barcelona, it has been possible to establish the interspecific limits based on morphological features, making new synonymies or breaking down groups of species when it has been necessary. On the other hand, a complete faunistic revision of the members of this subfamily has been due to term, thanks to these studies the knowledge about the diversity and distribution patterns of the Charipinae has been greatly increased. The Charipinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily, well distributed around the five biogeographical regions: Oriental, Australia, Africa, Neotropical and Nearctic. For the preparation of this thesis we have selected twelve papers as examples to illustrate the achievements of the objectives proposed. The first three papers show the taxonomic revisions that have been carried out to validate and establish the correct taxonomic status of all the Charipinae species, the next two explain how we have dealt with some taxonomic problems we have found during these studies, another pointing to the importance of the revision of the material deposited in different institutions, five focused on the biodiversity revisions made in every continent establishing many new records and describing many new species, and an example of the a work which not only study the Charipinae biodiversity also new trophic relationships are discovered. As a complement we include all the new species which are still under review and which will be included in the new update catalogue that we have prepared after all the revisions and in the complete Charipinae keys. All the information recompiled during these years of studies will be soon available to be consulted on a website that we are working on at this moment in order to maximize the disclosure of our results, as well as in different papers. With this thesis the taxonomy of the subfamily Charipinae is now solved and new studies from different points of view (molecular and ecology) could be proposed to continue with the studies focus on this interesting group of wasps.
Los miembros de la subfamilia Charipinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) son parasitoides secundarios de pulgones via Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) y Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) y parasitoides secundarios de psílidos via Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Los charipinos afectan a la efectividad de los parasitoides primarios disminuyendo su abundancia y modificando su comportamiento. Como resultado, las poblaciones de pulgones aumentan y pueden ocasionar importantes pérdidas en cultivos. Por lo tanto, los estudios basados en la subfamilia Charipinae tienen una importancia económica y biológica. Esta subfamilia estaba hasta ahora en un estado caótico con un conocimiento filogenético nulo, con muchas especies descritas en el último siglo y medio pero sin ninguna revisión profunda de las mismas, ni ningún estudio sobre las relaciones internas de sus géneros. De los 35 artículos que se han elaborado durante esta Tesis, doce han sido seleccionados para ilustrar el logro de los objetivos propuestos. Los primeros tres artículos muestran cómo se han realizado las revisiones taxonómicas para establecer el correcto estado taxonómico de todas las especies, los dos siguientes explican cómo hemos actuado para resolver algunos problemas taxonómicos, otro artículo se centra en la importancia de las revisiones del material depositado en diferentes instituciones, cinco artículos muestran las revisiones faunísticas hechas en las diferentes regiones geográficas con el establecimiento de numerosos nuevos registros así como la descripción de nuevas especies, y por último hemos incluido un ejemplo de los trabajos donde no solo se estudia la biodiversidad de una zona sino también obtenemos nueva información sobre las relaciones tróficas de los charipinos. También incluimos un apartado con todas las nuevas especies que se encuentran todavía en revisión y que van a ser incluidas en el nuevo catálogo actualizado y en las claves mundiales. Toda la información recopilada estará pronto disponible en la página web que hemos creado de uso abierto para la comunidad con el objetivo de maximizar la difusión de nuestros resultados y de autores precedentes. Con esta Tesis podemos considerar que la taxonomía de los Charipinae está resuelta y nos encontramos en posición de embarcarnos en el estudio de esta subfamilia desde otros puntos de vista (molecular y ecológico).

Aquesta tesi es centra en l’estudi taxonòmic d’algunes subfamílies d’himenòpters parasitoids, aquestes pertanyen a la superfamília Cynipoidea, família Figitidae. S’ha estudiat la taxonomia de dues subfamílies (Aspicerinae i Thrasorinae), també s’ha estudiat el gènere Acanthaegilips, que pertany a una tercera subfamília de Figitidae, (Anacharitinae) ja que aquest gènere no encaixava bé en cap subfamília. Estudi del gènere Acanthaegilips: es va fer un estudi filogenètic, basat en caràcters morfològics, per tal de posicionar el gènere Acanthaegilips dins els Figitidae, ja que aquest gènere semblava que tenia una barreja de caràcters morfològics que no encaixaven en cap de les tres subfamílies. A través d’aquest estudi es varen establir els límits morfològics de tres subfamílies conflictives (Anacharitinae, Aspicerinae, Thrasorinae). L’estudi va demostrar que les similituds que hi havia entre Acanthaegilips i els gèneres de la subfamília dels Aspicerinae eren només superficials, per tant Acanthaegilips quedava perfectament posicionat dins la subfamília Anacharitinae. Posteriorment es va fer una revisió mundial d’aquest gènere en la que es va redescriure l’única espècie coneguda fins aleshores i es van descriure onze noves espècies, es va fer també una clau d’identificació per a totes les espècies del gènere. Subfamília Thrasorinae: es va estudiar la morfologia de la subfamília, molt heterogènia fins al inici d’aquest estudi. Es van trobar caràcters diagnòstics per aquesta subfamília. Els gèneres Plectocynips i Pegacynips es varen extreure d’aquesta subfamília i es va descriure una nova subfamília, Plectocynipinae, per emplaçar-los. El gènere Euceroptres també es va excloure de la subfamília Thrasorinae, es va suggerir que podia pertànyer a una nova subfamília, però aquesta no es va descriure. Es va fer una revisió mundial del gènere Myrtopsen (Thrasorinae) i es va descriure un nou gènere, Scutimica (Thrasorinae). Es va descriure una nova espècie de Plectocynips, dues espècies del nou gènere Scutimica i quatre noves espècies del gènere Myrtopsen. Subfamília Aspicerinae: es va fer una revisió mundial de cada un dels gèneres de la subfamília, amb excepció del gènere Anacharoides, i es va descriure un nou gènere, Pujadella, amb dues espècies, que es va incloure dins d’aquesta subfamília. Es varen descriure 15 espècies noves del gènere Prosaspicera, una de Callaspidia, quatre de Balna, una de Paraspicera, sis d’Omalaspis i trenta dues d’Aspicera. Es van fer claus d’identificació per separar les diferents subfamílies de Figitidae. Es van fer claus d’identificació per a separar tots els gèneres que s’inclouen a les subfamílies Aspicerinae, Thrasorinae i Plectocynipinae. Es varen elaborar claus d’identificació per a separar totes les espècies que s’inclouen dins dels gèneres: Aspicera, Balna, Callaspidia, Omalaspis, Paraspicera, Prosaspicera i Pujadella (Aspicerinae); Myrtopsen i Scutimica (Thrasorinae); Acanthaegilips (Anacharitinae) i Plectocynips (Plectocynipinae).
This thesis focuses on the taxonomic study of some subfamilies of Hymenoptera parasitoids, Cynipoidea superfamily, Figitidae family. We have studied the taxonomy of two subfamilies (Aspicerinae and Thrasorinae) also studied Acanthaegilips genus, belonging to a third Figitidae subfamily (Anacharitinae). Study of Acanthaegilips: we did a phylogenetic study, based on morphological characters, of the position of Acanthaegilips within the Figitidae, since this genre had a mixture of morphological characters that did not fit in any of the three subfamilies. Through this study were to establish the limits of three subfamilies (Anacharitinae, Aspicerinae, Thrasorinae). The study showed that similarities between Acanthaegilips and genera from Aspicerinae were only superficial, so Acanthaegilips was perfectly positioned in the subfamily Anacharitinae. Later it became a worldwide review of this genus, with description of 11 new species. Thrasorinae subfamily: we studied the morphology of the subfamily, very heterogeneous before starting this study. We found diagnostic characters for this subfamily. Plectocynips and Pegacynips were extracted from this subfamily and a new subfamily, Plectocynipinae, was described to locate them. Euceroptres was also excluded from Thrasorinae, it was suggested that could belong to a new subfamily, but this was not described. We did a review of Myrtopsen (Thrasorinae) and described a new genus, Scutimica (Thrasorinae), with two species. We also described a new species of Plectocynips, and four new species of Myrtopsen. Aspicerinae Subfamily: we revised each genus of the subfamily, with the exception of Anacharoides, and described a new genus, Pujadella, with two species, which was included in this subfamily. Were described 15 new species of the genus Prosaspicera, 1 from Callaspidia, 4 for Balna, 1 from Paraspicera, 6 from Omalaspis and 32 from Aspicera. Identification keys to separate the different subfamilies of Figitidae were done, also to identify all genera included in Aspicerinae, Thrasorinae and Plectocynipinae. We also did taxonomic keys to separate all the species included within the genera Aspicera, Balna, Callaspidia, Omalaspis, Paraspicera, Prosaspicera and Pujadella (Aspicerinae); Myrtopsen and Scutimica (Thrasorinae); Acanthaegilips (Anacharitinae): and Plectocynips (Plectocynipinae).

La mouche du chou Delia Radicum (Diptera : Anthomyiidae) est le principal ravageur phytophage sur 400 000 ha de culture de crucifères en Bretagne. Trybliographa Rapae (Hymenoptera : Figitidae) est le parasitoi͏̈de le plus fréquemment rencontré en association avec le diptère. Les travaux ont été conduits dans le cadre du GIS lutte biologique et intégrée dans l'ouest de la France avec comme objectif principal, à partir des données acquises, de proposer les modalités de conduite d'un élevage de masse. Apres l'étude ultrastructurale de la morphologie et de l'équipement sensillaire de l'antenne femelle et de l'ovipositeur, en liaison avec une thèse sur la sélection de l'hôte, nos recherches ont concerné la biologie de la reproduction et du développement, et les interactions immunitaires dans le système hôte-parasitoide. La biologie de la reproduction et du développement a été étudiée dans un système tritrophique initié par les crucifères : l'appareil reproducteur, le fonctionnement ovarien, le rythme de ponte nycthéméral et quotidien, l'effet présence ou absence du male sur la fécondité. La longévité a été mesurée au laboratoire. Le développement preimaginal de T. Rapae passe par 4 stades larvaires qui ont été décrits. L'effet de la température sur la durée de développement a été quantifié. Les seuils thermiques de développement ont été calculés. L'étude du fonctionnement du système hôte-parasitoide a porté sur l'étude des caractéristiques biologiques et démographiques de l'hôte et du parasitoide. La réponse fonctionnelle de T. Rapae intégrant le taux de recherche efficace et le taux de manipulation a été menée sur les 3 stades larvaires de D. Radicum. Deux types de particules probablement virales ont été mis en évidence dans les glandes annexes associées à l'appareil reproducteur femelle dans trois souches géographiquement éloignées. L'influence de la plante-hôte chou-fleur et rutabaga sur les caractéristiques écobiologiques de T. Rapae a été étudiée. L'ensemble des résultats est discuté pour d'une part situer T. Rapae dans l'ensemble des systèmes hôtes-parasitoides et d'autre part pour dégager les modalités de conduite d'un élevage en conditions optimales

Trybliographa rapae w. Est un endoparasitoide solitaire des larves de delia radicum l. Se developpant aux depens des racines de cruciferes. Plusieurs aspects de la selection de l'hote chez ce parasitoide ont ete etudies au laboratoire. La selection du stade larvaire de l'hote par le parasitoide a ete etudiee en absence de choix et en situation de choix. Le parasitoide se developpe dans les trois stades larvaires de d. Radicum mais la ponte est plus elevee dans les deux derniers stades lorsque les trois stades sont presentes simultanement au parasitoide. La ponte dans le troisieme stade larvaire de l'hote accelere le developpement des descendants et augmente leur taille mais ne modifie pas la sex-ratio. Les signaux olfactifs impliques dans la localisation de l'hote et de son habitat par les femelles parasitoides ont ete determines a l'aide d'olfactometres lineaire et a quatre voies. Les resultats montrent que les odeurs derivees de l'hote ont un role limite. Parmi les odeurs testees, seule l'odeur des feces larvaires augmente l'activite locomotrice des femelles. Par contre, les odeurs derivees de la plante brassica sp ont un role important. Les femelles sont attirees par les signaux volatils emis par la plante lorsqu'elle est infestee au niveau de la racine par des larves de d. Radicum. Ces signaux qui sont emis non seulement localement au niveau de la racine endommagee, mais aussi de facon systemique au niveau des feuilles, sont des synomones induites par l'herbivore. La reponse aux signaux volatils emis par differentes plantes infestees a egalement ete etudiee en fonction de l'histoire individuelle des femelles. La reponse des femelles naives a l'odeur est significative, quel que soit l'age des femelles testees mais elle diminue avec l'age. Les femelles naives sont sensibles a l'odeur de toutes les cruciferes infestees testees. Par contre, apres une experience de ponte sur un complexe plante/hote donne, les femelles, dans la plupart des cas, preferent l'odeur de la plante experimentee, indiquant qu'un apprentissage est implique. Elles restent neanmoins sensibles aux autres plantes infestees en absence de choix. La signification adaptative des comportements de selection de l'hote par t. Rapae est discutee et les implications de ces travaux pour la mise en place d'une lutte biologique contre d. Radicum sont abordes.

Orientador: Angelo Pires do Prado
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A partir de coletas de frutos de goiaba (Pidium guajava) L., nêspera (Eryobotria japonica) Lindl., pêssego (Prunus persie) Sieb.& Zuc., maracujá (Passiflora edulis) Sims.,botões florais de maracujás, coletados na Estação Experimental do IAC em Monte Alegre do Sul; e jiló (Solanum gilo) e pimenta (Capsicum sp.) coletados no Sítio Nishimura Rodovia Campinas-Mogi-Mirim durante os anos de 2002 e 2003 foram obtidos pupas e adultos de Anastrepha Schiner (Díptera: Acalyptratae: Tephriritdae), Neosilba e Dasiops (Díptera: Acalyptratae: Lonchaeidae), braconídeos (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) e Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae).Os frutos maduros colhidos das respectivas plantas, goiabas e nêsperas também colhidos do solo; foram levados ao Laboratório de Entomologia L2-A do Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas; onde foram individualizados, pesados e acondicionados em recipientes contendo uma camada de 5 cm de vermiculita umedecida, etiquetados e fechados com uma tela de organza a fim de impedir a saída das larvas de lonqueídeos em estágio de pré-pupa. Cada recipiente continha apenas 01 fruto; para cada espécie de fruto e botão floral coletado foram individualizados 10 exemplares. O restante foi pesado, colocado em recipientes maiores, contendo uma camada de 5 cm de vermiculita umedecia, etiquetados e fechados com uma tela de organza; cada recipiente contendo somente frutos da mesma espécie.Após 35 dias os pupários e adultos dos lonqueídeos e tefritídeos presentes foram retirados juntamente com os hymenópteros e procedeu-se a identificação dos exemplares de lonqueídeos, segundo McAlpine & Steryskal (1982) e dos hymenópteros segundo chave de identificação de Canal, Dazza e Zucchi, R. A. do livro Moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica no Brasil (2002). Para a identificação dos exemplares foi utilizado um microscópio esteroscópico ZEISS. A análise estatística multivariada ANOVA foi feita utilizando-se o programa MINITAB (1996).Foi evidenciada a predominância de lonqueídeos; Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal (1982) em frutos de maracujá, Dasiops inedulis Norrbom & McAlpine (1996) em botões florais de maracujá, N. zadolicha, Neosilba certa (Walker) e Neosilba glaberrima Wied. em pimenta a jiló. Neosilba pendula (Bezzi) foi a espécie predominante entre os lonqueídeos em pêssegos e nêsperas coletadas das plantas e do solo. D. inedulis e as espécies de Neosilba são atacadas pelos mesmos parasitóides, todos eucoilíneos, excetuando-se Odontosema albinerve (Kieffer) que não apareceu em D. inedulis.Em frutos de goiaba, nêspera e pêssego a predominância do gênero Anastrepha foi evidente, assim como a predominância das espécies de Braconidae entre os parasitóides presentes. Em goiaba, em alguns períodos amostrados a quantidade de tefritídeos chegou a ser 100 vezes maior que a de lonqueídeos. Não foram observados braconídeos atacando lonqueídeos, nos frutos onde apareceram apenas exemplares de lonqueídeos. Nos botões florais de maracujá, não se obteve espécimens de braconídeos, apenas de eucoilíneos.Entre os eucoilíneos, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) mostrou um comportamento mais generalista, atacando tanto lonqueídeos quanto tefritídeos, Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower) também apresentou este comportamento, em menor intensidade.Dentre os eucoilíneos foram obtidos exemplares de A. pelleranoi, L. anastrephae, O. albinerve, Trybliographa infuscata Gallardo, Diaz & Uchoa, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead e Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton & Kelner-Pillaut), destes A. pelleranoi e L. anastrephae foram os mais abundantes freqüentes.Dentre os braconídeos foram obtidos exemplares de Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius sp., da subfamília Opiinae e Asobara anastrephae (Müsebeck) da subfamília Alysiinae. A espécie mais freqüente e numerosa foi D. areolatus
Abstract: From fruits of guava (Psidium guajava) L., nêspera (Eryobotria japonica) Lind., pêssego (Prunus persie) Sieb. & Zuc., maracujá (Passiflora edulis) Sims.. and floral buds of maracujá, all collected at the Estação Experimental do IAC de Monte Alegre do Sul-SP. Brazil, and fruits of jiló (Solanun gilo) and pimenta (Capsicum sp.) collected in Sítio Nishimura rodovia Campinas-Mogi-Mirim, Campinas-SP Brazil through the years of 2002 and 2003 obtained pupae and adults of Anastrepha Schiner (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Tephritidae); Neosilba and Dasiops (Diptera: Acalyptratae: Lonchaeidae), Braconidae Wharton & Gilstrap (Hymenoptera) and Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae).The ripe fruits were collected from the plants and goiaba and nêspera were also collected from the ground. The fruits then were taken to the Laboratório de Entomologia L2-A do Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, where were separated, weighed, put into a recipient containing a layer of moistened vermiculita of 5cm in depth which was covered with organza, each recipient had only one fruit of each species collected. Were sampled 10 fruits and floral buds of each species. The rest of the fruits were put into a larger box containing a 5cm layer of moistened vermiculita and weighed; each box had only fruits of the same species.After 35 days the pupae and adults of Lonchaeidae and Tephritidae were taken from the boxes and recipients together with the hymenopterans and the identifications of the species of hymenopterans and Lonchaeidae were accomplished. The Lonchaeidae were identified according to McAlpine & Steyskal (1982), and the hymenopterans parasitoids according to the key of the book Moscas-das-Frutas de Importância econômica no Brasil (2002). To accomplish the identification a Zeiss stereoscopic microscope was used, and for the statistical analysis was used ANOVA from MIMITAB (1996) From fruits of maracujá were reared only specimens of Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal (1982), from floral buds of maracuja were reared specimens of Dasiops inedulis Norrbom & McAlpine (1996). From fruits of pimenta and jiló were reared N. zadolicha, Neosilba certa (Walker) and Neosilba glaberrima Wied. Neosilba pendula (Bezzi) was reared from pêssego e nêspera collected from plants and ground; it was the most frequent and most abundant species of all Lonchaeidae species in those fruits. D. inedulis and all the species of Neosilba found, were attacked by the same Eucoilinae parasitoids except for Odontosema albinerve (Kieffer) that did not attack D. inedulis. In goiaba, êspera and pêsego the most abundant genus was Anastrepha, and so was the Braconidae among the parasitoids found. In goiaba the genus Anastrepha was 100 times more abundant than the genus Neosilba.No Braconidae was found in the fruits and floral buds that were attacked only by Lonchaeidae, only species of Eucoilinae were found in those fruits. Among the species of Eucoilinae, Aganaspis pelleranoi (Bèrthes) showed a more generalistic behavior attacking either Lonchaeidae as Tephritidae, the same happened to Lopheucoila anastrephae (Rhower) but in a lower extent. Among the Eucoilinae were found species of A. pelleranoi, L. anastrephae, O. albinerve, Trybliographa infuscata, Gallardo, Diaz & Uchôa, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead e Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carton & Kelner-Pillaut). A. pelleranoi and L. anastrephae were the most abundant and the most frequent species. Among Braconidae were found specimens of Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius sp. belonging to subfamily Opiinae and Asobara anastrephae from subfamily Alyssinae. The most abundant and frequent species was D. areolatus
Mestrado
Parasitologia
Mestre em Parasitologia

Les guêpes endoparasitoïdes effectuent leur développement dans un hôte arthropode, entraînant sa mort. Parmi les stratégies assurant leur succès parasitaire, la plus commune est l’injection de venin dans l’hôte lors de l’oviposition, provoquant la suppression de l’immunité de l’hôte. Il est connu que la composition du venin est variable entre espèces et que la virulence des parasitoïdes peut évoluer rapidement. Pourtant la variation intraspécifique de la composition du venin n’a jamais été étudiée alors qu’elle est essentielle pour comprendre l’évolution de la gamme d’hôte des parasitoïdes, un paramètre clé en lutte biologique. Cette thèse a permis de démontrer l’existence d’une variabilité inter-Individuelle du venin, et de développer une méthode basée sur l’analyse de profiles d’électrophorèse 1D à l’aide de fonctions “R” permettant la comparaison statistique de la composition protéique d’un grand nombre d’individus. Des évolutions expérimentales ont ensuite été réalisée sur Psyttalia lounsburyi et Leptopilina boulardi pour étudier les effets de la variabilité du venin lors d’un changement d’environnement brutal. Globalement, cette thèse a mis en évidence que la composition du venin (i) est très variable à tous les niveaux étudiés, (ii) évolue rapidement et (iii) impacte des paramètres clés de la biologie des parasitoïdes. Ceci pourrait avoir d’importantes implications en lutte biologique et pose la question des mécanismes de maintien de la variabilité du venin dans le milieu naturel
Endoparasitoid wasps lay eggs and develop inside arthropod hosts, leading to their death. They have evolved various strategies to ensure parasitism success, notably the injection with the eggs of venom that suppresses the host immunity. Although venom composition has been characterized in a growing number of parasitoid families and recent studies suggest that parasitoid virulence can rapidly evolve, the intraspecific variation of venom and its short-Term evolvability remained to be investigated. This information is however essential for understanding the evolution of parasitoid host range and may have implications in biological control. This thesis allowed to demonstrate the occurrence of inter-Individual variability of venom and to develop a method based on the analysis of electrophoretic 1D profiles and the use of “R” functions allowing statistic comparison of protein quantities from numerous individuals. Then, to study the effect of this variability of the venom composition, experimental evolution studies were performed on Psyttalia lounsburyi and Leptopilina boulardi. Overall, the thesis evidenced that parasitoid venom composition (i) is variable at all studied biological levels (ii) changes rapidly, confirming its high evolvability, and (iii) influences key parameters of the parasitoid biology. This may have important implications in biocontrol and raises the question of the mechanisms sustaining this variability

Many animal species are still undiscovered, even in Sweden. This thesis deals with the wasps of the subfamily Eucoilinae (of Figitidae, Cynipoidea), a poorly known group of small parasitoids of Dipteran flies. In this group, old classifications are chaotic, knowledge of old taxa is scant, phylogenetic work has recently started, and many new taxa remain to be described. In this thesis, an identification key is given to the European genera of Eucolinae, and a tribal classification of the subfamily is reintroduced, based on recent phylogenetic results. Most of the thesis focuses on the tribe Eucoilini. That tribe is analyzed phylogenetically in two analyses, one based on a large morphological dataset, the other on two molecular markers, ribosomal 28S and mitochondrial Cytochrome B. The monophyletic core group of Eucoilini is the Eucoila/Trybliographa complex. It is treated in a big taxonomic revision, based on studies of several hundred possibly relevant type specimens and several thousands of other specimens, and on the phylogenetic analyses. More than 500 names of possible members of this group are investigated, and many new combinations are proposed, of species found not to belong within the group, as well as those that did, including some which are transferred to other genera in accordance with the new phylogenetic results. The new genus Quasimodoana is erected, and 20 new species described (8 from Northern Europe, 12 from elsewhere). More than 180 new combinations, more than 50 new species-level synonyms and ca 10 genus-level synonyms, are proposed. Within this complex, the basal split is found to have been between a Paleotropic, specis-poor lineage (Bothrochacis), and a species-rich and largely Holarctic lineage, dominated by Trybliographa but also including the small genera Eucoila and Linoeucoila. The three are not satisfactorily resolved in the analysis, but still maintained as separate genera for pragmatic reasons. It is hypothesized that this group originated in Asia during the Eocene or Oligocene, attacking calyptrate flies in herbivore dung. Then it separated in a tropical branch retaining the ancestral life history mode, and a Holarctic branch, where some lineages specialised in Anthomyiidae and colonised the microhabitats of fungi and plants, speciating extensively in the boreal forests.