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Benassi, David, Teresa Bertotti, Annamaria Campanini, and Paolo Rossi. "Social work and social workers in Italy." Trabajo Social Global-Global Social Work 11 (July 22, 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/tsg-gsw.v11.20913.
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The article tackles the characteristics of social work in Italy, focusing on some specific features of this professional domain within the broader frame of the Italian welfare system. Indeed, given the historical roots of Italian welfare regime and the model of governance of policies, social assistance benefits and services are the less developed component of welfare provisions. This is one of the reasons for the late full acknowledgement and regulation of the social worker at the national level. In the first part of the article, we present the development of social work in Italy, with particular attention to the creation of academic courses and the formal regulation as a profession. Then we present the current situation of social work and social workers in Italy, taking into consideration the weakness of social assistance and the effects of the financial crisis. In fact, the crises had an impact on the dimensions and composition of vulnerable population, which is more and more large and fragmented, putting a growing pressure on social workers. At the same time, because fiscal austerity, resources for welfare benefits have been reduced in these years, changing the organizational settings and worsening the working conditions of social workers.
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Fiorillo, Damiano. "Workers’ health and social relations in Italy." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 5 (October 10, 2016): 835–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2014-0193.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether social relations are associated with the health of workers. It uses two types of health status measures – self-reported and more objective health – and it considers two types of social relationships: individual social relations, measured through the frequency of meetings with friends; and contextual social relations, the average frequency with which people meet friends at the community level. Design/methodology/approach A probit model is estimated from the worker sample accounting for the possibility of selecting individuals in the labour market (selection equation). Then expanded probit models (including inverse Mills ratio) are used on both self-reported and more objective health measures using new data from an income and living conditions survey carried out in 2006 by the Italian Statistics Office. Robustness checks are employed to deal with possible problems when interpreting the results. Findings The study finds that social relations are correlated with health status of workers with differences among health outcomes. Social relations at the individual level are positively correlated with self-perceived health (SPH), negatively associated with chronic condition (CC) but not related to limitations in daily activities. Contextual social relations are negatively linked with CC and limitations in daily activities but not correlated with SPH. Research limitations/implications Although the results are consistent with the argument that individual and contextual social relations influence workers’ health, the author cannot prove causality. Social implications Improving the health of workers could reduce health inequalities and could increase work performance. The implication at a macro-economic level of an improvement in the health conditions of workers is relevant in Italy, where the level of labour productivity is low compared to the other developed countries (OECD, 2013). Policy makers should consider the benefits, both at social and economic level, of public policies designed to improve the social and physical infrastructure of social relations. Originality/value This paper is the first to relate individual and contextual social relations simultaneously to workers’ health. Moreover, it makes several other contributions to this area: it control for unobserved worker heterogeneity; it uses both subjective self-reported health as well as a more objective measure of health based on CC and limitations in activities of daily living; it adopts a multilevel approach to examine in the same framework the individual and contextual relationship of social relations with individual health status of workers, in so doing, filling a gap in the literature on social capital and public health.
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D'Arca, Renato. "Social, Cultural and Material Conditions of Students from Developing Countries in Italy." International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (1994): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2546737.
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D'Arca, Renato. "Social, Cultural and Material Conditions of Students from Developing Countries in Italy." International Migration Review 28, no. 2 (June 1994): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800207.
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Recent immigration to Italy features certain traits, one of which is the high rate of educational attainment by immigrants. According to various evaluations (ISPES, 1990), 59 percent of the immigrant population obtained a high school diploma, while 13.5 percent possessed a university degree. For approximately five years, the CE.R.FE. (Research and Documentation Center) has conducted research on the social, cultural and material conditions of immigrant university students, highlighting the ambiguity of their condition (in addition to their perceptions of themselves) oscillating continuously between the status of student and immigrant. In particular, sample research was conducted 2 on non-EC university students present in Milan, Perugia, Rome, and Bari. The study was able to compare data collected at different times to information in a first study conducted in 1986, 3 and a second completed in 1990. It is interesting to note that these different research periods coincided with intensive legislative action by the government promulgated two laws regulating non-EC immigration, Law No. 943/86 and Law No. 39/90. Increased interest on the part of the government as well as of the public and press toward the immigration problem influenced – even though marginally – the development of the students’ non-EC immigrant perceptions of themselves and their roles.
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Capasso, Roberto, Maria Clelia Zurlo, and Andrew P. Smith. "Stress in Factory Workers in Italy." Psychology and Developing Societies 30, no. 2 (July 24, 2018): 199–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971333618783397.
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The ethnicity and work-related stress model (EWS; Capasso, Zurlo, & Smith, 2018, British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 15, 1–20) integrated EWS dimensions in a multidimensional perspective combining demographic (sex, education) and individual characteristics (coping styles, Type A and Type D), cultural dimensions (acculturation strategies, perceived racial discrimination), work characteristics (work demands, work resources, rewards) and appraisals (job stress/satisfaction), in the prediction of psychophysical health conditions in migrant workers. The current research aimed to test the application of the EWS in a sample of Moroccan factory workers and hypothesised significant and specific profiles of associations between individual, ethnic and work characteristics, with psychophysical health outcomes. A questionnaire consisting of five sections measuring sociodemographics and individual differences (coping styles/personality), cultural dimensions (acculturation strategies), work characteristics, appraisals (job satisfaction/stress) and subjectives reports of health was administered to 250 Moroccan factory workers in Italy. Data were analysed using logistic regression to evaluate the independent and combined effects of all dimensions reported on the risk of suffering health problems. Data revealed specific and significant associations of individual characteristics, cultural dimensions and job characteristics with health outcomes. Findings will be useful in defining psychological interventions to promote well-being in specific workplaces supporting the dimensions suggested by the model applied.
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Seppilli, Tullio. "SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF FERTILITY IN A RURAL COMMUNITY IN TRANSITION IN CENTRAL ITALY*." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 84, no. 17 (December 15, 2006): 959–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1960.tb39128.x.
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Kazepov, Yuri, and Costanzo Ranci. "Is every country fit for social investment? Italy as an adverse case." Journal of European Social Policy 27, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928716673314.
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The scientific debate on social investment (SI) is moving from an ideological and normative approach towards a more realistic one. Scholars are paying closer attention to the actual developments in social policy and to the contextual conditions and impacts of SI policies. Considering this, two main issues arise. First, that SI policies are politically feasible and likely to have positive impacts only if specific contextual conditions are met. Second, SI policies were supposed to have a positive impact on both inequalities and economic growth: a strong theoretical assumption that needs to be carefully tested. The Italian case will be used here to illustrate this new perspective and the consequences of the lack of contextual pre-conditions. For this reason, the article is divided into three parts. The first part will present our theoretical argument in the context of the most recent analytical accounts of SI policy in Europe. In particular we will argue that, given the lack of crucial structural pre-conditions, SI policies may have ambiguous and even unexpected negative impacts on both economic growth and equal opportunities. In the second and third parts, we will present empirical evidence of this ambiguity considering childcare and apprenticeship reforms in Italy. More specifically, based on empirical research carried out in Italy, we want to answer two questions: (1) Why is the Italian welfare state so ‘unfriendly’ to SI policies? What are the main factors explaining the limited room for SI policies? (2) When an SI approach is promoted in specific policy areas in Italy, what is its social and economic impact? Do these interventions achieve the positive results to be expected according to the SI approach? Finally, the last part synthesises the main arguments and aims to open a critical discussion on the structural pre-conditions of SI policies and the need for further analysis of the political economy contexts in which SI policy develops.
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Lusardi, Roberto, and Stefano Tomelleri. "Phenomenology of health and social care integration in Italy." Current Sociology 66, no. 7 (November 20, 2017): 1031–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011392117737821.
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This article analyses how governance and organisational dynamics produce different forms of health and social care integration. The ethnographic study, carried out in two different Italian organisations, highlighted two forms of integration, which the authors term mechanical and cultural. The first is characterised by the prevalence of codified and hierarchical forms of coordination and the substantial isolation of professional groups, with limited contact opportunities. Under these conditions, integration is mainly achieved in the final product through the independent and uncoordinated delivery of specific social and health services. In the second, codified tools occur alongside informal coordination activities, based on face-to-face interactions and the sharing of knowledge, values and goals. Integration takes place in daily formal and informal interactions and in the development of professional intimacy. The results of the study suggest that public policies need to be clear about the form of integration at which they aim. The mechanical form is appropriate for product integration, while cultural integration is the preferred form for process and professional integration. In the latter case, ICTs are undoubtedly useful but not sufficient. To stimulate informal coordination, mutual trust and professional reciprocity, analogic communicative patterns are needed to allow the symbolic dimension to be expressed.
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Ginsborg, Paul. "Die italienische Krise." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 25, no. 98 (March 1, 1995): 11–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v25i98.967.
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The article discusses the economic, political and cultural factors which led to the transformation among the parties and in the Italian democracy. The sudden outbreak of the crisis in 1992 is described as a conjunction of external and internal crisis factors. International adjustment constraints, economical missmanagement, the inefficiency of the central govemments, social and political movements in Northern and Southern Italy, as well as the resolute action of judges and public prosecutors against the corrupt political elite, finally made the historical break with the traditional conditions in Italian politics possible. But only in Southem Italy the political caesura was accompanied by social transformations. Finally, this continuity of social conditions explains the rise of Berlusconi.
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Peruginelli, Ginevra. "Legal Information on the Web: the Case of Italy." International Journal of Legal Information 34, no. 2 (2006): 327–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500001505.
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Accessing legal information is a primary requirement for a variety of communities: ordinary citizens, scholars, and professionals. The dissemination of legal information contributes to the rule of law and to the overall ideals of democracy in a number of ways. Many are the benefits of accessing legal information, such as the awareness of the applicable rule of law, the creation of conditions necessary to the equality and fairness of a legal system, while improving the functioning of democratic institutions, the development and improvement of social and economic conditions.
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D'Emiliano, Matteo, and Giovannina Giulianio. "Policy integration in practice: evidence from anti-poverty policy in Italy." Sinappsi 12, no. 2 (2022): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53223/sinappsi_2022-02-3.
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In Italy, over the last few years, policy to combat poverty has been designed assuming that the integrated provision of social and employment services should represent one of the essential conditions (a minimum standard) of the policy. Since ‘integration does not just happen by design’, what happens when an integrated policy approach is put into practice? Using some of the main evidence of a recent survey on more than 400 Local social planning authorities (local institutions responsible for coordinating social policies) an index of service integration has been developed in order to analyze and measure the capacity of local administrations to deal with the paradigm of coordination and integration.
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Quintano, Claudio, Rosalia Castellano, and Gennaro Punzo. "Measuring poverty and living conditions in Italy through a combined analysis at a sub-national level." Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 36, no. 1-2 (August 17, 2011): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jem-2011-0337.
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Fazzi, Luca. "Healthcare Governance and Voluntary Associations in Italy: an Overview." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (December 2012): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2012-001005en.
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This article develops a theoretical and empirical understanding of the governance processes between voluntary organizations and public health institutions in Italy. In theory, governance process allows to mitigate coordination failures between the public and voluntary agencies and to improve service delivery through community engagement. The article shown that governance between public and voluntary sector can produce very different levels of democratization and improvement of health and social programs. In some conditions, it may be that valorizing the voluntary sector can effectively renew and improve health policies, while in others the exact reverse may happen. The article offers an analysis of the main factors that influenced this result.
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Puppa, Francesco Della. "Being Part of the Family: Social and Working Conditions of Female Migrant Care Workers in Italy." NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 20, no. 3 (September 2012): 182–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08038740.2012.685494.
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Fijał, Małgorzata. "Treni della felicità. Społeczna inicjatywa na rzecz dzieci w powojennych Włoszech." Politeja 19, no. 1(76) (May 10, 2022): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.19.2022.76.03.
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TRENI DELLA FELICITÀ: A SOCIAL INITIATIVE FOR CHILDREN IN POST-WAR ITALY This paper is devoted to the analysis of the origins and development of a social initiative, the so-called Treni della felicità (Trains of happiness) and its impact on shaping civil society and sense of national community in the post-war Italy. This project, initiated by the Union of Italian Women (Unione Donne Italiane, UDI) and then promoted mainly by the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) assumed the transfer of tens of thousands of children from families in need from southern Italy to relatively more developed north-central regions of the country in order to provide them better living conditions after World War II. This example of the fight against poverty and inequalities seems to be a forgotten symbol of solidarity and renewal of the idea of civil society in post-totalitarian Italy. Moreover, this action for children is not only an example of civic activity, but also an important element in the debate on the traditional division of Italy into North and South.
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Vatamanyuk, Anastasiya. "Spain's benefits in providing refugees with social services." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 39 (June 16, 2019): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.39.110-115.
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The main idea of the article is survey the conditions provided by Spain the EU countries for migrants, especially Spain.. It reporters that government of EU countries gives different social aids for people seeking a sylum. First, author describes different social sources from EU countries such as Germany, Sweden, Italy, Greek, France and Great Britany. The article highlights issues such as the provision of temporary housing for refugees, cash benefits, employment opportunities and medical services. Then, particularly closely, author considers that migrants might have many benefits provided by the Spanish Government for refugees and for migrants with outrefugee status to compare with other countries. It spokes in detail about conditions for obtaining refugee status, penalties in case of violation of the law by illegal migrants and the conditions of their detention, medical and legal services, language courses, accommodations, and soon. In addition, the articles notes about help for minor children. To sum up, author stressed that migrants should be research for conditions of giving aids, rules and mentality of country for currently time.
Keywords: refugees, Spain, migrants, EU countries, social services, humanitarian status.
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D’Angelo, Chiara, Chiara Corvino, and Caterina Gozzoli. "The Challenges of Promoting Social Inclusion through Sport: The Experience of a Sport-Based Initiative in Italy." Societies 11, no. 2 (May 12, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc11020044.
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Social inclusion is broadly recognized as a priority to accomplish at an international level. While the influence of sport toward this social mission has been largely debated, literature lacks contributions capturing the challenges of sport when promoting social inclusion. Based in case study methodology, the investigation explores the impact of a multi-stakeholder sport initiative developing social inclusion for socially vulnerable youth and the related challenges of the intervention through in-depth interviews with diverse program stakeholders. The main findings indicated the emergence of four challenges: limited transferability of program outcomes for youth in living conditions of severe vulnerability; drop-out of youth in living conditions of severe vulnerability; limited sustainability of program social workers; lack of sports club management skills. The work highlights some limits of sport-based programs for social inclusion and discusses some implications for practice to maximize the societal impact of such interventions.
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Nardi, Peter M. "The Globalization of the Gay & Lesbian Socio-Political Movement: Some Observations about Europe with a Focus on Italy." Sociological Perspectives 41, no. 3 (September 1998): 567–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389564.
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The emergence of new social movements focused on gay and lesbian issues during the past 25 years has been well documented in American society. The diffusion of a gay and lesbian socio-political movement in other Western cultures and many developing societies has been the subject of more recent inquiries. This article assesses the globalization of the international gay and lesbian social movement by focusing on Europe and Italy, in particular, and raises questions about the socio-political conditions that might be necessary for the development of a new social movement—one based on sexual orientation identity concepts rather than one based on age-structured or gender-structured relationships. Historical information about social and legal changes in Italy and in the rest of Europe is presented along with current issues facing the increasingly visible gay movement in Italy. What emerges is a portrait of a culture changing and questioning its relationship to traditional patriarchal, religious, and gender concepts while becoming interconnected with global gay and lesbian communities and issues.
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Svicher, Andrea, Annamaria Di Fabio, and Alessio Gori. "Decent work in Italy: A network analysis." Australian Journal of Career Development 31, no. 1 (April 2022): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10384162221089462.
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The present study investigated the Italian version of the Decent Work Scale (DWS) with a sample of 645 workers (females = 65.1%; mean age = 43.9 years; SD = 10.9) according to a network perspective. We compared factorial and network models and estimated the regularized partial correlations for the five DWS domains: physically and interpersonally safe working conditions (SC), access to healthcare (AH), adequate compensation (AC), hours that allow for free time and rest (FT) and organizational values complement family and social values (CV). The results highlighted that the network model showed the best fit to the data. Among the most central domains in the network, the high centrality of CV suggests that this domain could represent an effective target for actions addressed to fostering decent work in Italy. In contrast, the low centrality of AC and FT underlines the urgent need to advocate for more decent remunerations and working hours in Italy.
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Semyonov, Leda, Gianluca Iarocci, Antonio Boccia, and Giuseppe La Torre. "Socioeconomic Differences in Tobacco Smoking in Italy: Is There an Interaction between Variables?" Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/286472.
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Objectives. To assess the influence of sociodemographic factors on smoking habits in Italy and if an interaction exists between these variables.Methods. Data from the national survey “Health Conditions and Healthcare Services Use” in 2005 were used. The independent association between tobacco smoking and sociodemographical variables was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Interactions between variables were investigated calculating the synergism index (SI).Results. Sample population consists of 109.829 subjects (over 15 years). 21.9% are current and 21.8% are former smokers. Current smokers are mostly 45–54-years old males, from Central Italy, unemployed, divorced or separated but having a good health status without chronic medical conditions. Ever smokers are mostly 45–54 years old males, from Northeast Italy, unemployed, with chronic conditions. People with a university degree and with a good household income have the lowest OR for both conditions. A synergistic effect was found between marital status and educational level (for ever smokers SI = 1.96; for current smokers SI = 1.67).Conclusions. Smoking is prevalent in lower socioeconomic groups and there is the strong need to increase social, economic and cultural capital in order to reduce it.
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Minello, Alessandra, and Nicola Barban. "The Educational Expectations of Children of Immigrants in Italy." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 643, no. 1 (July 12, 2012): 78–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716212442666.
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In this article, the authors investigate the short-run educational expectations and long-term educational aspirations of the children of immigrants living in Italy and attending eighth grade. The authors look at educational ambition, both as a predictor of educational choice and as a measure of social integration. They consider both secondary-school track and university goals. Data come from the ITAGEN2 survey (2005–2006). First, the authors analyze the relationship of short-run expectations and long-term aspirations to structural (e.g., migration status and country of origin) and social (e.g., family socioeconomic status and friendship ties) conditions. The latter seem to be determinants of both expectations and aspirations, but long-term educational aspirations are not associated with migration status. Second, the authors investigate the relevance of context in delineating educational attitudes. The authors performed a multilevel analysis including both individual- and school-level variables. Their results show that attending a school where most of the Italian pupils have high educational expectations may lead children of immigrants to enhance their own aspirations.
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Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, Ali R. Chaudhary, and Ninna Nyberg Sørensen. "Migrants’ transnational political engagement in Spain and Italy." Migration Studies 7, no. 3 (October 31, 2017): 281–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnx061.
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AbstractInternational migrants’ cross-border political activities challenge singular notions of national citizenship and political belonging. Yet most sociological studies of migrants’ transnational political engagement are based on single national groups in the USA, and limit themselves to examining how assimilation and contexts of reception determine migrants’ propensity to engage with homeland politics—thereby under theorizing the influence of origin countries. This study moves beyond this approach by recognizing the multi-directionality of migration, and testing the applicability of existing theoretical approaches across two different origins and receiving contexts. We compare a sample of Colombian and Dominican migrants in Spain and Italy, analyzing how contexts in countries of origin, as well as migrants’ social networks across borders, interact with assimilation and contexts of reception to determine migrants’ political transnational engagement. Findings reveal migrants’ transnational political engagement in Spain and Italy appears to be a highly selective process dominated by a small minority of well-educated males from high social status in origin. Findings also suggest immigrant incorporation and transnational political engagement form a dialectical relationship operating at different scales that is simultaneously complementary and contradictory. Contextual conditions in origin countries explain observed much of variation in Colombian and Dominican migrants’ transnational political engagement.
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Doerflinger, Nadja, Valeria Pulignano, and Martin Lukac. "The social configuration of labour market divides: An analysis of Germany, Belgium and Italy." European Journal of Industrial Relations 26, no. 2 (July 12, 2019): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680119861505.
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We analyse insecurity-based dividing lines and their social configurations in the German, Belgian and Italian labour markets in 2015, using latent class analysis applied to EU Labour Force Survey data. In contrast to the dual vision of ‘insider-outsider’ approaches, our findings illustrate the existence of five distinctive labour market groups or segments across countries with similar social configurations. We explain this through the social embeddedness of national regulatory systems which generate different degrees of inclusiveness for different groups of workers. This adds to ongoing debates on connecting micro- and macro-levels of analysis, as labour market segmentation as a macro-phenomenon is studied based on its micro-foundations (terms and conditions of employment relationships). We use the interlinkages between national regulatory systems and social categories to explain the findings.
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Gaspani, Fabio. "Young-adults NEET in Italy: orientations and strategies toward the future." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 1/2 (March 12, 2018): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-04-2017-0038.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relation with the future of young-adults Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) in Italy. The study of temporal experiences allows to understand how subjects represent their own condition and construct their biographies in an age of uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach The study follows a qualitative approach to allow participants to express their own experiences and representations through narratives. The 12 cases considered are illustrative of the different orientations detected in the group of 36 young people involved in the research. Findings Young-adults NEET have problems in acquiring a recognized social status and in designing future orientations. The difficulties to project themselves in time hinder the attainment of a sense of biographical continuity as well as the process of identity construction, which tends to be increasingly detached from the planning sphere. Originality/value The study adds to the literature on the issue of young people NEET, contributing to differentiate the social conditions of this group by referring to their experiences, social belongings and resources. The analysis sheds new light on the agency of young people, that conceive biographical strategies in relation to the scenarios they envisage.
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Sarti, S., and S. Rodriguez Espinola. "Health inequalities in Argentina and Italy: A comparative analysis of the relation between socio-economic and perceived health conditions." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 55 (June 2018): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2018.04.004.
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Vergani, Matteo, Greg Barton, and Muhammad Iqbal. "Beyond social relationships: Investigating positive and negative attitudes towards violent protest within the same social movement." Journal of Sociology 53, no. 2 (June 2017): 445–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783316688344.
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Social relationships play a vitally important role in enabling political mobilization because they link people into networks of trusted others and they provide a sense of belonging, affirmation and sense of purpose. It is much less clear, however, why some individuals who are socially connected with individuals with positive attitudes towards violence, and who experience the same structural conditions, do not themselves have the same attitudes. This article investigates this research question by presenting original data from two networks of individuals with positive and negative attitudes towards violence in Italy, exploring the factors that might explain why some individuals reject violent protest despite having crucial bonds (i.e. friendship, kinship or romantic relationship) with individuals who have positive attitudes towards violence and despite belonging to the same social movement. The findings suggest that individuals with positive attitudes towards violence tend to have narrower and less sophisticated political views, are less professionally engaged, and are more driven by the search for meaning in life than individuals who reject violence.
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Prati, Gabriele, and Luca Pietrantoni. "Marriage following the 1997 Umbria-Marche (Italy) earthquake." Disaster Prevention and Management 23, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-09-2013-0155.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to replicate Cohan and Cole (2002) Hurricane Hugo study in the context of a different type of natural hazard and in a different country. Design/methodology/approach – Change in marriage following the 1997 Umbria-Marche (Italy) earthquake was examined prospectively from 1987 to 2007 for the 15 municipalities declared disaster areas and for the whole Marche region and country. Findings – Autoregressive integrated moving average time-series analysis showed that the year following the earthquake marriage rates decreased only in the 15 municipalities declared disaster areas. Originality/value – In the present study, the paper found results in the opposite direction to Cohan and Cole (2002) Hurricane Hugo study. Taken together, the findings suggest that the direction of the change may be in either direction and depends on the characteristics of the disaster, of the response to it, and on social and economic conditions of the context.
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León, Margarita, Costanzo Ranci, Stefania Sabatinelli, and Zyab Ibáñez. "Tensions between quantity and quality in social investment agendas: Working conditions of ECEC teaching staff in Italy and Spain." Journal of European Social Policy 29, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 564–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928718808401.
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Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) has become a strategic component of the Social Investment (SI) paradigm. Growth in this field of social policy – quantified as an increase in public spending and coverage rates – is often taken as indicative of a wider attempt to reformulate welfare state intervention through an SI approach. However, SI agendas have produced differentiated impacts in different contexts. In scenarios of budget restraints, some governments have increased coverage and controlled costs at the same time by allowing for higher staff-to-child ratios and group sizes, externalizing management costs or worsening the working conditions of professionals. These strategies can severely compromise the quality of the provision offered. This is likely to have more effect in those contexts in which provision needs to be developed under more stringent conditions of financial viability. The article analyses two such cases, Italy and Spain, where general conditions of permanent austerity are combined with a comparatively reduced capacity for public spending. Focusing on the qualifications and the working conditions of professionals working in ECEC as a fundamental aspect of the quality of provision, this article compares the two segments of ECEC: early child development (0–2) and pre-primary education (3–5), in both Italy and Spain since the early 1990s. The working conditions of primary school teachers are taken as a frame of reference. We conclude that, despite the fact that there has been an overall expansion of ECEC in both countries, only the (early) policy developments in pre-schooling can be seen as conforming to what have lately been codified as the principles of an SI strategy; at the same time an evident tension exists between the expansion and the quality of provision in the more recent development of childcare services for very young children.
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Kolomiets, A. G. "Financing of Health Care in the Conditions of Pandemic Threats." Federalism, no. 3 (October 3, 2020): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2020-3-110-116.
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The author, using data of health care systems and COVID in the USA, Italy and other countries makes a conclusion that effective parrying of pandemic threats demands correction of a health care system and its financing. In particular, expansion of access for «marginal» social groups to services of out-patient and polyclinic institutions including non-payable services on a constant basis is necessary. Situation when involvement of the low-paid migrants who are actually excluded from regional health care systems allows to get excess profit for employers, creates for society not only additional expenses, but also risks of catastrophic development of epidemiological situations. Such employers are a kind of «free-riders» too expensive for society.
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Tschöll, Christine. "Precarity: causes, effects and consequences of insecure working and living conditions in a multicultural, rural area of northern Italy (South Tyrol)." Journal of Education Culture and Society 5, no. 2 (January 6, 2020): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20142.82.90.
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The research project deals with the current issue of precarity, its mechanisms, risks, effects, coping strategies as well as coping competences and addresses the impact of work-based insecurities, rising social inequalities within and across nations, with a specific regional focus on South Tyrol - a multicultural, rural area in northern Italy, bordering with Austria. Finally, it is important to identify possible innovative solutions for the labour market, Human Resources strategies and social policies. The concept of work will be related to all securitized fundamental rights, their socialization context, the global change of values and the social change in the welfare state. The recent transformation from discourses on inequality and poverty towards social exclusion and inclusion indicates a conceptual shift in the societal management of social inequalities. The global financial crisis has highlighted the connectedness between corporate and household risk behaviour and management, and their socially inequitable effects. The interdisciplinary view enables a focus on multiple insecurities and how they interact to produceprecarious work relations, in reference to working conditions and the experience of social exclusion, the links between de-regulation, liberalization and the individualization of employment risks, but also the development of interest representation and social organizations for supporting labour market outsiders. The paper describes the current process of defining the research design, preliminary reflections for the case study and shows first outcomes of the project.
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Serban, Ionut. "Social reintegration of prison inmates. A comparative study between two prisons from Romania and Italy." Sociology and Social Work Review 6, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.58179/sswr6210.
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Lately the “prison system" has gotten a special attention for various reasons. First of all because of the crowding of the prisons and the inhumane conditions in witch inmates live. The goals imposed by the European Union haven’t been met almost by anybody with only a few exceptions. That’s why the latest focus is on the re-education of the inmates in order to socially reintegrate them as soon as possible and thus resolve the issue of the crowding. This research is an attempt to show how seriously this aspect is taken into consideration by two prison systems, one large, in Romania (Craiova) and a regular one in Italy (Chieti) by showing the statistics regarding the personnel, inmates, spaces and activities conducted towards social reintegration of incarcerated persons.
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CORDINI, MARTA, and COSTANZO RANCI. "Legitimising the care market: the social recognition of migrant care workers in Italy." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 1 (July 14, 2016): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000398.
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AbstractThe sizeable presence of migrant care workers in the private care market in many European countries is confirmed by several studies that have explained the phenomenon through functional arguments, stressing the economic convenience of transnational markets and the crucial role played by public regulation. This paper focuses instead on the public and institutional discourses that have contributed to legitimising this private care market, characterised by the worsening of employment conditions and the decrease in care quality. The main argument of this paper is that the social recognition of these workers provides the public with the new concepts and rationales that determine the actual shape of the private care market.Migrant care workers are usually, compared to other migrant workers, more welcome in the host society and less targeted by xenophobic attitudes, especially where their labour helps to meet a lack of public provision as is happening in Southern European countries. Nevertheless, their rights are not fully granted either as citizens or as workers: basic requirements in this migrant care market include for instance reduced wages, great flexibility, and informal contracts.Our hypothesis is tested through the reconstruction of the public regulation and a content analysis of the public discourse that has accompanied this regulation for ten years (2002–2012) in Italy. The two main national newspapers have been taken into account. This analysis provides evidence on how market dynamics have been shaped by a deliberate political construction, which has relieved governments of the task of finding a public solution to care needs and has relegated migrant care workers to a subordinate social position, which is functional in making the care market work.
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Buonanno, Milly, Franca Faccioli, Paola Panarese, Francesca Comunello, Giovanni Ciofalo, Silvia Leonzi, Mihaela Gavrila, Anna Lucia Natale, and Francesca Ieracitano. "Gender and media studies in Italy: The GEMMA research programme." Journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jicms_00021_1.
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Abstract This multi-authored article presents new, investigative strands of the research unit GEMMA (GEnder and Media Matters, established in 2010) at the Department of Communication and Social Research of the Sapienza University of Rome. GEMMA's main objective is to explore the multi-layered relationships between gender and media in the peculiar conditions of the contemporary 'media saturated' environment, employing an approach that maps the media's potential for changing cultural representations of gender. Without renouncing the representational approach, the recent iterations of GEMMA research have shifted focus towards addressing new objects and paths of investigation. Ranging across a variety of media and genres, from television and advertising, to public communication campaigns, from web-based social networks to dating platforms, from documentary to fiction, from wellness reality to cooking shows, the latest works that have been conducted during the 2016‐19 years investigate forms of agency displayed by individuals, groups or institutions directly involved and engaged in the production and consumption of media texts relevant to gender. In this article, the authors summarize their research as contributing to the composition of a polyphonic text on gender and media in Italy.
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Fazzi, Luca, and Susanne Elsen. "Actors in Social Agriculture Cooperatives Combating Organized Crime in Southern Italy: Cultivating the Ground." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 9257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219257.
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Southern Italy suffers from a high poverty rate, unemployment, emigration flows, and a strong presence of organized crime in the field of agriculture. This study seeks to investigate the potential of social enterprises as driving forces for the legal and eco-social development of fragile Southern Italian areas. To work in such challenging contexts requires the development of a high level of resilience, which implies the ability to adapt to difficulties and to overcome crises by coming out stronger than before. The initiatives we detected in Southern Italy are examples for the strength that can come from ideal motivations. In the case of social agriculture initiatives in Southern Italy counteracting organized crime, these motivations are an indispensable condition for their survival and growth. The accumulation of problems and difficulties, however, risks corroding motivations of the actors. This can lead to the withdrawal of members, which can have a serious impact on these small organizations. Thus, idealism is a necessary condition to face the challenges of legal and social environmental development, but it is not sufficient on its own, except in the short term, to allow social enterprises to emerge from extremely precarious conditions. Idealism can support resilience, but by itself, it cannot create a sustainable change. There is, therefore, the need to invest in these social enterprises, in the training of the actors involved, and in the selection and acquisition of the skills for strengthening the efficiency and sustainability of businesses and to foster horizontal structures of mutuality and solidarity to create a supportive environment for these social enterprises and their mission.
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Stoffel, Sandro, and Benedikt Herrmann. "How Does Communicating Herd Immunity Affect Immunization Intentions?" International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 10, no. 4 (October 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2021100102.
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While previous studies have shown that communicating herd immunity can increase immunization intentions, it is unclear how the definition of the beneficiaries influences intentions. In a vignette study, using a new hypothetical influenza virus, 4,172 participants from five European countries (Bulgaria, N=873; Denmark, N=896; England, N=873; Estonia, N=916; and Italy, N=745) were randomized to one of three experimental conditions: (1) control (no mention of herd immunity), (2) society (social benefit of immunization for overall society mentioned), and (3) friends (social benefit for friends and family members mentioned). While the study did not find that communicating herd immunity influenced overall immunization intentions across the five countries, it found substantial cross-country differences in the effect of the communication. In England, friends increased intentions, while society increased intentions in Denmark but decreased it in Italy. While communicating the social benefit of immunization can influence intentions, its contrasting effects highlight the importance of empirically testing.
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Siza, Remo. "Narrowing the gap: the middle class and the modernization of welfare in Italy." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 1/2 (March 12, 2018): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-02-2017-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offer a contribution to our understanding of the changing relations of the middle classes with the Italian welfare state. The paper argues that the new interplay between public and private welfare is based on a very simplified analysis of Italian society. Design/methodology/approach The paper aims to integrate a variety of different theoretical approaches. The paper makes extensive use of the EU-SILC database, as well as the recently updated historic series of consumer studies undertaken by the Italian National Institute of Statistics. The data used in the paper were also drawn from the biennial cross-sectional Survey on Household Income and Wealth carried out by the Bank of Italy. Findings The analysis suggests that the problems of Italian society include not only a high incidence of poverty, but also increasing financial constraints for households placed between the established middle class and people in conditions of persistent poverty. The current public-private mix in service delivery appears less and less capable of protecting this social stratum against the growing risk of instability across all life domains, let alone of creating opportunities and fostering social mobility. Originality/value The paper explores some ways in which current politics of welfare have been designed with the view of fundamentally changing the welfare regime. It highlights how the public and private welfare mix has been purposefully organized in order to introduce a new model of social protection that aims to overcome certain specific characteristics of Southern European welfare states. It examines the sustainability of this model compared to the real living conditions of the Italian middle classes.
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Zazzera, Angelica, Lucia Ferrara, and Valeria Tozzi. "Managing chronic conditions: lessons learned from a comparative evaluation of chronic care programs in Italy." International Journal of Integrated Care 19, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ijic.s3230.
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Berti, Fabio, Antonella D’Agostino, Achille Lemmi, and Laura Neri. "Poverty and deprivation of immigrants vs. natives in Italy." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 8 (August 5, 2014): 630–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2012-0240.
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Purpose – Italy has become a migrant receiving country and it has to face with the problem of social inclusion of immigrants. The purpose of this paper is to measure the gap on poverty and deprivation between immigrants and natives since manifest conditions of both of them are an important signal, although not exclusively, of social exclusion. Design/methodology/approach – Poverty analysis typically relies on a single monetary variable such as income and it is characterized by a simple dichotomization of the population into poor and non-poor. In this paper the authors stress the importance of using a multidimensional and fuzzy approach in order to study disparities between immigrants and natives. The authors cover several of the multifaceted aspects of resources necessary to maintain adequate living standards in a developed country. With the fuzzy methodology, the authors also overcome any limitation of the conventional approach based on the simple dichotomization of the phenomenon. Findings – The empirical analysis is based on data from two official surveys. The authors find that between Italian and immigrant households there are significant differences in poverty and deprivation levels, with a strong disadvantage for the latter. The authors argue that any serious attempt to reduce poverty and deprivation must now include comprehensive reforms in the nation's immigration policies if they are to be taken seriously. Originality/value – The paper makes an original contribution to the understanding of inequality between immigrants and natives, by studying a complex phenomena such as poverty and deprivation in a multidimensional perspective using a fuzzy approach.
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Jessoula, Matteo, Julia Kubisa, Ilaria Madama, and Marianna Zielenska. "Understanding convergence and divergence: old and new cleavages in the politics of minimum income schemes in Italy and Poland." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 30, no. 2 (June 2014): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2014.936024.
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Italy and Poland present similarly weak minimum income protection models, yet this results from two different policy trajectories in the last 15 years: both countries actually introduced a minimum income scheme (MIS) between the late 1990s (Italy) and the early 2000s (Poland), but later developments were characterized by policy reversal in the Italian case vis-à-vis institutionalization in Poland. The paper therefore addresses two intertwined puzzles. First, in the light of very different background conditions, which factors help understand the convergent process towards the introduction of MIS? Second, what explains remarkable divergence in the subsequent phase? Challenging previous claims about the limited scope of political competition dynamics in the field of social assistance, due to generally narrow constituencies and limited political mobilization, we contend that political competition dynamics are key factors in order to make sense of both convergent and divergent trajectories in the two diverse phases.
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Speranzin, Marco. "Benefit Legal Entities in Italy: An Overview." European Company Law 19, Issue 5 (October 1, 2022): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2022023.
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Benefit legal entities combine the normal logic of profit-making with corporate sustainability. They pursue, in addition to the profit purpose, one or more aims of common benefit to be indicated in the articles of association relating to the corporate activity. An initial question is whether the pursuit of these joint objectives (i.e., profit and social responsibility) is reserved solely to benefit corporations and whether (and to which extent) non-benefit legal entities are excluded from pursuing these dual aims. As regards the notion of common benefit, its specification in the articles of association raises some significant legal issues. Firstly, it affects the assessment of the directors’ duty of care; they are required to balance the interests of the shareholders with those other interests provided for in the by-laws, and consequently such balance has potential implications on directors’ liability. Secondly, stakeholders adversely affected by the entity’s failure to achieve those common benefit aims must be protected, but it is difficult to assess how. Finally, setting out a corporation’s common benefit could trigger, under certain conditions, the exit right of dissenting shareholders following the acquisition or loss of the «benefit status». benefit legal entities, directors’ duties, exit right, legal entities pursuing common benefit purposes
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Pölling, Bernd, María-José Prados, Bianca Maria Torquati, Giulia Giacchè, Xavier Recasens, Chiara Paffarini, Oscar Alfranca, and Wolf Lorleberg. "Business models in urban farming: A comparative analysis of case studies from Spain, Italy and Germany." Moravian Geographical Reports 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0015.
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Abstract The “Urban Agriculture Europe” EU COST-Action (2012–2016) has shown that the complexity of urban agriculture (UA) is hardly compressible into classic business management models and has proposed new management models, such as the Business Model Canvas (BMC). Business models of UA have to be different from rural ones. In particular, factors such as differentiation and diversification, but also low cost-oriented specialisation, are characteristic and necessary business models for UA to stay profitable in the long term under challenging city conditions. This paper aims to highlight how farm enterprises have to adjust to urban conditions by stepping into appropriate business models aiming to stay competitive and profitable, and how the BMC is useful to analyse their organisation and performance, both economically and socially. The paper offers an inter-regional analysis of UA enterprises located in Spain, Italy, and Germany, which are further subdivided into: local food, leisure, educational, social, therapeutic, agri-environmental, cultural heritage and experimental farms. The analysis demonstrates that UA is differentially adjusted to specific urban conditions and that the BMC is useful for analysing urban farming. Heterogeneous local food farms and the integration of local and organic food production in social farming business models are most frequent in our case studies.
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Minozzi, Simona, Carla Caldarini, Walter Pantano, Stefania Giannantonio, Paola Catalano, and Valentina Giuffra. "Enamel hypoplasia and health conditions through social status in the Roman Imperial Age (First to third centuries, Rome, Italy)." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 30, no. 1 (January 2020): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.2830.
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Salarelli, Alberto. "Past and present factors of the crisis in Italy ' s public libraries." Library Review 63, no. 1/2 (May 2, 2014): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lr-01-2013-0006.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the general reasons for the crisis in Italy ' s contemporary public library institution. This crisis is complicated by the historical origins of the public library in Italy and, more broadly, by the difficult relationship between the Italian culture and today ' s world. Design/methodology/approach – A conceptual discussion on the role of public library in Italy. Findings – The paper finds that the continuing delay in the acquisition of literacy, the tendency for points of view to become divided and to go to extremes and the development of a form of politics in the country suspended between centralised government and the claims of the local self-governments are all factors that have influenced the establishment of the public library in Italy. Originality/value – Understanding the conditions of the controversial origins of the public library in Italy can be of help when deciding which model to use in the future. A suitable model for this institution must not neglect but, on the contrary, must enhance the role of the library as a social institution of the history of a specific community.
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Di Meo, Silvia, and Enrico Bentivegna. "Migrants’ Quarantine and COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: a Medico-anthropological View." SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 3, no. 9 (June 17, 2021): 1858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42399-021-00993-2.
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AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic represents an important risk factor for migrants’ health. Paul Farmer highlighted the risk of global health response in emergency conditions exacerbating global and social inequalities. We argue that this is the case for quarantine ships and migrants’ management during the pandemic. Every aspect of infection-control and prevention measures acquires detention characteristics in these situations. With emphasis to the evolution of the doctor-patient relationship and to the anthropological and cultural aspects that were established during the pandemic, this article aims to provide an integrated view where physicians and anthropologists collaborate to deepen the understanding of the topic.
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Pelizzola, Dario. "Diabetes assistance before, during and after Covid-19 in Ferrara, Italy." International Journal of Care Coordination 23, no. 2-3 (September 2020): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053434520954614.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed people's habits and social organization, including the care models of people with chronic diseases. Diabetes care in Ferrara is based on Integrated Care Protocols (ICP) in collaboration with General Practitioners (GPs). The sudden arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the suspension of most of the planned health activities. The Diabetes Services have mainly dedicated themselves to communicating by telephone with their clients to suspend appointments and monitor their health conditions, accepting only urgent situations that could not be managed by telephone. The psychosocial aspects of people with diabetes have led to the fear of contagion taking into account the greater risks related to age and comorbidity and the aspects of loneliness and reduction of social contacts. After the lockdown, the health systems are reactivating the suspended treatment paths even if with all the measures to avoid spreading the infection. Consequently, the assistance activities will be quantitatively less numerous to apply the safety criteria. E-health gives the opportunity to customize monitoring and assistance and to configure a profile of the monitored parameters aimed at revaluations of care in the clinic only when necessary, rather than at predetermined deadlines.
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Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez, and Anna Maccagnan. "Labor force heterogeneity and wage polarization: Italy and Spain." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2017-0071.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in the Italian and Spanish wage polarization degree in a time of economic crisis, taking into account the factors affecting labor force heterogeneity. Gender differences in the evolution of social fractures are considered by carrying out the analysis separately for males and females. Design/methodology/approach The approach by Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández (2012) on polarization is applied to the microdata provided by the EU Living Conditions Surveys (2007, 2010 and 2012). According to Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández’s approach, polarization is generated by two tendencies that contribute to the generation of social tension: the homogeneity or cohesion within group and the heterogeneity between groups. The following labor force characteristics are considered: gender, level of education, type of contract, occupational status and job status. Findings The results for Italy reveal a higher increase of polarization for women than for men from the perspective of the type of contract. In Spain, the wage polarization of women also increases more intensively compared to men from the perspectives of level of education, job status and occupational status, while in Italy the reduction of the wage polarization index by level of education can be related, above all, to an increase in overqualification of women. Originality/value While the empirical literature on polarization has made considerable investigation into employment and job polarization, this paper explores the rather less explored matter of wage polarization. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the impact on polarization of the Great Recession.
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Andall, Jacqueline. "Cape Verdean Women on the Move: ‘Immigration Shopping’ in Italy and Europe." Modern Italy 4, no. 2 (November 1999): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532949908454832.
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SummaryThe central theme of this article is the notion that migrants ‘shop’ for opportunities of work, income and social advantages in different countries. Taking the case of Cape Verdean women migrants, the research is based on 25 in-depth interviews carried out with domestic workers in Rome and Rotterdam. I explore ways in which these women have negotiated mobility, employment and family and household responsibilities within the context of a largely independent female migration which is well established from Cape Verde. Italy has a nodal role in channelling mobility from Cape Verde to various destinations in the global Cape Verdean diaspora. But while opportunities for stable employment as domestic workers in Italy have been a constant factor encouraging Cape Verdean women to migrate to Italy, difficulties over pay, working conditions, welfare and family reunion have led to much onward movement to the Netherlands and elsewhere.
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Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez, and Anna Maccagnan. "A microsimulation model to measure the impact of the economic crisis on household income." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 474–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-06-2014-0125.
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Purpose – The current economic crisis has significantly increased unemployment, showing higher persistence than expected. However, since microdata from household surveys are issued with delay, they do not allow a prompt analysis of the impact of the economic cycle on households’ living conditions. The purpose of this paper is to propose a microsimulation methodology to achieve an evaluation of the impact of economic shocks in terms of household’s living conditions to guide policy makers. Design/methodology/approach – The microsimulation technique developed in this paper is based on a nowcasting approach by using different sources of data and by taking into account a whole set of potential transitions across the different statuses of the labour market and the related changes in income. To validate this microsimulation method, the authors apply it to Italy, a country that has been deeply affected by the crisis. Findings – Data have been drawn from the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions Survey for Italy (IT SILC) and from the Labour Force Survey for Italy. The latter data allow us to take into account the changes in the labour market status of individuals due to economic shocks. The validation results support the capability of the model to simulate the effect of the cycle before actual data on income are available. Social implications – The results obtained would encourage the use of the suggested methodology to anticipate the effect of the economic cycle on household’s income therefore enabling the design of effective policies to sustain household income with positive practical and social implications. Originality/value – Distinct from other microsimulation techniques the methodology proposed in this paper allows us to take into account behavioural effects and the change in the composition of employment and unemployment. Moreover, the authors contribute to the existing literature by considering a whole set of transitions across different labour market statuses and the related changes in income.
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Tilly, Louise A. "Structure and Action in the Making of Milan's Working Class." Social Science History 19, no. 2 (1995): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017326.
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Andrea Costa, a contemporary observer and sometime participant in Italian socialist politics, spoke in 1886 in defense of the Lombardy-based Partito operaio, whose leaders had been arrested and its newspaper muzzled. He offered a classic Marxist interpretation of the party's emergence as a “natural product of… our economic and social conditions … the concentration of the means of production in few hands, distancing the worker more and more from his tools … and likewise a product of our political conditions … electoral reform, by means of which the working class … can affirm itself as a class apart.” Further, this party had been founded in Milan, “where modern industry has penetrated more than elsewhere,” and closely following the expansion of the suffrage in 1881 (Italy 1886: 419).
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Shin, Michael E. "Socio-Geographic Dimensions of Recovery from the 2002 Molise, Italy, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 1_suppl (July 2004): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1767522.
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Several factors influence the abilities of communities to cope with, respond to, and recover from earthquakes. Beyond the uncontrollable geophysical factors (e.g., the magnitude and type of earthquake) are the complex array of historic, social, economic, political, and cultural forces that affect loss reduction, response, and recovery. This paper uses a geographic perspective to situate the communities most affected by the 2002 Molise, Italy, event. This area of Italy is characterized by economic underdevelopment, an aging population, and out-migration. The earthquake effects may exacerbate these preexisting conditions. In order to obtain reliable and accurate insights into the recovery process, better socio-economic data and information must be gathered following seismic events. Such data are essential to understanding the process and dimensions of recovery in Molise and in other locations.