Journal articles: 'FIELD EMISSION OF ELECTRONS'

1

Kim, H. Y., M. Garg, S. Mandal, L. Seiffert, T. Fennel, and E. Goulielmakis. "Attosecond field emission." Nature 613, no. 7945 (January 25, 2023): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05577-1.

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AbstractField emission of electrons underlies great advances in science and technology, ranging from signal processing at ever higher frequencies1 to imaging of the atomic-scale structure of matter2 with picometre resolution. The advancing of electron microscopy techniques to enable the complete visualization of matter on the native spatial (picometre) and temporal (attosecond) scales of electron dynamics calls for techniques that can confine and examine the field emission on sub-femtosecond time intervals. Intense laser pulses have paved the way to this end3,4 by demonstrating femtosecond confinement5,6 and sub-optical cycle control7,8 of the optical field emission9 from nanostructured metals. Yet the measurement of attosecond electron pulses has remained elusive. We used intense, sub-cycle light transients to induce optical field emission of electron pulses from tungsten nanotips and a weak replica of the same transient to directly investigate the emission dynamics in real time. Access to the temporal properties of the electron pulses rescattering off the tip surface, including the duration τ = (53 as ± 5 as) and chirp, and the direct exploration of nanoscale near fields open new prospects for research and applications at the interface of attosecond physics and nano-optics.

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Troyon, Michel, and He Ning Lei. "Electron Trajectories Calculations of an Energy - Filtering Field-Emission Gun." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 1 (August 12, 1990): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100179713.

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In many cases, the contribution of beam energy spread to the limitation of the performances of an electron microscope is strong. In the case of the field emission gun (FEG) , Troyon has experimentally shown it is possible to reduce considerably the energy spread by energy filtering at the gun level. The system developed consists basically of a magnetic FEG with a retarding electrode working as the retarding electrode of an energy filter. The principle is recalled in Fig. 1 and the cross section of the accelerator is given in Fig. 2. In this paper, the results of electron trajectories calculations inside the energy filtering field emission gun (EFFEG) are given.Fig. 3 shows that electrons of same energy, but entering the retarding field with different angles, can have exit angles very different. Due to the work function of approximately 4.5 eV the electrons, for an extracting potential Vo = 2 kV, enter in the field of the retarding electrode with an energy smaller than 2 keV. In Fig. 3 trajectories are computed for an electron of 1996 eV. Electrons passing by the nodal points have the same entering and exit angles. Trajectory 1 in Fig. 3 corresponds to an entering radius re = 17.5 μm and an entering semi angle αe = 1.2 mrad. For these re and αe values, at Vr =6 V, the exit semi angle αs = αe . Fig. 3 shows that an electron entering parallely to the axis, even very close to the axis (re = 10 μm) has a larger exit angle than electrons passing by the nodal points.

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Razin, A. V., and V. F. Kharlamov. "Field emission of cold electrons." Technical Physics 51, no. 5 (May 2006): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784206050185.

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Rathkey, Doug. "Field Emission Basics: The Water Bucket Analogy." Microscopy Today 3, no. 10 (December 1995): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500065706.

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In the water bucket analogy (Figure 1), the water level in a bucket represents the Fermi level - the highest occupied energy level in the cathode material. The work function is the energy required to get the “water droplets” (electrons) from the top of the liquid out of the bucket and ever the side (i.e., the distance equivalent to the potential energy barrier).In photoemission, the energy of a photon can remove an electron at the Fermi level from the cathode material and can impart enough kinetic energy of travel to allow it to escape from the bucket (Figure 1a). In thermionic emission, heat provides the energy to boil the electrons off and out of the bucket (Figure 1b). Finally, in field emission, a high electric field can thin the side of the bucket enough so that the electrons can tunnel right through it (Figure 1c). There are two types of field emission: cold field emission (CFE) and Schottky emission (SE).

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Jung, Hyuck, Duck-Jin Lee, Hyun-Tae Chun, Nam-Je Koh, Young Rae Cho, and Dong-Gu Lee. "Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters for Display Applications Using Screen Printing." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1889.

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In this study, a 10"-sized panel with novel tetrode structure was tried to prevent broadening of electrons emitted from CNTs. The structure of the novel tetrode is composed of CNT emitters on a cathode electrode, a gate electrode, an extracting electrode coated on the top of a hopping electron spacer (HES), and an anode. HES contains funnel-shaped holes whose inner surfaces are coated with MgO. Electrons extracted through the gate are collected inside the funnel-shaped holes and hop along the hole surface to the top extracting electrode. The effects of HES on emission characteristics of field emission display (FED) were investigated. An active ozone treatment for the complete removal of residues of organic binders in the emitter devices was applied to the FED panel as a post-treatment

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SODHA, MAHENDRA SINGH, AMRIT DIXIT, and GYAN PRAKASH. "Effect of electric field emission on charging of dust particles in a plasma." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 2 (July 17, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990183.

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AbstractThe authors have considered the charging of spherical particles in a plasma, taking into account the electric field emission of electrons from the dust particles and the change in the electron/ion densities in the plasma. The dependence of the charge of a particle and electron/ion densities on the radius and number of dust particles and the density of electrons/ions and the temperature in the undisturbed plasma has been studied numerically without and with the inclusion of the electric field emission of electrons from the particles. It is seen that both the electric field emission and the electron/ion kinetics significantly affect the charging process.

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Клименко, Владимир, and Vladimir Klimenko. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-34201704.

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This paper presents the calculations of synchrotron radio emission intensity from Van Allen belts with Gaussian space distribution of electron density across L-shells of a dipole magnetic field, and with Maxwell’s relativistic electron energy distribution. The results of these calculations come to a good agreement with measurements of the synchrotron emission intensity of the artificial radiation belt’s electrons during the Starfish nuclear test. We have obtained two-dimensional distributions of radio brightness in azimuth — zenith angle coordinates for an observer on Earth’s surface. The westside and eastside intensity maxima exceed several times the maximum level of emission in the meridian plane. We have also constructed two-dimensional distributions of the radio emission intensity in decibels related to the background galactic radio noise level. Isotropic fluxes of relativistic electrons (E ~ 1 MeV) should be more than 107 cm–2s–1 for the synchrotron emission intensity in the meridian plane to exceed the cosmic noise level by 0.1 dB (riometer sensitivity threshold).

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KOMIRENKO, S. M., K. W. KIM, V. A. KOCHELAP, and M. A. STROSCIO. "HIGH-FIELD ELECTRON TRANSPORT CONTROLLED BY OPTICAL PHONON EMISSION IN NITRIDES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 12, no. 04 (December 2002): 1057–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156402001927.

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We have investigated the problem of electron runaway at strong electric fields in polar semiconductors focusing on the nanoscale nitride-based heterostructures. A transport model which takes into account the main features of electrons injected in short devices under high electric fields is developed. The electron distribution as a function of the electron momenta and coordinate is analyzed. We have determined the critical field for the runaway regime and investigated this regime in detail. The electron velocity distribution over the device is studied at different fields. We have applied the model to the group-III nitrides: InN, GaN and AlN. For these materials, the basic parameters and characteristics of the high-field electron transport are obtained. We have found that the transport in the nitrides is always dissipative. However, in the runaway regime, energies and velocities of electrons increase with distance which results in average velocities higher than the peak velocity in bulk-like samples. We demonstrated that the runaway electrons are characterized by the extreme distribution function with the population inversion. A three-terminal heterostructure where the runaway effect can be detected and measured is proposed. We also have considered briefly different nitride-based small-feature-size devices where this effect can have an impact on the device performance.

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NISHIKAWA, K. I., J. NIMIEC, M. MEDVEDEV, B. ZHANG, P. HARDEE, Y. MIZUNO, Å. NORDLUND, et al. "RADIATION FROM RELATIVISTIC SHOCKS WITH TURBULENT MAGNETIC FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 19, no. 06 (June 2010): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271810016865.

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Using our new 3D relativistic electromagnetic particle (REMP) code parallelized with MPI, we investigated long-term particle acceleration associated with a relativistic electron–positron jet propagating in an unmagnetized ambient electron–positron plasma. We have also performed simulations with electron-ion jets. The simulations were performed using a much longer simulation system than our previous simulations in order to investigate the full nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability for electron–positron jets and its particle acceleration mechanism. Cold jet electrons are thermalized and ambient electrons are accelerated in the resulting shocks for pair plasma case. Acceleration of ambient electrons leads to a maximum ambient electron density three times larger than the original value for pair plasmas. Behind the bow shock in the jet shock strong electromagnetic fields are generated. These fields may lead to time-dependent afterglow emission. We calculated radiation from electrons propagating in a uniform parallel magnetic field to verify the technique. We also used the new technique to calculate emission from electrons based on simulations with a small system with two different cases for Lorentz factors (15 and 100). We obtained spectra which are consistent with those generated from electrons propagating in turbulent magnetic fields with red noise. This turbulent magnetic field is similar to the magnetic field generated at an early nonlinear stage of the Weibel instability.

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10

Rathkey, Doug. "Evolution and Comparison of Electron Sources." Microscopy Today 1, no. 4 (June 1993): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500067432.

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Over the years, we've seen major developments in electron source technologies in response to the demands for better performance. This article presents a brief overview of the cathode technologies in use today.Two types of electron sources are used in commercially available scanning electron microscopes (SEMs), transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), scanning Auger microprobes, and electron beam lithography systems: thermionic and field emission electron cathodes. Thermionic cathodes reiease electrons from the cathode material when they are heated while field emission cathodes rely on a high electric field to draw electrons from the cathode material.

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11

Petrin, A. B. "Thermionic field emission of electrons from metals and explosive electron emission from micropoints." Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics 109, no. 2 (August 2009): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063776109080184.

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12

AMEMIYA, H., B. M. ANNARATONE, and J. E. ALLEN. "The double sheath associated with electron emission into a plasma containing negative ions." Journal of Plasma Physics 60, no. 1 (August 1998): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377898006837.

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The double sheath formed by thermal electrons and negative ions in a plasma and electrons emitted from an electrode is investigated. The ion energy at the sheath edge and the electric field at the electrode surface are calculated for several values of the ratio of negative-ion density to electron density. The maximum beam density above which a virtual cathode appears is given. The relation to the Langmuir limit is shown. The numerical results for the electric potential, the electric field and the space charge density are presented. The floating potential is calculated from the current balance of all components.

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13

Mesyats, Gennady, Vladislav Rostov, Konstantin Sharypov, Valery Shpak, Sergey Shunailov, Michael Yalandin, and Nikolay Zubarev. "Emission Features and Structure of an Electron Beam versus Gas Pressure and Magnetic Field in a Cold-Cathode Coaxial Diode." Electronics 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020248.

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The structure of the emission surface of a cold tubular cathode and electron beam was investigated as a function of the magnetic field in the coaxial diode of the high-current accelerator. The runaway mode of magnetized electrons in atmospheric air enabled registering the instantaneous structure of activated field-emission centers at the cathode edge. The region of air pressure (about 3 Torr) was determined experimentally and via analysis, where the explosive emission mechanism of the appearance of fast electrons with energies above 100 keV is replaced by the runaway electrons in a gas.

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BOULWARE, C. H., J. D. JARVIS, H. L. ANDREWS, and C. A. BRAU. "NEEDLE CATHODES FOR HIGH-BRIGHTNESS BEAMS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 22 (September 10, 2007): 3784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07037421.

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At the tips of sharp needles, the surface electric field is enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This intensifies thermionic emission and photoemission of electrons through the Schottky effect, and reduces the effect of space charge. The increased current density improves the brightness of electron sources by orders of magnitude. In addition, at very high fields (>109 V/m ), field emission and photo-field emission produce very high current density. Arrays of needles can be used to achieve high total current.

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Tomilin O. B., Rodionova E. V., Rodin E.A., Poklonski N. A., Anikeyev I. I., and Ratkevich S. V. "Dependence of the energy of emission molecular orbitals in short open carbon nanotubes on the electric field." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 3 (2022): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.03.53191.201.

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On the examples of short open carbon nanotubes of armchair type (n,n), for n=3, 4, and zigzag (n,0), for n=5, 6, 7, the influence of the magnitude and direction of the external constant electric field vector on their field emission properties was studied. It is shown that the deviation of the field vector from the nanotube axis leads to an increase in the field strength to generate electron field emission. Emission orbitals in carbon nanotubes (n,n) found as a result of a new type of conjugation of p-electrons in cylindrical conjugated systems are more sensitive to a change in the direction of the electric field vector compared to emission orbitals in nanotubes (n,0). When the electric field vector deviates from the nanotube axis, the emission orbitals of carbon nanotubes change the less, the larger the nanotube diameter. Keywords: short open carbon nanotubes, field emission, conjugation of p-electrons, emission molecular orbital.

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Bell, David C., Anthony J. Garratt-Reed, and Linn W. Hobbs. "RDF Analysis of Radiation-Amorphized SiC using a field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 700–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760002362x.

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AbstractFast electrons are a particularly useful chemical and structural probe for the small sample volumes associated with ion- or fast electron-irradiation-induced amorphization, because of their much stronger interaction with matter than for X-rays or neutrons, and also because they can be readily focused to small probes. Three derivative signals are particularly rich in information: the angular distribution of scattered electrons (which is utilized in both diffraction and imaging studies); the energy loss spectrum of scattered electrons (electron energy loss spectroscopy, or EELS); and the emission spectrum of characteristic X-rays resulting from ionization energy losses (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, or EDXS). We have applied the first two to the study of three amorphized compounds (AIPO4, SiO2, SiC) using MIT's Vacuum Generators HB603 field-emission (FEG) scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), operating at 250 kV and equipped with a Gatan digital parallel-detection electron energy-loss spectrometer (digiPEELS).

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Liu, J. "Ultra-high resolution secondary electron imaging." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152306.

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The recent developments of the in-lens field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM) make it possible to image specimen surfaces with subnanometer resolution by collecting type I secondary electrons, with an incident electron probe size of about 0.5 nm in diameter. A resolution of the same order of magnitude has also been obtained in a STEM instrument with secondary electron signals. Both in-lens FESEM and STEM utilize field emission gun as electron beam source (high intensity and small probe size) and high excitation objective lenses to reduce abberations. The examined samples have to be positioned inside the objective pole-pieces. Thus the emitted secondary electrons will experience a strong magnetic field and spiral around the magnetic field lines (cyclotron orbit) before they are collected by the secondary electron detector. The radius and the pitch height of the cyclotron orbit depend on the secondary electron energy and the emission angle with respect to the magnetic field axis.

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SCHMERGE, J. F., J. E. CLENDENIN, D. H. DOWELL, and S. M. GIERMAN. "RF GUN PHOTO-EMISSION MODEL FOR METAL CATHODES INCLUDING TIME DEPENDENT EMISSION." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 23 (September 20, 2007): 4069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07037640.

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The quantum efficiency from a metal cathode is strongly dependent on the field at the cathode due to the Schottky effect. Since the field is time dependent the quantum efficiency is also time dependent. Thus the laser pulse shape used to generate electrons in a photocathode rf gun is not the same as the electron bunch shape. In addition since the thermal emittance and quantum efficiency are related, the thermal emittance is also time dependent.

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Knápek, Alexandr, Rashid Dallaev, Daniel Burda, Dinara Sobola, Mohammad M. Allaham, Miroslav Horáček, Pavel Kaspar, Milan Matějka, and Marwan S. Mousa. "Field Emission Properties of Polymer Graphite Tips Prepared by Membrane Electrochemical Etching." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071294.

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This paper investigates field emission behavior from the surface of a tip that was prepared from polymer graphite nanocomposites subjected to electrochemical etching. The essence of the tip preparation is to create a membrane of etchant over an electrode metal ring. The graphite rod acts here as an anode and immerses into the membrane filled with alkali etchant. After the etching process, the tip is cleaned and analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, investigating the chemical composition of the tip. The topography information is obtained using the Scanning Electron Microscopy and by Field Emission Microscopy. The evaluation and characterization of field emission behavior is performed at ultra-high vacuum conditions using the Field Emission Microscopy where both the field electron emission pattern projected on the screen and current–voltage characteristics are recorded. The latter is an essential tool that is used both for the imaging of the tip surfaces by electrons that are emitted toward the screen, as well as a tool for measuring current–voltage characteristics that are the input to test field emission orthodoxy.

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Fujimoto, Keizo. "Bursty emission of whistler waves in association with plasmoid collision." Annales Geophysicae 35, no. 4 (July 31, 2017): 885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-35-885-2017.

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Abstract. A new mechanism to generate whistler waves in the course of collisionless magnetic reconnection is proposed. It is found that intense whistler emissions occur in association with plasmoid collisions. The key processes are strong perpendicular heating of the electrons through a secondary magnetic reconnection during plasmoid collision and the subsequent compression of the ambient magnetic field, leading to whistler instability due to the electron temperature anisotropy. The emissions have a bursty nature, completing in a short time within the ion timescales, as has often been observed in the Earth's magnetosphere. The whistler waves can accelerate the electrons in the parallel direction, contributing to the generation of high-energy electrons. The present study suggests that the bursty emission of whistler waves could be an indicator of plasmoid collisions and the associated particle energization during collisionless magnetic reconnection.

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Wang, Yijun, Liuding Wang, and Cheng Yan. "Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotubes with Boron Doping and H2O Adsorption." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/404923.

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Gas adsorption and atom doping usually present when preparing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and can affect the field emission properties of carbon nanotubes. H2O molecule and boron atom are the most important adsorbates, respectively. Using ab-initio calculations, we have investigated the electron field emission performance of CNTs simultaneously adsorbed with one H2O molecule and doped with one boron atom (BCNT+H2O) in this paper. The results indicate that the electrons localize at the top of BCNT+H2O and the electronic density of states (DOS) around the Fermi level is enhanced obviously. It is expected that BCNT+H2O will be more propitious to the field emission of electrons based on the calculations of DOS, HOMO/LUMO, and Mulliken charge population.

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Razak, Faridah Abdul, and Roslan Md Nor. "Field Electron Emission from Electrophoretic Deposited MWCNT/ZnO Hybrid Film." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.183.

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Hybrid film of MWCNT/ZnO was prepared on the silver electrodes using electrophoresis deposition. A constant dc voltage of about 20V was applied to the electrodes and the MWCNT/ZnO was deposited on the surface of the anode electrode as a result. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to investigate the structure MWCNT/ZnO composite. The optical characterization was investigated by Raman Spectroscopy. The MWCNT film exhibits excellent field electron emission properties with high emission current densities, low threshold electric fields and good field emission stability.

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Chang, Wen-Teng, Hsu-Jung Hsu, and Po-Heng Pao. "Vertical Field Emission Air-Channel Diodes and Transistors." Micromachines 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10120858.

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Vacuum channel transistors are potential candidates for low-loss and high-speed electronic devices beyond complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS). When the nanoscale transport distance is smaller than the mean free path (MFP) in atmospheric pressure, a transistor can work in air owing to the immunity of carrier collision. The nature of a vacuum channel allows devices to function in a high-temperature radiation environment. This research intended to investigate gate location in a vertical vacuum channel transistor. The influence of scattering under different ambient pressure levels was evaluated using a transport distance of about 60 nm, around the range of MFP in air. The finite element model suggests that gate electrodes should be near emitters in vertical vacuum channel transistors because the electrodes exhibit high-drive currents and low-subthreshold swings. The particle trajectory model indicates that collected electron flow (electric current) performs like a typical metal oxide semiconductor field effect-transistor (MOSFET), and that gate voltage plays a role in enhancing emission electrons. The results of the measurement on vertical diodes show that current and voltage under reduced pressure and filled with CO2 are different from those under atmospheric pressure. This result implies that this design can be used for gas and pressure sensing.

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Swanson, L. W., and D. S. Rathkey. "A comparison of Schottky emission and cold field-emission cathodes." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100152422.

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We compare Schottky Emission (SE) and Cold Field Emission (CFE) cathodes with respect to emission characteristics and environmental factors. The CFE cathodes most commonly used are W<310> and a slightly oxidized W<100> used at room temperature. The SE cathode most commonly used is a ZrO coated W<100> emitter which has a localized work function of 2.8 ±0.2 eV on the <100> plane.In terms of emission mechanism, SE and CFE represent two extremes of a continuous change in surface electric field strength F and temperature T of a pointed cathode. The primary difference between a SE and CFE cathode is F, T, and energy distribution as shown in Fig. 1. TheSE cathode emission distribution contains mostly non-tunneling electrons terminated on the low energy side by the work function barrier. In contrast, the CFE emission distribution is defined by tunneling electrons terminated on the high energy side near the Fermi level of the metal.

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Kfir, Ofer, Valerio Di Giulio, F. Javier García de Abajo, and Claus Ropers. "Optical coherence transfer mediated by free electrons." Science Advances 7, no. 18 (April 2021): eabf6380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6380.

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We theoretically investigate the quantum-coherence properties of the cathodoluminescence (CL) emission produced by a temporally modulated electron beam. Specifically, we consider the quantum-optical correlations of CL produced by electrons that are previously shaped by a laser field. Our main prediction is the presence of phase correlations between the emitted CL field and the electron-modulating laser, even though the emission intensity and spectral profile are independent of the electron state. In addition, the coherence of the CL field extends to harmonics of the laser frequency. Since electron beams can be focused to below 1 Å, their ability to transfer optical coherence could enable the ultra-precise excitation, manipulation, and spectrally resolved probing of nanoscale quantum systems.

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Mesyats, G. A., and N. M. Zubarev. "Runaway of electrons and initiation of explosive electron emission during pulse breakdown of high-pressure gases." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012035.

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Abstract We propose a scenario of the initiation of explosive electron emission on the boundary of the electrode and a high-pressure gas. According to this scenario, positive ions are formed due to the gas ionization by field-emission electrons and accumulated in the vicinity of protrusions of micron size at the cathode. The distance between the ion cloud and the emitting surface decreases with increasing pressure which results in a growth of the local field. As a consequence, an explosive growth of the emission current density occurs for a dense gas (the gas with the pressure of tens of atm). As a result, explosive-emission centers can be formed in dozens of ps. These centers give a start to plasma channels expanding towards the anode. Runaway electron flow generated near the channel heads ionizes the gas gap, causing its subnanosecond breakdown.

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NISHIKAWA, K. I., Y. MIZUNO, G. J. FISHMAN, and P. HARDEE. "PARTICLE ACCELERATION, MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATION, AND ASSOCIATED EMISSION IN COLLISIONLESS RELATIVISTIC JETS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 17, no. 10 (September 2008): 1761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271808013388.

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Nonthermal radiation observed from astrophysical systems containing relativistic jets and shocks, e.g., active galactic nuclei (AGNs), gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), and galactic microquasar systems usually have power-law emission spectra. Recent PIC simulations using injected relativistic electron-ion (electron-positron) jets show that acceleration occurs within the downstream jet. Shock acceleration is an ubiquitous phenomenon in astrophysical plasmas. Plasma waves and their associated instabilities (e.g., the Buneman instability, other two-streaming instability, and the Weibel instability) created in the shocks are responsible for particle (electron, positron, and ion) acceleration. The simulation results show that the Weibel instability is responsible for generating and amplifying highly nonuniform, small-scale magnetic fields. These magnetic fields contribute to the electrons' transverse deflection behind the jet head. The "jitter" radiation from deflected electrons has different properties to synchrotron radiation which assumes a uniform magnetic field. This jitter radiation may be important to understanding the complex time evolution and/or spectral structure in gamma-ray bursts, relativistic jets, and supernova remnants.

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Клименко, Владимир, and Vladimir Klimenko. "Sky-distribution of intensity of synchrotron radio emission of relativistic electrons trapped in Earth’s magnetic field." Solnechno-Zemnaya Fizika 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2017): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/szf-34201704.

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This paper presents the calculations of synchrotron radio emission intensity from Van Allen belts with Gaussian space distribution of electron density across L-shells of a dipole magnetic field, and with Maxwell’s relativistic electron energy distribution. The results of these calculations come to a good agreement with measurements of the synchrotron emission intensity of the artificial radiation belt’s electrons during the Starfish nuclear test. We have obtained two-dimensional distributions of radio brightness in azimuth — zenith angle coordinates for an observer on Earth’s surface. The westside and eastside intensity maxima exceed several times the maximum level of emission in the meridian plane. We have also constructed two-dimensional distributions of the radio emission intensity in decibels related to the background galactic radio noise level. Isotropic fluxes of relativistic electrons (E ~ 1 MeV) should be more than 107 cm–2s–1 for the synchrotron emission intensity in the meridian plane to exceed the cosmic noise level by 0.1 dB (riometer sensitivity threshold).

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BRATANOVSKII, Sergei, Yerdos AMANKULOV, and Ilya MEDVEDEV. "MULTI-POINTED FIELD-EMISSION CATHODE AS A GENERATOR OF HIGHFREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS." Periódico Tchê Química 17, no. 36 (December 20, 2020): 542–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.557_periodico36_pgs_542_553.pdf.

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Semiconductor field-emission cathodes have gained considerable popularity in modern radio electronics and electronic optics due to the high-power generation of the electron beam in the external electric field at temperatures close to the room ones. However, their wide application is restricted by the high dependence of the electron emission current on the value of the applied field and geometrical parameters of the cathode. This study aimed to examine the effect of resonance processes on amplifying the field emission of the multi-pointed semiconductor cathode. Modeling the behavior of resonant tunneling of electrons from semiconductors to vacuum was simulated by solving the one-dimensional Schrodinger’s equation, and the amplification due to resonant processes was estimated. The modeling results showed that as the electric field increases, the resonance conditions shift towards low energy levels. With the increase in the width of the barrier for the electron inside the solid body, the resonance conditions shift towards higher energies. It has been established that in onedimensional semiconductors with electrons of low conductivity width, the resonant energy coincides with the Fermi level. These cathode properties are optimal for amplifying the emission current and reducing failures of vacuum electronic devices based on semiconductive field cathodes. The proposed technique can be used to study the regularities of emission amplification due to resonant processes in multipoint semiconductor cathodes with multilayered structure and with metal tips.

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Melentev, G. A., N. A. Kostromin, M. Ya Vinnichenko, D. A. Firsov, and H. A. Sarkisyan. "Electron heating in GaN/AlGaN quantum well in a longitudinal electric field." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2227, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2227/1/012011.

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Abstract The heating of electrons under longitudinal optical phonon scattering in a triangular GaN/AlGaN quantum well was studied theoretically. The energy loss rate of electrons was calculated in consideration of the dynamical screening and the hot phonon effect. The dependence of the electron temperature on the longitudinal electric field was calculated. The integral terahertz emission of hot two-dimensional electrons was simulated. The role of coupled plasmon-phonon mode scattering in the GaN/AlGaN quantum well was discussed.

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Mesyats, G. A., and M. I. Yalandin. "Field emission and runaway electrons in dense gas." Doklady Physics 54, no. 2 (February 2009): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028335809020050.

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Sodha, M. S., A. Dixit, and S. Srivastava. "Photoelectric field emission of electrons: Photon assisted tunneling." Applied Physics Letters 94, no. 25 (June 22, 2009): 251501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3158595.

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Hata, Koichi, Ryuichi Ohya, Satoshi Nishigaki, Hifumi Tamura, and Tamotsu Noda. "Stable Field Emission of Electrons from Liquid Metal." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, Part 2, No. 6 (June 20, 1987): L896—L898. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.26.l896.

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Sodha, Mahendra Singh, and Amrit Dixit. "Field emission of electrons from cylindrical metallic surfaces." Journal of Applied Physics 104, no. 8 (October 15, 2008): 084908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3003527.

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Zhang, H., J. Tang, Q. Zhang, G. Zhao, G. Yang, J. Zhang, O. Zhou, and L. C. Qin. "Field Emission of Electrons from Single LaB6 Nanowires." Advanced Materials 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2006): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200500508.

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MAO, JIRONG. "GRB PROMPT EMISSION: TURBULENCE, MAGNETIC FIELD AND JITTER RADIATION." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 08 (January 2012): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512004643.

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The jitter radiation, which is the emission of relativistic electrons in the random and small-scale magnetic field, is utilized to investigate the high-energy emission of gamma-ray bursts. We produce the random and small-scale magnetic field using turbulent scenario. The electrons can be accelerated by stochastic acceleration. We also estimate the acceleration and cooling timescales, aiming to identify the validation of jitter regime under the GRB fireball framework. The possible maximum energy of electrons in our case is estimated as well.

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Chang, Wen-Teng, Ming-Chih Cheng, Tsung-Ying Chuang, and Ming-Yen Tsai. "Field Emission Air-Channel Devices as a Voltage Adder." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (November 29, 2020): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122378.

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Field emission air-channel (FEAC) devices can work under atmospheric pressure with a low operation voltage when the electron channel is far less than the mean free path (MFP) in the air, thereby making them a practical component in circuits. Forward and reverse electron emissions of the current FEAC devices demonstrated symmetric Fowler–Nordheim (F–N) plots owing to the symmetric cathode and anode electrodes. This research aimed to demonstrate the arithmetic application of the FEAC devices, their substrate effect, and reliability. A voltage adder was composed of two FEAC devices whose two inputs were connected to two separate function generators, and one output was wire-connected to an oscilloscope. The devices were on a thin dielectric film and low-resistivity silicon substrate to evaluate the parasitic components and substrate effect, resulting in frequency-dependent impedance. The results show that the FEAC devices possessed arithmetic function, but the output voltage decreased. The FEAC devices were still capable of serving as a voltage adder after the reliability test, but electric current leakage increased. Finite element analysis indicated that the highest electrical fields and electron trajectories occur at the apices where the electrons travel with the shortest route less than the MFP in the air, thereby meeting the FEAC devices’ design. The modeling also showed that a sharp apex would generate a high electric field at the tip-gap-tip, enhancing the tunneling current.

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Zanin, D. A., L. G. De Pietro, Q. Peter, A. Kostanyan, H. Cabrera, A. Vindigni, Th Bähler, D. Pescia, and U. Ramsperger. "Thirty per cent contrast in secondary-electron imaging by scanning field-emission microscopy." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2195 (November 2016): 20160475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0475.

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We perform scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) in a regime where primary electrons are field-emitted from the tip and excite secondary electrons out of the target—the scanning field-emission microscopy regime (SFM). In the SFM mode, a secondary-electron contrast as high as 30% is observed when imaging a monoatomic step between a clean W(110)- and an Fe-covered W(110)-terrace. This is a figure of contrast comparable to STM. The apparent width of the monoatomic step attains the 1 nm mark, i.e. it is only marginally worse than the corresponding width observed in STM. The origin of the unexpected strong contrast in SFM is the material dependence of the secondary-electron yield and not the dependence of the transported current on the tip–target distance, typical of STM: accordingly, we expect that a technology combining STM and SFM will highlight complementary aspects of a surface while simultaneously making electrons, selected with nanometre spatial precision, available to a macroscopic environment for further processing.

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Steigerwald, Michael D. G. "Ultra Low Voltage BSE Imaging." Microscopy Today 11, no. 6 (December 2003): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500053414.

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LEO's field emission scanning electron microscopes are all based an the “GEMINI” principle as shown in figure 1. In order to reduce aberrations and sensitivity to interfering stray-fields the electron optical column possesses a positively biased booster that shifts the energy of the primary electrons. The incident beam is focussed by a combination of a magnetic lens with an axial gap that avoids field leakage to the specimen and an electrostatic retarding lens formed by the beam booster together with the grounded pole piece cap. Shortly before the electrons hit the specimen they are decelerated down to the desired primary energy.

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Hu, Jiaming, Baodong Bai, and Dezhi Chen. "Effect of different vacuum on field emission of carbon nanotube arrays." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209378.

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In this paper, the electron-molecule collision ionization is added to field emission under non-vacuum conditions, and the change of emission current caused by vacuum adjustment in field emission of carbon nanotubes is explained. The field emission current density equation under non-vacuum conditions is established. Through the theoretical analysis and the processing of experimental data, it can be concluded that when other variables are controlled unchanged, the change of pressure will affect the concentration of gas molecules in the air and the collision probability with electrons, then the density of emission current is changed. The study has a certain reference value for the application of field emission in low vacuum and atmospheric pressure.

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Tonomura, Akira. "1-MV Field Emission Electron Microscope and Its Applications." e-Journal of Surface Science and Nanotechnology 2 (2004): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/ejssnt.2004.17.

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Storey, Michelle C., and R. G. Hewitt. "Quiescent Non-thermal Radio Emission from Stellar Systems." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 12, no. 2 (August 1995): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323358000020233.

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AbstractNon-thermal radio emission has been detected from dMe stars, RS CVn binaries and W T Tauri stars. Polarisation and intensity measurements of the quiescent (i.e. non-flaring) emission indicate that the emission is gyrosynchrotron emission from mildly relativistic electrons spiralling in a magnetic field. A three-dimensional dipole magnetic field model for the stellar field is presented and the quiescent gyrosynchrotron emission from such a model is calculated and compared with observations. The model can account for many phenomenological features of quiescent emission. Quantitative comparisons of model results with observations indicate that the electron distribution in the emission region may be a magnetic mirroring distribution.

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Kim, J. H., Seung Joon Ahn, Chul Geun Park, Ho Seob Kim, Dae Wook Kim, and Seung Joon Ahn. "Stability Enhancement for Cold Field Emitter for Reliable Operation of the Micro-Column System." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 829–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.829.

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Recently, the micro-column has been intensively studied as a potential candidate for next-generation lithography with high-throughput capability. The micro-column has a simple structure with an electron emitter, micro-lenses, a double octupole deflector, and an Einzel lens. The structure and performance of the micro-column are dependent on the characteristics of the electron emitter. The electron emitter should have several prerequisites such as stable emission of electrons, high brightness and long lifetime. It is also necessary for the emitted electrons to have sufficiently low kinetic energy, which can be achieved by using a very sharp emission tip. In this work, we made an extremely sharp tip by electro-chemically etching the tungsten wire in 10 % KOH solution. From the Fowler-Nordheim plot, the effective radius of the tip was found to be as small as ~12 nm, which is consistent with the value measured by SEM. We also discovered that the stability of emission can be enhanced very much through thermal treatment of the tip end by irradiating the Nd:YAG laser pulse

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Karnik, Madhuri, Amitabha Ghosh, and Rajiv Shekhar. "The Mechanism of Electrochemical Discharge (ECD)." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.295.

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The paper proposes mechanism of electrochemical discharge ECD based on the results of experiments in stagnant electrolyte cell (SEC). The experiments conducted in SEC have demonstrated that the physical characteristics of ECD, instantaneous current wave form (ICWF) in the cell at the time of discharge and voltage gradient developed near the tip of the discharging electrode are polarity dependant. It has been also observed that the formation of gas-vapour sheath round the tip of electrode is the benchmark leading to the discharge. Hence, an attempt has been made to suggest the polarity dependant ionization processes that can take place in the gas-vapour sheath near the discharging electrode, assuming that the ionic processes taking place at the electrodes in an electrochemical cell do not change at the time of discharge. The emission of electrons can take place from the surface of cathode due to either the field emission or thermionic emission (since the temperature of cathode shoots up in the film boiling regime) or by positive ion impact. The field ionization of gas molecules in the sheath formed around the anode tip can take place leading to tunneling of electrons from neutral gas molecules under the action of high electric field (2-51010V/m) [1] into the surface of the anode.

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Pavlov, V. G. "Effect of the space charge of emitted electrons on field electron emission." Technical Physics 49, no. 12 (December 2004): 1610–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1841412.

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Liu, Shu Yang, and Zhi Hong Han. "Study on the Wear in the EDM Based on the Field Emission Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 3750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.3750.

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Based on the analysis of the sputtering power of field-emission electrons which hit on the end surface of positive electrode, the wear mechanism of electrode materials was studied during positive EDM process The theoretical prediction equations of maximum and minimum electrode wear rate were deduced respectively in this paper.

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GUSHENETS, V. I., E. M. OKS, G. YU YUSHKOV, and N. G. REMPE. "Current status of plasma emission electronics: I. Basic physical processes." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 2 (April 2003): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034603212027.

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This paper reviews the physical phenomena that accompany the emission of electrons and ions from plasma. The development of plasma emission electronics as an independent research field is closely associated with the name of its founder, Professor Kreindel Yu. E. The well-known advantages of plasma electron emitters (plasma cathodes) are the higher emission current density, the pulsed emission capability, and the wider range of residual gas pressures. A peculiar property of the plasma cathode is the possibility of extracting practically all electrons from plasma. The parameters of an ion and electron beam extracted from plasma carry information about the physical processes occurring in the plasma. This makes it possible to invoke emission methods to study the fundamental phenomena that take place in plasma of vacuum arc and low-pressures gas discharges.

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Arkhipov, Alexander, Sergey Davydov, Pavel Gabdullin, Nikolay Gnuchev, Alexandr Kravchik, and Svyatoslav Krel. "Field-Induced Electron Emission from Nanoporous Carbons." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/190232.

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Influence of fabrication technology on field electron emission properties of nanoporous carbon (NPC) was investigated. Samples of NPC derived from different carbides via chlorination at different temperatures demonstrated similar low-field emission ability with threshold electric field 2-3 V/μm. This property correlated with presence of nanopores with characteristic size 0.5–1.2 nm, determining high values of specific surface area (>800 m2/g) of the material. In most cases, current characteristics of emission were approximately linear in Fowler-Nordheim coordinates (excluding a low-current part near the emission threshold), but the plots’ slope angles were in notable disagreement with the known material morphology and electronic properties, unexplainable within the frames of the classical emission theory. We suggest that the actual emission mechanism for NPC involves generation of hot electrons at internal boundaries and that emission centers may be associated with relatively large (20–100 nm) onion-like particles observed in many microscopic images. Such particles can serve two functions: to provide additional “internal” enhancement of the electric field and to inhibit relaxation of hot charge carriers due to the “phonon bottleneck” effect.

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Fitting, H. J., E. Schreiber, and I. A. Glavatskikh. "Monte Carlo Modeling of Electron Scattering in Nonconductive Specimens." Microscopy and Microanalysis 10, no. 6 (December 2004): 764–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927604040735.

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Very low energy electrons in a solid should behave like Bloch electrons and will interact with perturbations of the atomic lattice, that is, with phonons. So we use the acoustic phonon scattering for replacing the elastic binary encounter approximation of the Mott scattering for electrons with low energies E < 100 eV. For ballistic electrons (1 eV < E < Eg) and higher energies up to 1 keV we determined the acoustic phonon scattering and the impact ionization rate by means of the “backscattering-versus-range” proof and respective η(E0) − R(E0) diagrams. Electron trajectories demonstrate the relatively short range of primary electrons (PE) with energies E > 50 eV due to strong impact ionization losses (cascading) and the much greater range of secondary electrons (SE) with E < 50 eV, finally as a consequence of less effective phonon losses. The field-dependent transport parameters allow us to model the self-consistent charge transport and charging-up of insulating SiO2 layers during electron bombardment maintained by the current components of primary electrons jPE, secondary electrons jSE, and associated ballistic holes jBH, as well as by Fowler–Nordheim field injection jFN from the substrate. The resulting distributions of currents j(x,t), charges ρ(x,t), electric fields F(x,t), and the potential V(x,t) across the dielectric layer explain the phenomena of field-enhanced and field-blocked secondary electron emission with rates δ [gel ] 1.

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Carley, Eoin P., Nicole Vilmer, Paulo J. A. Simões, and Brían Ó Fearraigh. "Estimation of a coronal mass ejection magnetic field strength using radio observations of gyrosynchrotron radiation." Astronomy & Astrophysics 608 (December 2017): A137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731368.

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Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large eruptions of plasma and magnetic field from the low solar corona into interplanetary space. These eruptions are often associated with the acceleration of energetic electrons which produce various sources of high intensity plasma emission. In relatively rare cases, the energetic electrons may also produce gyrosynchrotron emission from within the CME itself, allowing for a diagnostic of the CME magnetic field strength. Such a magnetic field diagnostic is important for evaluating the total magnetic energy content of the CME, which is ultimately what drives the eruption. Here, we report on an unusually large source of gyrosynchrotron radiation in the form of a type IV radio burst associated with a CME occurring on 2014-September-01, observed using instrumentation from the Nançay Radio Astronomy Facility. A combination of spectral flux density measurements from the Nançay instruments and the Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN) from 300 MHz to 5 GHz reveals a gyrosynchrotron spectrum with a peak flux density at ~1 GHz. Using this radio analysis, a model for gyrosynchrotron radiation, a non-thermal electron density diagnostic using the Fermi Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) and images of the eruption from the GOES Soft X-ray Imager (SXI), we were able to calculate both the magnetic field strength and the properties of the X-ray and radio emitting energetic electrons within the CME. We find the radio emission is produced by non-thermal electrons of energies >1 MeV with a spectral index of δ ~ 3 in a CME magnetic field of 4.4 G at a height of 1.3 R⊙, while the X-ray emission is produced from a similar distribution of electrons but with much lower energies on the order of 10 keV. We conclude by comparing the electron distribution characteristics derived from both X-ray and radio and show how such an analysis can be used to define the plasma and bulk properties of a CME.

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Journal articles on the topic 'FIELD EMISSION OF ELECTRONS'

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