Journal articles on the topic 'Field sports athletes'
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Ermilova, Anna V. "The habitus of the athlete: a sociological interpretation through the prism of P. Bourdieu’s theory." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 2 (2022): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2022-2-339-349.
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The article provides a sociological interpretation of the concept of the «athlete’s habitus» performed through the prism of P. Bourdieu’s theory based on sociological research data. To describe the athletes’ habitus, data of the following sociological studies were used: interviews with athletes studying at the Faculty of Physical Culture and Sports of Lobachevsky University (n = 74 persons representing individual and team sports in a 50/50 ratio); secondary analysis of interviews with mothers of high-performance athletes (n = 3 persons); participant observation carried out during the training and sports process with representatives of the following sports: volleyball, basketball, hockey, athletics, martial arts. The grounded theory approach, proposed by A. Strausset and D. Corbin, was used to analyze the data obtained during the interviews with student athletes, part of which were applied the method of «life histories» (analysis of the life of athletes from their mothers’ words) and conversational analysis (analysis of the interviewer-athlete dialogues). During the data analysis (coding procedure) the following concepts were identified and described: trajectories and stages of the sports habitus formation, social practices of the athlete’s habitus; a strong connection was noted between these concepts. Reliability of the obtained results is within the acceptable level as the subjective views of the informants are expressed in the indicators typical of their activity, acquired in the process of integration into the sports field over 10 years or more. This resulted in a high sports status (candidate master of sports, master of sports), which was the rationale for their selection for the interview. The paper reveals the peculiarities of the formation of the athletes’ habitus, its trajectory, and formation stages. Depending on the stage of the habitus formation in the sports field, the agent is endowed with transitional sports habitus, which, accumulating, allow the individual to acquire the habitus of the established athlete. The athlete’s habitus synthesizes the diversity of social experiences of agents of various social fields, thereby endowing itself with the identity of the realization of practices characteristic only of the social space of sport. In general, we can define the athlete’s habitus as a system of acquired predispositions that are imposed by the structure of the social field of sport.
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Safranyos, Sabrina, Laura Chittle, Sean Horton, and Jess C. Dixon. "Academic Timing and the Relative Age Effect Among Male and Female Athletes in Canadian Interuniversity Volleyball." Perceptual and Motor Skills 127, no. 1 (October 15, 2019): 182–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519881598.
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This study examined the moderating effects of academic timing on the relative age effect in men's and women's U Sports (formerly Canadian Interuniversity Sports) volleyball. Interuniversity sport exists within an academic setting and encompasses different age groups within a single team, making it necessary to account for the academic timing of student athletes when studying the relative age effect. To be considered “on-time,” a student athlete's birthdate and expected athletic eligibility status must coincide, while a “delayed” student athlete will have an athletic eligibility corresponding with a younger cohort. We collected birthdates and eligibility years from the U Sports eligibility certificates of 2,780 male and 3,715 female athletes for the years 2006–2007 through 2013–2014; we then classified athletes as either on-time or delayed. We used a chi-square (χ2) goodness-of-fit tests to compare the observed distributions of student athletes' actual versus “expected” births across each quartile. Our analyses demonstrated an advantage for athletes born in the first half of the selection year. These results suggest that delaying entry into university may help equalize the playing field for relatively younger athletes wishing to compete in U Sports volleyball.
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Su, Shaohui. "Statistical Calculation Method and Analysis of Athletes’ Biorhythm State and Sports Injury." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (June 16, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8313185.
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In recent years, attention has been focused on the prevention and treatment of sports injuries. However, no athlete injury prevention system has been established. Athletes’ injury prevention has become an important research field, but it is still used in current sports injury statistics. Traditional calculation methods are difficult to meet the requirements of modern halo. In order to understand the relationship between the athlete’s biorhythm state and the statistical calculation method of sports injury and to reduce the damage caused by sports injury to athletes, we have carried out statistics on various physical parameters of athletes in a certain university in this city through example analysis and creatively introduced the statistical calculation method of the fault tree, and the corresponding results provide a certain research foundation for the subsequent research. The research results in this article prove that formulating a suitable sport mode for athletes can improve their athletic ability by more than 10%, reduce damage to athletes, and extend their professional life. Generally speaking, athletes’ injuries can be reduced by more than 15%. This shows that appropriate injury statistics calculation methods and research on sports injury prevention in advance are extremely important for athletes.
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Zillmer, Eric A., and Rebecca Weidensaul Gigli. "Clinical Sport Psychology in Intercollegiate Athletics." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 1, no. 3 (September 2007): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.3.210.
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Over the last two decades, there has been an increase in participation in intercollegiate sports with over 380,000 student-athletes participating in nearly 100 athletic conferences at 1,100 NCAA membership schools. Simultaneously, the professional development in the field of sport psychology has paralleled the public draw of competitive sports. This paper explores, from the university athletics departmental perspective, the opportunities as well as the challenges that clinical sport psychologists may encounter within this interesting and stimulating field. The sport psychologist’s training and expertise uniquely prepares him or her to play an important and rewarding role in the lives of coaches, student-athletes and all those who support them.
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Eckert, V. S., and L. K. Sidorov. "RECOVERY AS A MEANS OF IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRACK-AND-FIELD ATHLETES (RACE WALKERS) AT THE STAGE OF SPORTS SKILL IMPROVEMENT." Bulletin of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafiev 57, no. 3 (October 30, 2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.25146/1995-0861-2021-57-3-291.
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Statement of the problem. The problem of athletes’ performance recovery is most significant due to the increased sports loads for athletes. The sport of high achievements requires huge physical and emotional strength from the athlete, while the load increases. The history of the latest sports competitions proves that the load for athletes is growing. The growth of loads initiates the development of recovery tools, tools that allow athletes to maintain their shape. The use of modern tools and methods of recovery increases the potential of an athlete at the stage of sports skills improvement. It should be noted that there are very few publications devoted to new recovery tools for athletes. In this regard, this article has a special relevance. The purpose of the article is to characterize the recovery tools of track-and- field athletes (race walkers) at the stage of their sports skill improvement. The research methodology consists of an integrated approach, a generalization method, analysis of special literature on the research problem, and content analysis. Research results. The analysis made it possible to conclude that it is necessary to increase attention to the development of the methodology and technique of recovery of a track-and-field athlete. At this time in sports, the problem of recovery is important, as is training. Consequently, the methods of restoring and relieving fatigue in an athlete are of paramount importance in the modern world. A characteristic feature of sports is training loads of significant intensity and volume, which make high demands on the body of athletes. The search for the most effective means of recovery makes it possible to increase the ability of the body. Conclusion. Improving methodological and analytical tools for the recovery process of athletes is an important and urgent problem that has not been solved methodically and methodologically. In modern conditions, it is necessary to create a model for working with an athlete, where the athlete’s recovery process will be based on a scientific approach using innovative tools.
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Haugen, Thomas A., Paul A. Solberg, Carl Foster, Ricardo Morán-Navarro, Felix Breitschädel, and Will G. Hopkins. "Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Track-and-Field Athletes." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 9 (October 1, 2018): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0682.
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The aim of this study was to quantify peak age and improvements over the preceding years to peak age in elite athletic contestants according to athlete performance level, sex, and discipline. Individual season bests for world-ranked top 100 athletes from 2002 to 2016 (14,937 athletes and 57,049 individual results) were downloaded from the International Association of Athletics Federations’ website. Individual performance trends were generated by fitting a quadratic curve separately to each athlete’s performance and age data using a linear modeling procedure. Mean peak age was typically 25–27 y, but somewhat higher for marathon and male throwers (∼28–29 y). Women reached greater peak age than men in the hurdles and middle- and long-distance running events (mean difference, ±90% CL: 0.6, ±0.3 to 1.9, ±0.3 y: small to moderate). Male throwers had greater peak age than corresponding women (1.3, ±0.3 y: small). Throwers displayed the greatest performance improvements over the 5 y prior to peak age (mean [SD]: 7.0% [2.9%]), clearly ahead of jumpers, long-distance runners, hurdlers, middle-distance runners, and sprinters (3.4, ±0.2% to 5.2, ±0.2%; moderate to large). Similarly, top 10 athletes showed greater improvements than top 11–100 athletes in all events (1.0, ±0.9% to 1.8, ±1.1%; small) except throws. Women improved more than men in all events (0.4, ±0.2% to 2.9, ±0.4%) except sprints. This study provides novel insight on performance development in athletic contestants that are useful for practitioners when setting goals and evaluating strategies for achieving success.
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Sottas, Pierre-Edouard, Neil Robinson, Giuseppe Fischetto, Gabriel Dollé, Juan Manuel Alonso, and Martial Saugy. "Prevalence of Blood Doping in Samples Collected from Elite Track and Field Athletes." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.156067.
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BACKGROUND No reliable estimate of the prevalence of doping in elite sports has been published. Since 2001, the international governing body for athletics has implemented a blood-testing program to detect altered hematological profiles in the world's top-level athletes. METHODS A total of 7289 blood samples were collected from 2737 athletes out of and during international athletic competitions. Data were collected in parallel on each sample, including the age, sex, nationality, and birth date of the athlete; testing date; sport; venue; and instrument technology. Period prevalence of blood-doping in samples was estimated by comparing empirical cumulative distribution functions of the abnormal blood profile score computed for subpopulations with stratified reference cumulative distribution functions. RESULTS In addition to an expected difference between endurance and nonendurance athletes, we found nationality to be the major factor of heterogeneity. Estimates of the prevalence of blood doping ranged from 1% to 48% for subpopulations of samples and a mean of 14% for the entire study population. Extreme cases of secondary polycythemia highlighted the health risks associated with blood manipulations. CONCLUSIONS When applied at a population level, in this case the population of samples, hematological data can be used to estimate period prevalence of blood doping in elite sports. We found that the world's top-level athletes are not only heterogeneous in physiological and anthropometric factors but also in their doping behavior, with contrasting attitudes toward doping between countries. When applied at the individual level, the same biomarkers, as formalized in the Athlete Biological Passport paradigm, can be used in analysis of the observed different physiological characteristics and behavioral heterogeneities.
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Chandradewi, Anak Agung Sagung Putri, and Irianto Irianto. "THE INTAKE OF ENERGY, PROTEIN, AND ATHLETES’ STAMINA AT THE CENTER OF EDUCATION AND SPORTS TRAINING FOR LEARNERS OF WEST NUSA TENGGARA." Jurnal Kesehatan Prima 11, no. 1 (April 10, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32807/jkp.v11i1.79.
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Abstract : Athlete’s performance is not only influenced by the intensity of routine exercise, but also the stamina and nutrition intake in accordance with the requirement baded on sport field. This research objective was to know the intake of energy, protein, and athletes’ stamina at The Center of Education and Sports Training for Learners of West Nusa Tenggara. This study utilized an observational with 40 respondents as sample from five different sport fields whose aged 14 -18 years took purposively. The data collected were nutrition intake through Food recall method 24 hours, nutrition status with Body Mass Indeks and athletes’ stamina by running distance for 12 minutes. The research finding was 95% the nutritional status of most of the athletes in the normal category, the average energy intake 97.5%, and the average protein intake 92.5%, and athlete of stamina was in good performance (67.5%). The athletes with excellent stamina tend in good energy and protein intake.
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Ash, Erin, and Gregory A. Cranmer. "Transcontextual Effects of Racialized Sports Media Framing: Students’ Off the Field Perceptions of Student-Athletes." Communication & Sport 8, no. 3 (February 17, 2019): 389–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167479519830621.
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This research examines the effects of racial stereotypes embedded within sports media. An experiment was conducted to examine the impact of racialized “brawn” and “brain” frames on perceptions of student-athletes among their potential peers. College student participants ( N = 232) were exposed to one of eight versions of a news article about a college football recruit that manipulated the athlete’s race (White vs. Black) and the frame used to describe him (brawn vs. brain vs. mixed vs. control). Results showed a college admittance essay was evaluated more positively when the author was a Black athlete compared to a White athlete. In addition, the brawn frame elicited lower levels of social attraction and greater athlete stereotype endorsement compared to all other frames. No interaction effects were revealed. These findings suggest that how the media frame student-athletes affects expectations of their academic performance, which has practical implications for interpersonal dynamics between student-athletes and their peers, as well as public perceptions of student-athletes writ large.
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de Borja, Celina, Cindy J. Chang, Rhonda Watkins, and Carlin Senter. "Optimizing Health and Athletic Performance for Women." Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 15, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12178-021-09735-2.
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Abstract Purpose of Review The exponential growth of women participating in competitive sports throughout the years was made possible through several initiatives by the International Olympic Committee and the passage and implementation of Title IX as a federal law in the United States. However, this positive trend towards gender equity in sports has not transpired for women in medicine, especially in fields that care for elite athletes. This current review will discuss specific areas that can be tailored to help female athletes prevent injuries and optimize their athletic performance. We will also highlight how increased female team physician representation in sports may help optimize care for female athletes. Recent Findings Female athletes are considered high risk for certain conditions such as ACL tears, patellofemoral pain syndrome, bone stress injuries, sport-related concussions, and sexual violence in sport. Addressing factors specific to female athletes has been found to be valuable in preventing injuries. Strength and conditioning can optimize athletic performance but remains underutilized among female athletes. Although diversity in healthcare workforce has been found to be beneficial for multiple reasons, women remain underrepresented in sports medicine. Increasing female team physician representation may positively impact care for female athletes. Summary Team physicians must understand the physiologic, biomechanical, and anatomic factors that are unique to female athletes in order to tailor injury prevention programs and optimize their athletic performance. Advocating for gender equity in sports medicine to advance representation of women in the field will increase workforce diversity and promote excellence in sports medicine care.
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Anderson, Bailey, Kaitlin Burgess, Bruno Giordani, and James Eckner. "A video review of cognitive factors contributing to concussive impacts in sport." Neurology 93, no. 14 Supplement 1 (September 30, 2019): S12.3—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000580948.37531.56.
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ObjectiveTo explore cognitive factors contributing to concussive impacts in athletes.BackgroundCognitive training programs are becoming an increasingly popular strategy for improving athletic performance. Such programs may have potential to decrease athletes’ concussion risk by improving athletes’ ability to avoid and appropriately react to imminent impacts in the athletic environment. Understanding what cognitive factors contribute to concussive impacts may provide insight into the most appropriate cognitive training regimens for concussion risk reduction.Design/MethodsYouTube videos depicting 100 concussive impacts in athletes were identified via Google video search. Two reviewers independently classified the primary cognitive factor contributing to each impact as one of the following: useful field of view (UFOV, unanticipated/unrecognized impacts coming from outside the athlete’s field of view), field dependence (FD, unanticipated/unrecognized impacts resulting from the athlete’s attention being so focused on an athletic task that the pending impact was not recognized), processing speed (PS, anticipated/recognized impacts occurring too quickly for the athlete to complete an evasive or protective maneuver), or motion perception (MP, anticipated/recognized impacts occurring with sufficient time to respond but associated with a poorly planned or implemented motor response). Descriptive statistics were calculated.Results98 videos were reviewed to yield 100 concussive impacts. 98% of the concussed athletes were males. Concussions occurred during American football (53%), ice hockey (29%), soccer (3%), basketball (3%), as well as 9 other sports (12%). The most commonly contributing cognitive factor was MP (32%), followed by FD (30%), UFOV (23%), and PS (15%).ConclusionsMultiple cognitive factors contribute to concussive impacts in athletes, with MP and FD being the most common in our sample. Cognitive training programs intending to reduce concussion risk in athletes should not focus only on one cognitive factor. Future work should also explore differences between sports and positions.
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Naboychenko, Evgeniya S., Marina V. Noskova, and Victor N. Shershnev. "Mental stability of elite athletes in individual and team sports as a key to successful sports activities." Perspectives of Science and Education 60, no. 6 (January 1, 2022): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32744/pse.2022.6.26.
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Introduction. Modern sport is associated with high intensity during training and competitive activities, competition is intensified on the playing field and the social importance of sport is growing. Sports activity is characterized not merely by high physical strain, but also mental stress, mental instability, which affects the performance of the athlete, his psychological health in general, so mental stability plays a central role in sport. The purpose of the study is to identify the levels and differences of mental stability parameters in athletes in individual sport and athletes in team sport. Materials and Methods. The study involved 1545 elite athletes aged 14-17. Of these, 482 athletes are engaged in team sports and 1063 people are engaged in individual sports. As psychodiagnostic methods, the athletes were offered: a questionnaire for assessing neuropsychic stability “Prognoz-2” by V.Yu. Rybnikov and a questionnaire for assessing mental activity, interest, emotional tone, tension, comfort by L.A. Kurgansky and T.A. Nemchin. Statistical analysis was carried out using the H-Kruskal-Wallace test. Results. According to the results of the study, athletes involved in both individual sports and team sports have good mental stability. Reliably significant differences were found in the parameter “emotional tone” (p=0.007) and “tension” (p=0.0308). Indicators of the severity of mental activation, interest and comfort are within the normative values. Conclusion. Mental stability is understood by the authors as an innate dynamic property of a person, the ability of an athlete to resist stressful factors through their self-regulation, while maintaining performance, reliability in sports activities and health in general. Mental stability develops and changes throughout life.
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Wilkinson, J., and L. Mayhew. "2 The prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries, menstrual irregularity and disordered eating in junior elite athletics in the UK." British Journal of Sports Medicine 55, no. 16 (July 30, 2021): 940.2–941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm-2021-basemabs.2.
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The prevalence of injury in adolescent elite track and field competitors is high,1 however only one study has been conducted with UK athletes.2 Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S), encapsulating the Female Athlete Triad, is a syndrome whereby decreased energy availability affects health and performance, potentially leading to an increased injury risk; particularly to bone (3). Calculating decreased energy availability is difficult, however identifying contributing factors, such as disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction, is more viable.3AimThis study was conducted to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal injury, disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction in elite junior UK track and field athletes.MethodData was collected from track and field athletes ranked within the top 10 of the UK U17 rankings in 2017 or 2018, with 138 athletes participating. Participants completed a self-reported musculoskeletal injury, disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction questionnaire relating to a 12-month time period.ResultsThis study found a 12-month retrospective injury prevalence of 43.5%. 13% of participants presented with disordered eating, whilst 37.7% of female participants presented with menstrual dysfunction. There was a statistically significant difference in injury prevalence according to gender, with more male athletes sustaining an injury compared with female athletes. No differences in injury prevalence were noted according to event group, menstrual dysfunction or disordered eating. The anatomical location displaying the highest prevalence of injury was the ankle and foot (22.5%). The anatomical structure displaying the highest 12-month injury prevalence was muscle (43.6%), followed by bone (30.9%). Additionally, 21.7% of respondents reported having previously sustained a stress fracture prior to taking part in this study.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of injuries in junior UK track and field athletes, with most injuries affecting the lower limb. Although there was no difference noted in injury risk for athletes with menstrual dysfunction or disordered eating, the prevalence of bone injuries was alarmingly high. This study indicates the requirement for future research investigating RED-S within this population.ReferenceZemper, E. Track andField Injuries. In: Caine DJ, Maffulli N. (eds). Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries. Individual Sports. Med Sport Science: Volume 48. Basel, Karger; 2005. p. 138–151D’Souza D. Track and field athletics injuries - a one-year survey. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1994; 28 (3): 197–202.Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad—Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). British Journal of Sports Medicine 2014; 48: 491–497.
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DeWolfe, Jennifer, T. M. Waliczek, and J. M. Zajicek. "The Relationship between Levels of Greenery and Landscaping at Track and Field Sites, Anxiety, and Sports Performance of Collegiate Track and Field Athletes." HortTechnology 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.21.3.329.
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Researchers wonder what it takes to improve athlete performance. Research has suggested that plants reduce anxiety, and reduced anxiety could, in turn, improve athletic performance. Research also shows that plants have psychological and restorative value such as improving coping mechanisms in human subjects as well as the potential to improve concentration and focus attention that could affect performance of athletes. The main objective of this research was to investigate the impact of greenery/landscaping on athletic performance and cognitive and somatic anxiety in track and field athletes. Four university track and field teams and 128 athletes participated in the study. Individual athlete performance and athletes' scores on the competitive state anxiety inventory-2 (CSAI-2) cognitive and somatic anxiety tests were collected from seven track meets that occurred during one spring competition season. Greenness/landscaping level was determined by Likert scale rating averages from professional horticulturists who individually rated each site. A regression analysis found that greenness level was a predictor (P = 0.000) of best performance by athletes. More of the athletes' best performance marks were at the track and field site that had the highest greenery rating, and many of the athletes' worst performance marks were achieved at the site that had the lowest greenery rating. Results also indicated that all athletes performed better at the more vegetated track and field site regardless of event and level of anxiety. All athletes performed similarly at each of the track and field sites regardless of ethnicity, gender, or grade classification. However, the overall average mean anxiety scores for all the athletes involved in this study were somewhat high in comparison with the instrument-normed scores for both the cognitive and somatic anxiety scales.
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John P. Tolentino, Aaron. "COACHING COMPETENCE OF PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS: AN INPUT TO STUDENT-ATHLETE PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 1092–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11938.
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Coaches have been recognized as important influencers and direct purveyors due to school sports developmental mandate to foster quality relationships that set the stage for quality athletic performance of students. Here, coaches have lots of responsibilities, liabilities, and duties to advocate and hold up for developing their sportsmen and confirming needed suggestions to certainly correspond to one imperative concern (Jacob, Couture, Lamarche, Provencher, Morissette, Valois, Goulet, &Drapeau, 2019). Consistent and uniform improvement and in additional to consistent achieving and winning are allusions of athlete compensation and repayment, which as a result put into organizational and team effectiveness (Simon, 2020). Therefore, thisdescriptive and comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the coaching competence of public school teachers as input to student-athlete performance. A sample of 100 student-athletes(male = 51 female = 49)from different public junior high school in Nagcarlan, Laguna participated in this research. The research focused on the responses given by student-athletes about the coaching competence of their sports coaches and their own athletic performance in terms of the highest level of competition they have reached, number of athletic awards they have received, and rate of winning records (%). Along with the problems of this research on the coaching competence of teachers, the student-athletes was also examined and based on the data gathered and computed, the study found out that most of the student-athletes are fourteen to fifteen years old and there are about equal number of female and male of them in this research. Majority of the student-athletes that competed in different athletic meets are grade ten students. Secondly, among the nine sports participated and competed, volleyball was the first leading sport followed by sepaktakraw and basketball as the third leading sport. Based on the overall statistical analysis, the coaching competence of public junior high school teachers is very high. It was also found out that some of the student-athletes have reached only district-based competitions while few of them have reached inter-division and higher athletic meets. Looking at the number of athletic awards received by the students, it was shown that majority received one to five athletic awards in their overall sports participation. Speaking of participation, among the number of sports competitions participated, the rate of win of student-athletes is high resulted to a high performance in overall in terms of rate of win. The overall relationship between the teachers coaching competence and students athletic performance showed a significant correlation. Looking forward to the findings of this study, coordinators and school-sports program developers should widen sports and extend training programs or experiences relative to other unfamiliar sports in order to offer more opportunities to students who want to excel and develop themselves for different field of sports. Additionally, the coaches should continue their training programs or regime and develop further enhancement that will consistently benefits the success and performance of their subordinates or athletes. Also, the researcher would like to extend his great concern for future researchers to conduct a study not just on the athletic but also on the academic performance of student-athletes to see balance results both as a student and athlete.
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Pettersson, Stefan, Marianne Pipping Ekström, and Christina M. Berg. "Practices of Weight Regulation Among Elite Athletes in Combat Sports: A Matter of Mental Advantage?" Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.04.
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Context The combination of extensive weight loss and inadequate nutritional strategies used to lose weight rapidly for competition in weight-category sports may negatively affect athletic performance and health. Objective To explore the reasoning of elite combat-sport athletes about rapid weight loss and regaining of weight before competitions. Design Qualitative study. Setting With grounded theory as a theoretical framework, we employed a cross-examinational approach including interviews, observations, and Internet sources. Sports observations were obtained at competitions and statements by combat-sport athletes were collected on the Internet. Patients or Other Participants Participants in the interviews were 14 Swedish national team athletes (9 men, 5 women; age range, 18 to 36 years) in 3 Olympic combat sports (wrestling, judo, and taekwondo). Data Collection and Analysis Semistructured interviews with 14 athletes from the Swedish national teams in wrestling, judo, and taekwondo were conducted at a location of each participant's choice. The field observations were conducted at European competitions in these 3 sports. In addition, interviews and statements made by athletes in combat sports were collected on the Internet. Results Positive aspects of weight regulation other than gaining physical advantage emerged from the data during the analysis: sport identity, mental diversion, and mental advantage. Together and individually, these categories point toward the positive aspects of weight regulation experienced by the athletes. Practicing weight regulation mediates a self-image of being “a real athlete.” Weight regulation is also considered mentally important as a part of the precompetition preparation, serving as a coping strategy by creating a feeling of increased focus and commitment. Moreover, a mental advantage relative to one's opponents can be gained through the practice of weight regulation. Conclusions Weight regulation has mentally important functions extending beyond the common notion that combat-sport athletes reduce their weight merely to gain a physical edge over their opponents.
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Lievers, W. Brent, Katie A. Goggins, and Peter Adamic. "Epidemiology of Foot Injuries Using National Collegiate Athletic Association Data From the 2009–2010 Through 2014–2015 Seasons." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-560-18.
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Context Researchers analyzing data from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program have not considered the differences in foot injuries across specific sports and between males and females. Objective To describe the epidemiologic differences in rates of overall foot injuries and common injuries among sports and between sexes. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Online injury-surveillance data from 15 unique sports involving males and females that demonstrated 1967 injuries over 4 821 985 athlete-exposures. Patients or Other Participants Male and female athletes competing in National Collegiate Athletic Association sports from the 2009–2010 through 2014–2015 seasons. Main Outcome Measure(s) Foot injury rates (per 10 000 athlete-exposures) and the proportion of foot injuries were calculated for each sport. The effect of sex was calculated using Poisson-derived confidence intervals for 8 paired sports. A risk analysis was performed using a 3 × 3 quantitative injury risk-assessment matrix based on both injury rate and mean days of time loss. Results Foot injury rates differed between sports, with the highest rates in female gymnastics, male and female cross-country, and male and female soccer athletes. Cross-country and track and field had the highest proportions of foot injuries for both female and male sports. The 5 most common injuries were foot/toe contusions, midfoot injuries, plantar fascia injuries, turf toe, and metatarsal fractures. Only track and field athletes demonstrated a significant sex difference in injury rates, with female athletes having the higher rate. The quantitative injury risk-assessment matrix identified the 4 highest-risk injuries, considering both rate and severity, as metatarsal fractures, plantar fascia and midfoot injuries, and foot/toe contusions. Conclusions Important differences were present among sports in terms of injury rates, the most common foot injuries, and the risk (combination of frequency and severity) of injury. These differences warrant further study to determine the mechanisms of injury and target intervention efforts.
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Caño, Jose E., and Sara Márquez. "Field Dependence-Independence of Male and Female Spanish Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3_suppl (June 1995): 1155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3c.1155.
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We examined the field dependence-independence of Spanish athletes, 293 men and women (aged 18 to 23 years) active in individual and team sports, and nonathletes. Subjects were tested on the Group Embedded Figures Test. Analysis indicated that men active in team sports were more field-dependent than those non-involved in sports, and that team-sport women exhibited a higher field-dependence than individual-sport athletes or nonathletes of both sexes. Our data reflect a significant interaction between type of sport and sex.
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Tracy, Allison Joye, Sumru Erkut, and Laura Pappano. "Does Leadership on the Field Get You Noticed Off It?: The Value of Varsity Sports to Corporate Recruiters." Journal of Amateur Sport 6, no. 1 (March 13, 2020): 100–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jas.v6i1.7468.
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An online correspondence study was conducted to explore whether professional recruiters screening candidates for entry-level corporate jobs would view leadership skills acquired through high level participation in amateur sports at the collegiate varsity level more favorably than those acquired through non-sports activities. The experimental manipulation randomly varied candidates’ athletic v. non-athletic leadership experience at university, their gender, and race. Eight hundred and twenty-eight corporate recruiters rated four potential candidate profiles on four of eight job-relevant leadership traits/skills they valued most when assessing a candidate and ranked the candidates for a callback interview. Varsity athletes were rated higher than non-athletes on the ability to work in a team and on being results-driven. However, recruiters rated athletes lower in critical thinking, follow-through on tasks, and organizational skills. Overall, athletes were no more likely than non-athlete candidates to be selected for a first interview. Results are interpreted in the context of signaling theory.
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Béki, Piroska, and Beatrix Faragó. "Athlete’s life path in the perspective of gender athletes reporting opportunities in their sports after their sport carrier." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 14, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2020): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2020/2-3/7.
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Sport is the highlight of the male-female relationship system. We find that the concept of homogeneity is becoming more and more weakened, sport becomes unisex, which can strongly influence gender judgment in society. The "weaker sex" appearance and spread of the sport indicate that something has changed in the world, so thinking has to change also. Nowadays, there is a dual process in the field of sport: 1.) women appear in the traditionally masculine sports, and this plays an important role in the development of gender relations as mixed races arise; 2.) at the same time, men also appear in previously reserved areas for women, which they have not had opportunities so far (BÉKI, 2018). This phenomenon can be observed, though much slower in sports management. Yet in other sports roles, the gates for both sexes have not yet been opened in masculine and feminine sports. The study deals with how the status of an athlete will be transformed after sport if he/she wants to remain his or her sport in other sports roles - concentrating on coaching and judging roles – to represent his or her own sport. Particularly, we have been focusing on sports whose judgment is not socially acceptable to both sexes. The research sample is team and individual women athletes who are more than 14 years old. Research method is in-depth interview research (n = 145) and questionnaire research (n = 240). The results showed that female athletes are becoming more accepted in masculine sports, although more limited in their careers possibilities than men after an athlete’s life. Their athlete’s identity is strong, they want to stay in the sport on the civilian life as well.
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Stefansen, Kari, Gerd Marie Solstad, Åse Strandbu, and Maria Hansen. "Young Athletes’ Perceptions of Coach-Athlete Sexual Relationships: Engaging With Competing Ethics." Sociology of Sport Journal 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0007.
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In this paper, we use data from focus group interviews with young athletes to explore their thinking about coach-athlete sexual relationships (CASRs). Our aim is to further the understanding of the ambivalence surrounding CASRs in the sports field, which are simultaneously viewed as ethically problematic and acceptable—at least when they involve high-profile adult athletes. Inspired by Swidler’s toolkit approach to culture, we analyze how athletes understand and justify CASRs. We found that three different ethics were activated in the interviews: the safeguarding, love, and athletic-performance ethics. We discuss how these ethics are linked to different underlying “imaginaries,” or cultural frames, about the meaning of sport in society and offer thoughts on how the results can inform sporting organizations’ future prevention efforts.
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Andrews, Ashley, Janet R. Wojcik, Joni M. Boyd, and Charles J. Bowers. "Sports Nutrition Knowledge among Mid-Major Division I University Student-Athletes." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3172460.
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Competitive athletes have goals to optimize performance and to maintain healthy body composition. Sports nutrition is a component of training programs often overlooked by student-athletes and their coaches. The purpose of this study was to examine student-athletes’ sports nutrition knowledge across sex, class level, team, and completion of prior nutrition coursework. Participants included 123 mid-major Division I university student-athletes (47 females and 76 males) from baseball, softball, men’s soccer, track and field, and tennis. The student-athletes completed a survey questionnaire to determine adequate sports nutrition knowledge (mean ≥ 75%). The overall mean sports nutrition knowledge score for the student-athletes was 56.9% which was considered inadequate sports nutrition knowledge (mean < 75%). Only 12 student-athletes achieved adequate sports nutrition knowledge score of 75% or higher. There were no differences by sex, class level, team, and completion of prior nutrition coursework. Student-athletes’ inadequate sports nutrition knowledge may place them at nutrition risk, lead to impaired performance, and affect their lean body mass and energy levels. Athletics personnel should not assume student-athletes have adequate sports nutrition knowledge. Athletic departments may make available a board certified Sports Dietitian or Registered Dietitian and offer classroom or online courses facilitating student-athletes to optimize nutrition knowledge and behaviors.
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Shen, Fei, and Hai Jun Wang. "The Application of Nano-Materials and Technologies in Sports Physical Sciences." Advanced Materials Research 485 (February 2012): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.478.
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With the development of nano-technology, how to make use of nano-materials and technologies in sports to improve the athlete's athletic ability and skill levels get more and more attention, sports physical science play an important role in selection of athletes, sports injury, sports functions improving and so on. Using nano-technology in the field of sports physical science is extremely important, this study explain the application of nano-materials and technologies in the field of sports physical science; discuss the promoting effect of nanotechnology on the development of sports physical science.
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Kretschmann, Rolf, and Caroline Benz. "Morality of Christian Athletes in Competitive Sports - A Review." Sport Science Review 21, no. 1-2 (April 1, 2012): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10237-012-0001-y.
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Morality of Christian Athletes in Competitive Sports - A Review Athletes' moral beliefs and values are challenged by competitive sports just as long as the professional elite-sports system exists. Christian athletes, as a distinguished group among competing athletes, are supposed to be people with specific and distinctive moral guidelines in everyday life that they validly integrate in competitive sports as well. No matter if they are competing in triathlon, athletics, or playing soccer, if they are playing in the lowest or highest division of their sport, or if they are being faced with unmoral situations, that is what we expect. They therefore stand in contrast to some athletes of today's competitive sports who do not seem to have any guideline at all anymore, who would not shy at anything to win a competition and who therefore give competitive sports a rather negative touch. The following review should shed some light on the world of Christian sportsmen. The relationships in the field of Christianity, ethics, morality, and sports will be investigated in-depth via analyzing the relevant literature. Both theoretical and empirical findings will be systematized according to their inner structure. Even though the findings to report are rare, the particular field of study reveals itself as an under-researched topic, likewise theoretically and empirically.
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Yu, Ao, Hyun Choul Cho, Yujue Chen, Xi Chen, Jie Wei, and Yufang Feng. "Teaching Platform for Physical Training of Track and Field Events in Colleges and Universities Based on Data Mining Technology." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022 (April 4, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3344972.
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To a large extent, track and field sports require strong physical fitness of athletes, and athletes’ physical fitness determines their competition results. With the improvement of people’s living standards, athletes can get better nutritional supplements, but competition in track events has gradually become fierce, and physical fitness is extremely important for athletes. Physical training can improve athletes’ endurance, sports coordination, and sensitivity, but coaches should arrange the training intensity reasonably, not exceeding the athlete’s tolerance, to avoid problems such as overloading training causing athletes to be injured and sports age shortened. Traditional track and field training methods are no longer suitable for the physical development of modern athletes. This paper mainly studies the college track and field sports training teaching platform based on data mining technology. By using data mining technology, this paper constructs a track and field training platform in colleges and universities. Therefore, this paper designs a teaching platform for physical training in track and field events and puts the teaching platform into training teaching. It uses data mining technology to collect athletes’ sports characteristics and analyze athletes. The physical parameters and movement norms of the people develop a personalized training program for them.
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Orders, Shari Ann, and Packianathan Chelladurai. "The Effectiveness of Sport Canada's Athlete Assistance Program from 1980 to 1989." Journal of Sport Management 8, no. 2 (May 1994): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.8.2.140.
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In order to determine the effectiveness of Sport Canada's (a unit of the Government of Canada) Athlete Assistance Program (AAP), the performance histories (standardized scores) of 371 AAP-funded swimmers (n = 183) and track-and-field athletes (« = 188) of both genders carded from September 1980 to November 1990 were analyzed. Because of the differences in the absolute performances of males and females, and the differences in standardizing the performances in the two sports, data of the males and females in each sport were analyzed separately. The results showed that carded athletes in each of the four groups improved their performances significantly following the awarding of carding status. Also, swimmers improved more consistently than the track-and-field athletes. For swimmers, younger athletes improved more than the older athletes, while the opposite was true with the track-and-field athletes. Based on these results, related funding policy issues were discussed.
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Burke, Louise M., Linda M. Castell, Douglas J. Casa, Graeme L. Close, Ricardo J. S. Costa, Ben Desbrow, Shona L. Halson, et al. "International Association of Athletics Federations Consensus Statement 2019: Nutrition for Athletics." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0065.
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The International Association of Athletics Federations recognizes the importance of nutritional practices in optimizing an Athlete’s well-being and performance. Although Athletics encompasses a diverse range of track-and-field events with different performance determinants, there are common goals around nutritional support for adaptation to training, optimal performance for key events, and reducing the risk of injury and illness. Periodized guidelines can be provided for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food and fluids to promote optimal health and performance across different scenarios of training and competition. Some Athletes are at risk of relative energy deficiency in sport arising from a mismatch between energy intake and exercise energy expenditure. Competition nutrition strategies may involve pre-event, within-event, and between-event eating to address requirements for carbohydrate and fluid replacement. Although a “food first” policy should underpin an Athlete’s nutrition plan, there may be occasions for the judicious use of medical supplements to address nutrient deficiencies or sports foods that help the athlete to meet nutritional goals when it is impractical to eat food. Evidence-based supplements include caffeine, bicarbonate, beta-alanine, nitrate, and creatine; however, their value is specific to the characteristics of the event. Special considerations are needed for travel, challenging environments (e.g., heat and altitude); special populations (e.g., females, young and masters athletes); and restricted dietary choice (e.g., vegetarian). Ideally, each Athlete should develop a personalized, periodized, and practical nutrition plan via collaboration with their coach and accredited sports nutrition experts, to optimize their performance.
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Tudor, Margaret, and B. David Ridpath. "Does Gender Significantly Predict Academic, Athletic Career Motivation among NCAA Division I College Athletes." Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation, no. 5 (July 3, 2019): 122–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2018.1.5.122-147.
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American society has had college athletics at its core for over a century (Rader, 2009) and is ubiquitous in University life. College athletes’ performances both on and off the field have been scrutinized in both popular and academic literature. Other examples include the documentation in student development literature that meaningful engagement outside traditional classroom settings can have positive effects on a student’s (athlete or not) personal development (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). College athletes’ individual experiences have received considerable attention in the popular media and literature as the pressures to perform both athletically and academically are vast (Benford, 2007; Meyer, 2005). Previous studies have explored the athletic environment in terms of the emergence of leadership, team dynamics, team cohesion, and the motivational climate (Adie, Duda, & Ntoumanis, 2008; Allen, & Howe, 1998; Balaguer, Duda, & Crespo, 1999; Medic, Mack, Wilson, & Starkes, 2007; Tsang, 2007). Other studies have focused more on individual attributes such as motivation to perform and participate, perceived ability, perceived competence, personal satisfaction, enjoyment, and social status (Amorose, & Horn, 2001; Hollembeak, & Amorose, 2005; Reinboth, & Duda, 2004; Sheldon, & Eccles, 2005; Van-Yperen, & Duda, 1999). The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of gender (men’s vs. women’s sports) on motivation towards academics, athletics, and career choice. Data were gleaned from male and female athletes at one large Midwestern NCAA Division I University using the Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 (PMCSQ-2) and the Student Athlete’s Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ). Data are discussed and analyzed using various statistical methods and using Harter’s (1978) theory of perceived competence and Nicholls (1984) perceived theory of motivational climate to answer the theorized research question and hypotheses.
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Supriyanto, Nugroho Agung, Abdul Azis, Andi Fepriyanto, Ainur Rasyid, and Dian Helaprahara. "Peningkatan Kondisi Fisik Melalui Pengenalan Sport Nutrition Kepada Atlet dan Pelatih Kabupaten Sumenep." Hippocampus: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (December 5, 2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47767/hippocampus.v1i2.417.
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One type of sport is performance sports. Achievement can be achieved by several factors. One of them is the nutritional factor. Nutrition is one of the vital and important components to improve the athlete's condition in order to achieve performance maximum and achievement. Nutrition for each sport varies depending on the type of energy used. In Sumenep Regency, athletes and coaches are still confused about sport nutrition and they also don't have experts in the field of sports. Especially in Sumenep regency has a lot of potential for athletes. The aim of this service is to introduce the importance of sport nutrition in improving the condition of athletes. The method used is the teaching method with power point. The result of this introduction is that athletes and coaches understand about nutrition to be able to increase performance levels so that they can achieve maximum performance.
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Watson, P. J., J. E. Fieldsend, and V. H. Stiles. "A scoping review using social network analysis techniques to summarise the prevalance of methods used to acquire data for athlete survelliance in sport." International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 20, no. 2 (November 28, 2021): 175–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2021-0011.
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Abstract To aid the implementation of athlete surveillance systems relative to logistical circumstances, easy-to-access information that summarises the extent to which methods of acquiring data are used in practice to monitor athletes is required. In this scoping review, Social Network Analysis and Mining (SNAM) techniques were used to summarise and identify the most prevalent combinations of methods used to monitor athletes in research studying team, individual, field- and court-based sports (357 articles; SPORTDiscus, MEDLINE, CINHAL, and WebOfScience; 2014-2018 inc.) . The most prevalent combination in team and field-based sports were HR and/or sRPE (internal) and GPS, whereas in individual and court-based sports, internal methods (e.g., HR and sRPE) were most prevalent. In court-based sports, where external methods were occasionally collected in combination with internal methods of acquiring data, the use of accelerometers or inertial measuring units (ACC/IMU) were most prevalent. Whilst individual and court-based sports are less researched, this SNAM-based summary reveals that court-based sports may lead the way in using ACC/IMU to monitor athletes. Questionnaires and self-reported methods of acquiring data are common in all categories of sport. This scoping review provides coaches, sport-scientists and researchers with a data-driven visual resource to aid the selection of methods of acquiring data from athletes in all categories of sport relative to logistical circumstances. A guide on how to practically implement a surveillance system based on the visual summaries provided herein, is also presented.
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Timpka, Toomas, Staffan Janson, Jenny Jacobsson, Örjan Dahlström, Armin Spreco, Jan Kowalski, Victor Bargoria, Margo Mountjoy, and Carl Göran Svedin. "Lifetime history of sexual and physical abuse among competitive athletics (track and field) athletes: cross sectional study of associations with sports and non-sports injury." British Journal of Sports Medicine 53, no. 22 (September 6, 2018): 1412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099335.
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ObjectiveTo examine associations between lifetime sexual and physical abuse, and the likelihood of injury within and outside sport in athletes involved in competitive athletics.MethodsA cross sectional study was performed among the top 10 Swedish athletics athletes using 1 year prevalence of sports and non-sports injuries as the primary outcome measure. Associations with sociodemographic characteristics, lifetime abuse history and training load were investigated. Data were analysed using simple and multiple logistic regression models.Results11% of 197 participating athletes reported lifetime sexual abuse; there was a higher proportion of women (16.2%) than men (4.3%) (P=0.005). 18% reported lifetime physical abuse; there was a higher proportion of men (22.8%) than women (14.3%) (P=0.050). For women, lifetime sexual abuse was associated with an increased likelihood of a non-sports injury (OR 8.78, CI 2.76 to 27.93; P<0.001). Among men, increased likelihood of a non-sports injury was associated with more frequent use of alcoholic beverages (OR 6.47, CI 1.49 to 28.07; P=0.013), while commencing athletics training at >13 years of age was associated with a lower likelihood of non-sports injury (OR 0.09, CI 0.01 to 0.81; P=0.032). Lifetime physical abuse was associated with a higher likelihood of sports injury in women (OR 12.37, CI 1.52 to 100.37; P=0.019). Among men, athletes with each parents with ≤12 years formal education had a lower likelihood of sustaining an injury during their sports practice (OR 0.37, CI 0.14 to 0.96; P=0.040).ConclusionsLifetime sexual and physical abuse were associated with an increased likelihood of injury among female athletes. Emotional factors should be included in the comprehension of injuries sustained by athletes.
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Nunes, Guilherme S., Alessandro Haupenthal, Manuela Karloh, Valentine Zimermann Vargas, Daniela Pacheco dos Santos Haupenthal, and Bruna Wageck. "Sport injuries treated at a physiotherapy center specialized in sports." Fisioterapia em Movimento 30, no. 3 (September 2017): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5918.030.003.ao16.
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Abstract Introduction: The risk of injuries related to physical activity and sports may increase if there is predisposition, inappropriate training and/or coach guidance, and absence of sports medicine follow-up. Objective: To assess the frequency of injuries in athletes treated at a physiotherapy center specialized in sports. Methods: For the data collection was carried out the survey of injuries in records of athletes treated in eight years of activities. The data collected included: characteristics of patients, sport, injury kind, injury characteristics and affected body part. Results: From 1090 patient/athlete records, the average age was 25 years old, the athletes were spread across 44 different sports modalities, being the great majority men (75%). The most common type of injury was joint injury, followed by muscular and bone injuries. Chronic injury was the most frequent (47%), while the most common body part injured was the knee, followed by ankle and shoulder. Among all the sports, soccer, futsal, and track and field presented the highest number of injured athletes, respectively. Conclusion: Soccer was the most common sport among the injured athletes, injury kind most frequent was joint injuries and knee was the body part most injured. Chronic injuries were the most common.
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Maayan, Zohar, Ronnie Lidor, and Michal Arnon. "The Birthplace Effect in 14–18-Year-Old Athletes Participating in Competitive Individual and Team Sports." Sports 10, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports10040059.
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The birthplace (the place where an athlete was born) effect (BPE) has been found to be one of the environmental variables associated with early talent development and the achievement of a high level of proficiency in sport. The purpose of the current study is twofold: (1) to calculate the BPE in 14–18-year-old athletes who participated in individual and team sports and (2) examine how coaches perceived this effect. The participants were 1397 athletes (390 females and 1007 males) who competed in 5 individual (gymnastics, judo, swimming, tennis, and track and field) and 5 team (basketball, soccer, team handball, volleyball, and water polo) sports, as well as 147 coaches who provided their preliminary thoughts about the BPE. Data analyses revealed that although the BPE was not found to be associated with cities of a similar size, it was observed that growing up in cities of small and medium sizes was more beneficial than growing up in towns or cities of other sizes. Most of the coaches believed that certain characteristics of the place or city where the athlete grew up (e.g., proximity to sport facilities) could contribute positively to the athlete’s development. We discuss how the BPE data can aid policymakers in developing a sport policy associated with early phases of talent development.
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Witte, Kelly S. "Coaching Leadership Preferences: Insight from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III Athlete." Journal of Coaching Education 4, no. 2 (August 2011): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.4.2.73.
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The purpose of this study was to identify and compare coaching leadership preferences of 1,859 varsity student-athletes participating at the Division III level in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The athletes attended one of fourteen colleges and universities located in the Midwest. Teams were selected according to task dependence and the existence of both male and female squads. Three independent (individual) sports and three interdependent (team) sports were selected: men’s and women’s basketball, men’s and women’s soccer, men’s baseball and women’s softball, men’s and women’s swimming, men’s and women’s tennis, and men’s and women’s track & field. The Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (Zhang, Jensen, & Mann, 1997) was used to assess participants’ leadership preferences on the dimensions of training and instruction behavior, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support behavior, positive feedback behavior, and situational consideration behavior. Females had a higher preference for positive feedback and situational consideration, whereas males expressed stronger preferences for social support and autocratic behavior. Individual sport athletes demonstrated a higher preference for democratic behavior, positive feedback, training and instruction, situational consideration, and social support than did team sport athletes and team sport athletes preferred autocratic behavior more than athletes participating in individual sports. The gender by task dependence interaction was not significant. These results suggest that differences in athletes and particular sports teams may facilitate specific leadership behaviors
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Post, Eric G., Janet E. Simon, Hannah Robison, Sarah N. Morris, and David R. Bell. "Epidemiology of Overuse Injuries in U.S. Secondary School Athletics from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 Using the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 5_suppl2 (May 1, 2022): 2325967121S0051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00516.
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Background: Large-scale injury surveillance systems such as the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) allow for the investigation of injury rates in national samples of high school athletes. The most recent studies examining overuse injury rates in high school sports reported data from 2012-2013 and therefore may not reflect current overuse injury rates in high school sports. Hypothesis/Purpose: To 1) determine overuse time-loss (TL) and non-time-loss (NTL) injury rates among high school student athletes using NATION-SP data collected from 2014-2015 to 2018-2019 and 2) compare overuse injury rates based on student-athlete gender defined by sport, sport, and injury location. We hypothesized that TL overuse injury rates would be greater than those previously reported from earlier data (1.64/10,000 athletic exposures (AEs) and 1.50/10,000 AEs). We also hypothesized that overall overuse rates would be greater in girls’ sports compared to boys’ sports and would differ between injury types (TL vs. NTL) and injury location. Methods: During the 2014-2015 through 2018-2019 school years, NATION-SP documented TL and NTL injuries from 222 high schools. This study included 23 high school sports during preseason, regular season, and post-season competitions and practices. Overuse injuries were identified using a combination of reported injury mechanism and diagnosis. Injury counts, rates, and rate ratios (IRRs) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The overall overuse injury rate was 6.6/10,000 AEs (95%CI=6.3, 6.9), the NTL overuse injury rate was 4.0/10,000 AEs (95%CI=3.8, 4.3), and the TL overuse injury rate was 2.6/10,000 AEs (95%CI=2.4, 2.8). The overuse injury rate was greater in girls’ sports compared to boys’ sports (IRR=1.8; 95%CI=1.6, 1.9). The highest rates of overuse injury regardless of sport gender were reported in girls’ cross-country (20.0/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=15.7, 25.1), girls’ field hockey (17.6/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=12.3, 24.5), and girls’ track and field (17.5/10,000 AEs; 95%CI=14.9, 20.4). Overuse injury rates were highest for the lower extremity compared to the upper extremity (IRR=5.45; 95%CI=4.76, 6.27) and for the lower extremity compared to the trunk and spine (IRR=11.08; 95%CI=9.21, 13.45). Conclusions: Using NATION-SP data collected over five consecutive school years, overuse injury rates among high school athletes were much greater than previously reported earlier in the decade. Awareness of overuse injury risk as well as prevention and intervention recommendations are necessary and should be specifically targeted towards cross-country, field hockey, and track and field athletes. [Table: see text][Figure: see text]
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Fairbairn, Jessica R., and Kellie C. Huxel Bliven. "Incidence of Shoulder Injury in Elite Wheelchair Athletes Differ Between Sports: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0360.
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Clinical Scenario: Until recently, injury epidemiology data on elite Paralympic athletes were limited. Current data suggest high rates of shoulder injury in wheelchair athletes. Differences in shoulder injury rates between sports have not been reported in this population. Clinical Question: Is the incidence of shoulder injury in elite wheelchair athletes different between sports? Summary of Key Findings: Shoulder injury rates are high in elite wheelchair athletes, particularly in sports such as field events and fencing that require a stable base (eg, trunk, core control) from which to perform. Wheelchair racing requires repetitive motions that contribute to shoulder injuries, but rates are lower than field sports and fencing. Wheelchair curling and sledge hockey have low shoulder injury risk. Clinical Bottom Line: Shoulder injury rates vary based on sport in elite wheelchair athletes. In addition to incorporating shoulder complex specific rehabilitation for overuse shoulder injuries, clinicians should focus on core and trunk stabilization in elite wheelchair athletes competing in sports, such as field events and fencing. Strength of Recommendation: Grade C evidence exists that reports shoulder injury rates among elite wheelchair athletes differ based on sport participation.
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Kriegh, LeeAnn, and Mary Jo Kane. "A Novel Idea: Portrayals of Lesbians in Young Adult Sports Fiction." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 6, no. 2 (October 1997): 23–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.6.2.23.
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Over the past two decades, sport media scholars have demonstrated that female athletes are portrayed in ways that trivialize and undermine their accomplishments as highly skilled competitors, thus denying them power. More recently, scholars in a related field of knowledge—homophobia in women’s athletics—have also addressed the various ways in which power is denied to sportswomen. Although scholars within both bodies of knowledge have investigated institutional structures, ideologies and practices by which men continue to monopolize sport, few studies have explicitly linked sport media scholarship to the literature on homophobia in women’s athlet. An additional limitation in both fields of knowledge is that analyses focused primarily on adult female athletes; examinations of adolescent females are virtually nonexistent. A final limitation is that the vast majority of studies have focused on print and broadcast journalism, thereby ignoring another influential medium, young adult sports fiction. Therefore, the purpose of our investigation was to extend the knowledge base in three ways: 1) to explicitly link two bodies of knowledge concerned with women’s athleticism--sport media and homophobia/heterosexism; 2) to focus on a population that has been sorely neglected; and 3) to investigate a rich new area of analysis-young adult literature-particularly as it relates to the presence, and characterization of, lesbians in sport.The sample consisted of novels meeting the following criteria: (a) published for a young adult audience, (b) featured a female athlete as protagonist, (c) had sport as a major characteristic of the story, and (d) and be published during or after 1970. Using a qualitative methodology, we examined themes and character portrayals related to the suppression and oppression of young sportswomen in general and lesbians in particular. More specifically, we were interested in whether manifestations of homophobia in women’s athletics (e.g., silence and denial) were present in the novels under consideration. Results indicated that a lesbian presence was subverted in numerous ways, ranging from explicit verbal attacks on female protagonists accused of being “freaks,” to more subtle, apologetic constructions in which female athletes were characterized as ultra-feminine. These findings suggest that the homophobic and heterosexist coverage given to sportswomen in print and broadcast journalism extends into young adult sports fiction.
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Kontro, Titta K., Dmitriy Bondarev, Kukka-Maaria Pyykönen, Mikaela von Bonsdorff, Lauri Laakso, Harri Suominen, and Marko T. Korhonen. "Motives for competitive sports participation in masters track and field athletes: Impact of sociodemographic factors and competitive background." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 2, 2022): e0275900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275900.
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Objectives Masters athletes due to their lifelong engagement in sport represent a unique group to study motivation for regular physical activity, but there is less scientific data on the sport motives in masters athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of age, sex, education, nationality, competitive background and training amount with sport motives of masters track and field athletes. Methods 811 (254 women) athletes aged 35–89 years participated in European Veterans Athletics Championships in the year of 2000. Sport motives were assessed with a questionnaire and categorized into1) well-being, 2) competitive and performance 3) health and fitness motives. Results Men considered health and fitness motives more important than women (p = 0.022). Over 65-year-old athletes considered health and fitness motives more important than the youngest, 35-49-year age group (p<0.001). Education was not associated with sport motives, while motives varied significantly among different nationalities. Athletes from Nordic Countries considered well-being motives more important than Southern Europeans (p<0.001) or Western Europeans (p<0.05). Athletes from Nordic Countries (p = 0.003), Eastern Europe (p<0.001) and Central Europe (p<0.001) found health and fitness motives more meaningful than athletes from the British Isles. Furthermore, athletes with competitive background before the age of 35 and training amount more than 7.5 h a week found competitive and performance motives more important than athletes without a competitive history (p = 0.002). Conclusions These results suggest that age, sex, nationality and former athleticism are associated with sports motives among international level masters track and field athletes. It seems that while for masters athletes with competitive background performance motives dominate, for older adults, particularly for males, health and fitness motives are more important. In addition, when designing the exercise interventions for older adults, different sport motives across countries should be considered.
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Holden, Shelley L., Christopher M. Keshock, Brooke E. Forester, and Robert J. Heitman. "Burnout and Years of Sports Competition: Is There a Correlation?" Journal of Coaching Education 6, no. 2 (August 2013): 194–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jce.6.2.194.
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Introduction:Athlete burnout is a phenomenon that has been studied in previous research and is a concern in terms of athlete’s health and well–being (Capel, Sisley, & Desertrain, 1987; Harris, 2005; Kelley, Eklund, & Ritter-Taylor, 1999; Kjormo & Halvari, 2006; Raedeke, Warren, & Granzyk, 2000). Further, it is assumed by many sport coaches that the longer an athlete competes competitively in a sport, the greater chance for athlete burnout and the potential negative health consequences they could incur.Purpose:The purpose of the current study was to determine the correlation between years of sport competition and an athlete’s level of burnout on the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) subscales of Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), and Personal Accomplishment (PA).Method:The study was limited female athletes at a Division I institution in the Southeastern United States. Participants for this study were obtained via voluntary participation. The number of female athletes who completed the survey was 99. Athletes who participated were members of the women’s basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball teams.Results:The data was analyzed using Pearson correlations. Each burnout subscale was analyzed separately with years of sport competition. Results found no significant (p<.05) correlations between years of sport competition and EE (p=.038), DP (p=.029), or PA (p=-.062).Conclusion:The current findings indicate that years of sport competition are not correlated with levels of burnout and female Division I collegiate athletes. Much prior research has also examined intensive training and effects on young athletes and concluded that there are concerns about intense training and psychological injury (Maffulli & Pintore, 1990). Therefore, based upon prior research and the results of the current study, future research should continue to study the effects of years of competition and burnout in order to truly understand its effects on athletes.
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Hextrum, Kirsten. "Reproducing Sports Stars: How Students Become Elite Athletes." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 121, no. 4 (April 2019): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811912100404.
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Background/Context School-sponsored sports programs are seen in both the public and policy spheres as meritocratic mobility institutions. In the U.S. context, athletic participation can yield access to college via sports performance. Meritocratic mobility would be achieved as individuals use their athletic ability and effort to enter universities and in turn improve their social standing. Yet few existing studies empirically examine the extent to which interscholastic athletic participation yields mobility. As a result, little is known about how individuals access colleges via athletics. Purpose/Objective This study's purpose was to understand how individuals began a path to college via sports. In doing so, it asks: what larger social forces influence how youth become top-level college athletes? It draws upon social reproduction theory—how publicly funded educational entities ensure the maintenance rather than the reduction of class inequality—to determine whether youth sports participation facilitates mobility. Research Design This qualitative study examined the athletic and academic trajectories of 47 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I student-athletes from one university classified as Research-1, Tier-1, and as a member of a power-five athletic conference. Data include semistructured life history interviews, an original database, and institutional reports. Population Participants were recruited from four teams to investigate the athletic selection process: men's and women's track & field and rowing. The teams offered multiple comparisons in macro- and micro-social processes. Rowing draws from White and elite communities, because it requires tremendous resources to participate. Conversely, track & field requires fewer resources and draws more participants from marginalized communities. Findings Research reveals a sports-track-to-college pipeline and a correspondence between White middle-class communities and greater access to elite universities via athletics. Access to the sports-track-to-college pipeline is co-constructed through interactions at the individual, familial, and institutional levels. Five reproductive mechanisms are discussed—community access, bureaucracies, social access, knowledge, and enacted knowledge—all of which emerged as greater determiners for college athletic recruiting than individual athletic merit. Conclusions Recommendations offer policy and programmatic changes at the high school, college, and NCAA levels that make athletic recruiting more transparent and systematic to lessen the reproductive effects.
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Rylova, N. V., A. S. Samoylov, A. V. Zholinsky, and I. V. Bolshakov. "Actual aspects of sports nutrition in children." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 66, no. 5 (December 9, 2021): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2021-66-5-240-245.
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The article highlights the modern problems of nutrition for junior athletes. The authors outline the role of the nutritional plan as an integral part of sports training, as well as a factor in the healthy growth and development of a young athlete. They describe the features of the nutritional status of athletes. The article notes the need for educational programs in the field of balanced nutrition, the use of nutritional supplements and sports products among junior athletes.
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Kish, Anna A., Evgeny V. Goloborodko, Sergey M. Razinkin, and Artem M. Komlev. "Athletes’ Physical Performance in the System of the Sports Medicine Technologies Effectiveness Evaluation." Bulletin of Rehabilitation Medicine 20, no. 6 (December 21, 2021): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2021-20-6-119-125.
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Aim. To determine the effectiveness of the specific loading testing use in assessing the athletes’ physical performance. Material and methods. We present a post-hoc analysis of data from specific and nonspecific loading testing (bicycle ergometer, treadmill, rowing ergometer, and ski treadmill) of 23 oarsmen athletes (13 male (mean age 25.85±0.88 years) and 10 female (mean age 22.90±1.20 years); 125 track and field athletes (75 male athletes (mean age 24.74±0.91) and 50 female athletes (mean age 23.81±1.35)), 38 ski athletes (22 male athletes (mean age 21.3±2.4) and 16 female athletes (mean age 19.6±1.8)). Results and discussion. When assessing the physical performance of track and field athletes of various positions using a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill, the maximum oxygen consumption (MOC) parameter for throwers and jumpers was in the range of 29-55 ml/min/kg (it is more appropriate to use a statoergometer), for runners – 39-75 ml/min/kg (testing on a treadmill is preferable). The greatest efficiency and physiological validity was obtained by load testing using a rowing ergometer for rowing athletes and a ski roller treadmill for athletes of ski sports (the ratio of heart rate at the anaerobic metabolism threshold level to the heart rate “on failure” is ~ 97%). With bicycle ergometry, low values of MOC were obtained in athletes training for endurance, and, including on the treadmill, in athletes with the main strength load and implies the work of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle and back. The functional and reserve capabilities of the athlete are not reflected in the data obtained that makes impossible to judge the level of his/her functional readiness. Conclusion. Sports medicine technologies reflecting the dynamic characteristics of athletes’ physical performance should be evaluated from the point of view of informativeness and efficiency of their application depending on the type of sport. Conclusion about the effectiveness of sports medicine technologies should be made considering the results of the functional and physical performance testing under the exertion, specific to a particular sport.
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Liu, Weixiao. "Visual Sensor-Based Image Analysis of the Relationship between Nutritional Diet and Athletic Ability of Sports Dance Athletes." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 11, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7669449.
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Sports dance originated from the international standard national standard dance. Since China formally established the “China International Ballroom Dance Association” in 1986, it has developed rapidly. At the same time, related research on sports dancers has become a hot spot. However, most of the current researches are limited to athletes’ physical training and competitive skills, and the research on athletes’ dietary nutrition and athletic ability is still blank. In response to this situation, this paper presents a study on the relationship between nutritional diet and athletic ability of sports dancers based on image analysis of visual sensors. This article is mainly divided into three parts. The first part is the basic theories and core concepts of related research. This part introduces the modes and algorithms of visual sensors, analyzes the specific problems of current sports dance athletes in my country in terms of dietary nutrition, and continues with the adverse effects. It affects the athlete’s athletic ability and even threatens the athlete’s health. Improving the diet of athletes and establishing healthy dietary standards are of great significance to the development of this field. The second part is the establishment method of the nutritional intervention experiment model, which gives the principle and specific operation steps of the experiment design in detail. The third part is a comparative test. To further confirm the influence of nutrition on dance performance in athletes, this article conducted a number of comparative studies such as immunoglobulin conversion after intervention, changes in the indicators of lipid metabolism after intervention, and dietary mineral intake. Through the analysis of experimental data, it can be seen that reasonable dietary supplementation has a positive effect on the recovery of athletes’ physical fitness, which can enhance the body’s immunity while improving athletic ability.
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Wan Ahmad, Wan Nurlisa, Mohd Azrul Hisham Mohd Adib, Zulkifli Ahmad @ Manap, Fardila Mohd Zaihidee, and Mon Redee Sut Txi. "Integration of the Health Monitoring System with IoT Application in Sports Technology: A Review." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si5, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-si5(2)-11.
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Nowadays, monitoring health systems in robust technology has been extensively applied in the sports field. Even though massive utilization of wearable device technologies aims to quantify athlete performance, inconsistent performance still exists between training sessions and competition. The rigorous discussion about the latest research in monitoring technological systems will help trainers obtain accurate data about athlete performance. This paper focuses on the athlete monitoring system in terms of psychological and physiological parameters and applications in individual sports based on Internet of Things (IoT) Technology. The study incorporates three factors: the parameters that affect athlete performance, multiple device sensors in sports health monitoring, and IoT technology’s application for athletes. Based on analysis and observation, efficient sports health monitoring can effectively enhance athlete performance in physiological and psychological conditions. An IoT system encompasses four main aspects: sensing, networking, data processing and application layer. These aspects provide real-time information on the athlete’s body condition during training and games. Therefore, this monitoring system greatly assists coaches in designing practical training and activities for athletes. It is highlighted that wearable health monitoring systems by IoT technology will be further built based on athlete requirements.
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Mavliev, Fanis, Viktor Demidov, Andrey Nazarenko, Nailya Davletova, and Alexey Nabatov. "Particularities of microcirculation of athletes training for endurance, and its factors." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 3 (September 2019): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-3-100-107.
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The aim is to reveal the features of microcirculation of athletes with various sport qualifications practicing cyclic endurance sports, as well as its dependence on the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) level and hematological parameters. Research materials and methods. The study involved athletes aged 18-22 practicing track-and-field (middle and long distances, from 1st rank to Master of Sports of the Russian Federation), swimming (middle distances, from 1st rank to Master of Sports of the Russian Federation), skiing (from 1st rank to Master of Sports of the Russian Federation), and non-athletes. We utilized a laser detection to record parameters of peripheral blood flow and tissue fluorescence amplitudes. Research results and discussion. We recorded significant difference in microcirculation parameters for skiers and field athletes. Skiers demonstrated a lower value of average perfusion, while field athletes showed its double predominance in contrast with skiers. At the same time, cooling of the studied area caused no difference between the studied groups. Heating of the studied area resulted in the statistically significant changes in microcirculation between groups of skiers in contrast with field athletes and swimmers, as well as swimmers, in contrast with field athletes and non-athletes. At the same time, the VEGF level had correlations with the microcirculation of field athletes, and it was recorded with the NADN parameter under the cooling (r = 0.89; p = 0.019) and heating (r = 0, 94; p = 0.005) conditions. Conclusion. We revealed the signs of long-term adaptation of peripheral blood flow of athletes conditioned by the type and conditions of sport activities. It results in difference in perfusion of the studied skin area.
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Zaremski, Jason L., Giorgio Zeppieri, and Brady L. Tripp. "Sport Specialization and Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Throwing Athletes: A Narrative Review." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 1030–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-333-18.
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A significant number of adolescent athletes throughout the world participate in various throwing-dominant sports, including but not limited to baseball, cricket, handball, softball, track and field throwing events, and water polo. Due to the unique stresses placed on the throwing arm and entire body in these sports, a robust volume of literature has highlighted concerns about sport specialization in these athletes and an associated increased risk of injury, particularly to the dominant shoulder and elbow, with sport specialization. This review will highlight the evidence-based literature for this athletic niche, focusing on risk factors for injury, national and international organizations' recommendations for limiting overuse injuries, principles of conditioning and rehabilitative programs, and potential future areas of research to curb the growing incidence of throwing-related injuries among adolescent throwing athletes.
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Morano, Milena, Claudio Robazza, Montse C. Ruiz, Stefania Cataldi, Francesco Fischetti, and Laura Bortoli. "Gender-Typed Sport Practice, Physical Self-Perceptions, and Performance-Related Emotions in Adolescent Girls." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 8518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208518.
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Youth sport experience provides opportunities for physical, personal, and social development in youngsters. Sport is a social system in which socially constructed gender differences and stereotypes are incorporated, and specific sport activities are often perceived as gender characterized. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between some salient physical and emotional self-perceptions and the type of sport practiced. A sample of 261 female athletes, aged 14–21 years (Mage = 15.59, SD = 2.00), practicing different sports, categorized as feminine (e.g., artistic and rhythmic gymnastics), masculine (e.g., soccer and rugby), or neutral (e.g., track and field and tennis), took part in a cross-sectional study. Significant differences were observed between aesthetic sports and other types of sports. Athletes involved in aesthetic sports reported the lowest values in their feelings of confidence and the highest values in feelings of worry related to competition. This may be attributed to the evaluation system of aesthetic sports, in which the athlete’s performance is evaluated by a jury. At the same time, they reported low values of dysfunctional psychobiosocial states associated with their general sport experience, likely because of their physical appearance close to the current body social standards for girls. Notwithstanding the differences by type of sport, athletes of all disciplines reported high mean values of functional psychobiosocial states, suggesting that their overall sporting experience was good.
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Ababei, Catalina. "Comparative study regarding the level of anxiety in various categories of athletes." Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XV Physical Education and Sport Management 1 (June 25, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/efms.2020.1.01.
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The Romanian Language Dictionary (2009) defines anxiety as inquietude, unrest, fear. The athletes' emotional states can change easily, especially in less experienced athletes, often near acompetition that demands reaching a goal, or when they find themselves in new situations. This can cause them to block or have no reaction in key moments. Professional sports regard anxietyas a normal reaction of the athlete's body, believing that in this manner it adapts to new conditions and functional parameters. The study was based on the hypothesis stating that anxietycould have various levels in athletes before a competition, according to their sport. The research was conducted on 45 athletes practicing wrestling, track and field, and boxing at a national level, for various Bacau sports clubs. The main research method for this study was the inquiry, and the working instrument was the questionnaire - J. Taylor's anxiety scale.
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Nakonechnyy, R. B., Kh R. Khimenes, S. V. Antonov, and I. R. Svistelnyk. "Tactical Training in Team Game Sports in the Early Stages of Long-Term Training of Athletes: Problem Statement." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 7, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 286–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs07.02.286.
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The purpose of the study was to identify the importance and features of tactical training of athletes in team games in the early stages of long-term sports development. Materials and methods. The most common team game sports are singled out, in which the main game tools are the ball, namely: volleyball, handball, basketball and football. Curricula for children's and youth sports school and others are analyzed in each sport in order to identify the place and features of tactical training of athletes in the early stages of long-term sports improvement. Also, Ukrainian and foreign basic works in the field of sports and specialized literature for each of the above sports were developed. Results and discussion. Tactical training of the athlete is one of the determining factors in the effectiveness of his/her performances during competitive activities in team sports (football, volleyball, basketball, handball, etc.). At the same time, in sports theory to this day, it is considered that tactical training is a priority in the preparation of later stages of long-term improvement. In contrast, some domestic and foreign experts in the field of sports argue that athletes who are at the stage of preliminary basic training are already fully capable of effective implementation of tactical tasks during training and competitive activities in the chosen sport. In Ukraine, most children who specialize in team sports are involved in state sports organizations. When building a long-term process of training athletes, these organizations are guided by approved training programs in sports. Most of these programs are outdated and cannot provide effective training for Ukrainian athletes. One of the main conditions for the active development of team sports abroad is a change in approaches to building the educational process of young athletes. In fact, the content of these approaches is to increase the overall share of tactical training within the training process of young athletes, through the active use of games and competitive exercises. This is actively followed in the training of young players in leading European and world private clubs. The use of modern approaches to the training of young athletes in team sports in Ukraine will improve their level of training (including tactical). Conclusion. The study found that tactical training is an integral part of the training process of young athletes in team sports. However, the role of tactical training in the early stages of long-term training is insignificant. The need to update curricula to improve the training of young Ukrainian athletes in the early stages of long-term sports development has been identified. Also, differences between the theoretical and practical support of the process of tactical training of young athletes in Ukraine are identified
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Munroe, Krista, Craig Hall, Sharon Simms, and Robert Weinberg. "The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes’ Use of Imagery." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.4.440.
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Previous research (e.g., Barr & Hall, 1992) suggests that imagery is used differentially throughout an athlete’s competitive season. The influence of time of season (early vs. late) and type of sport (team vs. individual) on athletes’ use of imagery was examined. Male and female varsity athletes representing 10 sports completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, in press) early and late in a competitive season. Results indicated that cognitive specific (CS) imagery significantly increased for fencing, field hockey, rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Motivational Specific (MS), Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M), and Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A) imagery showed a significant increase from Times 1 to 2 for rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Most sports demonstrated a significant increase in MS imagery. For all sports, except badminton, cognitive general (CG) imagery increased. Results indicate that imagery use changes during the competitive season, but this depends on the sport.