Academic literature on the topic 'Field-scale tracer tests'
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Journal articles on the topic "Field-scale tracer tests"
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Mallants, Dirk. "Field-scale solute transport parameters derived from tracer tests in large undisturbed soil columns." Soil Research 52, no. 1 (2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13143.
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Transport parameters obtained from laboratory tracer experiments were used to evaluate the stochastic form of the equilibrium convection–dispersion equation (CDE) in describing the transition of scale, i.e. from the column or local scale to a larger field scale. Local-scale solute breakthrough curves (BTCs) were measured in 1-m-long and 0.3-m-diameter undisturbed soil columns by means of time-domain reflectometry at six depths for a 79-h input pulse of chloride. The local-scale data were analysed in terms of the equilibrium CDE and the mobile–immobile non-equilibrium transport model (MIM). At the local scale, the MIM transport model better described the observed early breakthrough and the tailing of the BTC than did the CDE. A linear regression analysis indicated that the relationship between the hydrodynamic dispersion D and pore-water velocity v was of the form D = 31vl.92 (correlation ρv,D = 0.74). Averaging of the local-scale BTCs across the field produced a large-scale or field-scale mean BTC; at the greatest observation depth (0.8 m) the field-scale dispersivity <D>/<v> = λ equals 0.656 m. The results further showed that for large values of the mean dispersion coefficient, <D>, local-scale dispersion is an important mechanism for field-scale solute spreading, whereas the standard deviation, σD, and the correlation between v and D, ρvD, have negligible effects on field-scale transport. Stochastic stream tube models supplemented with statistical properties of local-scale transport parameters provide a practical and computationally efficient tool to describe heterogeneous solute transport at large spatial scales.
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Illiassov, Pavel A., and Akhil Datta-Gupta. "Field-Scale Characterization of Permeability and Saturation Distribution Using Partitioning Tracer Tests: The Ranger Field, Texas." SPE Journal 7, no. 04 (December 1, 2002): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/81198-pa.
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Kim, Byung-Woo, and Hangbok Lee. "Modified Convergent Flow Tracing Method for Evaluating Advective Velocity and Effective Porosity in Fractured Rock Aquifers." Water 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 3565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123565.
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This study presented the analysis of the modified convergent flow tracing method, which is a modified virtual solute transport approach to retrieve tracer masses from a pulse image (virtual) well to an extraction well. In the convergent flow tracer test, approximate analytical solutions were extended for the pulse image well using a single-well tracing method. This method transformed the drift-and-pumpback conditions of the single-well tracing method. The method requires a prior information of the effective porosity. Using sodium chloride as a tracer mass, the tracer data sampled through field-scale tests were used to obtain breakthrough curves. This modified method was different from the pre-existing single method because it considers both the ambient groundwater movement (the two classes of drifts) and the constant volumetric flow rate during the pumping phase. The method was applied to the tracer test at underground research tunnel for verifying the theory inductively derived from the single tracing method. Through field tests, the values of velocity and porosity were compared to the results of the drift-and-pumpback equations of the single-well test, and the several different equations related to breakthrough curves of the two-well tests conducted on a field scale.
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Champ, D. R., and J. Schroeter. "Bacterial Transport in Fractured Rock – A Field-Scale Tracer Test at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 11-12 (November 1, 1988): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0269.
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The potential for transport of bacteria by groundwater in fractured crystalline rock was assessed in a series of field-scale tracer tests. The breakthrough curves for injected Escherichla coll and “non-reactive” particle tracers were compared with those for conservative inorganic and radioactive tracers. Rapid transport, relative to the conservative tracers, of both bacteria and non-reactive particles was observed. The first appearance of both was with, or slightly before, the conservative tracers for water movement. Removal of the bacteria and particles by filtration processes occurred and was quantified through the calculation of filter factors. The filtration process in this fracture system is similar to that found in a gravel aquifer. From the results we can conclude that particulate contaminants can be very rapidly transported in fracture systems and that continuing sources of contamination could lead to relatively high local concentrations of particulate contaminants compared with the average at any given distance from the source. It was also concluded that the use of traditional conservative tracers, for water movement, to assess the potential for movement of particulate contaminants could lead to significant underestimates of exposure to particulate contaminants due to consumption of water from water recovery wells located in fractured media.
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Deleu, Romain, Sandra Soarez Frazao, Amaël Poulain, Gaëtan Rochez, and Vincent Hallet. "Tracer Dispersion through Karst Conduit: Assessment of Small-Scale Heterogeneity by Multi-Point Tracer Test and CFD Modeling." Hydrology 8, no. 4 (November 10, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040168.
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Tracer tests are widely used for characterizing hydrodynamics, from stream-scale to basin-wide scale. In karstic environments, the positioning of field fluorometers (or sampling) is mostly determined by the on-site configuration and setup difficulties. Most users are probably aware of the importance of this positioning for the relevance of data, and single-point tests are considered reliable. However, this importance is subjective to the user and the impact of positioning is not well quantified. This study aimed to quantify the spatial heterogeneity of tracer concentration through time in a karstic environment, and its impact on tracer test results and derived information on local hydrodynamics. Two approaches were considered: on-site tracing experiments in a karstic river, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of tracer dispersion through a discretized karst river channel. A comparison between on-site tracer breakthrough curves and CFD results was allowed by a thorough assessment of the river geometry. The results of on-site tracer tests showed significant heterogeneities of the breakthrough curve shape from fluorometers placed along a cross-section. CFD modeling of the tracer test through the associated discretized site geometry showed similar heterogeneity and was consistent with the positioning of on-site fluorometers, thus showing that geometry is a major contributor of the spatial heterogeneity of tracer concentration through time in karstic rivers.
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Huseby, Olaf, Randi Valestrand, Geir Nœvdal, and Jan Sagen. "Natural and Conventional Tracers for Improving Reservoir Models Using the EnKF Approach." SPE Journal 15, no. 04 (July 8, 2010): 1047–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/121190-pa.
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Summary Natural tracers (geochemical and isotopic variations in injected and formation waters) are a mostly unused source of information in reservoir modeling. On the other hand, conventional interwell tracer tests are an established method to identify flow patterns. However, they are typically underexploited, and tracer-test evaluations are often performed in a qualitative manner and are rarely compared systematically to simulation results. To integrate naturaland conventional-tracer data in a reservoir-modeling workflow, we use the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), which has recently gained popularity as a method for history matching. The EnKF includes online update of parameters and the dynamical states. An ensemble of model representations is used to represent the model uncertainty. In this paper, we include conventional water tracers as well as natural tracers (i.e., geochemical variations) in the EnKF approach. The methodology is demonstrated by estimating permeability and porosity fields in a synthetic field case based on a real North Sea field example. The results show that conventional tracers and geochemical variations yield additional improvement in the estimates and that the EnKF approach is well suited as a tool to include in this process. The principal benefit from the methodology is improved models and forecasts from reservoir simulations, through optimal use of conventional and natural tracers. Some of the natural-tracer data (e.g., scale-forming ions and toxic compounds) are monitored for other purposes, and exploiting such data can yield significant reservoir-model improvement at a small cost.
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Keller, Jason M., and Mark L. Brusseau. "In-Situ Characterization of Soil−Water Content Using Gas-Phase Partitioning Tracer Tests: Field-Scale Evaluation." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 14 (July 2003): 3141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0340329.
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Cheng, Hao, G. Michael Shook, Malik Taimur, Varadarajan Dwarakanath, and Bruce R. Smith. "Interwell Tracer Tests To Optimize Operating Conditions for a Surfactant Field Trial: Design, Evaluation, and Implications." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 15, no. 02 (March 30, 2012): 229–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/144899-pa.
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Summary Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by surfactant flooding is the key to unlocking the next billion barrels of oil for Minas, one of the world's largest waterflood fields. An interwell tracer test (ITT-1) was performed before a surfactant field trial (SFT) to ensure well injectivity, demonstrate pattern confinement, quantitatively describe interwell connectivity and sweep efficiency, and provide sufficient data for reservoir evaluation. The tracer test was designed by numerical simulation. The test started in November 2009 and was terminated in February 2010. Analytical interpretation based on moment analysis and numerical reservoir simulations was conducted to evaluate ITT-1 results. Interpretation of the test results indicated various operational and reservoir properties that would have likely led to failure of the surfactant pilot. Hydraulic control of the SFT pattern was not achieved; in fact, less than 20% of one tracer was recovered. Many small-scale heterogeneities were identified that led to a lower-than-expected reservoir volume contacted. Unexpected communication between the target sand and the underlying sands outside the pattern also contributed to low tracer recovery and low swept volume. The tracer test was history matched, and additional features were incorporated in the reservoir model, and a new tracer design (ITT-2) was optimized to correct low sweep efficiency and poor hydraulic control. New information from ITT-2 will be used to further optimize operating conditions for SFTs. Failure to conduct the tracer tests would have likely revealed these unfavorable reservoir and operational conditions during the SFT. Had oil recovery been poor (because of low swept volume), it would have erroneously been attributed to a poor SFT rather than to the true causes. ITT-1 is considered successful because it allowed us to redesign injection/hydraulic control during the relatively inexpensive tracer test and thus evaluate the surfactant trial without bias.
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Li, Yuan Yao, Rong Lin Sun, and Ren Quan Chen. "Hydraulic Conductivity and Scale Effects Investigation in Basalt in the Dam Area of Xiluodu Hydroelectric Station, Jinshajiang River, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 2123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2123.
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Hydraulic conductivity (K) and scale effects in basalt in the dam area of Xiluodu hydroelectric station were investigated by three kinds of field hydraulic tests with different test scale, 2608 water pressure tests in single borehole, 54 water seepage tests in adit and groundwater tracer test. Statistical results show the high heterogeneity of fractured rock and K difference between two neighboring test intervals are often more than two orders of magnitude. However, there is a strong decreasing trend of hydraulic conductivity with the increase of vertical depth. Moreover, these three kinds of hydraulic test results demonstrate that hydraulic conductivity increases with the increase of test scale in heterogeneous basalt and the heterogeneous degree of K decreases with the increase of test scale. K from water seepage test in adit, with the test scale of 1-2 m, is dispersed from 0.00024 m/d to 3.46 m/d. K from water pressure test in single borehole, with the test scale of 4-7 m, is 0.0002-1.04 m/d. K from groundwater tracer test, with the test scale of 70-145 m, is concentrated between 0.46 m/d and 2.1 m/d. High heterogeneity of fractured rock and multi-level of fractures are thought as the major reason resulted in scale effects of hydraulic conductivity.
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Yang, H., D. C. Florence, E. L. McCoy, W. A. Dick, and P. S. Grewal. "Design and hydraulic characteristics of a field-scale bi-phasic bioretention rain garden system for storm water management." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.186.
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A field-scale bioretention rain garden system was constructed using a novel bi-phasic (i.e. sequence of anaerobic to aerobic) concept for improving retention and removal of storm water runoff pollutants. Hydraulic tests with bromide tracer and simulated runoff pollutants (nitrate-N, phosphate-P, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were performed in the system under a simulated continuous rainfall. The objectives of the tests were (1) to determine hydraulic characteristics of the system, and (2) to evaluate the movement of runoff pollutants through the system. For the 180 mm/24 h rainfall, the bi-phasic bioretention system effectively reduced both peak flow (∼70%) and runoff volume (∼42%). The breakthrough curves (BTCs) of bromide tracer suggest that the transport pattern of the system is similar to dispersed plug flow under this large runoff event. The BTCs of bromide showed mean 10% and 90% breakthrough times of 5.7 h and 12.5 h, respectively. Under the continuous rainfall, a significantly different transport pattern was found between each runoff pollutant. Nitrate-N was easily transported through the system with potential leaching risk from the initial soil medium, whereas phosphate-P and metals were significantly retained indicating sorption-mediated transport. These findings support the importance of hydraulics, in combination with the soil medium, when creating bioretention systems for bioremediation that are effective for various rainfall sizes and intervals.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Field-scale tracer tests"
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Courtois, Nathalie. "Caractérisation de la dispersion en aquifère hétérogène par méthodes de traçages et modélisation stochastique : Application à la nappe alluviale du Drac, à Grenoble." Paris, ENMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0002.
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La dispersion à grande échelle en aquifère est principalement dominée par la structure spatiale du champ des perméabilités. L’objectif est ici de caractériser les propriétés dispersives de l’aquifère alluvial du Drac par deux approches basées sur l’utilisation de données expérimentales de traçage. La première approche est classique : des traçages en écoulement naturel sont menés sur un site expérimental comportant 17 puits crépinés sur toute leur hauteur, et permettant une extension maximale de 45m dans l’axe du gradient. La restitution est suivie dans les puits situés en aval, dont la concentration est homogénéisée sur la hauteur. Les paramètres hydrodispersifs sont obtenus par calage de la solution analytique de l’équation de convection-dispersion en 2D sur les courbes expérimentales. La seconde approche consiste à caractériser la variabilité spatiale du champ des perméabilités, pour générer ensuite des champs stochastiques. La distribution verticale des vitesses de Darcy horizontales est mesurée dans les puits par la méthode de dilution ponctuelle, qui est modélisée comme une combinaison de systèmes d’écoulement simples conduisant à une expression analytique. La vitesse de Darcy est alors déduite par calage du modèle sur les courbes expérimentales de dilution, et la perméabilité en découle en supposant un gradient hydraulique moyen sur la parcelle. Ces profils verticaux, menés sur les 17 forages, conduisent à 185 valeurs de perméabilités, moyennées sur 1 mètre. La distribution des perméabilités est supposée suivre une loi de distribution lognormale. La corrélation spatiale est décrite par les variogrammes calculés dans les directions horizontale et verticale. Deux types de modèles de variogrammes sont alors testés : le modèle classique exponentiel, et un autre plus complexe avec ‘effet de trou’ pour simuler la chenalisation. Des champs de perméabilités stochastiques 3D suivant ces deux lois spatiales sont générés à l’aide du logiciel de géostatistique ISATIS, pour être ensuite incorporés dans le code de calcul aux éléments finis CASTEM2000 qui calcule les champs d’écoulement associés. Le transport est modélisé par suivi de particules et technique de Monte-Carlo. Les paramètres hydrodispersifs se déduisent du calcul des moments spatiaux d’ordres 1 et 2 des nuages de particules. Les dispersivités simulées sont alors comparées aux dispersivités déduites des expériences de traçages, et à celles prédites par les théories stochastiques. La dispersivité longitudinale semble avoir atteint une limite asymptotique au terme d’un parcours moyen de l’ordre de la dizaine de longueurs de corrélation horizontaleDispersion in aquifer at large scale is mainly dominated by the spatial structure of the hydraulic conductivity field. The aim of the study is to characterize the dispersive properties of an alluvial aquifer located near Grenoble through two approaches both based on the use of experimental tracing data. The first approach is the classical one: some field-scale tracer tests are conducted under natural gradient on an experimental site which includes 17 fully-penetrating wells. The maximum extent is about 45 meters along the main flow direction. Fluorescent tracers are injected, and their migration is monitored in the restitution wells by sampling device of the volume-averaged concentration. The hydrodispersive parameters are estimated by fitting the classical 2D analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation on the experimental breakthrough curves. The second approach is to characterize the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity, in order to generate stochastic fields. The vertical distribution of the horizontal groundwater flow is measured in boreholes by dilution method. This measurement method is modelled as a combination of simple flow structures, which leads to an analytical expression of the tracer concentration versus time. The flow is estimated from the fit of this analytical model on the experimental dilution curves. Hydraulic conductivity is then deduced from the flow through the Darcy’s equation, supposing an average hydraulic gradient on the site. Such vertical profiles on one-meter averaged hydraulic conductivities are conducted in wells to give 185 values on the entire site. The distribution of hydraulic conductivity draws near to a lognormal one, and is assumed to be so in the later generation of stochastic fields. The spatial correlation of the measured data is described by variograms in horizontal and vertical directions. Two types of model are used to fit these variograms: an exponential one, and a more complex model with ‘hole-effect’ in order to simulate channelling. 3D-stochastic hydraulic conductivity fields following these two spatial laws are generated using the geostatistical software ISATIS. These fields are then incorporated in the finite-elements code CASTEM2000 to lead to the associated flow fields. The transport is modelled by particle-tracking and Monte-Carlo techniques. The determination of the first and second order spatial moments leads to the dispersion coefficients. The simulated dispersivities are then compared to the experimental ones, and to the ones predicted by stochastic theories. The longitudinal dispersivity seems to reach an asymptotic limit after a 10 correlation lengths travel
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Courtois, Nathalie. "Caractérisation de la dispersion en aquifère hétérogène par méthodes de traçages et modélisation stochastique : Application à la nappe alluviale du Drac, à Grenoble." Paris, ENMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMPA001.
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La dispersion à grande échelle en aquifère est principalement dominée par la structure spatiale du champ des perméabilités. L'objectif ici est de caractériser les propriétés dispersives de l'aquifère alluvial du Drac par deux approches basées sur l'utilisation de données expérimentales de traçage.
Book chapters on the topic "Field-scale tracer tests"
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Brasseau, Mark L., Q. Hu, N. T. Nelson, and R. Brent Cain. "A Diffusive Tracer-Test Method for Investigating the Influence of Mass Transfer Processes on Field-Scale Solute Transport." In ACS Symposium Series, 251–64. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1999-0725.ch018.
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Hofer, Nathan. "The Popularisation of Shādhilī Sufism." In The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173-1325, 160–78. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694211.003.0007.
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In the previous two chapters I characterised the early Shādhilī collectivity as a textual community that traced its unique Sufi identity to the †arīqa of Abū l-Óasan al-Shādhilī. After the deaths of al-Shādhilī and Abū l-ʿAbbās al-Mursī this †arīqa was disseminated in Egypt primarily through Ibn ʿA†āʾ Allāh al-Iskandarī’s discursive construction across several different texts, especially La†āʾif al-minan, and through his public preaching. It was the subsequent repetition and collective performance of that †arīqa that institutionalised the eponymous identity of al-Shādhilī and constituted the institutionalised social field from which the Shādhilī †āʾifa developed. In Chapter 3 I argued that it was largely the efforts of the state– the rulers and the Sufis of the khānqāh– which brought their form of Sufism to the urban populace of Cairo. It was principally in public spaces that they collectively produced and popularised a culture of Sufism accessible across multiple strata of society. Key to my understanding of the processes of popularisation is this notion of mass or large-scale cultural production, which is necessarily collective and happens at multiple social sites. Therefore, given the widespread popularity of the Shādhilī †arīqa and subsequent †āʾifa, we must ask a similar question.
Conference papers on the topic "Field-scale tracer tests"
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Chen, Hsieh, Sehoon Chang, Gawain Thomas, Wei Wang, Afnan Mashat, and Hussain Shateeb. "Comparison of Water and Gas Tracers Field Breakthrough." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205863-ms.
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Abstract We are developing new classes of barcoded advanced tracers, which, compared to present commercial offerings, can be optically detected in an automated fashion. The eventual goal for the advanced tracers is to deploy cost-effective, ubiquitous, long-term, and full-field tracer tests in supporting large-scale waterflooding optimization for improved oil recovery. In this paper, we compare model predictions to breakthrough data from two field tests of advanced tracers in a pilot during water alternating gas (WAG) cycles, where gas tracer tests have recently been performed as well. Two advanced tracer injections were performed at the test site. For the first injection, only a dipicolinic acid based advanced tracer (DPA) was injected. For the second injection, DPA and a phenanthroline- based advanced tracer, 4,7-bis(sulfonatophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (BSPPDA), was injected in conjunction with a commercially available fluorobenzoic acid-based tracer (FBA) to benchmark their performance. Produced water samples were collected weekly for tracer analysis. Both newly developed 2D-high performance liquid chromatography/time-resolved fluorescence optical detection method (2D-HPLC/TRF) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to construct the breakthrough curves for the advanced tracers. In parallel, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect FBA tracer. Gas tracer tests have been performed on the same field. Since DPA, BSPPDA and FBA tracers were water tracers as designed, they were expected to appear in between gas tracer breakthroughs, and we observed exactly that for BSPPDA and FBA. Unexpectedly, the DPA predominantly appeared along with gas tracer breakthroughs, suggesting its favorable compatibility with the gas phase. We suspect the presence of some gas components rendered the medium more acidic, which likely protonates DPA molecules, thereby alters its hydrophilicity. A wealth of information could be gathered from the field tests. First, all tracers survived not only the harsh reservoir conditions but also the irregular WAG injections. Their successful detection from the producers suggested robustness of these materials for reservoir applications. Second, the breakthrough curves of the BSPPDA tracers using optical detection method were very similar to those of FBA tracers detected by GC-MS, substantiating the competency of our in-house materials and detection methods to the present commercial offerings. Finally, even though DPA has passed prior lab tests as a good water tracer, its high solubility to gas phase warrants further investigation. This paper summarizes key results from two field trials of the novel barcoded advanced tracers, of which both the tracer materials and detection methods are new to the industry. Importantly, the two co- injected advanced tracers showed opposite correlations to the gas tracers, highlighting the complex physicochemical interactions in reservoir conditions. Nevertheless, the information collected from the field trials is invaluable in enabling further design and utilization of the advanced tracers in fulfilling their wonderful promises.
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Iliassov, Pavel A., Akhil Datta-Gupta, and D. W. Vasco. "Field-Scale Characterization of Permeability and Saturation Distribution Using Partitioning Tracer Tests: The Ranger Field, Texas." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71320-ms.
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Ow, Hooisweng, Sehoon Chang, Gawain Thomas, Hsieh Chen, Salah H. Saleh, Mohammad B. Otaibi, and Subhash Ayirala. "Hydrothermal Stability and Transport Properties of Optically Detectable Advanced Barcoded Tracers with Carbonate Rocks in the Presence of Oil." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209441-ms.
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Abstract The use of tracer technology to illuminate reservoir characteristics such as well connectivity, volumetric sweep efficiency, and geological heterogeneity for the purpose of improving history-matching fidelity and enriching production optimization algorithm has gained momentum over the last decade. Herein, we report the stringent laboratory qualification of a novel class of fluorescent molecules, optically detectable down to ultra-trace levels (<ppb) in produced water, as competent cross-well water tracers for use in highly retentive carbonate reservoirs with harsh salinity and temperature requirements. Tracer molecules, with state-of-the-art fluorobenzoic acids (FBAs) as a benchmark, exhibiting requisite hydrothermal stability and non-retentive behavior in simulated reservoir conditions coreflood tests are scheduled to be field-trialed. Our novel fluorescent tracer materials systems, based on dipicolinic acid and naphthalene sulfonates, rely on time-resolved luminescence and/or advanced chromatographic separation to eliminate the interfering fluorescent background issue in produced water for near real-time analysis. We systematically evaluated the novel tracer molecules at 95°C in high salinity injection brine over 4 months, with periodic sampling and analysis by liquid chromatography to ascertain their hydrothermal stability. Coreflood tests at reservoir conditions were conducted to determine their interactions with carbonate rock surfaces with and without residual crude oil. All qualification tests were performed using a reference water tracer 2-fluorobenzoic acid and/or a model partitioning tracer 4-chlorobenzoyl alcohol as benchmark. Finally, reservoir simulations were performed to study both non-partitioning and partitioning tracer transports in realistic field conditions. Hydrothermal stability tests indicated that our novel tracers are superbly stable in brine under reservoir conditions. Coreflood tests without residual oil revealed that the novel fluorescent tracer materials, like FBAs, exhibit negligible retention to carbonate rocks (almost 100% recovery of the tracers). Coreflood experiments with residual oil suggested that all tracer materials, including the FBAs, possibly reversibly interact with the rocks, resulting in lower tracer materials recovery. While the overall retention of tracer materials is minimal in the presence of residual oil, these values were found to be relatively higher to that measured without residual oil. We observed no significant change in core permeability due to tracer injection. Field scale reservoir simulations upscaled from coreflood experiments indicated minimum interferences for consecutive tracer injections in the field trial settings. We believe this is the first time such direct comparative study has been performed in the existing knowledge to evaluate the interaction of both water and partitioning tracers in carbonate rocks at reservoir conditions with and without the presence of residual crude oil. Reducing the burden of analysis is critical in the implementation of this technology to obtain high fidelity tracer data that can be used to improve waterflood optimization, increasing hydrocarbon recovery by a few percent per well without using additional resources for drilling or production. The ability to use presently commercialized tracer technologies, such as FBA-based molecules, in conjunction with this novel optically detectable fluorescent tracer platform will be a force multiplier to enable large tracer campaigns that provide high fidelity tracer data for production optimization algorithm.
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Wang, Wei. "Modified Carbon Dots with Lowered Retention and Improved Colloidal Stability for Application in Harsh Reservoir Condition." In SPE Middle East Oil & Gas Show and Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204833-ms.
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Abstract Tracer technology has been increasingly used in inter-well tests to investigate reservoir performance, reservoir connectivity and residual oil saturation for providing useful information to improve decision making in reservoir management. Stable nanoparticle tracers with high-sensitive real-time detectability are highly desired, and as one of the nanoparticles tracers, carbon dots (C-dots) have been studied and tested as nano-agent tracer in field trial for reservoir monitoring. In this research, we report a modified method to synthesize fluorescent C-dots and fluorinated, sulfonated or zwitterionic functional groups were incoprtated into the C-dots. The synthesis reaction occurs at hydrothermal conditions with inexpensive starting materials and is readily to scale up for industrial application. Optical properties of the synthesized colloidal C-dots were studied by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopies. Colloidal stability was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, and retention of the C-dots in porous medium was evaluated by adsorption experiment with limestone rock. The synthesized C-dots are readily dispersible in freshwater and synthetic brines and exhibit improved colloidal stability in hot brine and lowered retention in reservoir rocks. In comparison with those C-dots reported in literatures, our results suggest that the synthesized C-dots using the modified procedure have excellent fluorescence properties, improved thermal stability, photostability, and water dispersibility, enabling their use as optically detectable nano-agent tracer in oil field application.
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Nomura, Yukito, Mariam Sultan Almarzooqi, Ken Makishima, and Jon Tuck. "Water Compatibility and Scale Risk Evaluation by Integrating Scale Prediction of Fluid Modelling, Reservoir Simulation and Laboratory Coreflood Experiment for a Giant Oil Field in Offshore Abu Dhabi." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207319-ms.
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Abstract An offshore field is producing oil from multiple reservoirs with peripheral water injection scheme. Seawater is injected through a subsea network and wellhead towers located along the original reservoir edge. However, because its OWC has moved upward, wells from wellhead towers are too remote to inject seawater effectively, with some portion going to the aquifer rather than oil pool. Therefore, it is planned to migrate injection strategy from peripheral to mid-dip pattern. An expected risk is scaling by mixing incompatible seawater and formation water. Such risk and mitigation measures were evaluated. To achieve the objective, the following methodology was applied: 1. Scale modelling based on water chemical analysis. 2. Define scale risk envelope with three risk categories 3. Tracer dynamic reservoir simulation to track formation water, connate water, dump flood water, injection seawater and treated seawater. 4. Review the past field scale history data 5. Coreflood experiment to observe actual phenomena inside the reservoir with various parameters such as water mixing ratio, sulphate concentration, temperature and chemical inhibitor 6. Consolidate all study results, conclude field scale risk and impact of mitigation measures. Scale prediction modelling, verified by coreflood tests, found that mixing reservoir formation water and injection seawater causes a sulphate scale risk, with risk severity depending on mixing ratio and sulphate concentration. Reservoir temperature was also found to correlate strongly with scale risk. Therefore, each reservoir should have different water management strategy. Scale impact is limited in the shallower wide reservoir with cooler reservoir temperature. Such reservoir should therefore have mid-dip pattern water injection to avoid low water injection efficiency with possible scale inhibitor squeezing as a contingency option. On the other hand, deeper reservoir has higher risk of scaling due to its higher temperature, causing scale plugging easily in reservoir pores and production wells. For such reservoir, peripheral aquifer water injection, treated low-sulphate seawater with sulphate-removal system, or no water injection development concept should be selected. By using modelling and experiment to quantify the scale risk over a range of conditions, the field operator has identified opportunities to optimize the water injection strategy. The temperature dependence of the scale risk means, in principal, that different injection strategy for each reservoir can minimize flow assurance challenges and maximize return on investment in scale mitigation measures.
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Han, Ming, Subhash Ayirala, and Ali Al-Yousef. "Review of Offshore Chemical Flooding Field Applications and Lessons Learned." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209473-ms.
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Abstract This paper presents an overview of both research advancements and field applications of offshore chemical flooding technologies. Along with offshore oilfield development strategies that require maximization of oil production in a short development cycle, chemical flooding can become a potential avenue to accelerate oil production in secondary oil recovery mode. This makes it different from onshore chemical flooding processes that mostly focus on enhanced oil recovery in matured or maturing reservoirs. The advancements of offshore chemical flooding field applications are reviewed and analyzed. By summarizing offshore application cases, it also assesses the chemical formulations applied or studied and injection/production facilities required in the offshore environments. Main technical challenges are presented for scaling up the applications on offshore platforms or floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) systems. The technologies reviewed include polymer flooding, surfactant-polymer flooding, and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding. By assessing the technology readiness level of these technologies, this study presents their perspectives and practical relevance for offshore chemical flooding applications. It has been long realized that chemical flooding, especially polymer flooding, can improve oil recovery in offshore oil fields. The applications in Bohai Bay (China), Dalia (Angola), and Captain (North Sea) provide the know-how workflows for offshore polymer flooding from laboratory to full field applications. It is feasible to implement offshore polymer injection either on platform or FPSO system. It is recommended to implement polymer flooding at early stage of reservoir development in order to maximize the investment of offshore facilities. By tuning the chemistry of polymer products, they can present very good compatibility with seawaters. Therefore, choosing a proper polymer is no longer a big issue in offshore polymer flooding. There are also some interesting research findings reported on the development of novel surfactant chemistries for offshore applications. The outcome from a number of small-scale trials including the single well tracer tests on surfactant, alkaline-surfactant, surfactant-polymer in offshore Malaysia, Abu Dhabi, Qatar, and South China Sea provided valuable insights for the feasibility of chemical flooding in offshore environments. However, the technology readiness levels of surfactant-based chemical flooding processes are still low partially due to their complex interactions with subsurface fluids and lack of much interest in producing residual oil from matured offshore reservoirs. Based on the lessons learned from offshore applications, it can be concluded that several major challenges still need to be overcome in terms of large well spacing, reservoir voidage, produced fluid treatment, and high operational expense to successfully scale up surfactant based chemical flooding processes for offshore applications.
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Daramola, Babalola. "Optimising Oil Field Net Present Value with Produced Water Salinities and Tracers." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200941-ms.
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Abstract This paper presents case studies of how produced water salinity data was used to transform the performance of two oil producing fields in Nigeria. Produced water salinity data was used to improve Field B’s reservoir simulation history match, generate infill drilling targets, and reinstate Field C’s oil production. A reservoir simulation study was unable to history match the water cut in 3 production wells in Field B. Water salinity data enabled the asset team to estimate the arrival time of injected sea water at each production well in oil field B. This improved the reservoir simulation history match, increased model confidence, and validated the simulation model for the placement of infill drilling targets. The asset team also gained additional insight on the existing water flood performance, transformed the water flooding strategy, and added 9.6 MMSTB oil reserves. The asset team at Field C was unable to recover oil production from a well after it died suddenly. The team evaluated water salinity data, which suggested scale build up in the well, and completed a bottom-hole camera survey to prove the diagnosis. This justified a scale clean-out workover, and added 5000 barrels per day of oil production. A case study of how injection tracer data was used to characterise a water injection short circuit in Field D is also presented. Methods of using produced water salinity and injection tracer data to manage base production and add significant value to petroleum fields are presented. Produced water salinity and injection tracer data also simplify water injection connectivity evaluations, and can be used to justify test pipeline and test separator installation for data acquisition.
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Denniel, Sylvain, Scott Hall, Hever De-Naurois, Thomas Parenteau, and Franc¸ois Gooris. "Mechanical and Thermal Qualification of an Electrically Heated Pipe in Pipe (EH-PIP) and Application to Subsea Field Development." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20340.
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TOTAL and TECHNIP have decided to undertake the Evaluation Qualification (LEVEL 2) of the innovative technology of ELECTRICAL HEAT TRACE (EHT) as a solution for active heating of subsea flowlines within Electrically Heated Pipe-In-Pipe (EH-PIP), in order to face the production challenges of oil reservoirs with high flow assurance constraints (wax, gel and critical hydrate appearance temperatures). The EH-PIP is a standard reelable PIP system complete with trace heating cables wrapped in a helical pattern around the inner pipe (flowline), below the insulation. This paper reviews some of the processes that were undertaken to provide resolution of the identified uncertainties and demonstrate the high reliability of the system during construction, reel-lay installation and then during the various phases of operation, including line preservation and restart after planned or un-planned shut-down. The thermal qualification tests assess the thermal behavior of the EH-PIP, confirming its high heating efficiency (around 90%), and demonstrating its ability to maintain a uniform flowline temperature in all cases, including in the “degraded mode” with only one trace heating cable remaining operating. The Numerical Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools were validated against the full scale (OD) thermal test results, and allow the simulation of EH-PIP behavior in all field development conditions allowing further evaluation of the system performance. Furthermore, long term ageing tests on cables and associated connections have confirmed the long term integrity of the heating products.
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von Langenthal, Thomas, Nikolaos Zarzalis, and Alexandra Loukou. "Experimental Two-Phase Flow Analysis Inside a Laboratory Scale Jet-Engine Combustion Chamber Using PIV." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14476.
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Abstract The characterization of the two-phase kerosene/air flow near the nozzle of an aero engine combustor is important in order to understand the combustion characteristics of the burner. Typically, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) or Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is used to measure velocities inside aero engine combustors. However, these measurement techniques rely on tracer particles to visualize the flow field and are usually only able to measure the velocity field of one phase at a time. In the case of PIV measurements both the flow tracers and the kerosene droplets scatter the laser light and thus, appear on the PIV recordings. Depending on droplet size and flow velocity, these kerosene droplets do not necessarily follow the airflow leading to errors in the derived velocity field. This work presents a method on how to separate kerosene droplets from flow tracers depending on their optical characteristics in the PIV recording. This phase separation enables the independent measurement of the flow fields of both the gaseous and liquid phase at the same time using a standard PIV setup. The method is demonstrated on a laboratory scale aero engine combustor operated at atmospheric conditions. The test rig features liquid kerosene combustion with realistic inlet temperatures and pressure drop as well as good access for optical measurement techniques. The phases are separated by filtering the images with noise reduction filters for suppressing the signal of the flow tracers, and edge detection filters to detect the kerosene droplets. The detected kerosene droplets are removed from the PIV pictures and the pictures are evaluated using standard PIV cross-correlation. Afterwards the liquid phase images are evaluated using Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV). This phase separation can lead to errors in the derived velocity fields because of incorrect and incomplete particle detection or due to errors in the cross correlation at the edges of detected particles. These errors in the phase separation are quantified by evaluating artificial two-phase flow PIV pictures with similar optical properties to the actual two-phase PIV pictures, and comparing the derived velocity fields to the results calculated using the original, unaltered pictures. The obtained results show, that in the setup under investigation, gaseous and liquid phase can have significantly different flow fields with kerosene droplets moving in the opposite direction of the recirculating airflow. The influence of essential parameters like seeding and spray density are discussed and at positions with a sufficient data rate, the instantaneous slip velocity between droplets and gaseous flow is calculated. Generally, the presented method appears to be suitable for studying combustion with liquid kerosene injection.
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Irani, Mehernosh, Steve Perryman, Jonathan Brewer, and Scot McNeill. "Vortex Induced Motions of the Horn Mountain Truss Spar." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57992.
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Vortex Induced Motion (VIM) of a Spar platform is an important consideration in the design of Spar moorings and risers. During the design phase, the VIM characteristics of a Spar configuration are evaluated by hydrodynamic model testing. The basis for hydrodynamic model testing is that geometric and dynamic similitude between prototype and model parameters is preserved. Reynolds number and Froude number scaling are the two relevant scaling parameters for Spar VIM model testing. However, simultaneously satisfying Reynolds and Froude scaling for the model and prototype conditions is practically impossible. This leads to compromises in model test Reynolds number scaling and inherent uncertainties in extrapolating the model test VIM predictions to full-scale design conditions. Hence measurement of full-scale Spar VIM responses provides valuable data for validation of design assumptions. BP’s integrity management efforts for its Gulf of Mexico deep water production facilities include monitoring of the environmental conditions, and response of the hull, mooring and riser systems. Field measured data for VIM of BP’s Horn Mountain Truss Spar, presented in this paper, shows that the Horn Mountain Truss Spar VIM response is within original design assumptions. The maximum VIM measured in the field (A/D ≈ 0.26) is well below the acceptable design value of A/D = 0.5. The field data is analyzed and results presented in the form of Spar VIM response time traces, Spar VIM response versus Reduced Velocity and variation of period of VIM oscillation with Spar offsets. The field data shows VIM response characteristics consistent with model test observations.
Reports on the topic "Field-scale tracer tests"
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Russo, David, and William A. Jury. Characterization of Preferential Flow in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580681.bard.
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Preferential flow appears to be the rule rather than the exception in field soils and should be considered in the quantitative description of solute transport in the unsaturated zone of heterogeneous formations on the field scale. This study focused on both experimental monitoring and computer simulations to identify important features of preferential flow in the natural environment. The specific objectives of this research were: (1) To conduct dye tracing and multiple tracer experiments on undisturbed field plots to reveal information about the flow velocity, spatial prevalence, and time evolution of a preferential flow event; (2) To conduct numerical experiments to determine (i) whether preferential flow observations are consistent with the Richards flow equation; and (ii) whether volume averaging over a domain experiencing preferential flow is possible; (3) To develop a stochastic or a transfer function model that incorporates preferential flow. Regarding our field work, we succeeded to develop a new method for detecting flow patterns faithfully representing the movement of water flow paths in structured and non-structured soils. The method which is based on application of ammonium carbonate was tested in a laboratory study. Its use to detect preferential flow was also illustrated in a field experiment. It was shown that ammonium carbonate is a more conservative tracer of the water front than the popular Brilliant Blue. In our detailed field experiments we also succeeded to document the occurrence of preferential flow during soil water redistribution following the cessation of precipitation in several structureless field soils. Symptoms of the unstable flow observed included vertical fingers 20 - 60 cm wide, isolated patches, and highly concentrated areas of the tracers in the transmission zone. Soil moisture and tracer measurements revealed that the redistribution flow became fingered following a reversal of matric potential gradient within the wetted area. Regarding our simulation work, we succeeded to develop, implement and test a finite- difference, numerical scheme for solving the equations governing flow and transport in three-dimensional, heterogeneous, bimodal, flow domains with highly contrasting soil materials. Results of our simulations demonstrated that under steady-state flow conditions, the embedded clay lenses (with very low conductivity) in bimodal formations may induce preferential flow, and, consequently, may enhance considerably both the solute spreading and the skewing of the solute breakthrough curves. On the other hand, under transient flow conditions associated with substantial redistribution periods with diminishing water saturation, the effect of the embedded clay lenses on the flow and the transport might diminish substantially. Regarding our stochastic modeling effort, we succeeded to develop a theoretical framework for flow and transport in bimodal, heterogeneous, unsaturated formations, based on a stochastic continuum presentation of the flow and a general Lagrangian description of the transport. Results of our analysis show that, generally, a bimodal distribution of the formation properties, characterized by a relatively complex spatial correlation structure, contributes to the variability in water velocity and, consequently, may considerably enhance solute spreading. This applies especially in formations in which: (i) the correlation length scales and the variances of the soil properties associated with the embedded soil are much larger than those of the background soil; (ii) the contrast between mean properties of the two subdomains is large; (iii) mean water saturation is relatively small; and (iv) the volume fraction of the flow domain occupied by the embedded soil is relatively large.
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The in-situ decontamination of sand and gravel aquifers by chemically enhanced solubilization of multiple-compound DNAPLs with surfactant solutions: Phase 1 -- Laboratory and pilot field-scale testing and Phase 2 -- Solubilization test and partitioning and interwell tracer tests. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/676983.
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