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Journal articles on the topic 'Field effect emission'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 November 2024

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1

Sapkota, Anish, Amir Haghverdi, Claudia C. E. Avila, and Samantha C. Ying. "Irrigation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Review of Field-Based Studies." Soil Systems 4, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4020020.

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Irrigation practices can greatly influence greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of their control on soil microbial activity and substrate supply. However, the effects of different irrigation management practices, such as flood irrigations versus reduced volume methods, including drip and sprinkler irrigation, on GHG emissions are still poorly understood. Therefore, this review was performed to investigate the effects of different irrigation management strategies on the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) by synthesizing existing research that either directly or indirectly examined the effects of at least two irrigation rates on GHG emissions within a single field-based study. Out of thirty-two articles selected for review, reduced irrigation was found to be effective in lowering the rate of CH4 emissions, while flood irrigation had the highest CH4 emission. The rate of CO2 emission increased mostly under low irrigation, and the effect of irrigation strategies on N2O emissions were inconsistent, though a majority of studies reported low N2O emissions in continuously flooded field treatments. The global warming potential (GWP) demonstrated that reduced or water-saving irrigation strategies have the potential to decrease the effect of GHG emissions. In general, GWP was higher for the field that was continuously flooded. The major finding from this review is that optimizing irrigation may help to reduce CH4 emissions and net GWP. However, more field research assessing the effect of varying rates of irrigation on the emission of GHGs from the agricultural field is warranted.

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2

Palma, John, and Samson Mil’shtein. "Field effect controlled lateral field emission triode." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology and Microelectronics: Materials, Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 29, no. 2 (March 2011): 02B111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.3554216.

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3

Dencső, Márton, Ágota Horel, Igor Bogunovic, and Eszter Tóth. "Effects of Environmental Drivers and Agricultural Management on Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010054.

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Understanding the roles of natural drivers and anthropogenic activities in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of arable fields is crucial for adopting the most appropriate agricultural management. This study investigated the effect of two tillage treatments of mouldboard ploughing (MP) and no-tillage (NT), and the environmental factors (soil water content and temperature, carbon content and nitrogen forms) on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The research was conducted on chernozem soil under winter wheat cultivation. Besides field monitoring, several laboratory experiments took place to examine the effects of environmental drivers and fertilization management on soil GHG emissions. We observed no significant difference between the CO2 emission of MP and NT during a full year period. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in the sub-periods (more particularly during vegetation and then after harvest). NT had higher CO2 emission than MP in all laboratory experiments (p < 0.001) and in the after harvest period of the field trial, measured on bare soil (p < 0.0001). NT had significantly higher N2O emission both under laboratory (p < 0.0001) and field conditions (p < 0.0081). Different fertilization showed no distinguishable effect on N2O emission in the laboratory. This study confirms that N2O emission of the arable field depended more on soil water content than soil temperature, and vice-versa for CO2 emission.

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4

Varela, J., V. Réville, A. S. Brun, P. Zarka, and F. Pantellini. "Effect of the exoplanet magnetic field topology on its magnetospheric radio emission." Astronomy & Astrophysics 616 (August 2018): A182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732091.

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Context. The magnetized wind from stars that impact exoplanets should lead to radio emissions. According to the scaling laws derived in the solar system, the radio emission should depend on the stellar wind, interplanetary magnetic field, and topology of the exoplanet magnetosphere. Aims. The aim of this study is to calculate the dissipated power and subsequent radio emission from exoplanet magnetospheres with different topologies perturbed by the interplanetary magnetic field and stellar wind, to refine the predictions from scaling laws, and to prepare the interpretation of future radio detections. Methods. We use the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code PLUTO in spherical coordinates to analyze the total radio emission level resulting from the dissipation of the kinetic and magnetic (Poynting flux) energies inside the exoplanet’s magnetospheres. We apply a formalism to infer the detailed contribution in the exoplanet radio emission on the exoplanet’s day side and magnetotail. The model is based on Mercury-like conditions, although the study results are extrapolated to exoplanets with stronger magnetic fields, providing the lower bound of the radio emission. Results. The predicted dissipated powers and resulting radio emissions depend critically on the exoplanet magnetosphere topology and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation. The radio emission on the exoplanet’s night and day sides should thus contain information on the exoplanet magnetic field topology. In addition, if the topology of an exoplanet magnetosphere is known, the radio emission measurements can be used as a proxy of the instantaneous dynamic pressure of the stellar wind, IMF orientation, and intensity.

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5

Litovchenko, V., A. Evtukh, O. Yilmazoglu, K. Mutamba, H. L. Hartnagel, and D. Pavlidis. "Gunn effect in field-emission phenomena." Journal of Applied Physics 97, no. 4 (February 15, 2005): 044911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1847724.

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6

Srisonphan, Siwapon, Weerawoot Kanokbannakorn, and Nithiphat Teerakawanich. "Field emission graphene-oxide-silicon field effect based photodetector." physica status solidi (RRL) - Rapid Research Letters 9, no. 11 (September 30, 2015): 656–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssr.201510199.

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7

Zhuang, Gen Huang, Ling Yun Wang, and Dao Heng Sun. "The Effect of Temperature on Field Emission Current." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.461.

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In this paper, we present our recent works on the measurement of field emission performance of silicon tip arrays and investigate the thermal instability of emission current by measuring the emission current as the function of time under three different cooling conditions—natural free radiation，contact conduction and air forced convection respectively. Draw the conclusions that field emission performance of the silicon-based emitters is quite sensitive to the temperature change and resistive heating produced as emission current flowing through the apex of silicon emitters induces the instability of emission current.

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8

Huang, Hongxun, Chunhui Zhou, Changshi Xiao, Liang Huang, Yuanqiao Wen, Jianxin Wang, and Xin Peng. "Effect of Seasonal Flow Field on Inland Ship Emission Assessment: A Case Study of Ferry." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 7484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187484.

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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the seasonal flow field on inland ship emissions and to improve calculation accuracy. Firstly, the flow field model is built through numerical simulation to correct the sailing speed of the ship from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) information in real-time. Then, an optimal emission estimation model for inland ships considering flow field factors is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the optimization model is demonstrated by a case study, and the influence of the seasonal flow field on emission calculation is analyzed. It indicates that the calculation results of the model considering the influence of the flow field are more accurate. Without considering the flow field, the results of emission calculations are often underestimated, especially in summer, which shows the importance of incorporating the flow field factors into the calculation of inland ship emissions.

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9

Lobanov, V. M., and E. P. Sheshin. "Effect of interference on field electron emission." Technical Physics 56, no. 2 (February 2011): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784211020204.

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10

Paulini, J., T. Klein, and G. Simon. "Thermo-field emission and the Nottingham effect." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 26, no. 8 (August 14, 1993): 1310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/26/8/024.

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11

Yavorskiy, D., K. Karpierz, P. Kopyt, M. Grynberg, and J. Łusakowski. "Sub-Terahertz Emission from Field-Effect Transistors." Acta Physica Polonica A 132, no. 2 (August 2017): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.132.335.

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12

Ma, J., X. L. Li, H. Xu, Y. Han, Z. C. Cai, and K. Yagi. "Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and wheat straw application on CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field." Soil Research 45, no. 5 (2007): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07039.

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A 3-year field experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen fertiliser and straw application on CH4 and N2O emissions from a paddy rice field in China from 2003 to 2005. Three rates of nitrogen fertiliser (0, 200, and 270 kg N/ha) and 2 levels of wheat straw (0 and 3.75 × 103 kg/ha) were adopted in this experiment. The effect of nitrogen fertiliser application on CH4 emission seemed to be affected by application rate. Nitrogen fertiliser decreased CH4 emission relative to the control when applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha, but the effect lessened if the application rate was further increased to a rate of 270 kg N/ha. The depressive effect of nitrogen fertiliser application on CH4 emissions from rice fields became more pronounced when wheat straw was also incorporated with fertiliser, compared with nitrogen fertiliser application alone. Straw incorporation significantly enhanced CH4 emission by 3–11 times (P < 0.05). Nitrogen fertiliser application increased N2O emission by 5–6 times when applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha and by 10–14 times when applied at a rate of 270 kg N/ha. On average, straw incorporation tended to decrease N2O emission by about 30% significant (P > 0.05). More than 50% of seasonal total amount of N2O was emitted within 11 days after fertiliser application at panicle initiation. The global warming potential caused by both CH4 and N2O emissions was affected by nitrogen fertiliser application rate and significantly stimulated by wheat straw incorporation. The global warming potential was lowest when nitrogen fertiliser was applied at a rate of 200 kg N/ha.

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13

Famiano, Michael A., Grant Mathews, A. Baha Balantekin, Toshitaka Kajino, Motohiko Kusakabe, and Kanji Mori. "Evolution of Urca Pairs in the Crusts of Highly Magnetized Neutron Stars." Astrophysical Journal 940, no. 2 (November 25, 2022): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9bf3.

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Abstract We report on the effects of strong magnetic fields on neutrino emission in the modified Urca process. We show that the effect of Landau levels on the various Urca pairs affects the neutrino emission spectrum and leads to an angular asymmetry in the neutrino emission. For low magnetic fields, the Landau levels have almost no effect on the cooling. However, as the field strength increases, the electron chemical potential increases resulting in a lower density at which Urca pairs can exist. For intermediate field strength, there is an interesting interference between the Landau level distribution and the Fermi distribution. For high enough field strength, the entire electron energy spectrum is eventually confined to a single Landau level producing dramatic spikes in the emission spectrum.

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14

Kim, Il Hwan, Jong Duk Lee, Chang Woo Oh, Jae Woo Park, and Byung Gook Park. "Metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor-controlled field emission display." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 21, no. 1 (2003): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1524134.

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15

Koohsorkhi, Javad, Nima Davoudzadeh, Shamsoddin Mohajerzadeh, Ebrahin Asl Soleimani, and Hasan Ghafouri Fard. "Suppressed Field Emission Screening Effect and Electric Field Simulation of Carbon Nanotube-Based Triode Field Emitters." Solid State Phenomena 154 (April 2009): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.154.83.

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In this paper the electric field simulation of carbon nanotubes triode field emission devices is investigated. The geometry of CNTs and their arrangement on the substrate affect the screening effect and filed enhancement factor (β). In an array of nanotubes, for a distance smaller than the CNT length the screening effect is observed. The emission current density is related to the gate aperture and CNT shape. In a triode structure the screening effect occurs in the intertube distances about half of the CNT’s length due to the presence of the gate plate. Furthermore, the presence of the metal-oxide gate has a favorable effect to minimize the screening effect and allows one to increase the density of CNT’s in each array spot and to increase the cluster array density on the substrate, hence to increase the density of emission current and emitter sites where a high current density is required.

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16

Qi, Zhijuan, Sheng Guan, Zhongxue Zhang, Sicheng Du, Sirui Li, and Dan Xu. "Effect and Mechanism of Root Characteristics of Different Rice Varieties on Methane Emissions." Agronomy 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2024): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030595.

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Methane (CH4), which is an important component of the greenhouse gases from paddy ecosystems, is a major contributor to climate change. CH4 emissions from paddy ecosystems are closely related to the rice root system; however, how the rice root system affects CH4 emissions remains unclear. We conducted a field experiment in 2023 at the Heping Irrigation District Rice Irrigation Experiment Station in Qing’an County, Heilongjiang Province. The field experiment used five local rice varieties with similar fertility periods to observe rice root morphology and physiology indexes, CH4 emission fluxes, and cumulative CH4 emissions. A structural equation model (SEM) was established to investigate the effects of root characteristics on the CH4 emissions from rice and understand the potential mechanisms of these effects. The results showed that the seasonal patterns of CH4 emission fluxes were similar in different rice varieties, and that, during the tillering to heading–flowering stages, the cumulative CH4 emissions accounted for 89.8–92.6% of the total cumulative CH4 emissions of rice. Significant negative correlations were observed between CH4 emission fluxes and root volume, root dry weight, root oxidation activity (ROA), and root radial oxygen loss (ROL) (r = −0.839, −0.885, −0.401 and −0.934, p < 0.05), while there were significant positive correlations between root diameter; malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid contents; and CH4 emission fluxes (r = 0.407, 0.753, 0.797, and 0.685, p < 0.05). The SEM showed that CH4 emission fluxes were directly influenced by ROL and organic acid contents, while the other root indicators had indirect effects by modulating ROL and organic acid contents. ROL and root volume had the largest total effect, indicating that ROL and root volume were the most significant root physiological and morphological indicators affecting CH4 emission fluxes. This study provides theoretical support and reference data for achieving sustainable agricultural development in the black soil region of Northeast China.

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17

Davis, Aika Y., Roger Ottmar, Yongqiang Liu, Scott Goodrick, Gary Achtemeier, Brian Gullett, Johanna Aurell, et al. "Fire emission uncertainties and their effect on smoke dispersion predictions: a case study at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 2 (2015): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf13071.

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Prescribed burning is practiced to benefit ecosystems but the resulting emissions can adversely affect air quality. A better understanding of the uncertainties in emission estimates and how these uncertainties affect smoke predictions is critical for model-based decision making. This study examined uncertainties associated with estimating fire emissions and how they affected smoke concentrations downwind from a prescribed burn that was conducted at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, US. Estimated variables used in the modelled emission calculation were compared with field measurements. Fuel loadings, fuel consumption and emission factors were simulated using Photo Series, Consume, and previously published values. A plume dispersion model was used to study the effect of uncertainty in emissions on ground concentration prediction. The fire emission models predicted fuel loading, fuel consumption and emission factor within 15% of measurements. Approximately 18% uncertainty in field measurements of PM2.5 emissions and 36% uncertainty attributed to variability in emission estimating models resulted respectively in 20% and 42% ground level PM2.5 concentration uncertainties in dispersion modelling using Daysmoke. Uncertainty in input emissions influences the concentrations predicted by the smoke dispersion model to the same degree as does the model’s inherent uncertainty due to turbulence.

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18

Isono, Hajime, Mototaka Sone, and Mideo Mitsui. "Effect of minute projection on field emission electron." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 109, no. 9 (1989): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1972.109.383.

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19

Troyon, M. "New field emission gun with energy filtering effect." Journal of Applied Physics 66, no. 1 (July 1989): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343905.

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20

Alivov, Yahya, Michael Klopfer, and Sabee Molloi. "Effect of TiO2nanotube parameters on field emission properties." Nanotechnology 21, no. 50 (November 23, 2010): 505706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/21/50/505706.

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21

Beltaos, Angela, Adam Johan Bergren, Ken Bosnick, Nikola Pekas, Stephen Lane, Kai Cui, Aleksandar Matković, and Al Meldrum. "Visible light emission in graphene field effect transistors." Nano Futures 1, no. 2 (September 28, 2017): 025004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-1984/aa8b04.

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22

Lee, T. D., P. H. Cheng, J. S. Pan, R. S. Tsai, Y. Lai, and K. Tai. "Far-field emission narrowing effect of microdisk lasers." Applied Physics Letters 72, no. 18 (May 4, 1998): 2223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121328.

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23

Cheung, Kin P., Dmitry Veksler, and Jason P. Campbell. "Local Field Effect on Charge-Capture/Emission Dynamics." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 64, no. 12 (December 2017): 5099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2017.2764804.

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24

Khaleeq-ur-Rahman, M., K. A. Bhatti, M. S. Rafique, A. Latif, and K. T. Chaudhary. "Magnetic field effect on electron emission from plasma." Vacuum 83, no. 6 (February 2009): 936–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.10.008.

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25

Knap, Wojciech, Salman Nadar, Hadley Videlier, Stephane Boubanga-Tombet, Dominique Coquillat, Nina Dyakonova, Frederic Teppe, et al. "Field Effect Transistors for Terahertz Detection and Emission." Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves 32, no. 5 (May 4, 2010): 618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-010-9647-7.

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26

Kamimura, Kiichi, and Tomohiko Yamakami. "Effect of Series Resistance on Field Emission Current." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 48, no. 9 (September 24, 2009): 098006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.48.098006.

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27

Ma, J., H. Xu, Y. Han, Z. C. Cai, and K. Yagi. "Short-term effects of wheat straw incorporation into paddy field as affected by rice transplanting time." Soil Research 46, no. 3 (2008): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07113.

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Short-term effects of wheat straw incorporation into paddy field include stimulation of CH4 emissions, immobilisation of available N, suppression of rice growth, and accumulation of toxic materials. To study these short-term effects as affected by timing of rice transplantation, a field experiment was conducted at Dapu, China, in 2005. Two levels of wheat straw (0 and 3.75 t/ha) and 2 rice-transplanting times (normal and delayed) were adopted in this experiment. Methane emissions, concentrations of soil mineral N, dry matter accumulations, and grain yields were measured. Delayed rice transplantation had no effect on total CH4 emission from paddy fields incorporated with wheat straw (P > 0.05), but a significant effect on mineralisation of N (P < 0.05), in contrast to the net N immobilisation in the fields where seedlings were transplanted on the normal date. In paddy fields incorporated with wheat straw, delayed transplantation tended to promote rice growth and increase grain yield compared with transplantation on the normal date.

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28

Di Bartolomeo, A., F. Giubileo, L. Iemmo, F. Romeo, S. Russo, S. Unal, M. Passacantando, V. Grossi, and A. M. Cucolo. "Leakage and field emission in side-gate graphene field effect transistors." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 023510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958618.

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29

Tymofyeyev, V. I., and H. V. Yaremenko. "Simulation of a field-effect transistor on nanofilaments." Electronics and Communications 15, no. 5 (March 29, 2010): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2010.58.5.284263.

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In article the analytical model of the silicon nanowire field effect transistor with Schottky source and drain barrier contacts is resulted. The Schottky diode model is based on the processes of thermionic field emission for reverse bias and thermionic emission mechanism for forward bias. The results of simulation and the analysis of current-voltage characteristics are presented.

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30

Setyanto, P., A. B. Rosenani, R. Boer, C. I. Fauziah, and M. J. Khanif. "THE EFFECT OF RICE CULTIVARS ON METHANE EMISSION FROM IRRIGATED RICE FIELD." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 5, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v5n1.2004.20-31.

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Rice plants have been reported to affect methane (CH4) emission from rice fields. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of rice cultivars on CH4 emission from flooded rice and to develop crop management strategies with low emitting rice cultivars while sustaining high yield. The four rice cultivars studied were Memberamo, Cisadane, IR64, and Way Apoburu. The CH4 emissions were determined in the wet season of 2001/2002 (November-February) using an automated closed chamber technique in an irrigated field condition. Farmyard manure at the rate of 5 t ha-1 was given to the plots to ensure carbon was not limited. Root weight, root length, biomass, and number of tillers were determined at 17, 36, and 57 days after transplanting (DAT). The results showed that the mean CH4 emission was highest in the plot planted with Cisadane (94.8 kg CH4 ha-1), and the lowest with IR64 (37.7 kg CH4 ha-1). The plots treated with emberamo and Way Apoburu resulted an intermediate CH4 emission at the average of 61.1 and 58.9 kg CH4 ha-1, respectively. There was no significant difference in yield between the cultivars tested. The yield of Memberamo, Cisadane, IR64, and Way Apoburu were 5.882, 5.764, 5.873 and 6.065 t ha-1, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the root weight and root length among cultivars. However, Cisadane gave the highest dry matter weight (222 g hill-1) at 57 DAT compared to the other cultivars (175-190 g hill-1). Plant tillers did not show significant differences between the cultivars. Regression analysis showed that CH4 flux was significantly related with root weight, root length, aboveground biomass, and number of plant tillers. This finding shows that the use of selected cultivars, such as IR64, can potentially lower CH4 emission without scarifying yield.

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Setyanto, P., A. B. Rosenani, R. Boer, C. I. Fauziah, and M. J. Khanif. "THE EFFECT OF RICE CULTIVARS ON METHANE EMISSION FROM IRRIGATED RICE FIELD." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science 5, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/ijas.v5n1.2004.p20-31.

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Rice plants have been reported to affect methane (CH4) emission from rice fields. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of rice cultivars on CH4 emission from flooded rice and to develop crop management strategies with low emitting rice cultivars while sustaining high yield. The four rice cultivars studied were Memberamo, Cisadane, IR64, and Way Apoburu. The CH4 emissions were determined in the wet season of 2001/2002 (November-February) using an automated closed chamber technique in an irrigated field condition. Farmyard manure at the rate of 5 t ha-1 was given to the plots to ensure carbon was not limited. Root weight, root length, biomass, and number of tillers were determined at 17, 36, and 57 days after transplanting (DAT). The results showed that the mean CH4 emission was highest in the plot planted with Cisadane (94.8 kg CH4 ha-1), and the lowest with IR64 (37.7 kg CH4 ha-1). The plots treated with emberamo and Way Apoburu resulted an intermediate CH4 emission at the average of 61.1 and 58.9 kg CH4 ha-1, respectively. There was no significant difference in yield between the cultivars tested. The yield of Memberamo, Cisadane, IR64, and Way Apoburu were 5.882, 5.764, 5.873 and 6.065 t ha-1, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences in the root weight and root length among cultivars. However, Cisadane gave the highest dry matter weight (222 g hill-1) at 57 DAT compared to the other cultivars (175-190 g hill-1). Plant tillers did not show significant differences between the cultivars. Regression analysis showed that CH4 flux was significantly related with root weight, root length, aboveground biomass, and number of plant tillers. This finding shows that the use of selected cultivars, such as IR64, can potentially lower CH4 emission without scarifying yield.

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32

Hu, Jiaming, Baodong Bai, and Dezhi Chen. "Effect of different vacuum on field emission of carbon nanotube arrays." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209378.

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In this paper, the electron-molecule collision ionization is added to field emission under non-vacuum conditions, and the change of emission current caused by vacuum adjustment in field emission of carbon nanotubes is explained. The field emission current density equation under non-vacuum conditions is established. Through the theoretical analysis and the processing of experimental data, it can be concluded that when other variables are controlled unchanged, the change of pressure will affect the concentration of gas molecules in the air and the collision probability with electrons, then the density of emission current is changed. The study has a certain reference value for the application of field emission in low vacuum and atmospheric pressure.

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33

BOULWARE, C. H., J. D. JARVIS, H. L. ANDREWS, and C. A. BRAU. "NEEDLE CATHODES FOR HIGH-BRIGHTNESS BEAMS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 22, no. 22 (September 10, 2007): 3784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x07037421.

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At the tips of sharp needles, the surface electric field is enhanced by many orders of magnitude. This intensifies thermionic emission and photoemission of electrons through the Schottky effect, and reduces the effect of space charge. The increased current density improves the brightness of electron sources by orders of magnitude. In addition, at very high fields (>109 V/m ), field emission and photo-field emission produce very high current density. Arrays of needles can be used to achieve high total current.

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34

Гавриков, М. В., Н. Д. Жуков, Д. С. Мосияш, and А. А. Хазанов. "Электронно-эмиссионные свойства полупроводниковых субмикронных частиц." Письма в журнал технической физики 45, no. 1 (2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2019.01.47157.17532.

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AbstractThe electron emission properties of submicron Si, GaAs, InSb, and InAs semiconductor particles and their multigrain structures have been investigated. The effect of the properties of nanoparticles on the field and secondary emissions has been established. A scanning electron microscopy-based method for measuring the secondary emission coefficient of semiconductors has been proposed. The effect of photoexcitation of the multigrain structure of submicron semiconductor particles on their secondary emission properties has been investigated by the vacuum triode method.

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35

Cheng, Wen Ming, and Gang Li. "Multi-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Emission Characteristics in DI Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 2395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.2395.

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In addition to the traditional test methods, numerical simulation the combustion process of internal combustion engine based on experiment, which have the advantages of short period, fast result, low cost and huge Information, has been an important means to study the flow field of engine and the effect of flow field to the emissions. The combustion process and emission characteristics of DI diesel were calculated using CFD software – FIRE. Some important research information, including the distribution of temperature field and exhaust emission concentration as well as the course of emission growth, were got and analyzed detailedly as a predictable reference for improving the structures and emission characteristics of existing DI diesel and developing the new combustion systems.

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36

Zhao, Z. G., Y. Tong, C. Liu, and H. M. Cheng. "Effect of geometrical parameters on the field-emission properties of single-walled carbon nanotube ropes." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 9 (September 2003): 2188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0305.

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Aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) ropes show excellent field-emission performance due to their high aspect ratio and sound alignment. In this study, the effect of geometrical parameters, such as cathode-anode distance and the height of SWNT ropes on the field-emission properties of SWNT ropes was investigated. It was found that the cathode-anode distance influences the emission properties, such as the turn-on field Fto and threshold field Fthr, of SWNT ropes, and the turn-on and threshold fields are marginally decreased at relatively larger gaps between the SWNT emitter tip and the anode plane. It was also found that the emission properties of SWNT ropes are improved by increasing the rope length, at least in the present experimental range. A possible two-step field amplification model was proposed to explain this length effect of SWNT ropes. The estimated results show that the local field at the tip of SWNT ropes, which causes a certain emission-current density, seems not to change with the cathode-anode distance, and the effective emission area of the SWNT rope is much smaller than the apparent cross-sectional area of the SWNT rope. The results obtained suggest that it is possible to optimize the performance of SWNT rope-based cold cathode by adjusting geometrical parameters of SWNT rope emitters.

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37

Fidel, Rivka, David Laird, and Timothy Parkin. "Effect of Biochar on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions at the Laboratory and Field Scales." Soil Systems 3, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems3010008.

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Biochar application to soil has been proposed as a means for reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating climate change. The effects, however, of interactions between biochar, moisture and temperature on soil CO2 and N2O emissions, remain poorly understood. Furthermore, the applicability of lab-scale observations to field conditions in diverse agroecosystems remains uncertain. Here we investigate the impact of a mixed wood gasification biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions from loess-derived soils using: (1) controlled laboratory incubations at three moisture (27, 31 and 35%) and three temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) levels and (2) a field study with four cropping systems (continuous corn, switchgrass, low diversity grass mix and high diversity grass-forb mix). Biochar reduced N2O emissions under specific temperatures and moistures in the laboratory and in the continuous corn cropping system in the field. However, the effect of biochar on N2O emissions was only significant in the field and no effect on cumulative CO2 emissions was observed. Cropping system also had a significant effect in the field study, with soils in grass and grass-forb cropping systems emitting more CO2 and less N2O than corn cropping systems. Observed biochar effects were consistent with previous studies showing that biochar amendments can reduce soil N2O emissions under specific but not all, conditions. The disparity in N2O emission responses at the lab and field scales suggests that laboratory incubation experiments may not reliably predict the impact of biochar at the field scale.

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Sakanoue, Tomo, Eiichi Fujiwara, Ryo Yamada, and Hirokazu Tada. "Visible light emission from polymer-based field-effect transistors." Applied Physics Letters 84, no. 16 (April 19, 2004): 3037–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1710713.

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39

Egorov, N. V., L. I. Antonova, S. R. Antonov, D. V. Zhukov, and L. C. Chao. "Efficient electron sources utilizing the effect of field emission." Technical Physics 54, no. 6 (June 2009): 916–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784209060231.

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Dyakonova, N., A. El Fatimy, J. Łusakowski, W. Knap, M. I. Dyakonov, M. A. Poisson, E. Morvan, et al. "Room-temperature terahertz emission from nanometer field-effect transistors." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 14 (April 3, 2006): 141906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2191421.

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41

Ravelo, B., S. Lalléchère, P. Bonnet, and F. Paladian. "Analysis of complex environment effect on near-field emission." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 67 (October 29, 2014): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/67/1/012012.

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42

Batrakov, A. V., and D. I. Proskurovski. "Nature of the “ring effect” in intense field emission." Technical Physics Letters 25, no. 6 (June 1999): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1262532.

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Wang, L. J., Ch X. Wu, J. Y. Lin, Y. Ye, Z. X. Yang, and T. L. Guo. "Effect of nanostructured morphologies of SnO2on field emission properties." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 58, no. 1 (March 23, 2012): 10401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2012110389.

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44

Nakamura, Kiyoshi, Musubu Ichikawa, Rei Fushiki, Taketomi Kamikawa, Masamitsu Inoue, Toshiki Koyama, and Yoshio Taniguchi. "Light Emission from Organic Single-Crystal Field-Effect Transistors." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, No. 44 (October 21, 2005): L1367—L1369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.l1367.

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Anikeev, V. N. "Calculation of calorimetric effect of thermo-field electron emission." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 6, no. 4 (1999): 426–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.788738.

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Liang, Shi-Dong, N. Y. Huang, S. Z. Deng, and N. S. Xu. "Quantum effect in the field emission of carbon nanotubes." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 24, no. 2 (2006): 983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.2167089.

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47

Radmilovic-Radjenovic, Marija, Petar Belicev, and Branislav Radjenovic. "The effect of the enhanced field emission on the characteristics of the superconducting radio frequency cavities." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp180427003r.

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Electron field emission limiting the accelerating gradient in superconducting cavities remains the dominant setback in cavity production. The need to understand and control the field emission has become increasingly important because of the prospect of using high-gradient structures in linear colliders. Since building an accelerator structure is a complicated and costly process, elimination of unnecessary steps has priority. In this paper an analysis of the influence of the enhanced field emission in superconducting radio frequency cavity together with modal field calculations by using COMSOL finite elements package has been presented. The obtained results reveal that the electric field required for the field emission is generated in the cavity irises. The imperfection of the cavity surface leading to very high fields is modelled by a simple cone. The estimated value of the enhancement factor for the cone tip of around 4 is in a good agreement with the data found in the literature. In addition, from the slopes and the intercepts of the Fowler-Nordheim plots, a dependence of the enhancement factor and the effective area on the work function has been estimated.

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48

Mara, I. M., I. B. Alit, I. G. B. Susana, and I. M. Nuarsa. "Aplikasi medan magnet pada saluran bahan bakar sepeda motor untuk penghematan konsumsi bahan bakar dan penurunan emisi gas buang." Dinamika Teknik Mesin 12, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/dtm.v12i1.500.

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Reducing fuel consumption and improving fuel quality in motorcycle engines are very important in order to make the exhaust gas emission from the engine becomes more environmentally friendly. In this study, a magnetic field is attached to the fuel line so that the fuel is affected by the magnetic field. The magnetic field is obtained from electromagnetic magnets and permanent magnets. Fuel consumption is tested on a motorcycle engine that it uses a carburetor system and on an engine that uses a fuel injection system. The exhaust emissions observed were CO and HC by using exhaust gas analyzer. The results showed that the use of a magnetic field mounted on the fuel line can reduce the fuel consumption of a motorcycle engine, using either a carburetor system or a fuel injection system by an average of 18%. The use of magnetic fields also shows a very good effect in reducing exhaust gas emissions from motorcycle engines. The length of the magnet attached to the fuel line, 80mm provides a reduction in exhaust gas emissions of CO by 80% - 90% and HC by 60% - 77%. The percentage reduction in exhause gas emission is better than the other length of magnets.

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49

Mara, I. Made, and I. Made Nuarsa. "Aplikasi medan magnet pada saluran bahan bakar sepeda motor." Jurnal Energi Dan Manufaktur 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2022): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jem.2021.v14.i02.p02.

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Reducing fuel consumption and improving fuel quality in motorcycle engines are very important in order to make the exhaust gas emission from the engine becomes more environmentally friendly. In this study, a magnetic field is attached to the fuel line so that the fuel is affected by the magnetic field. The magnetic field is obtained from electromagnetic magnets and permanent magnets. Fuel consumption is tested on a motorcycle engine that it uses a carburetor system and on an engine that uses a fuel injection system. The exhaust emissions observed were CO and HC by using exhaust gas analyzer. The results showed that the use of a magnetic field mounted on the fuel line can reduce the fuel consumption of a motorcycle engine, using either a carborator system or a fuel injection system by an average of 18%. The use of magnetic fields also shows a very good effect in reducing exhaust gas emissions from motorcycle engines. The length of the magnet attached to the fuel line, 80mm provides a reduction in exhaust gas emissions of CO by 80% - 90% and HC by 60% - 77%. The percentage reduction in exhause gas emission is better than the other length of magnets.

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50

Di Renzo, Anna, Onur Çakıroğlu, Felix Carrascoso, Hao Li, Giuseppe Gigli, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, et al. "Enhanced Field-Effect Control of Single-Layer WS2 Optical Features by hBN Full Encapsulation." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 4425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244425.

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The field-effect control of the electrical and optical properties of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals semiconductors (vdW) is one important aspect of this novel class of materials. Thanks to their reduced thickness and decreased screening, electric fields can easily penetrate in a 2D semiconductor and thus modulate their charge density and their properties. In literature, the field effect is routinely used to fabricate atomically thin field-effect transistors based on 2D semiconductors. Apart from the tuning of the electrical transport, it has been demonstrated that the field effect can also be used to modulate the excitonic optical emission of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2 or WSe2. In this paper, we present some recent experiments on the field-effect control of the optical and excitonic properties of the monolayer WS2. Using the deterministic transfer of van der Waals materials, we fabricate planar single-layer WS2 devices contacted by a gold electrode and partially sandwiched between two insulating hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes. Thanks to the planar nature of the device, we can optically access both the hBN encapsulated and the unencapsulated WS2 regions and compare the field-effect control of the exciton population in the two cases. We find that the encapsulation strongly increases the range of tunability of the optical emission of WS2, allowing us to tune the photoluminescence emission from excitons-dominated to trions-dominated. We also discuss how the full encapsulation of WS2 with hBN helps reduce spurious hysteretic effects in the field-effect control of the optical properties, similar to what has been reported for 2D vdW field-effect transistors.

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