Journal articles on the topic 'Fields of Research – 270000 Biological Sciences'
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Wahrman, Miryam Z., and Corey H. Basch. "Hands-on Research Reaching across Disciplines." American Biology Teacher 81, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2019.81.6.412.
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We describe an interdisciplinary research project for undergraduate students involving microbiology and public health. Students designed and carried out two research studies on hand hygiene and the use of gloves by mobile food vendors in New York City and in a New Jersey mall. Students received training in aseptic techniques and survey methodology to carry out the multifaceted study. We discuss the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and research in the context of its value in preparing professionals in the fields of biology and public health.
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Marrone, Mauricio, and Martina K. Linnenluecke. "Interdisciplinary Research Maps: A new technique for visualizing research topics." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 24, 2020): e0242283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242283.
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This article introduces Interdisciplinary Research Maps as a novel visualization technique to assist with interdisciplinary research analytics and to map common (and distinct) topics across publications from different disciplines. We detail the method for this technique which is based on entity linking and illustrate its application to a sample of articles sourced from the top business/management and environmental sciences journals. Both fields have separately been criticized for a lack of interdisciplinary research to co-create insights for tackling pressing environmental issues such as climate change. Our mapping approach provides a starting point for exploring similarities and differences in research topics across these fields. The mapping technique introduced here has broader applicability to facilitate the creation and exchange of knowledge across fields. We discuss avenues for visualization techniques to bridge the different fields by focusing on identifying common concepts to provide a basis for future analysis.
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VETTEL, ERIC J. "The protean nature of Stanford University's biological sciences, 1946––1972." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 35, no. 1 (September 1, 2004): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2004.35.1.95.
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ABSTRACT: Academic literature has paid scant attention to the biological sciences at Stanford University, an omission all the more conspicuous considering their productivity since World War II. This article draws on previously unused archival material to establish a starting point for further study of the biological sciences at Stanford. It traces the evolution of Stanford's biological sciences through three experimental fields: self-directed developmental and evolutionary studies; fundamental research at the molecular level; and biomedical applications of fundamental knowledge. Taken together, a history of Stanford's biological sciences offers a remarkably fertile example of organizational flexibility in historical context. This essay ends by suggesting that a fourth phase of biological research at Stanford will be governed by commercial interest in biology.
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Soto, Stephany. "Intellectual property in the bio-sector research:." Revista Peruana de Biología 27, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v27i1.17587.
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Intellectual Property is a powerful legal and economic instrument. In our “knowledge economy”, patents are the preferred IP tool with special emphasis in the pharma – agro biotech industry. However, the growth of patents in the bio sector such as the pharma and agro fields, encounters many challenges. Life itself has not been defined yet. So, how can it be determined exactly when a living being, or a biological entity has been modified by itself or by human intervention, and thus address issues of patentability? Therefore, a researcher in the bio field cannot be alien to Intellectual Property, being the main actor in the revolution of the bio-pharma-agro sectors.
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Lima, Silvio Felipe Barbosa. "PECEN Publications in the Field of Biological Sciences: Present and Future." Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciências Exatas e da Natureza 1, no. 2 (December 11, 2017): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29215/pecen.v1i2.445.
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Biological Sciences is the discipline that studies the most diverse aspects of microscopic and macroscopic life forms on earth. This vast field of studies enables biologists to follow numerous paths according to their professional interest.<br />Biological Sciences has made rapid advances in Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology, Botany, Cell Biology, Ecology, Ethnobiology, Evolutionary Biology, Genetics, Immunology, Mycology, Microbiology, Morphology, Parasitology, Physiology and Zoology. In some cases, the expansion of different fields of Biological Sciences is tied to the crisis of biodiversity and environmental problems, such as the extinction of species, the introduction of invasive exotic species, increasing habitat loss and degradation, the overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, diseases and human-induced climate change.<br />In 2017, Pesquisa e Ensino em Ciências Exatas e da Natureza/Research and Teaching in Exact and Natural Sciences (PECEN) received 28 manuscripts for evaluation and published 18 papers, all related to the field of Biological Sciences. An analysis of the papers published in year shows that the field of Zoology (branch of Biology that studies the animal kingdom) has been the flagship of publications with 7 papers so far. Among the contributions within Zoology published in PECEN are papers involving the following sub-fields of knowledge: (2) Morphology of Recent Groups; (4) Taxonomy of Recent Groups; and (3) “ecological interactions” – phenomenon and object of study also in the field of Ecology. In 2017, PECEN also published important contributions in the fields of Ecology (2), Environmental Sciences (1), Health and Biological Science (1), Mycology (2) and Science Teaching (2).<br />Contributions in the fields of biodiversity and science teaching will undoubtedly continue to play an important role in the scientific production of PECEN in both qualitative and quantitative terms. However, given the vast field of Biological Sciences, we expect a substantial increase in the number of publications on the most diverse subjects in 2018.<br />It is important to emphasize that PECEN is a multidisciplinary journal that receives contributions from diverse fields, such as Agrarian, Biomedical, Chemical, Earth, Environmental, Health and Exact and Natural Sciences. The fundamental mission is to strengthen multidisciplinary publications through scientific and theoretical-methodological studies as well as thematic literature reviews. Regardless of the number of submissions, the main factor for publication in PECEN is the importance and quality of the contributions.
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RissleR, Leslie J., Katherine L. Hale, Nina R. Joffe, and Nicholas M. Caruso. "Gender Differences in Grant Submissions across Science and Engineering Fields at the NSF." BioScience 70, no. 9 (July 29, 2020): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa072.
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Abstract There has been great growth in women's participation in the US academic doctoral workforce, but underrepresentation remains in all science and engineering fields, especially at high academic ranks. We obtained estimates of the numbers of professorial women and men in fields likely to seek funding from the National Science Foundation and aligned those numbers with each of six research directorates to investigate temporal trends in submission patterns. We found that women are as likely to be funded as men, but the percentage of women submitting proposals was less than expected in every field but engineering. Women are as likely as men to be employed at the most research active institutions, but women are less likely than men to self-report research as their primary work activity in almost all fields but engineering. This work imbalance ultimately limits the diversity of basic science research ideas in science and engineering.
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Webb, Thomas J., and Elvira S. Poloczanska. "Frontiers of marine science." Biology Letters 7, no. 3 (January 5, 2011): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1120.
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On 9–13 October 2010 early career scientists from the UK and Australia across marine research fields were given the opportunity to come together in Perth, Australia to discuss the frontiers of marine research and exchange ideas.
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Hossain, Liaquat, Faezeh Karimi, and Rolf T. Wigand. "Dynamics of a Global Zoonotic Research Network Over 33 Years (1980–2012)." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 9, no. 5 (July 27, 2015): 496–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2015.58.
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AbstractObjectiveThe increasing rate of outbreaks in humans of zoonotic diseases requires detailed examination of the education, research, and practice of animal health and its connection to human health. This study investigated the collaboration network of different fields engaged in conducting zoonotic research from a transdisciplinary perspective.MethodsExamination of the dynamics of this network for a 33-year period from 1980 to 2012 is presented through the development of a large scientometric database from Scopus. In our analyses we compared several properties of these networks, including density, clustering coefficient, giant component, and centrality measures over time. We also elicited patterns in different fields of study collaborating with various other fields for zoonotic research.ResultsWe discovered that the strongest collaborations across disciplines are formed among the fields of medicine; biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology; immunology and microbiology; veterinary; agricultural and biological sciences; and social sciences. Furthermore, the affiliation network is growing overall in terms of collaborative research among different fields of study such that more than two-thirds of all possible collaboration links among disciplines have already been formed.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that zoonotic research scientists in different fields (human or animal health, social science, earth and environmental sciences, engineering) have been actively collaborating with each other over the past 11 years. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;9:496–503)
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Ross, Stephen R., and Jesse G. Leinwand. "A review of research in primate sanctuaries." Biology Letters 16, no. 4 (April 2020): 20200033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0033.
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While non-human primate studies have long been conducted in laboratories, and more recently at zoological parks, sanctuaries are increasingly considered a viable setting for research. Accredited sanctuaries in non-range countries house thousands of primates formerly used as subjects of medical research, trained performers or personal pets. In range countries, however, sanctuaries typically house orphaned primates confiscated from illegal poaching and the bushmeat and pet trafficking trades. Although the primary mission of these sanctuaries is to rescue and rehabilitate residents, many of these organizations are increasingly willing to participate in non-invasive research. Notably, from a scientific standpoint, most sanctuaries provide potential advantages over traditional settings, such as large, naturalistic physical and social environments which may result in more relevant models of primates' free-ranging wild counterparts than other captive settings. As a result, an impressive scope of research in the fields of primate behaviour, cognition, veterinary science, genetics and physiology have been studied in sanctuaries. In this review, we examine the range and form of research that has been conducted at accredited sanctuaries around the world. We also describe the potential challenges of sanctuary-based work and the considerations that external researchers may face when deciding to collaborate with primate sanctuaries on their research projects.
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Feldon, David F., James Peugh, Michelle A. Maher, Josipa Roksa, and Colby Tofel-Grehl. "Time-to-Credit Gender Inequities of First-Year PhD Students in the Biological Sciences." CBE—Life Sciences Education 16, no. 1 (March 2017): ar4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-08-0237.
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Equitable gender representation is an important aspect of scientific workforce development to secure a sufficient number of individuals and a diversity of perspectives. Biology is the most gender equitable of all scientific fields by the marker of degree attainment, with 52.5% of PhDs awarded to women. However, equitable rates of degree completion do not translate into equitable attainment of faculty or postdoctoral positions, suggesting continued existence of gender inequalities. In a national cohort of 336 first-year PhD students in the biological sciences (i.e., microbiology, cellular biology, molecular biology, developmental biology, and genetics) from 53 research institutions, female participants logged significantly more research hours than males and were significantly more likely than males to attribute their work hours to the demands of their assigned projects over the course of the academic year. Despite this, males were 15% more likely to be listed as authors on published journal articles, indicating inequality in the ratio of time to credit. Given the cumulative advantage that accrues for students who publish early in their graduate careers and the central role that scholarly productivity plays in academic hiring decisions, these findings collectively point to a major potential source of persisting underrepresentation of women on university faculties in these fields.
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Crumpton, Michael J. "The Bernal Lecture 2004 Are low-frequency electromagnetic fields a health hazard?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1458 (June 29, 2005): 1223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1663.
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Electric power is an essential commodity of the developed world, and is critical to the continuing progress of our technology-based society, as well as to the growth of less privileged societies. In contrast to its overwhelming benefits, there is a suspicion that the magnetic component of the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) associated with power distribution and electrical appliances has adverse health effects, especially a small increased incidence of childhood leukaemia. The possibility that environmental EMFs represent a health hazard has serious economic implications for government, the electricity industry and society, as well as raising several profound scientific challenges, including, in particular, biophysical mechanisms, experimental replication and scientific uncertainty. These challenges are explored in relation to the experiences of the EMF Biological Research Trust, a UK medical research charity which funds basic research on the biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs). As judged from these experiences, at the present time there is no compelling experimental evidence that environmental ELF-EMFs induce biological responses.
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Cascajares, Mila, Alfredo Alcayde, Esther Salmerón-Manzano, and Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro. "Transfer of Agricultural and Biological Sciences Research to Patents: The Case of EU-27." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020252.
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Agriculture as an economic activity and agronomy as a science must provide food for a constantly growing population. Research in this field is therefore becoming increasingly essential. Much of the research is carried out in academic institutions and then developed in the private sector. Patents do not have to be issued through scientific institutions. Patents from scientific institutions are intended to have a certain economic return on the investment made in research when the patent is transferred to industry. A bibliometric analysis was carried out using the Scopus and SciVal databases. This study analyses all the research carried out in the field of agronomy and related sciences (Agricultural and Biological Sciences category of Scopus database) by EU-27 countries, which has been cited in at least one international patent. The data show that out of about 1 million published works only about 28,000 have been used as a source of patents. This study highlights the main countries and institutions in terms of this transfer. Among these, Germany, France and Spain stand out in absolute terms, but considering the degree of specialization. Regarding their specialization the institution ranking is led by Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (58%), AgroParisTech (52%), Wageningen University & Research (48%), and INRAE (38%). It also analyses which journals used for this transfer are most important. For these publications more than 90% of the articles have had a higher-than-expected citation level for the year of publication, the type of publication and the discipline in which they are categorized. The most-obtained research fields can be distinguished as those related to genetics or mo-lecular biology, those related to specific foods, such as cheeses, milk, breads or oils, and, thirdly, the group covering food-related constituents such as caseins, probiotics, glutens, or starch.
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Robertson, LN, PG Allsopp, KJ Chandler, and RT Mullins. "Integrated management of canegrubs in Australia: current situation and future research directions." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950001.
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Nineteen species of scarab larvae, collectively known as canegrubs, attack the root system of sugarcane in Australia. Thousands of hectares of sugarcane were damaged before the introduction of organochlorine insecticides in 1948. A controlled-release formulation of chlorpyrifos (suSCon Blue) and a non-residual formulation of ethoprophos (Mocap) replaced the organochlorines in the 1980s. Recent failures of both these products in some fields have intensified the search for alternative controls. This review covers the current knowledge of canegrub biology, ecology and control in Australia. An outline of research required to develop sustainable pest management for canegrubs is given. Knowledge of the population dynamics of canegrubs will be integrated with cultural, chemical and biological controls as appropriate for each pest in each region. A decision-support system will help pest managers to make appropriate choices.
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Chen, Zhu, Hong-Guang Wang, Zhao-Jun Wen, and Yihuang Wang. "Life sciences and biotechnology in China." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 362, no. 1482 (March 2007): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2025.
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Life science and biotechnology have become a top priority in research and development in many countries as the world marches into the new century. China as a developing country with a 1.3 billion population and booming economy is actively meeting the challenge of a new era in this area of research. Owing to support from the government and the scientific community, and reform to improve the infrastructure, recent years have witnessed a rapid progress in some important fields of life science and biotechnology in China, such as genomics and protein sciences, neuroscience, systematics, super-hybrid rice research, stem cell and cloning technology, gene therapy and drug/vaccine development. The planned expansion and development of innovation in related sectors and the area of bioethics are described and discussed.
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McDermott, Rose. "Combining social and biological approaches to political behaviors." Politics and the Life Sciences 30, no. 02 (2011): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400014088.
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The current research climate provides an auspicious opportunity to undertake foundational investigations at the intersection of the natural and social sciences to produce transformative work with broad import for society. A great deal of relevant work examining the genetic, neurobiological and neuropsychological bases of social and political behavior has already taken place. But much of this work has been conducted simultaneously in a variety of different fields and disciplines. In addition to needlessly duplicating some research paradigms, thus wasting time and resources, such efforts have often also lacked a coherent core of social and political models and theories to guide such inquiry. With proper coordination and leverage, such efforts can achieve tremendous gains in terms of harnessing the skills, methods, and models of the natural sciences in service of addressing some of the most destructive and endemic social and political problems which plague our planet.
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McDermott, Rose. "Combining social and biological approaches to political behaviors." Politics and the Life Sciences 30, no. 2 (2011): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2990/30_2_98.
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The current research climate provides an auspicious opportunity to undertake foundational investigations at the intersection of the natural and social sciences to produce transformative work with broad import for society. A great deal of relevant work examining the genetic, neurobiological and neuropsychological bases of social and political behavior has already taken place. But much of this work has been conducted simultaneously in a variety of different fields and disciplines. In addition to needlessly duplicating some research paradigms, thus wasting time and resources, such efforts have often also lacked a coherent core of social and political models and theories to guide such inquiry. With proper coordination and leverage, such efforts can achieve tremendous gains in terms of harnessing the skills, methods, and models of the natural sciences in service of addressing some of the most destructive and endemic social and political problems which plague our planet.
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Parish, Austin J., Kevin W. Boyack, and John P. A. Ioannidis. "Dynamics of co-authorship and productivity across different fields of scientific research." PLOS ONE 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): e0189742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189742.
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Polley, Mitchell J., Frank R. Burden, and David A. Winkler. "Simulation and Modelling of Chemical and Biological Complex Systems." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 12 (2006): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06375.
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Most sciences, and notably chemistry and biology, are becoming more interdisciplinary with overlaps between disciplines providing fertile new fields of research. As scientists attempt to model more complicated matter such as protein complexes, regulatory networks, cells, smart materials, biomaterials, and the like, it is clear that the complexity of these systems is difficult to describe using traditional reductionist tools. We describe how the tools and concepts of complex systems science may be applied to the simulation and modelling of complex chemical and biological systems.
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Ragosta, Summer, Daniel Potter, and Heath Bartosh. "Broadening Student Perceptions of Science through Participatory Data Collection & Research-Education Partnerships." American Biology Teacher 82, no. 8 (October 2020): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2020.82.8.515.
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We present results from the first year of a three-year extramurally funded project involving a partnership between an ethnically diverse urban high school and professional research botanists. The goals are to provide students exposure to real-world science, broaden interest in scientific fields of study, and increase floristic data and herbarium specimen collections in under-sampled areas of Solano County, California. A floristic survey was conducted in a 425-acre, open-space public park in Vacaville, California, that is actively grazed by cattle and characterized by grasses, forbs, and oaks. A total of 77 students were enrolled in the course associated with the partnership, and 47 participated in four visits to the collection site. Twenty-five unique plant specimens were collected, including 14 native and 11 introduced species. Results of a student perception survey suggest that the partnership has had a positive impact on students’ understanding of scientific methodology and interest in pursuing a science career. Perception survey results were disaggregated by ethnicity; Hispanic students, more than any other group, indicated that they feel more confident in scientific research and writing skills. There was no significant difference between male and female students’ responses.
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Elías-Gutiérrez, Manuel, Nicolas Hubert, Rupert A. Collins, and Camilo Andrade-Sossa. "Aquatic Organisms Research with DNA Barcodes." Diversity 13, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13070306.
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Since their inception, DNA barcodes have become a powerful tool for understanding the biodiversity and biology of aquatic species, with multiple applications in diverse fields such as food security, fisheries, environmental DNA, conservation, and exotic species detection. Nevertheless, most aquatic ecosystems, from marine to freshwater, are understudied, with many species disappearing due to environmental stress, mostly caused by human activities. Here we highlight the progress that has been made in studying aquatic organisms with DNA barcodes, and encourage its further development in assisting sustainable use of aquatic resources and conservation.
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Costas, Amaya Garcia, Devon L. Ragen, and John W. Peters. "Searching for Nitrogen-Fixing Microorganisms: An Original, Relevant, and Successful Early Research Experience." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.3.191.
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A five-week research project was designed as part of a summer internship for high school students, and could also be used with educators or in introductory undergraduate research courses. This is a guided-inquiry-based project, framed within the significant issue of supplementing fertilizer use in agriculture with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. This experience exposes students to how scientists are studying real-world problems; it teaches them basic research techniques, and promotes inquiry-based learning in a real research environment. It also fills a current gap in K-12 education that lacks enough microbiology emphasis. Research interns collect soil samples from various fields and use culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques to test whether there are nitrogen-fixing microorganisms that can be isolated and identified in each soil sample. Students work in a research laboratory making nitrogen-free media; culturing, isolating, and identifying microorganisms; extracting soil DNA; and amplifying the 16S rRNA and nifH genes. We administer a pre-test and a post-test, and students present their research both in a short talk and with a poster. By hosting high school students in a research laboratory and immersing them in laboratory science, we hope to inspire them to pursue a STEM-related career.
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Keith, Sally A., Tom J. Webb, Katrin Böhning-Gaese, Sean R. Connolly, Nicholas K. Dulvy, Felix Eigenbrod, Kate E. Jones, et al. "What is macroecology?" Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 22, 2012): 904–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0672.
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The symposium ‘What is Macroecology?’ was held in London on 20 June 2012. The event was the inaugural meeting of the Macroecology Special Interest Group of the British Ecological Society and was attended by nearly 100 scientists from 11 countries. The meeting reviewed the recent development of the macroecological agenda. The key themes that emerged were a shift towards more explicit modelling of ecological processes, a growing synthesis across systems and scales, and new opportunities to apply macroecological concepts in other research fields.
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Latch, Emily K., and Jamie A. Ivy. "Meshing molecules and management: a new era for natural resource conservation." Biology Letters 5, no. 1 (November 25, 2008): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0623.
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A symposium entitled ‘Applied Ecological Genetics: Molecular Approaches in Natural Resource Conservation’ was held at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana from 5 to 8 October 2008. The purpose of the symposium was to bring together researchers from disparate fields of molecular ecology, evolutionary biology and genomics to address ways to apply research in ecological genetics to relevant questions in conservation and management. Symposium speakers presented ongoing research in characterizing the wealth of biodiversity on the planet, understanding the fundamental evolutionary processes influencing species over time and space, and predicting responses of species and entire ecosystems to environmental change. Recent advances in these areas have had a profound impact on conservation and management, and have helped to secure the future of our natural resources.
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Shamoun-Baranes, Judy, E. Emiel van Loon, Ross S. Purves, Bettina Speckmann, Daniel Weiskopf, and C. J. Camphuysen. "Analysis and visualization of animal movement." Biology Letters 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2011): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0764.
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The interdisciplinary workshop ‘ Analysis and Visualization of Moving Objects ’ was held at the Lorentz Centre in Leiden, The Netherlands, from 27 June to 1 July 2011. It brought together international specialists from ecology, computer science and geographical information science actively involved in the exploration, visualization and analysis of moving objects, such as marine reptiles, mammals, birds, storms, ships, cars and pedestrians. The aim was to share expertise, methodologies, data and common questions between different fields, and to work towards making significant advances in movement research. A data challenge based on GPS tracking of lesser black-backed gulls ( Larus fuscus ) was used to stimulate initial discussions, cross-fertilization between research groups and to serve as an initial focus for activities during the workshop.
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Santos, Miguel M., and Luís C. Branco. "Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for Application in Pharmaceutics." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100909.
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Over the last few decades, Ionic Liquids (ILs) and Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) have been studied academically throughout many fields of chemical and biological research, including pharmaceutical sciences, due to their highly tunable physical, chemical and physicochemical properties [...]
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Barrett, M. J., Khrisha B. Alphonsus, Matt Harmin, Tasha Epp, Carolyn Hoessler, Danielle McIntyre, Bruce Reeder, and Baljit Singh. "Learning for Transdisciplinary Leadership: Why Skilled Scholars Coming Together Is Not Enough." BioScience 69, no. 9 (July 31, 2019): 736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biz072.
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Abstract Transdisciplinary research is an emerging new normal for many scientists in applied research fields, including One Health, planetary health, and sustainability. However, simply bringing highly skilled students (and faculty members) together to generate real-world solutions and policy recommendations for complex problems often fails to consistently create the desired results in transdisciplinary settings. Our research goal was to improve understanding and applications of transdisciplinary learning processes within a One Health graduate education program. This qualitative study analyzes 5 years of action research data, identifying four transdisciplinary leadership skills and four conditions required for consistent skill development. Combining Vygotsky's theory of proximal development with identified transdisciplinary skills, we explain why educational scaffolding is needed to enable more successful design and delivery of transdisciplinary learning, particularly in One Health educational programs.
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Khalid, Muhammad Nouman. "Application and Potential Use of Advanced Bioinformatics Techniques in Agriculture and Animal Sciences." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8702.
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The amount of biological information generated in the last two decades is enormous because of Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovery that has enabled researches to sequence and model almost every organism and also due to rapid advancements in techniques and tools in experimental research. The research which was first carried out at fields, labs and clinics is now started with computational analysis (in-silico) of information, modeling, experiment planning and hypothesis development. Various applications of bioinformatics are algorithms, databases, and other data analysis tools and softwares that enable storage, analysis, retrieval, annotation and visual interpretation of biological information which in turn increases the knowledge of various biological systems that help in making new discoveries regarding production, human health, animal health and plant health keeping in mind the challenges of climate change, water and area shortage. This will help not only in increased plant and animal production but also in management and treatment of various human, animal and plant diseases in addition to the underlying mechanisms and strategies of the rapidly evolving pathogenic microorganism and antibiotic resistance.
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Kvíderová, Jana. "Research on cryosestic communities in Svalbard: the snow algae of temporary snowfields in Petuniabukta, Central Svalbard." Czech Polar Reports 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2012-1-2.
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Although the observations of the colored snow in Svalbard are dated from 17th century, the research in cryosestic algae during last 50 years was focused to NW part of Svalbard, Hornsund and Sveagruva areas. No observations have been reported for the Central or East Svalbard yet, with exception of Longyearbyen and Sveagruva areas. In Petuniabukta, two types of possible cryoseston habitats were recognized: 1) temporal snow fields that melt-away in summer completely, and 2) perennial glacier surfaces. During summer seasons 2009 - 2011, ten temporary snow field samples were sampled in the Petuniabukta area. The cryosestic communities did not cause visible snow coloration, however the presence of snow algae was revealed by light microscope. In samples, zygospores of Chlamydomonas cf. nivalis, were dominant. Other found species included Chlamydomonas nivalis, Chloromonas nivalis, Cryodactylon glaciale, and cf. Chainomonas sp. No motile stages of snow algae were observed. Due to low cell concentration and association of the cells with dust grains, wind transport of snow algae to the snow fields seems to be more possible than presence of a stable cryosestic community growing in situ.
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MacLennan, David N. "Reflections on technology and science in fishery research." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 8 (April 7, 2017): 2069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx045.
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Abstract In the latter part of the 20th century, fishery research expanded from its original biological base to include new areas, notably investigations of fishing-gear performance and fish-detection by sonar. The past 50 years have seen huge advances in technology and the combination of physical and biological insights in fishery research. Fishing-gear investigations initially focussed on the economics of commercial fishing, but in the 1970s energy consumption in fishing became a major issue. Thereafter, the objectives changed to support for fishery management through gear innovations and research, giving a better understanding of exploitation patterns. During this period, fishery acoustics advanced from crude beginnings in the 1960s to the powerful stock-assessment tool it is today. Progress in these fields has depended on multi-disciplinary research involving both the physical and biological sciences. There have been failures along the way, but there is now good understanding of how technology as well as science can make a positive contribution to fishery management. This essay describes these developments as seen from my personal involvement over the past half century. It concludes with some pointers to the future, and practical advice to young researchers considering a career in fishery research.
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Havas, M. "Biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic energy: A critical review of the reports by the US National Research Council and the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences as they relate to the broad realm of EMF bioeffects." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 173–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-004.
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Our dependence on electricity and our growing dependence on wireless telecommunication technology is causing this planet to be inundated with electromagnetic energy ranging in frequency from less than 60 Hz to greater than 2 GHz. Concerns expressed by the public, who live near power lines, cell phone antennas, or television and radio broadcast towers, have prompted two major reviews: one by the US National Research Council (NRC) and the other by the US National Institute of Environmental Health Science (NIEHS). Both of these documents deal with the biological and health effects primarily in a residential setting of extremely low frequency (ELF) or power frequency (50 and 60 Hz) fields. This paper critically evaluates the NRC and NIEHS documents. This evaluation includes both the content and the process leading to the final reports. It summarizes the information available on human exposure to electric and magnetic fields and identifies key biological markers and potential mechanisms that have been linked to electromagnetic exposure. It examines the conclusions of both documents in terms of the slightly broader realm associated with occupational exposure, non-power frequency fields, EMF hypersensitivity, and response of species other than humans. It presents some of the scientific controversy surrounding the question "Are low frequency electric and magnetic fields harmful?'' and examines the concepts of bias and consistency in data interpretation. This paper also attempts to place the discussions about technologically generated fields (technofields) into a much broader perspective, a perspective that includes naturally occurring geofields and biofields. Key words: leukemia, breast cancer, melatonin, calcium flux, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, radio frequency radiation.
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Garcia, Maxime, and Andrea Ravignani. "Acoustic allometry and vocal learning in mammals." Biology Letters 16, no. 7 (July 2020): 20200081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2020.0081.
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Acoustic allometry is the study of how animal vocalizations reflect their body size. A key aim of this research is to identify outliers to acoustic allometry principles and pinpoint the evolutionary origins of such outliers. A parallel strand of research investigates species capable of vocal learning , the experience-driven ability to produce novel vocal signals through imitation or modification of existing vocalizations. Modification of vocalizations is a common feature found when studying both acoustic allometry and vocal learning. Yet, these two fields have only been investigated separately to date. Here, we review and connect acoustic allometry and vocal learning across mammalian clades, combining perspectives from bioacoustics, anatomy and evolutionary biology. Based on this, we hypothesize that, as a precursor to vocal learning, some species might have evolved the capacity for volitional vocal modulation via sexual selection for ‘dishonest' signalling. We provide preliminary support for our hypothesis by showing significant associations between allometric deviation and vocal learning in a dataset of 164 mammals. Our work offers a testable framework for future empirical research linking allometric principles with the evolution of vocal learning.
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Lockeretz, William. "What non-land-grant researchers can contribute to agricultural sustainability." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s088918930000552x.
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AbstractResearch on agricultural production has been largely the domain of an institutional system established especially for the purpose. However, the complexities and diverse character of agriculture require diversified modes of research. Such a strategy might be better pursued by a more diversified set of research institutions. Non-land-grant institutions, although lacking the land-grant system's strong experience in agriculture and its close ties with farmers, potentially represent a large pool of scientific expertise in a broad range of fields relevant to agriculture. Also, they are under different institutional constraints, and may be in a better position to do more speculative, long-range research that does not promise immediate practical benefits. Although such research has been criticized by people in the sustainable agriculture movement who believe that research should be more directed at farmers' current problems, a truly sustainable agriculture will require a deeper grasp of how agricultural systems work. Achieving this will demand a breadth of understanding that extends beyond the production-oriented studies that dominate current sustainable agriculture research programs.
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Nelson–Rees, Walter A. "Responsibility for truth in research." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1410 (June 29, 2001): 849–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0873.
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For over half a century, cell cultures derived from animals and humans have served researchers in various fields. To this day, cross–contamination of cultures has plagued many researchers, often leading to mistaken results, retractions of results, cover–ups and some out–and–out falsification of data and results following inadvertent use of the wrong cells. Also, during years of examining cultures for purity we learned that many virologists were not too concerned about the specificity of the cultures they used to propagate the particular virus under study as long as the substrate (whatever it might have been) gave optimal virus yield. Polio virus propagates in primate cells, and much research has involved cells from man and various species of primates. In the 1950s a large number of chimpanzees were held in captivity in Africa for extensive studies of the efficacy of polio vaccine in production at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia and elsewhere. Chimpanzee tissues, particularly kidneys, were thus readily available and could have also provided substrates for polio virus production, since little was known about the purity of substrates and little attention was paid to their specificity at that time.
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Chen, Qiuhong, Ning Geng, and Kan Zhu. "Review and bibliometric analysis of Chinese agricultural economics research: 2006-2015." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2017-0141.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reveal the distributional characteristics and evolutional patterns in source periodicals, topics, authors, funding, and institutes of research papers in Chinese Agricultural Economics so as to understand the current situations and developmental tendency of Chinese agricultural economics research over the past decade. Design/methodology/approach Using the citation analysis method, this paper analyzed the distributional characteristics and evolution of source periodicals, fields, authors and topics of 2,203 highly cited journal papers from the database of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and 189 cited journal papers from database of Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) in agricultural economics first-authored by Chinese scholars from 2006 to 2015. Findings First, over the past decade, agricultural economics research in China has seen a rapid development. Specially, 103 scholars and 42 institutes have played key roles in the development, and 12 Chinese periodicals and 3 international journals have been the most influential outlets. Second, the coverage of the topics in Chinese agricultural economics research is broad and has expanded over the past decade. The rural land issue has been the most popular topic, while the issues regarding rural institutional arrangements and industrialization in rural areas have been explored extensively. However, issues in other fields, such as agricultural markets and trade, rural labor, food safety, etc. have to be further studied. Third, the improvements of economic theory and quantitative analytic techniques, the supports from research funding, and an increase in the collaboration between Chinese scholars and those from other countries have made great contribution to the rapid development of Chinese agricultural economics research over the past decade. Originality/value This paper is an original work that identifies the most influential journal papers including highly cited journal papers from CNKI and cited journal papers from SSCI, using citation frequency and standard Essential Science Indicators method. This is a contribution relative to the methods used by previous studies, which did not account for frequency of citation of a paper. Moreover, this study is based on data from two databases, CNKI and SSCI, suggesting that the coverage of sample papers is broader compared to those of previous studies.
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Stuchlík, Radim, Zdeněk Stachoň, Kamil Láska, and Petr Kubíček. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – Efficient mapping tool available for recent research in polar regions." Czech Polar Reports 5, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2015-2-18.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have technical capabilities to extended usage in various fields ofscience. The existing UAVs are to be relatively easily accessible in the near future. It is possible to equip them with different sensors but there are still some usage limitations. This paper focuses ondemonstrating UAVs usage for research in polar regions. The research in polar regions is very specific and, due to harsh climate, limits the field work with UAVs. The options and limitations are presented in a case study performed in the Nordenskiöldbreen area, Svalbard Archipelago. In the end some derived products suitable for further analysis are presented.
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CICCHETTI, DANTE, and JOHN E. RICHTERS. "Examining the conceptual and scientific underpinnings of research in developmental psychopathology." Development and Psychopathology 9, no. 2 (June 1997): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579497001132.
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The interdisciplinary science of developmental psychopathology has evolved from its historical roots in a variety of fields including: sociology; epidemiology; embryology; the neurosciences and psychobiology; psychoanalysis; clinical, developmental, and experimental psychology; and psychiatry (Cicchetti, 1990) into an increasingly mature integrative framework within which the contributions of these heretofore largely separate disciplines could be fully realized within the broader context of understanding individual development and functioning, both normal and abnormal (see chapters in Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995a, 1995b; see also Cicchetti & Toth, in press). In one of the early statements concerning the goals of this field, Cicchetti (1990) asserted that: “Developmental psychopathology ... should bridge fields of study, span the life cycle, and aid in the discovery of important new truths about the processes underlying adaptation and maladaptation, as well as the best means of preventing or ameliorating psychopathology. Moreover, this discipline should contribute greatly to reducing the dualisms that exist between the clinical study of and research into childhood and adult disorders, between the behavioral and biological sciences, between developmental psychology and psychopathology, and between basic and applied science” (p. 20).
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Gunsolus, Jeffrey L. "Mechanical and cultural weed control in corn and soybeans." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 3 (September 1990): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003416.
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AbstractMany farmers and consumers are reevaluating chemical weed control because of the environmental risks of herbicides and their influence on farm size and diversity. This paper reviews research of the last 35 years on mechanical and cultural weed control in corn(Zea maysL.)and soybeans(Glycine maxL.).Soybeans can better use the weed control advantages of late planting and narrow row spacing and are less affected by early stand losses from mechanical weed control. In Minnesota, delaying planting to early June allows early germinating weeds to be controlled by preplant tillage but reduces the maximum yield potential of corn by approximately 25 percent and soybeans by approximately 10 percent. Narrow rows allow the crop canopy to close earlier, preventing emerging weeds from developing. However, in a nonchemical weed control system, the row spacing should allow for inter-row cultivation to control weeds that emerge with the crop. Up to a 10 percent reduction in crop stand may be expected in fields that have been rotary hoed. In Minnesota, a 10 percent stand loss results in a 2 percent loss of corn yield potential and no loss of soybean yield potential. Successful mechanical weed control is directly related to the timeliness of the operation. Rotary hoeing is effective on weeds that have germinated but not yet emerged but not on weeds that germinate from deeper than 5 cm, on no-till fields, or on fields with more than 20 to 30 percent crop residue. Inter-row cultivation is most effective on weeds up to 10 to 15 cm tall. Successful nonchemical weed control requires highly refined management skills and is as much an art as a science.
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Zeki, S., O. R. Goodenough, Semir Zeki, and Oliver Goodenough. "Law and the brain: Introduction." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1451 (November 29, 2004): 1661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1553.
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Combining law and the brain as a matter for study requires the integration not just of two apparently remote fields of study but also of two profoundly different orientations towards research and study. We believe that, in spite of the difficulties, such a combination, perhaps even emerging in a new specialized discipline in the future, will not only enrich both fields but is the ineluctable consequence of the current assault on the secrets of the brain. The effort to bring the fields together is therefore a worthy task, and this issue is the first systematic effort to test this expectation.
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van Belkum, Alex, Marc Struelens, Arjan de Visser, Henri Verbrugh, and Michel Tibayrenc. "Role of Genomic Typing in Taxonomy, Evolutionary Genetics, and Microbial Epidemiology." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.3.547-560.2001.
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SUMMARY Currently, genetic typing of microorganisms is widely used in several major fields of microbiological research. Taxonomy, research aimed at elucidation of evolutionary dynamics or phylogenetic relationships, population genetics of microorganisms, and microbial epidemiology all rely on genetic typing data for discrimination between genotypes. Apart from being an essential component of these fundamental sciences, microbial typing clearly affects several areas of applied microbiogical research. The epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of infectious diseases and the measurement of genetic diversity in relation to relevant biological properties such as pathogenicity, drug resistance, and biodegradation capacities are obvious examples. The diversity among nucleic acid molecules provides the basic information for all fields described above. However, researchers in various disciplines tend to use different vocabularies, a wide variety of different experimental methods to monitor genetic variation, and sometimes widely differing modes of data processing and interpretation. The aim of the present review is to summarize the technological and fundamental concepts used in microbial taxonomy, evolutionary genetics, and epidemiology. Information on the nomenclature used in the different fields of research is provided, descriptions of the diverse genetic typing procedures are presented, and examples of both conceptual and technological research developments for Escherichia coli are included. Recommendations for unification of the different fields through standardization of laboratory techniques are made.
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Andrade, Hernán Jair, Milena A. Segura-Madrigal, Diana S. Canal-Daza, Alexandra Huertas-Gonzales, and Carlos A. Mosos-Torres. "Composición florística y reservas de carbono en bosques ribereños en paisajes agropecuarios de la zona seca del Tolima, Colombia." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 4 (September 19, 2017): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i4.27007.
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The tropical dry forest is a typical lowland ecosystem that is threatened by a strong seasonality and anthropogenic pressures, which can affect the forest composition and structure. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of two agricultural matrices on the floristic composition and carbon storage in riparian forests. For this, five permanent plots (10 x 10 m each) were established and sampled in the forest interior and at the edge of two agricultural matrices (rice fields and pasture lands), in July 2013. All individuals with a diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm were recorded and measured, and the aboveground biomass was estimated with a general allometric model. Additionally, the importance value index (IVI), species richness and Alpha´s diversity indexes were estimated; an analysis of variance and means comparison tests of Fisher LSD were also carried out. A total of 32 families, 21 genera and 45 species (29 and 33 species in pasture lands and rice fields, respectively) of trees in 0.2 ha were recorded. The most abundant and most ecologically important species were Oxandra espintana and Calliandra sp. (520 and 241 individuals/ha and 72 and 48 % of IVI, respectively). These forests presented a mean dominance of 33.9 m2/ha with no effect (P < 0.05) of forest location or agricultural matrix. The matrix of the landscape did not affect (P > 0.05) the Alpha diversity indexes. The biggest trees and greatest carbon storage were found in forests with pasture matrices when compared to rice fields (14.6 vs 13.4 cm of dbh and 72.9 vs 45.6 t C/ha, respectively). This research provides an understanding of the tree richness and composition and carbon storage of riparian forests in two agricultural matrices, which could be a basis for the establishment of silvopastoral systems with native species.
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Price, R. J. "Identifying social spaces in the Sustainable Grazing Systems Program." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 8 (2003): 1041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02238.
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In this paper I will establish that the SGS constituted not one, but many interrelated social spaces within which the science performance was undertaken. These different social spaces comprised their own unique boundaries, their own narratives, and their own contestations and negotiations between SGS actors. The implications of the claims made in this paper are pertinent to analysts of science attempting to understand the social dynamics involved in complex research programs common in today's research environment. The notion of single arenas, agoras, fields or other social spaces of contestation attempting to embrace the full complexity of science performance, as discussed in much of the sociology of science literature, is too simplistic to adequately deal with the multi-dimensional and temporal nature of the social relations involved in modern science. This paper moves away from such notions and shines light on science in practice within multiple social spaces.
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Desjardins, Eric, Joachim Kurtz, Nina Kranke, Ana Lindeza, and S. Helene Richter. "Beyond Standardization: Improving External Validity and Reproducibility in Experimental Evolution." BioScience 71, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab008.
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Abstract Discussions of reproducibility are casting doubts on the credibility of experimental outcomes in the life sciences. Although experimental evolution is not typically included in these discussions, this field is also subject to low reproducibility, partly because of the inherent contingencies affecting the evolutionary process. A received view in experimental studies more generally is that standardization (i.e., rigorous homogenization of experimental conditions) is a solution to some issues of significance and internal validity. However, this solution hides several difficulties, including a reduction of external validity and reproducibility. After explaining the meaning of these two notions in the context of experimental evolution, we import from the fields of animal research and ecology and suggests that systematic heterogenization of experimental factors could prove a promising alternative. We also incorporate into our analysis some philosophical reflections on the nature and diversity of research objectives in experimental evolution.
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Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi. "Nanomedicine: Insights from a Bibliometrics-Based Analysis of Emerging Publishing and Research Trends." Medicina 55, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55120785.
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Background and Objectives: Nanomedicine, a term coined by the American engineer Eric Drexler (1955) and Robert Freitas Jr. (1952) in the nineties, can be defined as a complex, multi-disciplinary branch of medicine, in which nano-technologies, molecular biotechnologies, and other nano-sciences are applied at every step of disease management, from diagnosis (nano-diagnostics) to treatment (nano-therapeutics), prognosis, and monitoring of biological parameters and biomarkers. Nanomedicine is a relatively young discipline, which is increasingly and exponentially growing, characterized by emerging ethical issues and implications. Nanomedicine has branched out in hundreds of different sub-fields. Materials and Methods: A bibliometrics-based analysis was applied mining the entire content of PubMed/MEDLINE, using “nanomedicine” as a Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) search term. Results: A sample of 6696 articles were extracted from PubMed/MEDLINE and analyzed. Articles had been published in the period from 2003 to 2019, showing an increasing trend throughout the time. Six thematic clusters emerged (first cluster: molecular methods; second cluster: molecular biology and nano-characterization; third cluster: nano-diagnostics and nano-theranostics; fourth cluster: clinical applications, in the sub-fields of nano-oncology, nano-immunology and nano-vaccinology; fifth cluster: clinical applications, in the sub-fields of nano-oncology and nano-infectiology; and sixth cluster: nanodrugs). The countries with the highest percentages of articles in the field of nanomedicine were the North America (38.3%) and Europe (35.1%). Conclusions: The present study showed that there is an increasing trend in publishing and performing research in the super-specialty of nanomedicine. Most productive countries were the USA and European countries, with China as an emerging region. Hot topics in the last years were nano-diagnostics and nano-theranostics and clinical applications in the sub-fields of nano-oncology and nano-infectiology.
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O'Hara, Kieron, Richard Morris, Nigel Shadbolt, Graham J. Hitch, Wendy Hall, and Neil Beagrie. "Memories for life: a review of the science and technology." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 3, no. 8 (April 13, 2006): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0125.
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This paper discusses scientific, social and technological aspects of memory. Recent developments in our understanding of memory processes and mechanisms, and their digital implementation, have placed the encoding, storage, management and retrieval of information at the forefront of several fields of research. At the same time, the divisions between the biological, physical and the digital worlds seem to be dissolving. Hence, opportunities for interdisciplinary research into memory are being created, between the life sciences, social sciences and physical sciences. Such research may benefit from immediate application into information management technology as a testbed. The paper describes one initiative, memories for life, as a potential common problem space for the various interested disciplines.
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Ndiaye, E. L., J. M. Sandeno, D. McGrath, and R. P. Dick. "Integrative biological indicators for detecting change in soil quality." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 15, no. 1 (March 2000): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300008432.
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AbstractTo promote agricultural sustainability, there is a growing interest in developing soil quality indicators that can be used as early indicators of changes in management practices by growers, agricultural professionals, and researchers. A study was conducted on four commercial growers' fields and two research stations in western Oregon with treatments that had been started from 1 to 7 years prior to initiating the investigation. The primary comparison at each site was a winter cover crop and winter fallow in rotation with summer vegetable crops. The effects of these treatments on microbial biomass carbon (MBC), mineralizable N, soil enzyme activity (arylsulfatase and β-glucosidase), and cotton strip decomposition were analyzed to monitor changes in soil quality over a 2-year period. The cotton strip method was tested because of its simplicity (buried in soil for short periods and then assessed for tensile strength or weight loss) and potential as a soil biological indicator. Results showed that cover cropping significantly affected MBCand soil enzyme activity. Mineralizable N and CO2respiration (laboratory incubation) did not respond to winter cover crop treatment. Cotton strip decomposition was relatively insensitive to field treatments. Because MBCand β-glucosidase activity responded quickly to field management treatment and were less variable than the other measurements, they showed the most potential as soil quality indicators. Total C (organic matter index) and extractable nutrients were not significantly affected by cover cropping (even after 7 years), indicating selected biological properties are superior to these chemical properties for detecting effects of soil management.
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Lyon, Pamela, Fred Keijzer, Detlev Arendt, and Michael Levin. "Reframing cognition: getting down to biological basics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1820 (January 25, 2021): 20190750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0750.
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The premise of this two-part theme issue is simple: the cognitive sciences should join the rest of the life sciences in how they approach the quarry within their research domain. Specifically, understanding how organisms on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree become familiar with, value and exploit elements of an ecological niche while avoiding harm can be expected to aid understanding of how organisms that evolved later (including Homo sapiens ) do the same or similar things. We call this approach basal cognition. In this introductory essay, we explain what the approach involves. Because no definition of cognition exists that reflects its biological basis, we advance a working definition that can be operationalized; introduce a behaviour-generating toolkit of capacities that comprise the function (e.g. sensing/perception, memory, valence, learning, decision making, communication), each element of which can be studied relatively independently; and identify a (necessarily incomplete) suite of common biophysical mechanisms found throughout the domains of life involved in implementing the toolkit. The articles in this collection illuminate different aspects of basal cognition across different forms of biological organization, from prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes—the focus of Part 1—to plants and finally to animals, without and with nervous systems, the focus of Part 2. By showcasing work in diverse, currently disconnected fields, we hope to sketch the outline of a new multidisciplinary approach for comprehending cognition, arguably the most fascinating and hard-to-fathom evolved function on this planet. Doing so has the potential to shed light on problems in a wide variety of research domains, including microbiology, immunology, zoology, biophysics, botany, developmental biology, neurobiology/science, regenerative medicine, computational biology, artificial life and synthetic bioengineering. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: conceptual tools and the view from the single cell’.
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Van Den Broek, A., and I. T. Gbégo. "Sustainability os small ruminant population on the Adja Plateau (South Benin)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 42, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v42i1.616.
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Since 1986 the RAMR project (Recherche Appliquee en Milieu Reel) has conducted on-farm research on the Adja Plateau in Mono Province (South Benin). In this article, technical and socio-economic aspects of small ruminant production systems on the Adja Plateau are described. Monitoring of small ruminant flocks showed that about 25% of the small ruminants were sold annually. Export of nutrients as a result of the sale of animals (85 g N. 23 g P. 12 g K and 46 g Ca per hectare) was low compared with export through crop production. In-depth studies at village level showed that farmers mainly collected oil palm leaves, constituting 75% of the small ruminant rations, to feed their animals. Nutrients in collected oil palm leaves represented a substantial fraction (about 10%) of available nutrients in fields under oil palm. Proposals for future research on small ruminant production systems have to contribute to the sustainability of farming systems. Emphasis will be put on animal feeding and feed production integrating small ruminant and crop production.
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Napoli, Marco, Filiberto Altobelli, and Simone Orlandini. "Effect of land set up systems on soil losses." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1768.
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Agricultural land set up systems comprise those agronomic structures able to preserve the soil fertility from water erosion, such as: ditching, contouring, earth-riser and stonewall terracing, draining, and channelization, etc.. However, in the past 60 years, agricultural mechanization has led to an expansion of the field size and reduction in land set up system intensity to make machine operation more feasible and cheaper. As a consequence, these transformations have made sloping fields less resilient to the storms and accelerated the soil erosion processes. Based on an 8- year field study in ‘Chianti Classico’ area (Tuscany, Central Italy), this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the land set up systems such as diversion ditch, earth-riser and stonewall terracing on reducing water erosion from field crops, olive orchards, and vineyards. The results showed that diversion ditches were effective on herbaceous crop fields with slope steepness lower than 9%. While, for higher slopes, diversion ditches were not sufficient to contain the soil loss within OECD 2008 tolerable limits in none of the considered land uses. On the opposite, in steep slopes, earth-riser terraces and stonewall terraces have shown their value as land set up system capable of reducing the erosive process. Their greatest drawback is the reduction of the cultivable surface deriving from the presence of the riser and the walls. However, their added value as a precious element characterizing the local landscape was of considerable importance for the local economy linked to tourism.
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Date, Muneyuki. "Recent Progress in High Field Magnetism." Australian Journal of Physics 48, no. 2 (1995): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph950187.
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Recent progress in high field magnetism performed mainly in the Research Centre for Extreme Materials, Osaka University, is reported, with a short survey of the Centre's history. The main activities are in the fields of magnetism and superconductivity where a common keyword is highly correlated electron physics. A rich variety of effects such as metamagnetism, field-induced electronic transitions etc. is summarised. High field studies are also effective in the fields of atomic and molecular sciences; for example, field-induced transparency in liquid oxygen, and diamagnetic orientation of organic and biological materials. New frontiers in high field technologies are discussed, including a highly sensitive magnetometer using the dynamical Faraday effect.
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Ugurbil, Kamil, Hu Xiaoping, Chen Wei, Xiao-Hong Zhu, Seong-Gi Kim, and Apostolos Georgopoulos. "Functional mapping in the human brain using high magnetic fields." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1387 (July 29, 1999): 1195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0474.
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An avidly pursued new dimension in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research is the acquisition of physiological and biochemical information non–invasively using the nuclear spins of the water molecules in the human body. In this trial, a recent and unique accomplishment was the introduction of the ability to map human brain function non–invasively. Today, functional images with subcentimetre resolution of the entire human brain can be generated in single subjects and in data acquisition times of several minutes using 1.5 tesla (T) MRI scanners that are often used in hospitals for clinical purposes. However, there have been accomplishments beyond this type of imaging using significantly higher magnetic fields such as 4 T. Efforts for developing high magnetic field human brain imaging and functional mapping using MRI (fMRI) were undertaken at about the same time. It has been demonstrated that high magnetic fields result in improved contrast and, more importantly, in elevated sensitivity to capillary level changes coupled to neuronal activity in the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism used in fMRI. These advantages have been used to generate, for example, high resolution functional maps of ocular dominance columns, retinotopy within the small lateral geniculate nucleus, true single–trial fMRI and early negative signal changes in the temporal evolution of the BOLD signal. So far these have not been duplicated or have been observed as significantly weaker effects at much lower field strengths. Some of these high–field advantages and accomplishments are reviewed in this paper.