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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Field effects in chemistry

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Academic literature on the topic 'Field effects in chemistry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Field effects in chemistry"

1

Rodgers, Christopher T. "Magnetic field effects in chemical systems." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-18.

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Chemical reactions that involve radical intermediates can be influenced by magnetic fields, which act to alter their rate, yield, or product distribution. These effects have been studied extensively in liquids, solids, and constrained media such as micelles. They may be interpreted using the radical pair mechanism (RPM). Such effects are central to the field of spin chemistry of which there have been several detailed and extensive reviews. This review instead presents an introductory account of the field of spin chemistry, suitable for use by graduate students or researchers who are new to the area. It proceeds by giving a brief historical overview of the development of spin chemistry, before introducing the essential theory. This is then illustrated by application to a series of recent developments in solution-phase magnetic field effects (MFEs). The closing pages of this review describe the role played by spin chemistry in the remarkable magnetic compass sense of birds and other animals.

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Dittrich, B., E. Sze, J. J. Holstein, C. B. Hübschle, and D. Jayatilaka. "Crystal-field effects inL-homoserine: multipolesversusquantum chemistry." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 68, no. 4 (May 1, 2012): 435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767312013001.

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Sievert, Thorbjörn, Hannu Ylönen, James D. Blande, Amélie Saunier, Dave van der Hulst, Olga Ylönen, and Marko Haapakoski. "Bank vole alarm pheromone chemistry and effects in the field." Oecologia 196, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04977-w.

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AbstractChemical communication plays an important role in mammalian life history decisions. Animals send and receive information based on body odour secretions. Odour cues provide important social information on identity, kinship, sex, group membership or genetic quality. Recent findings show, that rodents alarm their conspecifics with danger-dependent body odours after encountering a predator. In this study, we aim to identify the chemistry of alarm pheromones (AP) in the bank vole, a common boreal rodent. Furthermore, the vole foraging efficiency under perceived fear was measured in a set of field experiments in large outdoor enclosures. During the analysis of bank vole odour by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we identified that 1-octanol, 2-octanone, and one unknown compound as the most likely candidates to function as alarm signals. These compounds were independent of the vole’s sex. In a field experiment, voles were foraging less, i.e. they were more afraid in the AP odour foraging trays during the first day, as the odour was fresh, than in the second day. This verified the short lasting effect of volatile APs. Our results clarified the chemistry of alarming body odour compounds in mammals, and enhanced our understanding of the ecological role of AP and chemical communication in mammals.

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van der Est, Art. "Spin and Magnetic Field Effects in Chemistry and Related Phenomena." Applied Magnetic Resonance 38, no. 2 (April 7, 2010): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00723-010-0131-2.

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Mel'nichenko, G. N., V. A. Nazarenko, and V. A. Pokrovskii. "Migration effects in field ionization." Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry 24, no. 4 (1989): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00535115.

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Maltby, Lorraine, and G. Allen Burton, Jr. "FIELD-BASED EFFECTS MEASURES." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, no. 9 (2006): 2261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/06-267.1.

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Nascimento, Marcelo G., and Marco Antonio Bueno Filho. "ANALYSING EXPERIENCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TEACHERS’ TEACHING PLANS AND TASK PERFORMANCES BASED ON THE THEORY OF CONCEPTUAL FIELDS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 67, no. 1 (October 25, 2015): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/15.67.81.

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This research analyses two experienced Organic Chemistry teachers’ teaching plans and task performances. The recorded audiovisual interviews were analyzed with computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS). Based on the Theory of Conceptual Fields, the teachers used an energetic-structural resolution approach characterized by the simultaneous use of structural field (SCF) and thermodynamics (TCF) articulated electronegativity, polar covalent bond, steric effects, inductive effects, resonance, aromaticity and stereochemistry. The development of the lesson plans indicated more emphasis to the structural field (SCF). The performance schemes of Organic Chemistry Tasks were not reflected into the lesson plans. Lesson planning knowledge that is subtly dependent on a teacher’s career often has an implicit impact on the mobilization of the schemes. Key words: Theory of Conceptual Fields, organic chemistry teachers, teaching planning.

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PHILLIPS, M. L. F., W. T. A. HARRISON, G. D. STUCKY, E. M. III MCCARRON, J. C. CALABRESE, and T. E. GIER. "ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Substitution Chemistry in the KTiOPO4 Structure Field." ChemInform 23, no. 17 (August 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199217010.

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Lin, Chien C., F. R. Smith, and R. L. Cowan. "Effects of hydrogen water chemistry on radiation field buildup in BWRs." Nuclear Engineering and Design 166, no. 1 (October 1996): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(96)01196-x.

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Emmons, Howard W. "Analysing far field effects." Fire Safety Journal 12, no. 3 (December 1987): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(87)90004-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Field effects in chemistry"

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Kay, C. W. M. "Magnetic field effects in chemistry and biology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334813.

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Yang, Nan. "Molecules in Sculpted Fields: Magnetic Field Effects and Multipole Transitions." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10684.

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This thesis describes work related to the theme of sculpted electromagnetic fields - engineered fields with particular spatial patterns - and their interactions with molecules. We are motivated by the following questions: what are ways of detecting spatial patterns in electromagnetic fields? What are possible applications of spatially engineered fields? Are there molecular transitions that are dark to plane waves but that can be probed by sculpted fields? The first part of this thesis is in the area of magnetic field effects in chemistry. We focus on magnetic field modulated fluorescence, which provides a convenient method for imaging magnetic field strength. We proposed and demonstrated a fluorescence technique that allows imaging through strongly scattering media. We achieve this by exploiting the fact that most materials do not scatter magnetic field. This allows us to project a magnetic field pattern beyond the scattering surface. The magnetic field dependent fluorescence then allows us to map out the object of interest. We constructed a setup that demonstrates 2D imaging using this technique. We synthesized new molecular systems to enhance the sensitivity to magnetic field. We characterized and compared these molecules with steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, transient fluorescence and transient absorption measurements. The results reveal patterns that point to directions for engineering chemical systems to further enhance their magnetic field sensing properties. The second portion of this thesis is a theoretical study of the molecular multipole transitions and their couplings to local electromagnetic quantities. Using a semiclassical approach, we performed a multipole expansion of molecular transitions driven by monochromatic radiation. We derived the local electromagnetic quantities that couple to different multipole transitions and observables such as circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism. It was observed that certain transitions are dark to plane waves, but could be probed by simple spatial arrangements such as superpositions of plane waves. Experiments for their detection are also proposed.
Engineering and Applied Sciences

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Timmel, Christiane Renate. "Magnetic field effects on radical pair reactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267955.

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Rodgers, Christopher T. "Magnetic field effects in chemical systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:f5878b88-c5ba-4cbd-83af-857431aef66e.

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Magnetic fields influence the rate and/or yield of chemical reactions that proceed via spin correlated radical pair intermediates. The field of spin chemistry centres around the study of such magnetic field effects (MFEs). This thesis is particularly concerned with the effects of the weak magnetic fields B₀ ~ 1mT relevant in the ongoing debates on the mechanism by which animals sense the geomagnetic field and on the putative health effects of environmental electromagnetic fields. Relatively few previous studies have dealt with such weak magnetic fields. This thesis presents several new theoretical tools and applies them to interpret experimental measurements. Chapter 1 surveys the development and theory of spin chemistry. Chapter 2 introduces the use of Tikhonov and Maximum Entropy Regularisation methods as a new means of analysing MARY field effect data. These are applied to recover details of the diffusive motion of reacting pyrene and N,N-dimethylaniline radicals. Chapter 3 gives a fresh derivation and appraisal of an approximate, semiclassical approach to MFEs. Monte Carlo calculations allow the elucidation of several "rules of thumb" for interpreting MFE data. Chapter 4 discusses recent optically-detected zero-field EPR measurements, adapting the gamma-COMPUTE algorithm from solid state NMR for their interpretation. Chapter 5 explores the role of RF polarisation in producing MFEs. The breakdown in weak fields of the familiar rotating frame approximation is analysed. Chapter 6 reviews current knowledge and landmark experiments in the area of animal magnetoreception. The origins of the sensitivity of European robins Erithacus rubecula to the Earth’s magnetic field are given particular attention. In Chapter 7, Schulten and Ritz’s hypothesis that avian magnetoreception is founded on a radical pair mechanism (RPM) reaction is appraised through calculations in model systems. Chapter 8 introduces quantitative methods of analysing anisotropic magnetic field effects using spherical harmonics. Chapter 9 considers recent observations that European robins may sometimes be disoriented by minuscule RF fields. These are shown to be consistent with magnetoreception via a radical pair with no (effective) magnetic nuclei in one of the radicals.

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Evans, Christopher Riche. "Triplet derived radical pairs in micelles: Decay kinetics and magnetic field effects." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/21399.

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Hamilton, Clive A. "Effects of magnetic and microwave fields on chemical reactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236269.

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Sheppard, Dean. "Cavity-enhanced detection of biologically relevant magnetic field effects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:69a41655-de81-499d-81fb-e27c3b69280d.

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Magnetoreception is the ability of some animals to use the weak magnetic field of the Earth for navigation over long-distance migrations. It is a well-known phenomenon, but its underlying biophysical mechanisms remain poorly understood. One proposal involves light-induced, magnetically sensitive chemical reactions occurring within cryptochrome proteins, rationalised via the radical pair mechanism (Chapter 1). The absence of evidence in support of this hypothesis is in part due to the lack of sufficiently sensitive techniques to measure magnetic field effects (MFEs) in biological samples. Cavity-enhanced detection, most commonly in the form of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) or cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS), is widely used in the gas phase to provide significant sensitivity gains over traditional single-pass measurements (Chapter 2). However, successful studies in the condensed phase are less prevalent due to the additional background losses inherent to the sample. This thesis reports on the application of broadband (i.e. monitoring > 100nm) variants of CRDS and CEAS to the study of MFEs on the radical recombination reactions of flavin-based systems in solution. The broadband CRDS (BBCRDS) instrument employed in Chapter 4 is able to monitor the spectral changes induced by magnetic fields with submicrosecond time resolution. However, the need to scan both the probe wavelength and time delay to construct time-resolved spectra leads to prohibitively long acquisition times, and hence exposure of sensitive samples to high numbers of photons. The broadband CEAS (BBCEAS) studies reported in Chapter 5 combine the high irradiance and spectral coverage of a supercontinuum radiation (SCR) source with a CCD detector to simultaneously acquire absorption spectra across the visible region (480â700nm). The CW nature of this technique precludes the possibility of following radical pair kinetics in real time. In an effort to combine the respective advantages of these two instruments, which individually have represented powerful advances in capability, a new cavity-enhanced technique is reported for the first time (Chapter 6). The result, optical cavity-enhanced transient absorption spectroscopy (OCTAS), is able to simultaneously monitor spectral evolution and associated MFEs on the microsecond timescale, with comparable sensitivity to the existing techniques. Magnetic responses in animal cryptochrome proteins have successfully been recorded using all three techniques, lending considerable weight to the hypothesis that these molecules are at the heart of the magnetic sense in animals.

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Curtis, Ailsa F. "A theoretical study of magnetic field effects on radical recombination reactions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249386.

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Hontz, Eric Richard. "Electronic processes in organic optoelectronics : insights gained through modeling and magnetic field effects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/98794.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Physical Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 185-232).
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are organic optoelectronics offering a number of unique benefits that may play an important role in the future of clean energy generation and efficient energy consumption. In this thesis, we explore key electronic processes in OPVs and OLEDs, with a major focus on quantum-mechanical kinetic modeling of magnetic field effects (MFEs) that probe underlying subprocesses. Certain organics are capable of dividing excited states in a process termed singlet fission, which can increase the maximum theoretical efficiency of an OPV by a factor of nearly 1/3. The MFEs on photocurrent measurements from our collaborators are combined with theoretical models to determine optimal device architectures for singlet fission OPVs, allowing us to exceed the conventional limit of one electron per photon. We also use MFEs to determine the spin of charge transfer states most efficient at generating photocurrent and demonstrate microscopic insight into the mechanism of their diffusion, offering new design principles for the engineering of donor-acceptor interfaces in OPVs. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is becoming an increasingly important OLED technology that extracts light from non-emissive triplet states via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) to the bright singlet state. We use MFEs to prove a rather surprising finding that in TADF materials composed of donor-acceptor bends, the electron-hole distance fluctuates as a function of time, resulting in spontaneous cycling between states that are advantageous to fluorescence at one moment and then advantageous to RISC at another. Combined with additional topics in the fields of metal organic frameworks and reaction pathfinding methods, the work in this thesis provides insight into how to achieve optimal performance in OPV and OLED devices, which may serve an important role in the future of our energy landscape.
by Eric Richard Hontz.
Ph. D. in Physical Chemistry

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Pinkerton, Tim D. "Fundamental studies of the effect of electric fields on water-surface chemistry /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9900.

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Books on the topic "Field effects in chemistry"

1

Introduction to dynamic spin chemistry: Magnetic field effects on chemical and biochemical reactions. Singapore: World Scientific, 2004.

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Pierret, Robert F. Field effect devices. 2nd ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1990.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Organic Field Effect Transistors: Theory, Fabrication and Characterization. Boston, MA: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 2009.

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Bergveld, P. Analytical and biomedical applications of ion-selective field-effect transistors. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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Brown, Craig J. Aquifer geochemistry and effects of pumping on ground-water quality at the Green Belt Parkway Well Field, Holbrook, Long Island, New York. Coram, N.Y: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Russia) International Symposium on Magnetic Field and Spin Effects in Chemistry and Related Phenomena (4th 1996 Novosibirsk. IV International Symposium on Magnetic Field and Spin Effects in Chemistry and Related Phenomena, Novosibirsk, Russia, August 18-23, 1996: Abstracts and program. Novosibirsk, Russia: The Center, 1996.

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Borchardt, John K., and Teh Fu Yen, eds. Oil-Field Chemistry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0396.

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Stereoelectronic effects. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Buncel, E. Solvent effects in chemistry. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2015.

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Balasubramanian, Krishnan. Relativistic effects in chemistry. New York: Wiley, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Field effects in chemistry"

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Morrison, C. A. "Miscellaneous Crystal-Field Effects." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 143–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93376-9_15.

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Morrison, C. A. "Crystal-Field Effects not yet Fully Incorporated." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 128–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-93376-9_14.

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Kopcewicz, Michał. "Radio Frequency Field-Induced Effects in Ferromagnetic Materials." In Mössbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Inorganic Chemistry, 243–87. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2289-2_5.

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Klein, Barbara P., and Martha A. Raidl. "Use of Field-Pea Flours as Protein Supplements in Foods." In Plant Proteins: Applications, Biological Effects, and Chemistry, 19–31. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0312.ch003.

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Martín-Closas, Lluís, Joan Costa, and Ana M. Pelacho. "Agronomic Effects of Biodegradable Films on Crop and Field Environment." In Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 67–104. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54130-2_4.

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Zhang, Weifeng, and Gui Yu. "Organic Semiconductors for Field-Effect Transistors." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry, 51–164. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16862-3_3.

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Matta, Chérif F., and André D. Bandrauk. "CHAPTER 11. An Introduction to Laser-field Effects on Chemical Reactivity." In Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Series, 394–419. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839163043-00394.

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Van Duijnen, Piet Th, Marcel Swart, and Lasse Jensen. "The Discrete Reaction Field approach for calculating solvent effects." In Challenges and Advances in Computational Chemistry and Physics, 39–102. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8270-2_3.

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Iadonisi, G., V. Cataudella, and D. Ninno. "Polaronic Effects on Free and Harmonically Bound Electrons in Magnetic Field." In Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Low-Dimensional Structures, 99–110. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2419-2_7.

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Katagiri, Hiroshi. "Azulene-Based Materials for Organic Field-Effect Transistors." In Advances in Organic Crystal Chemistry, 341–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5085-0_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Field effects in chemistry"

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Ghiner, Alexandre V., and Gregory I. Surdutovich. "Discreteness and local-field effects in classical molecular optics." In ICONO '98: Laser Spectroscopy and Optical Diagnostics--Novel Trends and Applications in Laser Chemistry, Biophysics, and Biomedicine, edited by Andrey Y. Chikishev, Victor N. Zadkov, and Alexei M. Zheltikov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.340007.

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Ghiner, Alexandre V., and Antonio Jefersen de Deus Moreno. "Local-field effects in Raman spectroscopy of nonlinear organic crystals." In ICONO '98: Laser Spectroscopy and Optical Diagnostics--Novel Trends and Applications in Laser Chemistry, Biophysics, and Biomedicine, edited by Andrey Y. Chikishev, Victor N. Zadkov, and Alexei M. Zheltikov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.340008.

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Lin, C. S., M. Ma, J. P. Hsu, and C. Y. Quan. "A research of chimney effects of fire field in a parking tower fire." In 2017 5th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering (ICMMCCE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmcce-17.2017.205.

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Liu, Xinghui, and Faruk Civan. "Formation Damage by Fines Migration Including Effects of Filter Cake, Pore Compressibility, and Non-Darcy Flow - A Modeling Approach to Scaling From Core to Field." In SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28980-ms.

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Van Alsenoy, Christian, and Anik Peeters. "Ab initio studies of crystal field effects. IX. Structure of α-glycine and β-glycine using a 15-molecule cluster." In The first European conference on computational chemistry (E.C.C.C.1). AIP, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.47704.

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Popov, Alexander K., and Bernd Wellegehausen. "Strong-field effects in coherently coupled multiple resonant level schemes: theory and experiment." In ICONO '98: Laser Spectroscopy and Optical Diagnostics--Novel Trends and Applications in Laser Chemistry, Biophysics, and Biomedicine, edited by Anatoli V. Andreev, Sergei N. Bagayev, Anatoliy S. Chirkin, and Vladimir I. Denisov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.340119.

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Li, Qi, Xueao Zhang, and Hang Yang. "Device Performance of Multilayer MoSe2 Field Effect Transistors." In 2016 5th International Conference on Environment, Materials, Chemistry and Power Electronics. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcpe-16.2016.126.

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Manakov, N. L., and Vitali D. Ovsiannikov. "DC-field-induced resonance and circular dichroism effects in two-color ionization of atoms." In ICONO '98: Laser Spectroscopy and Optical Diagnostics--Novel Trends and Applications in Laser Chemistry, Biophysics, and Biomedicine, edited by Andrey Y. Chikishev, Victor N. Zadkov, and Alexei M. Zheltikov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.340000.

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Andreev, Anatoli V., P. V. Polevoy, Charles M. Bowden, and Michael E. Crenshaw. "Influence of local-field effects on the dynamics of superradiance by a dense medium." In ICONO '98: Laser Spectroscopy and Optical Diagnostics--Novel Trends and Applications in Laser Chemistry, Biophysics, and Biomedicine, edited by Anatoli V. Andreev, Sergei N. Bagayev, Anatoliy S. Chirkin, and Vladimir I. Denisov. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.340114.

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Carpenter, Katherine, and Vaibhav Bahadur. "Influence of Electric Fields and Surface Chemistry on Ice Nucleation Kinetics." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51482.

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The majority of studies on ice formation have attempted to prevent or reduce ice build-up; very few studies have focused on promoting ice nucleation which would have applications in appliances, cryopreservation, and pharmaceutical freeze-drying. Such studies are also relevant to the synthesis of methane hydrates for natural gas transportation. This paper details a fundamental study on the influence of interfacial electric fields on ice nucleation promotion. Electrofreezing, i.e. applying an electric field has been shown to electrically induce nucleation of supercooled water. The freezing temperatures of supercooled water can thus be increased via electrofreezing. However, the mechanisms responsible for elevating the freezing temperature are unclear. Typically, bare electrodes are submerged in water, which creates a volumetric electric field in water. With this type of electric field, the application of a voltage can result in multiple phenomena such as current flows, chemical reactions and gas bubble formation or growth. It is unclear whether electrofreezing is the result of the electric field or the current flow-related secondary phenomena. In the present work, the role of electric fields and surface charge on electrofreezing is isolated by studying electrofreezing of water droplets on a dielectric layer. This dielectric layer blocks current and creates an interfacial electric field with a build-up of electric charge at the solid-fluid interface. Ultra-high electric fields of up to 80 V/μm were applied, which is one order of magnitude higher than in previous studies. Infrared (IR) thermography was used to capture ice nucleation and determine the electrofreezing temperature. The results show that the electric fields alone can elevate the freezing temperature of water by as much as 15 °C; however, this effect saturates at electric fields of approximately 20–40 V/μm. Also, the electrofreezing effect was found to be polarity independent. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the mechanism underlying electrofreezing is a reduction in the Gibbs free energy for ice crystal nucleation. Furthermore, by intentionally creating pinholes in the dielectric layer, which creates current paths, the influence of electric current on electrofreezing was also studied. It was observed that electric currents and/or other secondary effects, such as bubble generation, further increased the electrofreezing temperatures. Overall, this work fills many existing gaps in the current understanding of electrofreezing. It is seen that both the electric field and electric current influence electrofreezing; however, the physical mechanisms are different.

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Reports on the topic "Field effects in chemistry"

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Mehta, Goverdhan, Alain Krief, Henning Hopf, and Stephen A. Matlin. Chemistry in a post-Covid-19 world. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00013.

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The long-term impacts of global upheaval unleashed by Covid-19 on economic, political, social configurations, trade, everyday life in general, and broader planetary sustainability issues are still unfolding and a full assessment will take some time. However, in the short term, the disruptive effects of the pandemic on health, education, and behaviors and on science and education have already manifested themselves profoundly – and the chemistry arena is also deeply affected. There will be ramifications for many facets of chemistry’s ambit, including how it repositions itself and how it is taught, researched, practiced, and resourced within the rapidly shifting post-Covid-19 contexts. The implications for chemistry are discussed hereunder three broad headings, relating to trends (a) within the field of knowledge transfer; (b) in knowledge application and translational research; and (c) affecting academic/professional life.

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Van Lint, V. A., and J. E. Lawrence. Effects of Ionization-Induced Smog on Air Chemistry. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada190045.

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Conroy, P. J., P. Weinacht, and M. J. Nusca. 120-MM Gun Tube Erosion Including Surface Chemistry Effects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada338048.

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Mun, Eundeok. Yb-based heavy fermion compounds and field tuned quantum chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/985312.

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Shrivastava, H. P. Evaluation of near-field earthquake effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191913.

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Barker, Joy, and Randy John Shul. High field effects of GaN HEMTs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919143.

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Radovic, Ljubisa R., and Patrick G. Hatcher. Effects of Surface Chemistry on the Porous Structure of Coal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2275.

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Baker, J., D. Bernard, S. Christensen, M. Sale, J. Freda, K. Heltcher, L. Rowe, et al. Biological effects of changes in surface water acid-base chemistry. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7255574.

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Schoenbach, Karl H., Stephen J. Beebe, E. S. Buescher, and Shenggang Liu. Pulsed Electric Field Effects on Biological Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399182.

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Ancona, M. G. Thermomechanical Effects in Metal Field Emitter Structures,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada306006.

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