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1
Bacon, Nicholas. "Low Back Pain Among College Athletes - A Survey of Basketball Players, Swimmers, Track and Field Athletes and Nonathletic Controls." TopSCHOLAR®, 2007. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/960.
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Study Design. Cross-sectional survey among athletes competing at the collegiate level in basketball, swimming, and track and field, as well as a matched nonathletic control group. Objective. To compare the prevalence of low back pain between sports: basketball, swimming, and track and field, as well as nonathletic control group. Summary of Background Data. With conflicting reports, it is not clear whether athletes are at higher risk for low back pain when compared to nonathletic counterparts. Some literature has found that low back pain was less common in former elite athletes when compared to nonathletes; however, much of the literature supports that athletes experience more low back pain. Methods. Self-reported questionnaire on low back pain adapted for sports based on the Nordic questionnaires for musculoskeletal symptoms. Responders were 10 basketball players, 57 swimmers, 47 track and field athletes and 382 controls. Results. The main findings of the current study support previous literature displaying a greater prevalence of low back experienced in athletes when compared to age-and-sex matched controls. This study found a significant relationship of reported low back pain as age and weight increased. Conclusions. Athletes have a greater prevalence of low back pain when compared to their less athletic peers. A larger sample size could suggest a significant relationship between the prevalence of low back pain and training volume, training season and sport.
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Painter, Keith B., G. Gregory Haff, Michael W. Ramsey, Jeff McBride, N. Travis Triplett, William A. Sands, Hugh S. Lamont, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Strength Gains: Block Vs DUP Weight-Training among Track and Field Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4132.
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Recently, the comparison of “periodized” strength training methods has been a focus of both exercise and sport science. Daily undulating periodization (DUP), using daily alterations in repetitions, has been developed and touted as a superior method of training, while block forms of programming for periodization have been questioned. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare block to DUP in Division I track and field athletes. Thirty-one athletes were assigned to either a 10-wk block or DUP training group in which sex, year, and event were matched. Over the course of the study, there were 4 testing sessions, which were used to evaluate a variety of strength characteristics. Although performance trends favored the block group for strength and rate of force development, no statistically significant differences were found between the 2 training groups. However, statistically different (P ≤ .05) values were found for estimated volume of work (volume load) and the amount of improvement per volume load between block and DUP groups. Based on calculated training efficiency scores, these data indicate that a block training model is more efficient than a DUP model in producing strength gains.
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Hörberg, Hampus, and Lina Saedén. "Ett liv i idrottens tjänst - vad händer sen? : En studie om elitidrottares idrottsavslut och positionering efter idrottskarriären." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60930.
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The main purpose of this study is to deepen the knowledge of elite athletes termination of their sport careers. The study also tries to understand the reasons behind where the former elite athletes position themselves in the labor market. The empirical data consists of interviews with 8 former elite atheltes, who all ended their careers within the last five years. The data was analyzed in light of Pierre Bourdieus theory, cultural capital and the related field concept. Based on Bourdieu's concept of capital, we understand elite athletes careers as a capital accumulation by something we call the elite sports capital. The results of this study indicates that the termination of´a sports career is a complex process, where it proved important to have the decision to terminate into their own hands. We have also been able to show differences in capital compositions between those who experienced anxiety about life after their sporting careers and those who did not. In cases where the termination of career was associated with feeling anxious, we could show that the level of concern was dependent on informants' equity compositions, in which the resource-poor tended to experience more anxiety than them with strong resources. Common to those who stayed in the clear sports related careers after own sporting careers, was their capital composition. Their assets are mainly in elite sports capital, which refers to the exact position in the sports field. For those who positioned themselves outside the sports field, made up of their resources above all a cultural capital along with elite sports capital.
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Molinari, M., Keith B. Painter, R. Ruben, Michael W. Ramsey, Margaret E. Stone, C. Nelson, Ashley A. Kavanaugh, and Andrew S. Layne. "Comparison of Daily Undulating with Traditional Periodization in Collegiate Track and Field Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4512.
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Burkhart, Brian. "The influence of life stress on athletic performance and occurrence of injury among intercollegiate track and field throwing event athletes." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1115742.
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The primary purpose of this study was to determine if life stress had any affect on athletic performance and the occurrence of injury. The athletes in this study ranged in age from 17 to 22, and all had the potential and ability to practice and compete at the Division I level in track and field. The goal of the researcher was to collect as much information as possible on each athlete. Each athlete was required to write in a daily journal. A standard set of questions were asked in interviews prior to competition and following competition. Each athlete completed two types of scales prior to competition as well: Everyday Problem Scale (EPS) and Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). Through this information five common trends emerged: injury with treatment, external distractions, a higher performance was perceived if their family and friends were present at competition, teammate support, and teammate frustration.The researcher believed there was sufficient evidence to dismiss the comparison between the five common trends and the scores of the SCAT and EPS. The SCAT scores were mainly at the moderate level. The average score among all the athletes was approximately "19" or moderate. The EPS dealt with life stress and not athletic stress.The most frequently cited concern by the athletes were financial problems, difficulties with a girlfriend, wanting a relationship with someone, and so forth, but none were consistently cited.The perception of the stressor was an important factor in this study since the athletes perceived each competition either as distressful or eustressful. Depending on how much the athlete perceived each competition as a stressor may have effected his performance. Few stressors were identified but depending on the competition the athlete may have focused so much on the stressor that it became distressful while at another competition the same stressor was not focused on as much so it was viewed as eustressful.School of Physical Education
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Bazyler, Caleb. "Tapering for Strength-Power Individual Event and Team Sport Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3089.
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The overall purpose of this dissertation was to address mechanistic and performance changes following a peaking phase in individual event and team sport strength-power athletes. This purpose was addressed by conducting 4 separate investigations with track and field athletes, volleyball athletes, and a national level weightlifter. The following are the primary findings from these investigations. Division I collegiate throwers increased competition throwing performance, jumping performance, and preserved muscle architecture characteristics following an overreach and taper. There were moderate decreases in division I female collegiate volleyball athlete’s vastus lateralis muscle thickness with no statistical changes in jumping performance following a taper with no prior overreach in. There were moderate to very large differences in countermovement jump height supercompensation during the peaking phase in favor of the returners over the new players on a similar team of female volleyball athletes. Changes in serum concentrations of inflammatory, hypertrophic and endocrine markers corresponded with alterations in training volume-load and partially explained changes in jump, dynamic mid-thigh pull, and weightlifting performance following multiple competition phases in a national level weightlifter. Additionally, vastus lateralis cross-sectional area can be maintained following a competition phase in a high level weightlifter provided large changes in body mass are not attempted close to competition. The findings of these investigations support the use of overreach and tapering for strength-power athletes and provide an underlying biochemical, morphological, and biomechanical basis for the observed changes in performance.
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Painter, Keith B., G. Gregory Haff, N. Travis Triplett, Charles Stuart, Guy Hornsby, Mike W. Ramsey, Caleb D. Bazyler, and Michael H. Stone. "Resting Hormone Alterations and Injuries: Block vs. DUP Weight-Training among D-1 Track and Field Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3777.
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Daily undulating periodization (DUP), using daily alterations in repetitions, has been advocated as a superior method of resistance training, while traditional forms of programming for periodization (Block) have been questioned. Nineteen Division I track and field athletes were assigned to either a 10-week Block or DUP training group. Year and event were controlled. Over the course of the study, there were four testing sessions, which were used to evaluate a variety of strength characteristics, including maximum isometric strength, rate of force development, and one repetition maximum (1RM). Although, performance trends favored the Block group for strength and rate of force development, no statistical differences were found between the two groups. However, different (p ≤ 0.05) estimated volumes of work (VL) and amounts of improvement per VL were found between groups. Based upon calculated training efficiency scores, these data indicate that a Block training model is more efficient in producing strength gains than a DUP model. Additionally, alterations in testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and the T:C ratio were measured. Although there were no statistically (p ≤ 0.05) different hormone alterations between groups, relationships between training variables and hormone concentrations including the T:C ratio, indicate that Block may be more efficacious in terms of fatigue management.
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Kusnanik, Nining Widyah, and n/a. "A comparison of field and laboratory testing of sports specific fitness for female field hockey players." University of Canberra. Applied Science, 2001. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050517.142313.
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There are many methods to measure the physical fitness of athletes, including tests
that can be applied in the field or in the laboratory. Much of the recent research with
regard to fitness of team sport players has been undertaken using laboratory testing to
measure aerobic power, anaerobic power and capacity, strength and flexibility. Field
tests are an alternative method to measure the fitness of players without the expense,
time and expertise required for the laboratory testing, especially in developing
countries.
The purpose of this study is to establish procedures for the application of
contemporary sports science practice for Indonesian female field hockey players,
including determination of the precision of field tests of the physical and performance
characteristics of field hockey players in Indonesia; determination of the physical and
performance characteristics of Indonesian female field hockey players; identification
of the performance demands and distance covered during competitive field hockey at
the national level in Indonesia; comparison of the physical and performance
characteristics of national level female field hockey players in Indonesia with those of
club level players in Australia; and determination of the relationships between field
and laboratory tests of physiological performance capacity for field hockey.
Due to conversion problems, five paragraphs have been omitted. For full abstract, see 01front.pdf.
In conclusion, the present study found that the Indonesian female field hockey players
(at the national level) were comparable to the Australian female field hockey players
(at the club level) in some physical and performance test results. However, they were
also different on other physical and performance characteristic measurements, with
the Indonesian players generally have lower values, for other performance
measurements.
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Haff, G. Gregory, Keith B. Painter, Michael W. Ramsey, N. Travis Triplett, Jeff McBride, Charles Stuart, William A. Sands, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Comparison Of Block Versus Dup Training Among Division-1 (D-1) Collegiate Track And Field Athletes: An Exploratory Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4092.
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Kraska, Jenna M., Ann Marie Swisher, Michael W. Ramsey, C. Nelson, William A. Sands, G. Gregory Haff, H. Hasegawa, Jeff McBride, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Relationship of Peak Isometric Strength to Rate of Force Development Among Collegiate Track and Field Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4096.
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Explosive strength, a function of rate of force development (RFD), is a primary determinant for the amount of peak force that can be produced in critical sport performance time periods ( e.g. foot contact time). Evidence indicates that maximum strength and RFD are correlated. However, the characteristics of this relationship are not well established among athletes. This study examined the relationship of peak isometric force (IPF) and RFD from a mid-thigh pull, among male and female track and field athletes. Athletes were 12 sprinters (S), 10 jumpers (JP) and 12 cross-country runners (XC). Force-time curve analysis was conducted for each (2 trials) isometric pull and averaged for analyses. IPF and RFD from 0 - 200 ms were determined from appropriate curves. IPFs were normalized using an allometric (IPFa) scaling equation: absolute force/ (body mass (kg)0.67). ICCs were previously shown to be > 0.9. Relationships were established with Pearson's r; statistical differences with a Bonferroni adjusted t-Test. IPF, IPFa and RFD were greater in males than females for S and JP but not for XC. IPF, IPFa and RFD were greater for S and JP compared to XC. Similar relationships of IPF to RFD were noted among groups S(r = 0.85), JP (r = 0.87), XC (r = 0.88). Among males, n = 19, the relationship ofIPF to RFD was r = 0.89 and was somewhat higher compared to females, n = 15, (r = 0.78). Overall (n = 34) relationship between IPF and RFD was r = 0.90. These data indicate a strong relationship between maximum strength and "explosiveness" that is independent.
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Kachur, Curtis. "The Freedom and Privacy of an Indian Boarding School's Sports Field and Student Athletes Resistance to Assimilation." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510234437881951.
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Painter, Keith B., Gregory N. Haff, Travis Triplett, Charles A. Stuart, Guy Hornsby, Michael W. Ramsey, Caleb D. Bazyler, and Michael H. Stone. "Resting Hormone Alterations and Injuries: Block vs “Daily Undulating Periodization” Weight-Training Among Division I Track And Field Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5794.
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Skarda, Laura Elizabeth. "Stress Reactions of Division-I Track Athletes." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/749.
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Problem: Track and field athletes, along with cross-country athletes have multiple and back to back seasons, creating overuse injuries. Stress fractures or stress reactions to the bone are the overuse injuries focused on in this study and literature review. There is a lack of information in the literature regarding stress reactions. Purpose: The goal of the study is to understand more information about stress reactions to bone and possibly increase the knowledge of health care professionals. Methods: Three case studies were examined through pre-existing medical chart notes and athletic trainer's notes regarding the stress reactions. A literature review was also performed to provide further information about stress fractures and stress reactions. Conclusions: There are multiple risk factors for stress injuries. All three of the athletes in the case studies are female, which is found to be a risk factor. Many risk factors need more studies to provide support. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was obtained in all three case studies where there was found to be a stress reaction. These three females also had a recent increase in activity level and had similar symptoms to each other and what is found in the literature.
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Haff, G. Gregory, Keith B. Painter, Michael W. Ramsey, N. Travis Triplett, Jeff McBride, C. Stuart, Michael H. Stone, and Margaret E. Stone. "Comparison of Block Versus Dup Training among Division-1 (D-1) Collegiate Track and Field Athletes: An Exploratory Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2010. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4530.
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Patrick, Tom. "The practice of sport psychology telling tales from the field : a dissertation /." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Education, 2005. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001482/.
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The professional practice of sport psychology has received a tremendous amount of attention over the past two decades. Among the various studies and discussions to date, the most desirable and undesirable sport psychology consultant characteristics have been reported (Orlick & Partington, 1987); boundaries for sport science and psychology trained practitioners in applied sport psychology have been suggested (Taylor, 1994); and various models of delivery have been examined (Hardy & Parfitt, 1994). Recently, Andersen (2000) and Tenenbaum (2001) have called for a further examination of the process of sport psychology consultant-athlete interactions. For example, Petitpas, Giges and Danish (1999) identified congruence, empathy and unconditional positive regard as important facilitative conditions in optimizing client-practitioner relationships. Many others have discussed the importance of establishing trust and respect as important factors relating to effective sport psychology service delivery (e.g. Halliwell, Orlick, Ravizza & Rotella, 1999; Ravizza, 2001). In order to further our understanding regarding the process of sport psychology practitioner-athlete interactions, a phenomenological inquiry was conducted in order to examine various lived experiences and associated meanings regarding the practice of sport psychology. The focus of this study was to describe and interpret the socially generated and shared intersubjective meanings operative within the service delivery of applied sport psychology. To this end, various meanings emerged as a result of the study of the practice of sport psychology. First, multiple identities were experienced by the practitioners and these created tensions both within the practitioner and with others in their immediate environment. Second, the practitioners' various roles and related actions were the result of negotiated realities that involved all members associated with their respective communities of practice. Finally, reflexive actions associated with practice occurred as the result of a number of contextual and internal considerations that occurred before, during and after incidents of practice. It was felt that by closely examining the nature of the interactions and individual perceptions of those involved in the process of sport psychology service delivery, a positive contribution could made to the literature pertaining to the practice of sport psychology.
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Henriette, Bering. "An Even Playing Field? : Patterns of Differentiation in the Biographical Backgrounds of American College Athletes." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415110.
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The internationally unique position of sports in the American higher education system raisesquestions about the impact of sports on patterns of social stratification in education. The presentthesis explores dynamics of social differentiation among American college athletes based on theirhigh school and hometown background. Data on more than 250,000 student athletes active incompetitive college sports in the Divisions I and II of the National Collegiate Athletic Associationin the season 2019/2020 was assembled and analyzed through geometric data analysis. Multiplecorrespondence analysis and principal component analysis was used to construct a social spaceof college athletes and college sports teams. The results indicate a significant differentiationbetween student athletes in terms of the characteristics of their high schools and hometowns. Theposition of student athletes in the space of college sports seems to be somewhat related to anathlete’s socioeconomic background, in so far that student athletes from different biographicalbackgrounds differ in their tendencies to play certain sports and to attend prestigious universities.The findings of this thesis thus reveal that educational recruitment through sports exhibitsdynamics of social stratification similar to academic selection.
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Horrell, La Tishia. "Comparison of intercollegiate athletes motivational and cognitive imagery use by division and events in track and field early in the season." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1266029.
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Bellon, Christopher R., Brad H. DeWeese, Kimitake Sato, Kenneth P. Clark, and Michael H. Stone. "Defining the Early, Mid, and Late Sub-Sections of Sprint Acceleration in Division I Men’s Soccer Players." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6289.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the acceleration phase of sprinting could be split into subphases specific to the competitive demands of a soccer match by comparing sprint metrics at various sprint distances in Division I men's soccer players. Twenty-three Division I men's soccer athletes completed 2 maximal-effort 20-m sprints from a standing start position through an optical measurement system. Sprint metrics measured included sprint velocity (SV), step length (SL), step frequency (SF), and ground contact time (GCT). Each metric was recorded at approximately 2.5, 6, and 12 m. Sprint metrics at each distance were compared using a 2-tailed, 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. The results indicated that SV, SL, and SF were statistically greater at 12 m in comparison with 6 m (p < 0.001) and 2.5 m (p < 0.001), whereas GCT was statistically shorter at 12 m compared with 6 m (p < 0.001) and 2.5 m (p < 0.001). In addition, sprint metrics at 6 m also displayed the same relationships when compared to 2.5 m, with SV, SL, and SF being statistically greater (p < 0.001) at this distance, and GCT being statistically shorter (p < 0.001) as well. These results suggest that the acceleration phase may effectively be differentiated into early, mid, and late subphases based on differences in key sprint metrics at distances of 2.5, 6, and 12 m, respectively, in Division I men's soccer athletes.
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Pieterse, Johannes Jacobus. "Die effek van sportsielkundige opleiding op die prestasie van sportlui met spesifieke verwysing na baanatlete." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49917.
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Thesis (PhD (Sport Sc)) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the effects of a relaxation, self-talk, goal-setting, imagery, and concentration training package on the performance of six athletes in the 1500- meter event. Subjects were four female and two male high school middle distance athletes. The dependent measure was time taken to complete the 1500-meter nm in competition settings. A mental skills training package was developed, implemented and evaluated using a single subject, multiple baseline design. Performance scores were plotted for each 1500-meter nm and subjects' graphs were assessed for intervention-related change against mean performance change and established split-middle analysis criteria. Visual inspection of plotted values was supplemented by quantitive analysis using repeated measures analysis of variance (RANOV A). This study also included procedural reliability checks to ensure that the athletes did in filet utilize the mental skills they received training in. Visual analysis indicated the mental skills package to be effective in enhancing performance times (1500-meter) in the case of four of the athletes. Overall, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significant improvement in 1500- meter performance times for subjects across phases. However, a split-middle analysis of within subject variation indicated that a significant intervention effect was not observed in two of the six subjects. The social validity assessment by athletes and their two coaches provided further confirmation of the overall effectiveness of the intervention. Social validation checks indicated all participants to have perceived the intervention to be successful and all were satisfied with the delivery and content of the training package. The results support the usefulness of single-subject research designs for assessing the impact of mental training. The present study demonstrated that a mental skills training package combining relaxation, self-ta1k, goal setting, imagery, and concentration skills was effective in enhancing athletic performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die effek van "n sportsielkundige opleidingspakket, bestaande uit ontspanningsvaardighede, effektiewe selfspraak, doelwitstelling, beelding en konsentrasievaardighede op die prestasie van sportlui in die 1500-meter wedloop, is in die onderhawige navorsing ondersoek. Die proefpersone wat aan die navorsingprojek deelgeneem het, was vier vroulike en twee manlike hoërskool middelafstand-atlete. Die afhanklike veranderlike is gedefinieer as die tyd wat dit elke proefpersoon neem om die 1500-meter wedloop in kompetisie-situasies te voltooi. 'n Sportsielkundige opleidingspakket is ontwikkel, geïmplementeer en die effek daarvan op prestasietyd is geëvalueer deur gebruik te maak van "n enkelproefpersoon-, meervoudige basislynontwerp oor individue. Wedlooptyd in die 1500- meter is graftes ten opsigte van elke proefpersoon voorgestel en volgens kriteria vir visuele inspeksie en die "split-middle" -tegniek geanaliseer. Visuele analise van die data is deur middel van kwantitatiewe herhaalde waameming;analise van die variansie uitgebrei. Die ondersoek het ook kontrole vir prosedurelebetroubaarheid ingesluit om te verseker dat die betrokke sportsielkundige vaardighede waarin proefpersone opgelei is, inderdaad deur hul gebruik word Visuele analise van die navorsingdata het aangedui dat die sportsielkundige opleidingsprogram wel effektiefwas om presf.asietyd (l500-meter) by vier van die ses atlete te verbeter. Die herhaalde waamemingsanalise van die variansie het oor die algemeen beduidende verbetering in presf.asietyd in die 1500-meter vir proefpersone vanaf die basislyn:fase na die intervensiefase aangetoon. "n "Split-miádle" analise van intra-proefpersoon variasie het egter aangedui dat "n beduidende intervensie-effek nie by twee van die ses proefpersone waargeneem kon word nie. 'n Gunstige sosiale validering is van die betrokke proefpersone en hul afrigters ontvang wat verdere bevestiging bied vir die effektiwiteit van die intervensie oor die algemeen. Resultate met betrekking tot die sosiale validering het aangedui dat al die deelnemers by die navorsingprojek die intervensie as suksesvol beskou het en tevrede was met die toepassing en inhoud van die opleidingspakket. In die onderhawige ondersoek is aangedui dat "n sportsielkundige opleidingsprogram wat ontspanningsvaardighede, selfspraak, doelwitstelling, beelding en konsentrasievaardighede kombineer, weloor die algemeen effektief was om sportlui se prestasie te verbeter.
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Procházka, Michal. "Marketingová komunikace v atletice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15666.
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Sports have become economic activity. Marketing, especially marketing communication has played an important role in its shift from pure nonprofit basis to more commercial character. The thesis examines development of communication in one of the sports, athletics (track & field) in the Czech Republic (CR). In terms of narrow approach to marketing in sports it focuses on these subjects - Czech athletic federation, meetings in the CR, Czech athletes. It analyzes level of communication, suggests solutions to improvement of athletics` status in the Czech Republic using promotion. It is one of the first sources of marketing communication in given sports branch.
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Cablayan, Ted. "Prediction of sprint times of male and female sprinters from selected leg power and isokinetic strength tests." Scholarly Commons, 1992. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2240.
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The problem of the study was to determine the better predictors of sprint performance for male and female sprinters from selected leg power and isokinetic strength tests. Ten male and five female sprinters volunteered to be measured for vertical jump performance, anaerobic power and capacity, peak isokinetic torque at the hip, knee, and ankle joint, and sprint performance. A forward stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to allow selection from all strength and power variables regressed on the dependent variables of 30 meters, 60 meters, and flying 30 meter sprints. This procedure allowed one to examine the contribution of each predictor variable to the regression model. Only the independent variables that elicited a regression equation significant at the .05 level were used in final regression models. The regression models developed for the males were: 30 meters (crouch start) = 6.115 - .083(anaerobic power) - .055(vertical jump) - .044(plantarflex 120"/s) - .022(knee flex 60'/s); 60 meters (crouch start) = 11.111 - .145(vertical jump) - .086 (anaerobic power) - .172(hip flex 300'/s) - .098(knee flex 60'/s); and 30 meters (flying start) = 4.295- .055(anaerobic power) - .312(knee flex 180'/s) - .090(hip flex 300'/s). The regression models for the women were different than the males and were: 30 meters (crouch start) = 9.530 - .346(vertical jump); 60 meters (crouch start) = 18.083- .686(vertical jump); and 30 meters (flying start) = 8.733- .352(vertical jump) . By knowledge of the variance of the better strength and power measures, 83.2% to 98.0% of the variance of the respective sprint tests were explained. The regression models could allow for the identification of potential sprint performers and the development of optimal sprint training program.
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Kraska, Jenna M., Ann M. Kinser, Corey B. Whitted, Jon Keller, Michael W. Ramsey, G. Gregory Haff, William A. Sands, Margaret E. Stone, and Michael H. Stone. "Relationship of Isometric Peak Force and Rate of Force Development to Coaches Rank, Agility, and Agility Endurance Charactristics Among Female American Collegiate Football (Soccer) Players." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4097.
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Swisher, Ann Marie, Jenna M. Kraska, Michael W. Ramsey, Keith B. Painter, C. Gooden, Andrew S. Layne, William A. Sands, et al. "The Relationship of Peak Isometric Strength to Peak Aerobic Power and 3000 M Performance in Cross-country Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4095.
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Certain variables: peak aerobic power (PAP), running economy, and lactate threshold, act as limiting factors for endurance running. However, all of the mechanisms underlying high-level endurance running are not completely clear. Alterations in maximum and explosive strength P27 have been shown to effect positive changes in endurance performance, likely by altering P28 running economy. If strength related factors affect running economy, then this should be evident in the running performance of long-distance runners and perhaps PAP. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between peak isometric strength (IPF), explosive strength (rate of force development, RFD), PAP and 3 k performance (3KT) among 5 female and 7 male (n = 12) X-country runners. Force-time curve analysis was conducted for each (2 trials) isometric pull and averaged for analyses. IPF and RFD from 0 - 200 ms were determined from appropriate curves. IPFs were normalized using an allometric (IPFa) scaling equation: absolute force/ (body mass (kg)0.67). ICCs were previously shown to be > 0.9. Relationships were established with Pearson's r; statistical differences with at-Test (p < 0.05). !PF, IPFa and RFD were not different between sexes. PAP was statistically greater in males. Correlations were: PAP vs 3KT (r = -0.92); !PF vs PAP (r = 0.58), 3KT (r = -0.66); IPFa vs PAP (r = 0.45), 3KT (r = 0.45). RFD vs PAP (r = 0.58), 3KT (r = -0.65). Results indicate that strength characteristics correlate moderately to strongly with PAP and 3KT. Data suggests that strong.
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Freitas, Jefferson Verbena de. "Caracterização morfológica, físico/motora e maturacional de jovens atletas mirins feminino de atletismo." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1433.
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Recentemente tem crescido o interesse em identificar e analisar características morfológicas,físicas/motoras e maturacionais, bem como suas modificações em crianças e adolescentes inseridos em treinamentos sistematizados nas mais variadas modalidades esportivas. O conhecimento dessas características é importante para que treinadores e pesquisadores tenham parâmetros de avaliação do desenvolvimento do jovem atleta durante o processo de treinamento a longo prazo. Na literatura, não foram encontrados estudos que realizassem caracterização ampla das jovens atletas femininas de atletismo pertencentes à categoria mirins (13 a 15 anos), com testes específicos para a modalidade. Desta forma, foram objetivos do estudo, descrever o perfil e elaborar uma tabela de percentil das variáveis morfológicas, físico/motoras, maturacionais e de provas específicas de atletas mirins de atletismo, verificar o efeito da maturação biológica e do potencial esportivo nas variáveis analisadas. Foram avaliadas 105 jovens atletas de atletismo, de 9 equipes, pertencentes à categoria mirim. O protocolo de avaliação foi desenvolvido em dois dias consecutivos. No primeiro dia, foi realizada a anamnese, antropometria (massa corporal, estatura, altura sentada, envergadura e dobras cutâneas), teste anaeróbio Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) e as provas do arremesso de peso, salto em distância, corrida de 800 m e um questionário para o treinador avaliar o potencial esportivo de cada atleta. No segundo dia, foi avaliada a flexibilidade (Sentar e Alcançar), impulsão vertical (Salto com Contra Movimento e Squat Jump), arremesso de medicine ball, velocidade (Corrida de 60 m) e velocidade aeróbia máxima (Teste de Léger-Boucher). A maturação biológica foi avaliada pelo percentual da estatura predita. Com base nos resultados encontrados foram preparados 2 artigos. Artigo 1 - Foram elaboradas três tabelas: uma de percentis com resultado de todas as atletas e outra com média e desvio padrão com os resultados do grupo todo e uma última dividida por grupo de provas. Nas variáveis morfológicas foram encontradas diferenças entres os grupos para a massa corporal, IMC e somatório de dobras, nas físico/motoras apenas na VMA e nas provas específicas não foi observada diferença significativa apenas salto em distância. Quando dividido pelos grupos, se evidenciou que as lançadoras são diferentes das demais atletas em algumas variáveis moforlógicas e nas provas específicas. Artigo 2 - Quando as atletas foram divididas pelo estágio maturacional, foram encontradas diferenças significativas apenas nas variáveis morfológicas e no arremesso do peso sendo as normomaturas com os maiores valores. As atletas com alto potencial apresentaram maior estatura, comprimento de membro inferior e envergadura, e menores valores de IMC e somatório de dobras cutâneas comparadas às atletas com médio e baixo potencial esportivo. As atletas de alto potencial alcançaram maior desempenho nas provas específicas do salto distância, nas corridas de 60 m e 800m em relação às de baixo e médio potencial. O estágio maturacional não está ligado à avaliação do potencial feito pelo técnico. Pode-se concluir que as características morfológicas e físico/motoras parecem ser importantes fatores diferenciadores entre as modalidades esportivas. Dentro do Atletismo as lançadoras mirins se diferem dos demais grupos em algumas variáveis morfológicas e nas provas específicas, sendo todos esses grupos semelhantes entre si. A maturação é um fator que interfere apenas nas variáveis morfológicas e no arremesso do peso. Não foi encontrada associação entre o potencial de desempenho das atletas, avaliados pelo treinador com o estágio maturacional.
Recently, there has been growing the interest in identifying and analyzing morphological, physical / motor and maturational characteristics, as well as its changes in children and adolescents placed in systematic training in various sports. The knowledge of these characteristics is important for coaches and researchers to have endpoints of the young athlete development during longterm training process. In the literature, there are no studies who performed extensive characterization of young female athletes from athletics belonging to the junior category (13 to 15 years old), with specific tests for the modality. Thus, were aims of the study to describe the profile and draw up a percentile table of morphological, physical/motor, maturational and junior athletics athletes' specific tests and verify the the effects of biological maturation and sporting potential in the analyzed variables. Were assessed 105 young athletics's athletes, from 9 teams, belonging to the junior category. The assessment protocol was developed on two consecutive days. In the first day, it was held the anamnesis, anthropometry (body weight, height, sitting height, wingspan and skin folds), anaerobic test Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) and the tests of shot put, long jump, 800m racing and a questionnaire for the coach to evaluate the sporting potential of each athlete. In the second day, was assessed the flexibility (Sit and Reach) vertical jump (Jumping Against Movement and Squat Jump), medicine ball throw, speed (60m racing) and maximal aerobic speed (Léger-Boucher test). The biological maturation was assessed by the predicted stature percentile. Based on these results we were prepared 2 articles. Article 1 - Were developed two tables: one with a percentile result of all the athletes and another with mean and standard deviation divided by the results of tests group, in which its demonstrated that the slinger are different from other athletes. In physical/motor variables significant differences were observed between the groups only on flexibility and fatigue index and in the specific tests was observed significant difference 60m racing, long jump and 800m racing. Article 2 - When the athletes were divided by maturation stage, were found significant differences only in the anthropometric variables and in the shot put. The athletes with high potential had higher height, leg length and wingspan, and lower BMI and sum of skinfold thickness compared to athletes with medium and low sporting potential. The maturational stage is not linked to the potential assessment done by the coach. It is concluded that the morphological and physical/motor characteristics seems to be important differentiators factors between the sports modalities. In athletics, the junior launchers are different from the other groups in some morphological variables and in the specific tests, being all these groups similar to each other. Maturation is a factor that interferes only in the anthropometric variables and shot put. There is no association between the performance potential of athletes, assessed by the coach with the maturational stage.
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Locke, Abigail. "The mind-field of sport : emotion, mind and accountability in athletes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7630.
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Using a discursive psychological framework, this thesis provides an analysis of athletes accounting for sports performance. Traditionally, such work has been conducted under a cognitive sports psychological framework. This thesis challenges the mentalistic notions of such an approach, when looking at 'emotion' and 'mind', and instead examines their potential for accounting purposes. Drawing primarily on retrospective semi-structured interviews, with additional data provided from focus/discussion groups and media data, the thesis considers a number of interlinking analytical themes. These can be divided into two broad categories. The first focuses on the athletes' uses of mental concepts such as 'mind' and 'emotion' when accounting for performance. Rather than treating these invocations of mental states as 'real' descriptions of the athletes' experiences, I consider the uses of such terms as embedded within narrative and used for accounting purposes. The athletes constructed the experience of emotion as normal for sports performance and claimed that it was needed to perform successfully. When looking at mind, the athletes invoked the strength of the mind as the difference between success and failure. Such invocations when accounting for success enabled the athletes to soften their agency for their good performance, thus demonstrating the embedded nature of such concepts within narrative. The second broad theme is closely linked with the first and examines the athletes' narratives of success and failure. I note how both accounting for success and failure are potentially problematic for the athletes. When narrating failure, the athletes have to delicately manage blame, stake and accountability. In contrast, when accounting for success, they have to manage their claims in the light of being seen as making immodest or arrogant claims. In addition, I note the relativity of the categories of success and failure. In conclusion, I examine the contributions of the thesis to three main areas of research, emotion theory, sports psychology, and discursive psychology. I argue that the explication of themes has demonstrated that mental concepts such as 'emotion' and 'mind', rather than being treated as separate and measurable entities, should be examined in the light of their discursive currency for accounting purposes.
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Hillestad, Derek S. "The importance placed on athletic facilities by NCAA Division I-A football recruits of selected programs in the Big Ten Conference." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1236583.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the importance recent recruits of football programs placed on athletic facilities (specifically football facilities) in the selection of a NCAA Division I-A football team. Specifically, the opinions of recruited freshman at selected NCAA Division I-A football programs in the Big Ten Conference were examined.Participants completed a 21 item questionnaire that ascertained the football players opinions of how football facilities influenced their decisions to play football at the institution, their opinions on how the university and the football program influenced their decision to play football at that institution, and a ranking of 11 facility factors. Athletes (N = 88) representing three schools in the Big Ten Conference completed the questionnaire. The most influential factors in the recruiting process were coaching staff (M = 1.65, SD = .98) and the strength and conditioning facilities (1Vi = 2.02, SD = 1.06). Furthermore, this study found that the top five facility factors that NCAA Division I-A football players rank are strength and conditioning facilities, an academic lab, location of facilities, stand-alone facilities, and an indoor turf field.School of Physical Education
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Nasypany, Alan. "Survey of athletic training clinical education perceptions from the field /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4261.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 115 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-82).
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Lawless, Freda Janet. "A profile and training programme of psychological skills for track and field athletes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85644.
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Thesis (MScSportSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to compile a sport psychological skills profile of track and field athletes and to determine whether a purposefully-developed psychological-skills training (PST) programme would affect this profile and athletic performance. The study was conducted in two phases. During the first phase 143 student athletes completed sport psychological skills questionnaires before competing in the 2011 University Sport South Africa (USSA) Athletics Championship. The athletes’ perceived importance of psychological skills, psychologically preparedness, and need for psychological skills training were investigated. The athletes’ best performances at the championship were recorded and their IAAF performance points calculated. The majority of the athletes perceived PST as important. However, in contrast, a large percentage was uncertain about their need for PST programmes and, alarmingly, most of the athletes under-utilized the services of sport psychologists. This could possibly indicate a resistance to PST. Overall, the results revealed poor sport psychological skill levels. Only the achievement motivation and goal directedness dimensions showed satisfactory results. Effect sizes were used to compare the sport psychological skill levels of more and less successful athletes. This revealed significant differences between the respective groups. The within-group comparisons showed that the more successful sprinters outscored the less successful sprinters in the subscales of stress control and achievement motivation. Achievement motivation was the only aspect that differed significantly between the more and less successful middle and long-distance athletes. Among the jumpers, confidence and stress control distinguished between the top and bottom athletes. The more successful throwers recorded higher imagery and achievement motivation scores than the less successful throwers. The results from the first phase were used to develop a PST programme aimed at improving the sport psychological skill levels and performance of student track and field athletes. In Phase Two, athletes from Stellenbosch University were divided into an experimental (n = 24) and control group (n = 18). Both groups underwent pre and post-testing of the same psychological skills questionnaires used in the first phase, whilst their athletic performances were recorded on both occasions. The experimental group participated in a PST programme consisting of seven sessions which covered the following topics: achievement motivation, goal-directedness, managing somatic anxiety, managing cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, concentration, and imagery. In addition to these sessions daily activities and assignments were completed in a workbook. The effectiveness of the PST programme in improving the athletes’ sport psychological skills levels is evident from the improvements observed in nine of the eleven subscales among the experimental group opposed to four skills among the control group. Inexplicably, the control group’s athletic performance improved significantly more than that of the experimental group. Further research into the role and effectiveness of PST in track and field is recommended.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om ’n sportsielkundige vaardigheidsprofiel vir baan- en veldatlete saam te stel en om te bepaal tot watter mate ’n sportsielkundige vaardigheidsprogram (SVP) hierdie profiel en atletiekprestasie sal beïnvloed. Die navorsing het uit twee fases bestaan. Gedurende fase een het 143 studente-atlete verskeie sportsielkundige vraelyste voltooi voor deelname aan die 2011 Suid-Afrikaanse Studente-Atletiekkampioenskappe (USSA). Die atlete se persepsie oor die belangrikheid van sielkundige vaardighede, sielkundige voorbereiding en behoefte aan onderrig in sielkundige vaardighede is ondersoek. Die atlete se beste vertonings tydens die kampioenskappe is gemonitor en hul IAAF- prestasiepunte bereken. Die meerderheid van hierdie atlete het aangedui dat sportsielkundige vaardigheidsontwikkeling belangrik is, maar in teensteling hiermee het ’n groot persentasie aangedui dat hulle onseker is oor hul behoefte aan sportsielkundige vaardigheidsontwikkeling. Die bevinding dat die meerderheid van die atlete nie genoegsaam van sportsielkundige dienste gebruik maak nie, is kommerwekkend. Hierdie verskynsel kan op ’n weerstand teen sportsielkundige vaardigheids-ontwikkeling dui. In geheel het die sportsielkundige profiel van hierdie baan- en veldatlete swak vertoon, behalwe vir prestasiemotivering en doelgerigtheid wat bevredigende resultate opgelewer het. Effekgroottes is gebruik om die sportsielkundige vaardighede van minder en meer suksesvolle atlete met mekaar vergelyk. Dit het beduidende verskille tussen die groepe opgelewer. Die binnegroepvergelykings het getoon dat meer suksesvolle naellopers hoër tellings as minder suksesvolle naellopers in die volgende subskale behaal het: stresbeheer en prestasiemotivering. Prestasiemotivering was ook die enigste subskaal wat tussen meer en minder suksesvolle middel- en langafstandatlete kon onderskei. Selfvertroue en stresbeheer was twee aspekte wat tussen meer en minder suksesvolle springers gediskrimineer het. Prestasiemotivering en beelding was die enigste sportsielkundige dimensies wat tussen meer en minder suksesvolle gooiers kon onderskei. Die meer suksesvolle gooiers het beter vlakke met betrekking tot hierdie twee subskale getoon. Die resultate van die eerste fase is gebruik om ’n sportsielkundige intervensieprogram te ontwikkel waardeur sielkundige vaardighede en prestasie van tersiêre baan- en veldatlete verbeter kan word. In die tweede fase is atlete van die Stellenbosch Universiteit in ’n eksperimentele- (n = 24) en kontrolegroep (n = 18) verdeel. Beide groepe het dieselfde sportsielkundige vraelyste as in die eerste fase, voor en na afloop van die intervensieprogram, waaraan die eksperimentele groep meegedoen het, voltooi. Alle deelnemers se atletiekprestasies is voor en na afloop van die intervensieprogram genoteer. Die eksperimentele groep het aan die ontwikkelde sportsielkundige vaardigheidsprogram deelgeneem wat uit die volgende sewe sessies bestaan het: prestasiemotivering, doelgerigtheid, somatiese angsbeheer, kognitiewe angsbeheer, selfvertroue, konsentrasie en beelding. Hierdie sessies is deur daaglikse aktiwiteite aangevul en opdragte wat in ’n werkboek voltooi moes word. Die effektiwiteit van die program in die ontwikkeling van sielkundige vaardighede blyk duidelik uit die bevinding dat die eksperimentele groep betekenisvolle verbeteringe getoon het in nege uit elf sportsielkundige vaardighede teenoor die vier vaardighede wat by die kontrolegroep verbeter het. ’n Onverklaarbare bevinding was egter dat die kontrolegroep se atletiekprestasies betekenisvol meer verbeter het as die eksperimentele groep s’n. Verdere navorsing oor die rol en effektiwiteit van sportsielkundige vaardigheidsontwikkeling in atletiek word aanbeveel.
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Sprinkle, Amy Lyn. "Pelletized poultry litter as a nutrient source for turfgrass sports fields." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 85 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1833621181&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Engelsjord, Morten Eirik. "The fate of nutrients applied to sports turfs and green areas with special reference to release characteristics of slow-release fertilizers /." Online version, 1997. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/22113.
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Tarr, Benjamin. "Athletes behaving badly. Team identification and the off-field behaviour of athletes: Effects on consumer intention in traditional and non-traditional sporting contexts." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/202712/1/Benjamin_Tarr_Thesis.pdf.
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This research extends team identification and social identity theory by investigating whether fans react differently to off-field athlete behaviours based on their support for teams in traditional or non-traditional sporting leagues. The data from three independent samples indicates that prosocial and antisocial off-field athlete behaviour significantly influences consumer intention in a non-traditional setting, with results indicating the less identified a person is with their team the more susceptible they are to off-field athlete behaviour changing their consumer intention levels. Conversely the off-field behaviour of athletes did not significantly impact consumer intention among the traditional participants.
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Bradstreet, Tyler C. "The Effect of Season Performance on Male and Female Track and Field Athletes’ Self-identity." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500120/.
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Although the “self” has generally been conceptualized as relatively stable in sport-specific research, events such as deselection, injury, and career termination have been found to negatively affect athletes’ levels of identification with the athlete role. Additionally, there has been limited research regarding competitive failure and its ability to negatively affect athletes’ levels of identification with the athlete role. The purpose of the present investigation was to provide additional evidence regarding the influence poor competitive seasons have on the malleability of athletes’ self-identity. Athletes were followed throughout the course of their season to determine whether athletes who encountered a poor competitive season reported lowered levels of athletic identity. Specifically, male and female NCAA Division I track and field athletes completed pre-indoor, post-indoor, and post-outdoor assessments of athletic identity. Contrary to previous research, the current study’s results indicated no identifiable relationship between male and female athletes’ season performance satisfaction and their level of post-indoor and post-outdoor athletic identity. Thus, the greatest predictor of athletes’ post-season level of athletic identity was their pre-season level of athletic identity, regardless of season performance. Given these results, future research should assess self-esteem as well as other potential coping strategies athletes might use in order to gain a better understanding of the effect encountering a poor competitive season may have on athletes’ self-identity.
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Klockare, Ellinor. "Track and Field Athletes’ Experiences and Perceived Effects of Flotation-REST : An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-2218.
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Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to examine junior and first year senior athletes’ experiences and perceived effects of flotation-REST, including both the immediate response and experiences over time. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six elite track and field athletes (five female and one male), aged 17-23 years, who were purposefully sampled and had used flotation-REST two to six times. They were each interviewed on two occasions; once directly following a floating session and later a second interview concerning the overall experience. The interview transcripts were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 1996). Results: From the analysis four themes emerged: Meaning of Flotation-REST, Experiences during Flotation-REST, Perceived Effects of Flotation-REST, and Views on Flotation-REST. Flotation-REST became a learning opportunity concerning relaxation for all athletes and three of them reported that it raised their awareness of the importance of relaxation and psychological skills training. For five athletes the floating sessions also became a breather in the daily life. The floating sessions were perceived as pleasant and relaxing. Three athletes experienced a lot of thoughts in the tank and five of them fell asleep at least twice. After flotation-REST five athletes reported experiencing less stress and an overall increase in well-being as well as feeling calmer and more energized for one or two days, although they were physically tired at practice immediately following a floating session. Being in a better mood and placing fewer demands on themselves as well as feeling more optimistic and present were also mentioned as perceived effects. The results showed more and longer-lasting psychological effects than physiological. The sixth athlete did not experience any special effects, nor did he experience stress in his daily life and sport performance, as opposed to the others. Conclusions: The study shows the potential of flotation-REST as a technique for health promotion and also as a method for stress management. Further, as the results revealed raised awareness, flotation-REST could be valuable together with other psychological skills training techniques, mindfulness and the physical training. However, considering the differences in the athletes’ perceived effects of flotation-REST, it indicates the importance of further research on the topic.
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Rasberry, Drucilla Ann. "A ranking model for two women's team sports." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91061.
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There are six women's team sports recognized by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA): field hockey, basketball, soccer, volleyball, lacrosse, and softball. Associated with each of these sports are polling procedures conducted to indicate national rankings in terms of quality of performance. These polls generally are referred to as "Top Twenty Polls."
Questionnaires were designed and mailed to the coaches and selection committee members associated with the two study sports: basketball and field hockey. Respondents were to rate a series of questions pertaining to either basketball or field hockey as to the relative importance in the ranking process of the content of each question.
Returned questionnaires were compiled and a frequency analysis done on the questions. Analysis showed there to be no difference between sports. or among divisions within a sport as to the selection methodology used to develop a Top Twenty Poll. A model was developed to provide unbiased information to the selection committees designed to allow for comparisons which might otherwise not be available. Following analysis, the following variables were chosen for the model: win/loss record against common opponents, scoring margin, strength of schedule during the season, "credible" losses, record for the week, record for the season, record against teams 1-10 in the top twenty poll, record against teams 11-20 in the top twenty poll, and a performance quality indicator statistic.M.S.
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Sandals, Leigh E. "Oxygen uptake during middle distance running." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2003. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3085/.
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Brinkley, Stacey K. "Time out on the field : a study of the socialization experiences of African American women in intercollegiate athletics administration /." View abstract, 2006. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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Bloxsome, Ellen. "Studies of the off-field behaviours of sportspeople : are sponsors' objectives at risk?" Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60920/1/Ellen_Bloxsome_Thesis.pdf.
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The research reported here addresses the problem of athlete off-field behaviours as they influence sports’ sponsors, particularly the achievement of sponsorship objectives. The question arises because of incidents of sponsorship contract cancellation following news-media reporting of athletes’ off-field behaviours. Two studies are used to investigate the research question; the first establishes the content of news-media reports, and the second tests the effects of news’ reports on athlete, team and sponsor evaluations using an experimental design.
Key assumptions of the research are that sponsorship objectives are principally consumer-based and mediated. Models of sponsorship argue that sponsors aim to reach and influence consumers through sponsees. Assuming this pathway exists is central to sponsorship activities. A corollary is that other mediators, in this case the news-media, may also communicate (uncontrollable) messages such that a consumer audience may be told of negative news that may then be associated with the sponsor.
When sponsors cancel contracts it is assumed that their goal is to control the links between their brand and a negative referent.
Balance theory is used to discuss the potential effects of negative off-field behaviours of athletes on sponsor’s objectives. Heider’s balance theory (1958) explains that individuals prefer to evaluate linked individuals or entities consistently.
In the sponsorship context this presents the possibility that a negative evaluation of the athlete’s behaviour will contribute to correspondingly negative evaluations of the athlete’s team and sponsors.
A content analysis (Study 1) was used to survey the types of athlete off-field behaviours commonly reported in a newspaper. In order to provide a local context for the research, articles from the Courier Mail were sampled and teams in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition were the focus of the research. The study identified nearly 2000 articles referring to the NRL competition; 258 of those refer to off-field incidents involving athletes. The various types of behaviours reported include assault, sexual assault allegations, driving under the influence of alcohol, illicit drug use, breaches of club rules, and positive off-field activities (i.e., charitable activities).
An experiment (Study 2) tested three news’ article stimuli developed from the behaviours identified in Study 1 in a between-subjects design. A measure of Identification with the Team was used as a covariate variable in the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance analysis. Social identity theory suggests that when an individual identifies with a group, their attitudes and behaviours towards both in- and out-group members are modified. Use of Identification with the Team as a covariate acknowledges that respondents will evaluate behaviours differently according to the attribution of those behaviours to an in- or out-group member.
Findings of the research suggest that the news’ article stimuli have significant, large effects on evaluations of athlete off-field behaviour and athlete Likability. Consistent with pretest results, charitable fundraising is regarded as extremely positive; the athlete, correspondingly, is likable. Assault is evaluated as extremely negative, and the athlete as unlikable. DUI scores reveal that the athlete’s behaviour is very negative; however, the athlete’s likability was evaluated as neutral. Treatment group does not produce any significant effects on team or sponsor variables.
This research also finds that Identification with the Team has significant, large effects on team variables (Attitude toward the Brand and Corporate Image).
Identification also has a significant large effect on athlete Likability, but not on Attitude toward the Act. Identification with the Team does not produce any significant effects on sponsor variables.
The results of this research suggest that sponsor’s consumer-based objectives are not threatened by newspaper reports linking athlete off-field behaviour with their brand.
Evaluations of sponsor variables (Attitude toward the Sponsor’s Brand and Corporate Image) were consistently positive. Variance in that data, however, cannot be attributed to experimental stimuli or Identification with the Team. These results argue that respondents may regard sponsorships, in principle, as good.
Although it is good news for sponsors that negative evaluations of athletes will not produce correspondingly negative evaluations of consumer-based sponsorship objectives, the results indicate problems for sponsorship managers. The failure of Identification with the Team to explain sponsor variable variance indicates that the sponsor has not been evaluated as a linked entity in a relationship with the sporting team and athlete in this research. This result argues that the sponsee-mediated affective communication path that sponsors aim use to communicate with desirable publics is not necessarily a path available to them.
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Butler, Bryan Christopher. "On the same team? a qualitative study of female sportswriters' attitudes on covering women's athletics." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85937.
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Women's athletics regularly receives less media coverage than men's athletics,
and female athletes are often portrayed in ways that de-emphasize their athletic abilities.
Previous researchers have suggested that increasing the number of women who work in
sports media might improve coverage for female athletes. Ten women sportswriters who
work at daily newspapers were interviewed to explore how they perceived covering
women's sports.
Most of the sportswriters said that they did not feel any preference toward
covering women's athletics. They said they were more interested in finding good stories
to write than pursuing stories based on gender. The sportswriters also suggested that
men's sports received more coverage because sports fans were more interested in men's
sports. Most of the women said that their bosses do not expect women to cover womenâ s
sports because of their gender, but that newspapers' use of the beat system encourages
sportswriters of both sexes to cover the top men's professional sports and college
football. The widespread use of beats to cover sports and the acknowledgement of what
sports constitute the top beats suggests that the profession and the larger field of sports
journalism can influence what sports sportswriters want to cover. Organizational culture,
new institutionalism, and Bourdieu's field theory can help explain how the sportswriting
profession and sports media practices influence sportswriters' decisions on what sports
are desirable to cover.
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Praninskienė, Laura. "Šiaulių m. Dainų parkas: vaikų žaidimų aikštelė "Mažylis", vaikų žaidimų aikštelė "Koriukas", sporto aikštynas, rekreacinė zona "Sala", fontanas "Žiedas"." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060115_233810-22635.
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Šiauliai City Dainai Park. A playground for children “Mažylis” (a little child) A playground for children “Koriukas” (a little honeycomb) An athletic field A recreation zone “Sala” (an island) A recreation zone - fountain “Žiedas” (a ring).
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Munoz, Marcela Paz. "Effects of Repeated Compost Topdressing Applications on Turfgrass Quality on Athletic Turf under Traffic." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306903288.
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Dent, Jessica. "The physiological and molecular response to repeated sprints in male and female team-sport athletes : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Sport and Exercise Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1034.
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Background: Due to the unique demands of the sport, athletes playing football perform a variety of differing training methods to improve physiological performance. These include strength, endurance and sprint training. While the effects of strength and endurance training have been well researched, the effects of repeated-sprint training on blood and muscle variables in well trained males and females are not well known. An understanding of changes to the blood and muscle during and following an exercise bout are important, so to gain an understanding of the type of stress and resulting adaptations that may occur. Also, while a large volume of research in training adaptations has been performed on males; little has been done on females. To date, some research indicates metabolism during moderateintensity exercise may differ between males and females; however, no study has compared repeated-sprint exercise. Therefore, it is unclear as to whether males and females would have a differing physiological response to repeated-sprint training. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a repeated-sprint bout on molecular signalling in muscle and blood measures and heart rate in well-trained footballers. Additionally, we compared running times and sprint decrement (%). Research Design: Eight female senior University football players (Mean ± SD, age, 19 ± 1 y, VO ? 2peak 53.0 ± 5.1 ml·kg-1min-1) and seven male senior University football players (Mean ± SD, age, 19 ± 3 y, VO ? 2peak 59.0 ± 6.6 ml·kg-1min-1) volunteered to participate in this study. Participants performed four bouts of 6 x 30 m maximal sprints spread equally over a 40 min period. Sprint time was measured (at 30 m) for each sprint and sprint decrement was also calculated for all bouts. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle at rest, 15 min following exercise and 2 h into recovery. Venous blood samples were taken at the same time points as the biopsies while capillary blood lactate was measured at rest and 3 min following each sprint bout. Repeated measures ANOVA and Post hoc t-tests were performed to determine significant differences between the two groups (male vs. female) and time points. Findings: Both groups had a significant (P<0.05) increase in blood lactate (mM) after the first bout of repeated sprints, with no differences between females (pre 0.9 ± 0.4 mM – post 10.0 ± 1.6 mM) and males (pre 0.8 ± 0.3 mM – post 10.0 ± 3.5 mM). Blood lactate remained elevated compared to rest (P<0.05) following bouts 2, 3 and 4 for both females (12.0 ± 3.6, 12.0 ± 3.3, 12.2 ± 3.8 mM respectively) and males (11.9 ± 2.9, 11.6 ± 2.3, 11.5 ± 4.0 mM respectively), with no differences between groups or time points (P>0.05). There were no differences (P>0.05) between the female and male athletes in mean heart rate attained at the end of each bout of repeated sprints (187 ± 2 v 190 ± 2 bpm respectively) or during recovery between sprints (140 ± 2 v 130 ± 2 bpm respectively). There were no differences between groups or time points in blood insulin (P>0.05). Fastest 30 m sprint time and mean 30 m sprint time during the repeated-sprint bout was faster for the males than females (4.58 ± 0.12 v 5.26 ± 0.27 s respectively; (P>0.05)). However, there were no differences in running velocity during the sprints between the males and females (165 ± 0.4 % vs. 155 ± 0.05 %; P>0.05) when expressed relative to velocity at VO ? 2peak (vVO ? 2peak). Also, mean % decrement during the repeated-sprint bout was lower in the males then females (4.9 ± 1.3 v 7.1 ± 1.9 % respectively; P<0.05). No changes were observed in total or phosphorylated Akt at any time-point or between genders. However, while total 4E-BP1 was lower, the ratio of total to phosphoryalated 4E-BP1 at rest was greater in males than females (P<0.05). Finally, there was also a significant decrease in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation post-exercise in males (P<0.05), but not females. Conclusions: There were no sex differences in blood lactate or heart rate throughout the repeated-sprint bout. These findings suggest that there were no cardio respiratory or lactate production/clearance differences in the response to a repeated-sprint-training bout between sexes. However, while males were faster than their female counterparts, the average relative speed was similar between sexes, suggesting a similar relative volume of work was performed during the sprint bouts. However, the females did have a greater decrement in sprint performance indicating a greater ability to recover sprint performance in the males. Sex differences in resting total and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 may indicate greater potential for muscle growth in the male athletes during basal conditions. However, differences could be due to factors other than sex, including previous training history. There was a lack of change in plasma insulin or Akt, but, similar to resistance exercise, a significant decrease in post-exercise 4E-BP1 phosphorylation for the males, but not females. The sex differences in the 4E-BP1 phosphorylation response post-exercise could be due to differences in the metabolic disturbance in the muscle during and following maximal sprints. Keywords: blood lactate, heart rate, muscle
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Tan, Frankie Hun Yau. "Applied physiology and game analysis of elite women's water polo." University of Western Australia. School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, 2010. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0106.
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[Truncated abstract] Broadly, research literature on the physiological aspects of water polo game play is limited, but particularly so in the women's game. Moreover, significant changes to game rules in recent years are likely to have had an impact on the game demands. Therefore, this research project sought to investigate the physiological characteristics of contemporary elite female water polo players and the demands of match play. Overall, the five studies comprising this thesis aimed to improve the practical knowledge of coaches and sport scientists concerning the training and monitoring of players. Study one (Chapter 3) compared two water polo-specific field tests of aerobic and/or match fitness (MSST, multistage shuttle swim test; and WIST, water polo intermittent shuttle test) with a traditional incremental swimming test to exhaustion (IST, 5 x 200 m). Prior to this study, the physiological responses to the MSST and WIST were not well understood. Additionally, the degree of association between these two tests was unknown. Therefore, 14 Australian National Women's Water Polo Squad players performed the MSST and WIST, and 13 players from a National Water Polo League club performed the MSST, WIST and IST, on separate occasions. Peak heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained for all tests. Expired air was collected post test for the National League players. The results showed that the National Squad players performed significantly better in the MSST (636 ± 114 vs. 437 ± 118 m, p < 0.001) and WIST (270 ± 117 vs. 115 ± 57 m, p < 0.001) than the National League players. ... Absolute decrement yielded TE of 0.55 s (-0.42-0.81), CV of 26.0% (19.3-41.0) and ICC of -0.002 (-0.44-0.44). Relative (%) decrement yielded TE of 1.6% (1.2-2.3), CV of 27.2% (20.1-42.9) and ICC of -0.02 (-0.46-0.42). Results indicate that total time was a reliable measure, whilst decrement was not. Similar to land-based RSA tests, total time should be the criterion measure of performance in the RST. The RST can form part of a specific battery of field tests for water polo, and can also be used as a conditioning tool. The final study (Chapter 7) was a nutritional-intervention study. Based on the time-motion data from study three, a 59-min match simulation test (MST) was designed to mimic the activity profiles and physical demands of water polo match play. Using a randomized cross-over double-blind design, 12 Australian National Women's Water Polo Squad players ingested 0.3 g·kg-1 of NaHCO3 or placebo, 90 min before performing the MST, which included 56 x 10-m maximal-sprint swims as the performance measure. Although pre-exercise ingestion of NaHCO3 was effective in enhancing extracellular pH and bicarbonate levels, the percentage difference in mean sprint times between trials showed no substantial effects of NaHCO3 (0.4; ±0.9%, effect size = 0.09; ±0.23, p = 0.51). The results suggest that elite water polo players should not expect enhancement in intermittent-sprint performance from NaHCO3 supplementation. These findings are contrary to previous NaHCO3 studies on simulated team-sport performance, but this investigation is unique in that it examined highly-trained athletes performing sport-specific tasks. In conclusion, the findings of this thesis add to the existing literature on the applied physiology of women's water polo. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from these findings will lead to more appropriate conditioning, testing and selection outcomes.
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Davis, Traci Danielle. "Field of Dreams: Exploring African American Male Students' Career Aspirations and Their Relationship to School Engagement." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1304299566.
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Kubicová, Zuzana. "Rozhodovací proces rodičů při výběru zájmového kroužku svých dětí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201700.
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This dissertation will describe the theory of Market Research focussing on the types and methods. The aim of the thesis is to analyse parent´s decision-making process when they are choosing clubs for their children. I will uncover the process of decision-making by questionnaire and will also find out the level of public awareness of athletics and the Athletics for kids project.
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Mereman, Maria. "Uppfattad skaderisk hos friidrottare på landslagsnivå : En enkätstudie." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-5814.
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Aim Recent studies of Swedish track and field athletes have shown that there is a substantial risk of injury. None of these studies have investigated the potential role of how athletes perceive their injury risk, and how it may play a part in the occurrence and prevention of sport injures. The aim of the study was to explore how Swedish track and field athletes perceive their injury risk, and examine the potential correlation with prior injury experience using a quantitative design. Method The sample comprised 69 Swedish junior elite track and field athletes. The athletes filled out a two-part online questionnaire. The first part requested relevant personal information including gender, track and field event and previous injuries in the past 12 months; the second part consisted of "The Perception of Risk of Injury Scale", but modified accordingly to the targeted sport. For the statistical analysis, the R version 3.5.2 software was used and the results were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman's non-parametric test. Results 52 out of the 69 athletes in the study reported at least one injury during the past 12 months, and the most commonly reported period of time lost due to injury was between eight and 28 days. Non-significant results (p=0,095) were found between gender and perceived injury risk. If an athlete reported more than one injury in the past 12 months, they perceived their re-injury risk (p<0,025) to be higher. Significant results were found between perceived injury risk and the severity of the injury (p<0,006), with a negative correlation (r=-0,32). When the severity of the injury increased, the tendency of perceived injury risk decreased. Conclusions A history of previous injury has a small correlation to perceived injury risk. This study comes one step closer to understanding the potential impact of perceived risk of injury on occurrence of actual injury. With this knowledge, it may be possible to reduce the negative perceptions concerning re-injury in athletes with higher perceptions of injury risk. Finally, awareness of reinjury should be increased among athletes with a history of severe injury.Syfte Studier inom Svensk Friidrott har visat att friidrottare löper en påtaglig skaderisk. Inga av dessa studier har studerat den potentiella rollen av hur skadefria friidrottare uppfattar sin skaderisk eller hur det kan påverka skadeförekomst och prevention. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomsten av uppfattad skaderisk hos svenska friidrottare på elitnivå samt att undersöka den potentiella korrelationen med skadehistorik. Metod Totalt inkluderades 69 juniorer på elitnivå inom Svensk Friidrott. Friidrottarna fyllde i en tvådelad webbaserad enkät. Första delen bestod av bakgrundsfrågor som inkluderade kön, friidrottsgren och skadehistorik de senaste 12 månaderna. Den andra delen innefattade ”The Perception of Risk of Injury Scale”, modifierad för att passa idrotten friidrott. Till den statistiska analysen användes statistikprogrammet R version 3.5.2 och resultatet analyserades med Mann-Whitney U-test samt Spearmans icke parametriska test. Resultat 52 av de 69 inkluderade friidrottarna rapporterade minst en skada under de senaste 12 månaderna och vanligaste skattad frånvarotid på grund av skada var åtta till 28 dagar. Ingen signifikant skillnad (p=0,095) påvisades mellan kön och uppfattad skaderisk. Friidrottare som rapporterade mer än en skada de senaste 12 månaderna uppfattade sin skaderisk som högre för återfallsskada (p<0,025). Signifikanta resultat fanns mellan uppfattad skaderisk och skadans allvarlighetsgrad (p<0,006), där sambanden var negativa (r=-0,32). När skadans allvarlighetsgrad ökade så tenderade den uppfattade skaderisken att minska hos friidrottarna. Slutsats Skadehistorik har ett mindre samband med uppfattad skaderisk. Denna studie är ett steg mot en ökad förståelse för den potentiella inverkan som den egna uppfattade skaderisken har på den faktiska risken för skada. Med denna kunskap kan det vara möjligt att minska de negativa uppfattningarna gällande återfallsskador hos friidrottare som uppfattar en högre skaderisk. Resultatet kan även användas för att medvetengöra friidrottare med en historik av allvarliga skador om risken för återfallsskada.
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Gedvilaitė-Moan, Akvilė. "Lengvąją atletiką sportuojančių paauglių asmenybės nerimo ir psichinės būsenos prieš varžybas ypatumai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060512_113559-92344.
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Pre-competition anxiety in sports is very common not only among professional athletes, but also among adolescents who are active in sports, compete a lot and experience physical, emotional and social changes in their lives. The aim of the study was to evaluate track-and-field adolescent athletes’ (12-18 years old) personal anxiety level and pre-competition anxiety. The hypothesis of the thesis was based on the assumption that adolescent track-and-field athletes’ personal anxiety level and pre-competition anxiety components (somatic, emotional and cognitive) differ depending on gender.
Personal anxiety level was determined using J. Taylor’s test. V. A. Alekseev’s pre-competition anxiety test showed dominant competition state anxiety component among adolescent athletes.
Examination of the results and setting the personal anxiety level for the track-and-field adolescent athletes studied showed no gender differences (p>0,05).
The findings of the results among track-and-field athletes’ pre-competition anxiety components (somatic, emotional and cognitive) suggest dependable differences between adolescent girls and boys (p<0,05). The test results also showed that cognitive anxiety was most common in both groups, i.e. boys and girls.
The comparison of the results (those of both methods studied individually for every athlete) of the personal anxiety level and pre-competition anxiety tests from the perspective of gender suggested that the differences between gender do exist (p<0,0... [to full text]
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Dansou, Houndjoui Pierre. "Adaptations cardiorespiratoires, métaboliques et hormonales au cours d'un match de tennis : du laboratoire au terrain." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10091.
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L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les adaptations cardio-respiratoires, métaboliques et hormonales des joueurs et joueuses de tennis au laboratoire et sur le terrain. Au laboratoire : cent joueurs et 76 joueuses réalisent une épreuve d'effort d'intensité maximale afin de déterminer leur aptitude maximale aérobie (vo#2max) ; parmi eux, 32 sujets bénéficient d'une détermination de leur seuil anaérobie lactique et 73 jeunes joueurs effectuent un test charge vitesse. Les résultats montrent que : -la pratique du tennis nécessite non seulement une bonne puissance maximale aérobie mais aussi un haut niveau d'endurance. - les jeunes développent au niveau des membres inférieurs des puissances instantanées élevées et leurs qualités musculaires de vitesse prédominent sur la force. Sur le terrain : neuf jeunes joueuses et 10 joueuses vétérans effectuent un match avec enregistrement en continu de la fréquence cardiaque et une mesure au début et à la fin du match du ionogramme plasmatique, de la glycémie des concentrations plasmatiques des acides gras libres, de l'acide lactique, des catécholamines, de l'arginine vasopressine et de l'activité rénine plasmatique. Les résultats montrent que chez les vétérans, la sollicitation cardiaque devient de plus en plus importante au fur et à mesure que le match se prolonge. Seules les joueuses vétérans présentent une diminution de leur volume plasmatique. En fin de match, les concentrations des ions sont peu modifiées à l'exception du phosphore qui augmente. L'acide lactique augmente peu, les agl augmentent ainsi que la glycémie. L'activité rénine plasmatique, l'arginine-vasopressine, la noradrénaline augmentent alors que l'adrénaline ne varie pas. De plus, 10 joueurs réalisent un match avec mesure simultanée de la fréquence cardiaque, de la ventilation et de la consommation d'oxygène, grâce à un appareil de télémétrie portable. Les résultats montrent que la consommation d'oxygène atteint une valeur correspondant à 55% de la vo#2 max des joueurs. Les valeurs de vo#2 fluctuent très rapidement. Leur évolution est parallèle a celle de la fréquence cardiaque. En dépit du caractère intermittent de cette activité, la fréquence cardiaque mesurée sur le terrain parait constituer un bon reflet de la consommation d'oxygène des joueurs.
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TSENG, LIN-YU, and 曾琳瑜. "A Study on Sports Participating Motivation, Social Support and Sports Performance of Track and Field Athletes of National High School Athletic Games." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/rtde8f.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
休閒運動研究所
107
The purpose of the research was to realize Sports Participating Motivation and Social Support of the track and field athletes of National High School Athletic Games of the year 108. It was aimed to study the differences in research for different background variables, and the final part was to explore its relevance. The main idea was to discuss the track and field athletes’ participating motivation sports and social support. A paper-version questionnaire was conducted on convenience sampling issued a total of 450 questionnaires, and received available samples 430 total in the end. One statistical software, SPSS 20.0, was also used to analyze the research data. The methods included descriptive statistics, t-test, Reliability and validity test, one-way ANOVA analysis and regression analysis data analysis. The findings of this study were as follows： 1.There are some significant differences in the motivation of participating in the physical education class between the different. 2.There are some significant differences in social support between the national sports athletes of different backgrounds. 3.There is no significant difference in athletic performance between athletes from different backgrounds. 4.The motivation of participating sports and social support have a positive impact on athletic performance. 5.Social support has a partial mediation effect between motivation and athletic performance.
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Chiang, Ying-Fan, and 江映帆. "Masculine Female Athletes' Survival Strategies and The Gender Culture in Sports Field." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89998382244070867992.
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碩士世新大學
性別研究所
100
Gender issues are getting more attention these years but female athletes’ career developments did not earn much concern as well. Present studies about female athletes even consider this depressed condition as the stigma of masculine lesbians, which cause female athletes losing their subjectivities. This research attempts to discuss the training processes of masculine female athletes, to discover the resource-allocation inequality situation in sports field, and to understand female athletes’ experiences of suffering stigma and pressure under the interaction between sports field and patriarchy power; furthermore, to perceive how they fight against patriarchy by devising their masculine subjectivities. The priority concern is on masculine female athletes’ dynamic subjectivities and to discuss the hidden patriarchy and heterosexual hegemony in sports field, finding their survival strategies. 10 masculine female athletes were interviewed about 2-3 hours through October 2009 to December 2011 by semi-structured interviews. Research findings show masculine female athletes does not conflict with gender characters, they actually transform themselves through their feminine positions into sports’ patriarchy. These females coherently present masculine female athletes by winning the authority of female masculinity. Although masculine female athletes’ experience stigma easily under heterosexual hegemony while people examining their body figures and sexualities, however, the process of overcoming stigma and depressions give them abilities to break the dichotomy of feminine/masculine, further being able to build their own positions through female masculine subjectivities.
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Angelo, Shalea K. "Differences in perceived athletic competence between male and female collegiate distance runners, middle distance runners, and sprinters." 2004. http://www.oregonpdf.org.
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