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Journal articles on the topic "Field crops – australia"
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Unkovich, Murray, Jeff Baldock, and Steve Marvanek. "Which crops should be included in a carbon accounting system for Australian agriculture?" Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 7 (2009): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08428.
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Dryland agriculture is both a potential source and potential sink for CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Many carbon accounting systems apply simple emissions factors to production units to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. However, in Australia, substantial variation in climate, soils, and management across >20 Mha of field crop sowings and >30 Mha of sown pastures in the intensive land use zone, provides substantial challenges for a national carbon accounting system, and simple emission factors are unlikely to apply across the region. In Australia a model framework has been developed that requires estimates of crop dry matter production and harvested yield as the first step to obtain carbon (residue) inputs. We use Australian Bureau of Statistics data to identify which crops would need to be included in such a carbon accounting system. Wheat, barley, lupin, and canola accounted for >80% of field crop sowings in Australia in 2006, and a total of 22 crops account for >99% of the sowing area in all States. In some States, only four or six crops can account for 99% of the cropping area. We provide a ranking of these crops for Australia and for each Australian State as a focus for the establishment of a comprehensive carbon accounting framework. Horticultural crops, although diverse, are less important in terms of total area and thus C balances for generic viticulture, vegetables, and orchard fruit crops should suffice. The dataset of crop areas presented here is the most comprehensive account of crop sowings presented in the literature and provides a useful resource for those interested in Australian agriculture. The field crop rankings presented represent only the area of crop sowings and should not be taken as rankings of importance in terms of the magnitude of all GHG fluxes. This awaits a more detailed analysis of climate, soils, and management practices across each of the regions where the crops are grown and their relationships to CO2, nitrous oxide and methane fluxes. For pastures, there is a need for more detailed, up to date, spatially explicit information on the predominant sown pasture types across the Australian cropping belt before C balances for these can be more reliably modelled at the desired spatial scale.
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Nevard, Timothy D., Ian Leiper, George Archibald, and Stephen T. Garnett. "Farming and cranes on the Atherton Tablelands, Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 25, no. 2 (2019): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18055.
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Australia’s two cranes, the brolga (Antigone rubicunda) and Australian sarus crane (Antigone antigone gillae), form dry-season flocks on the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland, Australia, where they forage almost exclusively amongst planted crops. The long-term relationship between cranes and farmers is therefore critical to their conservation, especially as the cranes can sometimes cause significant economic damage to crops. We interviewed farmers to explore their current attitudes to cranes and their intentions for land use that might affect the birds. We found that most farmers tolerated the cranes, particularly when they feed among stubble. Most, however, are increasing the efficiency of their agronomic practices, harvesting combinable crops such as maize and peanuts in ways that are beginning to reduce post-harvest crop residues. There is also a rapid trend away from field crops to perennial and tree crops that have a higher return per unit area. Both trends may reduce foraging opportunities for the cranes and, unless managed effectively, are likely to increase the potential for damage and conflict with farmers in the field crops that remain.
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Nordblom, Thomas, Saliya Gurusinghe, Andrew Erbacher, and Leslie A. Weston. "Opportunities and Challenges for Cover Cropping in Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Southern Australia." Agriculture 13, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030688.
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Southern Australian farming systems operate predominantly under Mediterranean climatic conditions, which limit the choice of cover crops suitable for enhancement of ground cover and soil moisture retention, erosion control, atmospheric soil nitrogen (N) fixation, and weed suppression between cash crop rotations. Given that the successful establishment of cover crops is climate-driven and also influenced by edaphic factors such as soil pH and salinity, there has been increased interest by southern Australian producers in identifying potential cover crop species well adapted to specific Australian farming systems, which provide vital ecosystem services and sustainable economic benefits through the improvement of soil properties. This review summarises recent findings on cover crop inclusion in diverse farming systems in southern Australia, including continuous and mixed broadacre cropping as well as viticulture and horticulture systems, to identify opportunities and limitations related to their use. Cover crop inclusion in viticulture and pasture systems with lower moisture stress was observed to benefit the subsequent cash crop through enhanced production potential. Long-term, multi-site field experimentation incorporating summer cover crops in winter crop rotations showed that cover crops enhanced ground cover and soil water infiltration in some locations across southern Australia while sometimes increasing winter crop yield, suggesting that soil type and regional climatic conditions greatly influenced the delivery of multiple cover crop benefits. Collectively, these studies have suggested a need for longer-term field evaluations using multiple cover crop species and investigations of termination options under varying environmental and soil conditions to better quantify the legacy effects of cover crops.
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Maino, James L., Matthew Binns, and Paul Umina. "No longer a west-side story – pesticide resistance discovered in the eastern range of a major Australian crop pest, Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae)." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 2 (2018): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17327.
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The redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae), is an important pest of pastures, broad-acre crops, and vegetables across southern Australia. Populations of H. destructor in Western Australia have been known to be resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides since 2006 and 2014, respectively. Resistant populations are currently widespread across Western Australia’s southern growing region but have, until now, remained undetected in the large south-eastern Australian range of H. destructor, despite ongoing resistance screening since 2006. Following reports of a field control failure in the Upper South East district in South Australia in 2016, resistance testing determined this South Australian population was resistant to pyrethroid and organophosphorus pesticides. The levels of resistance discovered were similar to resistant H. destructor populations in Western Australia, which are associated with chemical control failures. This work confirms for the first-time that pesticide resistant populations of H. destructor are no longer isolated to Western Australia.
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Edwards, Owain R., Bernie Franzmann, Deborah Thackray, and Svetlana Micic. "Insecticide resistance and implications for future aphid management in Australian grains and pastures: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07426.
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Aphids can cause substantial damage to cereals, oilseeds and legumes through direct feeding and through the transmission of plant pathogenic viruses. Aphid-resistant varieties are only available for a limited number of crops. In Australia, growers often use prophylactic sprays to control aphids, but this strategy can lead to non-target effects and the development of insecticide resistance. Insecticide resistance is a problem in one aphid pest of Australian grains in Australia, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). Molecular analyses of field-collected samples demonstrate that amplified E4 esterase resistance to organophosphate insecticides is widespread in Australian grains across Australia. Knockdown resistance to pyrethroids is less abundant, but has an increased frequency in areas with known frequent use of these insecticides. Modified acetylcholinesterase resistance to dimethyl carbamates, such as pirimicarb, has not been found in Australia, nor has resistance to imidacloprid. Australian grain growers should consider control options that are less likely to promote insecticide resistance, and have reduced impacts on natural enemies. Research is ongoing in Australia and overseas to provide new strategies for aphid management in the future.
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Daigle, Pearl Dadd, Karen Kirkby, Damian Collins, Will Cuddy, Peter Lonergan, Sharlene Roser, Piklu Roy Chowdhury, Maurizio Labbate, and Toni A. Chapman. "Virulence not linked with vegetative compatibility groups in Australian cotton Verticillium dahliae isolates." April 2020, no. 14(04):2020 (April 20, 2020): 633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2208.
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Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt, is a soil-borne ascomycete that infects numerous agriculturally important crops globally, including cotton. As a billion-dollar industry, cotton is economically important to Australia and the management of disease such as Verticillium wilt is key for the success of the industry. Internationally, defoliating V. dahliae isolates belonging to Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) 1A cause severe damage to cotton, while non-defoliating VCG2A isolates result in significantly less disease. However, in Australia, VCG2A is causing more severe damage to crops in the field than the defoliating VCG1A. This study aimed to replicate field observations in controlled greenhouse conditions. We examined and compared disease symptoms on a range of Australian commercial cotton varieties when inoculated with different V. dahliae VCGs. Seedlings were root dipped in conidial suspensions and assessed over seven weeks. The final disease score, disease over time and root length were analysed. Plant mortality resulted from both V. dahliae VCG1A and VCG2A isolates across all cotton varieties used, confirming that there are virulent VCG2A isolates present in Australia. To our knowledge, although virulent on other plant hosts, V. dahliae VCG2A has not previously been reported to be highly virulent in cotton. We infer that virulence cannot be defined solely by VCG in Australian V. dahliae isolates causing disease in cotton.
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Anderson, WK, GB Crosbie, and K. Lemsom. "Production practices for high protein, hard wheat in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 5 (1995): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950589.
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Field experiments were conducted at 18 sites over 4 years in the eastern and north-eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia where average annual rainfall is <400mm, to investigate suitable techniques for the production of high protein (>13%) wheat in an area that traditionally produces grain of a much lower average protein percentage. Wilgoyne yielded as well as, or better than, any of the cultivars accepted into the Special Hard (SH) grade in Western Australia but 5-10% less than cultivars suitable for the Australian Standard White (ASW) grade. Differences between cultivars were greatest at the optimum sowing time in late May. Lower yields in early May were attributed to water stress during early growth or to frost damage during grain filling. The addition of nitrogen (N) fertiliser to crops sown after 1 June was less effective in increasing grain yield and grain protein than N added to earlier sowings. Most crops that produced >13% protein followed medic or field peas. The addition of N fertiliser was seldom required to produce this concentration of protein in crops that followed medic or peas. Crops following pasture with a low legume content or wheat had lower grain protein concentrations. Friable red-brown earth soils in a medic or pea rotation were able to achieve the required grain protein, but other combinations were not extensively tested. From these experiments, cultivars with inherently small grains due to their propensity to produce high levels of small grain screenings (whole grain through a 2-mm, slotted sieve) may be less able to increase yields economically by increasing kernel numbers per unit area under conditions in Western Australia.
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Siddique, K. H. M., and J. Sykes. "Pulse production in Australia past, present and future." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96068.
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Summary. Several cool- and warm-season pulse crops (grain legumes) are grown in rotation with cereals and pasture forming sustainable farming systems in Australia. Australian pulse production has increased rapidly over the past 25 years to about 2 x 106 t/year, mainly because of the increase in the area and yield of lupin production for stockfeed purposes. Pulses currently comprise only 10% of the cropping areas of Australia and this could be expanded to 16% as there are large areas of soil types suitable for a range of pulse crops and new better-adapted pulse varieties are becoming available. Cool-season pulses will continue to dominate pulse production in Australia and the majority of the expansion will probably come from chickpea and faba bean industries. There appears to be no major constraint to pulse production in Australia that cannot be addressed by breeders, agronomists and farmers. Of the current major pulse crops, field pea faces the most number of difficulties, in particular the lack of disease management options. A recent strategic plan of the Australian pulse industry predicts the production of 4 x 106 t/year by 2005 but this will largely depend upon export demand and pulse prices. It is predicted that the growth in pulse production will come from increased productivity in the existing areas, from 1.0 to 1.4 t/ha, through improvements in crop management and the development of superior varieties. The area of pulse production will also expand by an additional 1.2 x 106 ha probably yielding 1.0 t/ha. If trends in grazing stock prices continue, the increased area under pulse production will mostly come at the expense of those areas under unimproved pasture and continuous cereal cropping.
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Clouston, Annabel, Owain Edwards, and Paul Umina. "An insecticide baseline study of Australian broadacre aphids." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 2 (2016): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15208.
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Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis), Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Shinji), Aphis craccivora (Koch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) are among the most important aphid pests in Australian broadacre systems. In this study a leaf-dip method was used to assay pirimicarb, dimethoate, α-cypermethrin and imidacloprid against field populations collected from Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland. This research established toxicity baseline data that will be important for future monitoring of insecticide responses in broadacre crops. It also provided an opportunity to identify any chemical tolerance that may be evolving in these pests. Acyrthosiphon craccivora populations showed differences in their responses to dimethoate, pirimicarb and imidacloprid (but not to α-cypermethrin), indicating possible shifts in field sensitivity to these three chemicals. Rhopalosiphum padi had the lowest sensitivity to all insecticides tested, with two populations (collected from South Australia and Queensland) showing less than 100% mortality when tested at the field rate of α-cypermethrin. There were few differences in insecticide responses between populations of the other three species. Continued screening of A. craccivora and R. padi populations is needed to fully assess the current status of tolerance among field populations and to strengthen resistance management tactics.
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Kleemann, Samuel George Lloyd, and Gurjeet Singh Gill. "Seed Dormancy and Seedling Emergence in Ripgut Brome (Bromus diandrus) Populations in Southern Australia." Weed Science 61, no. 2 (June 2013): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-12-00083.1.
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Ripgut brome is a difficult weed to manage in cereal crops of southern Australia because only a few herbicides can provide effective control in cereals. Knowledge of seed-dormancy mechanisms, germination ecology, and emergence behavior in the field could facilitate development of effective weed control programs for this weed species. Ripgut brome populations from cropping fields were found to possess much longer seed dormancy than that reported previously in the literature. Furthermore, some ripgut brome populations from cropping fields showed longer seed dormancy than those collected from adjacent noncropped fence lines. For example, all seeds of one of the populations from the fence line (SA-1F) germinated at 3 mo after maturity, whereas seeds from the cropping field at the same site (SA-1C) showed little germination (< 3%) even at 8 mo after maturity. These highly dormant ripgut brome populations from cropping fields were responsive to cold stratification, with germination increasing significantly after 2 to 14 d of exposure. Germination of dormant ripgut brome populations increased with addition of gibberellic acid (0.001 M GA3), particularly when lemma and palea had been removed. Ripgut brome populations from cropping fields (VIC-2C and SA-1C) showed strong inhibition of seed germination when exposed to light. These differences in seed dormancy among ripgut brome populations were also expressed in seedling emergence pattern in the field. The nondormant populations collected from fence lines showed high seedling establishment (> 80%) during autumn, which coincided with the planting time of winter crops in southern Australia. In contrast, five populations from cropping fields showed much lower seedling establishment (3 to 17%) before the time of crop planting. Delayed seedling establishment in populations from cropping fields could lead to less effective preseeding weed control and higher weed infestations in field crops. Results of this study also showed that the seedbank of these highly dormant ripgut brome populations can readily persist from one year to the next. Effective management of ripgut brome populations with long seed dormancy and increased seedbank persistence would require a major change in cropping systems used by the growers in southern Australia.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Field crops – australia"
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Dennis, Jeremy Ian. "Chocolate spot of faba beans in South Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ad411pdf.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 81-100. Entry of inoculum into a crop and disease development in the crop cannot be prevented because spores are airborne and there is a lack of highly resistant varieties. This makes complete control of chocolate spot unlikely. It should however, be possible to improve current levels of disease control through the integration of the factors identified in the study.
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Taylor, Sharyn Patricia. "The root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus neglectus, in field crops in South Australia." Title page, contents and summary only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pht2462.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 241-25). Aims to evaluate sampling procedures; assess the extent and magnitude of yield loss caused by Pratylenchus neglectus; assess the population dynamics of Pratylenchus neglectus in cereals; determine whether resistance occurs in field crops; and, assess whether variation occurs between geographically isolated species of Pratylenchus neglectus
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Azordegan, Jennifer M. "School-family relationships in diverse Australia: A sociological case study of the connections between a school community and parents from an Afghan refugee background." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/136522/1/Jennifer_Azordegan_Thesis.pdf.
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This theory-led case study investigated how a Queensland primary school is engaging parents from an Afghan refugee background. Employing sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's comprehensive approach to researching social fields, this research draws from interviews with school staff and parents to explore how parent engagement was approached and perceived by the participants, and how it was influenced by external forces. This study sheds light on the complexities of forging effective school-family relationships in increasingly diverse societies. Amongst the study's contributions are a 4-pillared ethical approach to cross-cultural research and a new sociological template for equitable parent engagement in culturally diverse schools.
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Paap, Arie Jacobus. "Development of an optical sensor for real-time weed detection using laser based spectroscopy." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1282.
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The management of weeds in agriculture is a time consuming and expensive activity, including in Australia where the predominant strategy is blanket spraying of herbicides. This approach wastes herbicide by applying it in areas where there are no weeds. Discrimination of different plant species can be performed based on the spectral reflectance of the leaves. This thesis describes the development of a sensor for automatic spot spraying of weeds within crop rows. The sensor records the relative intensity of reflected light in three narrow wavebands using lasers as an illumination source.
A prototype weed sensor which had been previously developed was evaluated and redesigned to improve its plant discrimination performance. A line scan image sensor replacement was chosen which reduced the noise in the recorded spectral reflectance properties. The switching speed of the laser sources was increased by replacing the laser drivers. The optical properties of the light source were improved to provide a more uniform illumination across the viewing area of the sensor. A new opto-mechanical system was designed and constructed with the required robustness to operate the weed sensor in outdoor conditions. Independent operation of the sensor was made possible by the development of hardware and software for an embedded controller which operated the opto-electronic components and performed plant discrimination.
The first revised prototype was capable of detecting plants at a speed of 10 km/h in outdoor conditions with the sensor attached to a quad bike. However, it was not capable of discriminating different plants. The final prototype included a line scan sensor with increased dynamic range and pixel resolution as well as improved stability of the output laser power. These changes improved the measurement of spectral reflectance properties of plants and provided reliable discrimination of three different broadleaved plants using only three narrow wavelength bands. A field trial with the final prototype demonstrated successful discrimination of these three different plants at 5 km/h when a shroud was used to block ambient light.
A survey of spectral reflectance of four crops (sugarcane, cotton, wheat and sorghum) and the weeds growing amongst these crops was conducted to determine the potential for use of the prototype weed sensor to control spot-spraying of herbicides. Visible reflectance spectra were recorded from individual leaves using a fibre spectrometer throughout the growing season for each crop. A discriminant analysis was conducted based on six narrow wavebands extracted from leaf level spectral reflectance measured with a spectrometer. The analysis showed the potential to discriminate cotton and sugarcane from
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Dennis, Jeremy Ian. "Chocolate spot of faba beans in South Australia." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/109036.
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Entry of inoculum into a crop and disease development in the crop cannot be prevented because spores are airborne and there is a lack of highly resistant varieties. This makes complete control of chocolate spot unlikely. It should however, be possible to improve current levels of disease control through the integration of the factors identified in the studyThesis (M.Ag.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, Departments of Plant Science and Crop Protection, 1991
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Rabbi, Barkat. "Comparative physiology of Australian commercial rice cultivars to salinity stress in controlled environment and the field." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:49522.
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Salinity intrusion into agricultural lands in rice-producing countries around the world has become a serious threat to food security. Currently, more than 960 million hectares of productive land is adversely affected by salinity and is expected to grow in the future. This problem is exacerbated by the projected increase in world population from the current 7.2 to 9.6 billion by 2050. The cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) tolerates <4 dSm-1 NaCl, which makes this important crop the most salt sensitive cereal compared to wheat and barley. Despite many attempts, scientists have been unable to produce a rice variety that can tolerate >10 dSm-1. This study used morpho-physiological methods including gas exchange measurement, microelectrode ion flux estimation (MIFE) and agronomic measurements to screen salinity tolerance levels of two Japonica (Koshihikari and Reiziq) rice genotypes and one Indica (Doongara) genotype. In addition, this is the first time that four basic ion fluxes were measured using MIFE in both glasshouse and field conditions to screen rice for salinity tolerance. The effects of salinity stress on photosynthetic activities, ion fluxes and growth parameters of the three rice genotypes under glasshouse conditions and in the field were also examined. Variations in the response of the three cultivars to salinity stress were found, thus providing evidence that morpho-physiological basis of salinity stress tolerance can be applied to improve the salinity stress tolerance of this important crop. This may allow the exploitation of salt affected marginal lands and could positively contribute to global food security.
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(12298370), Alison S. Jensen. "Redefining pachymetra root rot management strategies and cultivar resistance in commercial sugarcane fields." Thesis, 2020. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Redefining_pachymetra_root_rot_management_strategies_and_cultivar_resistance_in_commercial_sugarcane_fields/19426862.
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Pachymetra chaunorhiza is an important soilborne pathogen of sugarcane and is found only in Australia. Pachymetra root rot is managed primarily by growing resistant cultivars, which are chosen for planting based on oospore levels in the soil. This management strategy does not account for differences in virulence among Pachymetra populations, despite previous research demonstrating that two genetically distinct groups of Pachymetra occur, which may differ in pathogenicity. Higher than expected yield losses have been associated with high oospore levels under some cultivars with intermediate resistance to the pathogen. Increased virulence of Pachymetra towards specific cultivars, following long-term exposure to that cultivar, could explain these reports of high yield losses in intermediate cultivars. This research project aimed to deliver knowledge of the genetic and pathogenic variation among Pachymetra populations in different growing regions and following long-term exposure to different cultivars.
The level of genetic and pathogenic variation among Pachymetra populations and the factors contributing to pachymetra root rot were investigated in a series of field trials, glasshouse experiments and laboratory molecular analyses. Results from field experiments generally support the current guidelines used for Pachymetra management. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that planting the same intermediate cultivar over multiple crop cycles could lead to higher than expected yield losses due to pachymetra root rot. Yield losses of 17 percent were associated with continual cropping of Q208A in a field trial near Bundaberg, in the southern Queensland sugarcane-growing region. A range of putative Pachymetra genes were identified which could play a role in pathogenicity. Collectively, the findings from this research supported the conclusion that two genetically distinct groups of Pachymetra occur in growing regions a) north of Townsville and b) south of Townsville, as previously reported. Three potential native hosts of Pachymetra were also identified, including Themeda australis and this finding supports the theory that lighter soil types are conducive to pachymetra root rot.
Books on the topic "Field crops – australia"
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Jackson, D. L. Australia agricultural botany. (Sydney): Sydney University Press, 1985.
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Otsamo, Antti. Preliminary experiences of some Australian Acacia-species under irrigated conditions in Bura, Tana River District, Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Forestry Research Institute, 1993.
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Bailey, PT, ed. Pests of Field Crops and Pastures. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643095328.
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This comprehensive handbook on economic entomology for Australian field crops and pastures is the first of its kind. It encompasses pests and beneficial insects as well as allied forms of importance in Australian agriculture.
Organised by commodities – such as cereals, sugar and tropical pasture legumes – it examines all the pest species for a particular commodity across Australia. Identification, distribution, damage, host range, biology, risk period and monitoring techniques are described for each entry, accompanied by useful illustrations. The book also describes introduced biological control agents that effectively control crop pests.
Pests of Field Crops and Pastures will be a useful tool in crop management for progressive farmers, agronomists, agricultural consultants and academics alike.
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M. R. (michael Robert) Moerkerk. More Crop Weeds. R.g. & F.j. Richardson, 1998.
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Effects of waterlogging on crop and pasture production in the Upper Great Southern, Western Australia. Perth: Western Australia Department of Agriculture, 1992.
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Beating the bugs: Protecting Victoria's economically significant crops from pests and diseases. Melbourne: Govt. Printer, 2004.
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Horne, Paul A., Denis Crawford, and Rudolf De Boer. A Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Australian Potato Crops. Melbourne University Press, 1998.
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Nuberg, Ian, Brendan George, and Rowan Reid, eds. Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097100.
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In its early days, agroforestry may have been viewed as the domain of the 'landcare enthusiast'. Today, integrating trees and shrubs into productive farming systems is seen as a core principle of sustainable agriculture. Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management provides the foundation for an understanding of agroforestry practice in both high and low rainfall zones across Australia.
Three major areas are discussed: environmental functions of trees in the landscape (ecosystem mimicry, hydrology, protection of crops, animals and soil, biodiversity, aesthetics); productive functions of trees (timber, firewood, pulp, fodder, integrated multi-products); and the implementation of agroforestry (design, evaluation, establishment, adoption, policy support).
The book also includes a DVD that features videos on forest measurement and harvesting, a Farm Forestry Toolbox and many regionally specific agroforestry resources.
Written by leading researchers and practitioners from around Australia, Agroforestry for Natural Resource Management will be an essential resource for students in agroforestry courses, as well as a valuable introduction to the field for professionals in related areas.
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Ji, Meng, and Sara Laviosa, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Translation and Social Practices. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190067205.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Translation and Social Practices illustrates the manifold interactions between linguistically based translation studies and many research fields in the social and natural sciences. Drawing on a wide array of case studies from across the world, the handbook demonstrates the increasing role of translation studies in identifying and providing practical, innovative solutions to persistent and emerging social and research challenges in the world’s transition toward sustainability. Twenty-nine chapters by scholars and professional translators from all over the world apply translation studies methods to a wide range of fields, including healthcare, environmental policy, geological and cultural heritage conservation, education, tourism, comparative politics, conflict mediation, international law, commercial law, immigration, and indigenous language policy. The essays cover numerous languages, from European and Latin American languages to Asian and Australian languages, giving unprecedented weight to the translation of indigenous languages in Australia, Asia, and the Americas. In this way, the handbook offers a forward-looking and cross-disciplinary survey of the challenges and possibilities of translating in the global world, demonstrating the research potential and social significance of translation studies and reformulating the scope of this discipline as an empirically grounded, socially oriented, technologically enhanced, and ethical research field in the 21st century.
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Lindenmayer, David, Stephen Dovers, and Steve Morton, eds. Ten Commitments Revisited. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486301683.
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What are the 10 key issues that must be addressed urgently to improve Australia's environment? In this follow up to the highly successful book Ten Commitments: Reshaping the Lucky Country's Environment, Australia’s leading environmental thinkers have written provocative chapters on what must be done to tackle Australia's environmental problems – in terms of policies, on-ground actions and research. Each chapter begins with a brief overview of the 10 key tasks that need to be addressed in a given field, and then each issue is discussed in more detail.
Chapters are grouped into ecosystems, sectors and cross-cutting themes. Topics include: deserts, rangelands, temperate eucalypt woodlands, tropical savanna landscapes, urban settlements, forestry management , tropical and temperate marine ecosystems, tropical rainforests, alpine ecosystems, freshwater ecosystems, coasts, islands, soils, fisheries, agriculture, mining, grazing, tourism, industry and manufacturing, protected areas, Indigenous land and sea management, climate change, water, biodiversity, population, human health, fire, energy and more.
Ten Commitments Revisited is a must read for politicians, policy makers, decision makers, practitioners and others with an interest in Australia’s environment.
Book chapters on the topic "Field crops – australia"
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Alloway, Brian J., Robin D. Graham, and Samuel P. Stacey. "Micronutrient Deficiencies in Australian Field Crops." In Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production, 63–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6860-7_3.
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Horne, P. A., T. R. New, and D. Papacek. "Preliminary notes on Mallada signatus (Chrysopidae) as a predator in field crops in Australia." In Lacewings in the Crop Environment, 395–97. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511666117.023.
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Horne, P. A., P. M. Ridland, and T. R. New. "Micromus tasmaniae: a key predator on aphids on field crops on Australasia?" In Lacewings in the Crop Environment, 388–94. Cambridge University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511666117.022.
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Misganaw Amare, Ermias. "New Insight in Herbicides Science: Non-Target Site Resistance and Its Mechanisms." In New Insights in Herbicide Science. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105173.
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Managing weeds in crop production, whether in the field, or greenhouse, can be troublesome; however, it is essential to successful production. Weeds compete with the crop for nutrients, space, sunlight and also host plant pathogens and insect pests. The economic impacts of weeds include both monetary and non-monetary. In Australia, the overall cost of weeds to grain growers is estimated at AUD 3.3 billion annually. In India, weeds cost over USD 11 billion each year. In the USA, weeds cost USD 33 billion in lost crop production annually. Herbicide use is indispensable in agriculture as it offers tool for weed management; however, repeated applications of herbicides with the same mode of action resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weed populations. Herbicide resistance is a rapidly growing worldwide problem that causes significant crop yield losses as well as increases in production costs. Non-target-site resistance to herbicides in weeds can be conferred as a result of the alteration of one or more physiological processes such as reduced herbicide translocation, increased herbicide metabolism, decreased rate of herbicide activation. Non-Target Site Resistance mechanisms are generally more complex and can impart cross-resistance to herbicides with different modes of action. To date, approximately 252 species have evolved resistance to 23 of the 26 known herbicide modes of action.
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Dhiman, Viney, and Gaurav Gaur. "An Overview of Field Work Education in the Social Work Profession in India and Abroad." In Handbook of Research on Learning in Language Classrooms Through ICT-Based Digital Technology, 187–99. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6682-7.ch015.
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In the social work education field, learning plays a significant role as it allows the field instructors and the social work educators to know the knowledge gained by the student during the field education experience. Field learning helps the instructors to get aware of the way through which the students learn and develop in social work agencies. The article helps examine the field of learning in social work education and compares India and abroad. The articles will focus on the multifaceted nature of field learning that shows the sociocultural approaches associated with the nature of learning settings for understanding the student's learning process in social field education. The article will focus on the cross-comparison of the role of field training in social work education practices across India and other countries, including Australia, Uganda, Canada, Vietnam, Norway, and Sweden. The article helps develop social work education with its practices in various countries.
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Nickson, Amanda, Catherine Briscoe, Skye Maconachie, and Michael Brosowski. "A Vietnamese and Australian cross-cultural field placement using community arts to heal and prevent child trafficking." In Social Work Field Education and Supervision Across Asia Pacific, 145–68. Sydney University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpk1.11.
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Filkov, Alexander, Brett Cirulis, Brendan Holyland, and Trent Penman. "Analysis of thermal behaviour of merging fire fronts in crop field experiments." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1579–84. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_240.
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Merging fires are known as destructive fires resulting in loss of life and houses. Despite growing efforts in the past decade to understand merging fires, there are still many knowledge gaps about their behaviour, especially at the field scale. In this study, we conducted experimental harvested crop burns in Victoria, Australia, in March and April 2021 to better understand thermal behaviour of merging fire fronts. UAVs with visual and thermal cameras were used to capture high-resolution fire propagation and the combustion process of merging fires. During experiments 50 junction fire fronts (32 forward and 18 backward) and 24 coalescence fire fronts were studied. For thermal analysis, 15 forward and 4 backward junction fire fronts, 6 coalescence fire fronts, and 10 parallel fire fronts were considered. Special methods were developed to process IR footages and compare the combustion process of merging fires and linear fire fronts (head and back fires). To do this, regions of interest (ROIs) containing the merging fire and linear fire front were selected in each frame using FLIR Research Studio. The ROIs were then exported using as bitmask images together with radiometric JPEG image containing both fires. Using the R programming platform, we determined the length and shape of the perimeter of fires for each JPEG image and defined buffer zones within the fire perimeter inside the ROI for each fire for further pixel temperature analysis. Thermal analysis showed that for forward junction fires the median temperature of head linear fire fronts was higher than forward junction fires except towards the end of merging. While in backward junction fires, the proportion of pixels with high temperature was much higher than in back linear fire fronts, indicating much larger burning areas. The temperature distributions of coalescence and parallel fires showed a decrease in the number of high-temperature pixels toward the end of the merge for coalescence and throughout for parallel fires. The fire behaviour observed in the field experiments demonstrates the necessity for better understanding of merging of fire fronts and the relationship between fuel, weather and fire line interaction.
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Asnath Modiba, Mokgadi, Sinorita Chauke, and Yolette Belinda Rapelang Nyathi. "Effect of Spider Diversity and Abundance in Legume Agroecosystems." In Advances in Legume Research: Physiological Responses and Genetic Improvement for Stress Resistance, 95–110. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815165319123020010.
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An agroecosystem refers to a complex system comprising a couple of different interacting factors, involving species, ecological, and management processes. This system contains lesser species diversity of both plants and animals than a natural ecosystem. The variation in species of plants and insects is critically important to serve as a complex food chain and web whose interactions function to stabilise this ecological unit. However, among the groups of herbivores and predators found in agroecosystems, spiders play a key role in most crop fields by preying on a variety of pests. Besides this, the current pace of research on this subject shows that the role of spiders in regulating pest species and serving as potential biological control agents has been largely ignored. So far, information on agricultural spider communities, diversity and their role as biological pesticides remain scant in various parts of the world with the exception of countries such as the United States of America, Australia, and some parts of the Middle East Asia. Thus, this chapter outlines the most relevant information on the diversity, abundance and effect of arthropodous spiders on agroecosystems, particularly those that are involved in the cultivation of legume crop species. The paper also discusses current relevant threats to spiders, conservation measures, the threat of species extinction, and the role that these arthropods play in agriculture, especially by reducing the growth and productivity of species such as soybean (Glycine max L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata).
Conference papers on the topic "Field crops – australia"
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Zhu, Jie. "Integrating Urban Sculptures into the Urban Planning System in China: Origin, Transition and Breakthrough, 1982-2003." In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5051pspxz.
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The integration of urban sculptures into the urban planning system requires cross-disciplinary cooperation. Since 2003, many cities in China have mapped out all urban sculptures and formulated related regulations and overall urban plans. In fact, as early as 1982, the government established the Urban Sculpture Planning Group (USPG) to guide the development of urban sculptures. So why did it take so long to integrate urban sculptures into the urban planning system? Through analysing the changes in the USPG as well as related policies and regulations, this research shows that the development of urban sculpture planning in China has three critical moments: 1982 (origin), 1992 (transition) and 2003 (breakthrough). Also, the paper reveals that the changing ownership, responsibility and leadership of the USPG, the unclear definition of urban sculpture planning and many uncertain elements of urban planning are the primary factors slowing down the development of urban sculpture planning in China. The transition from urban sculpture to urban sculpture planning is not only a cross-disciplinary process but also a struggle between urban planning and sculpture. The paper argues that the essence of the transition is an antagonism between planning ideology under authoritarianism and the free expression of artistic thought. The research results benefit scholars in understanding the historical trends of urban sculpture practice in China. In addition, the history of urban sculpture planning reveals the problem of transition from small-scale objects to large-scale planning, which provides a prediction for the cross-field development of similar objects.
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Youssef, AbdAllah A., Qi Shao, and Stephan K. Matthäi. "Two-Step Upscaling of Sub-Seismic Geo-Heterogeneity with Flow-Rate-And Direction Dependent Saturation Functions." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212215-ms.
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Abstract Saturation distributions that ensue when supercritical CO2 is injected into heterogeneous porous sedimentary rocks depend on the local balance between viscous, gravitational, and capillary forces. This balance varies among different constituent rock types, and there is mounting evidence that this variation needs to be accounted for when modelling relative permeability and capillary pressure between capillary (CL) and viscous limit (VL) two-phase flow. Here we present field data-based numeric-simulation research upscaling such novel rate-dependent, directional functions to the permeability REV of the sedimentary rock to determine the injection behaviour of the fluvio-deltaic Parraatte formation at the CO2CRC's Otway International Test Centre, Australia. The flow of CO2-water along a high-resolution (0.05 m 1 m) vertical cross-section between two wells, spaced 640 meters apart is simulated and upscaled in two stages. The passage of the saturation front through the studied cross-section is analyzed for different line-drive rates, and dynamic drainage relative permeability curves are measured in REV scale sampling windows placed at different locations on the cross section. This analysis delivers full tensor-type dynamic relative permeability curves also accounting for buoyancy-driven flow. These REV scale functions are the macroscopic expression of unstable displacement, and heterogeneity-induced fingering of the CO2 phase, diminishing sweep and promoting early breakthrough at average saturations of 5-15%. The practical importance and workflow implications of these rate-dependent, tensorial saturation functions are explored.
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Johnstone, Daniel R., Andrew E. Potts, Hayden Marcollo, and Phillip Kurts. "Drilling Riser Case Studies Comparing the Drag Performance of LGS Technology to Conventional Buoyancy Units and Fairings." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-62219.
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Deepwater drilling risers have a substantial portion (>70%) of buoyancy modules covering their entire length. The circular cross-section of these modules acts as a bluff body exhibiting significant Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV) response, resulting in fatigue in the riser/wellhead and drag force amplification of the riser. Drilling operations can be suspended when the drag force on the riser adversely affects the top and bottom angles, a response which is exacerbated by drag force amplification due to VIV. In 2015 and 2016, Longitudinally Grooved Suppression (LGS)1 technology was developed to field qualified Technology Readiness Level (TRL of 6) [1] offering a technical advantage to drilling operators over existing options. In order to investigate the relative performance and quantify the benefits of LGS over conventional cylindrical Drilling Riser Buoyancy Modules (DRBMs) with and without fairings, a series of case studies encompassing typical operating conditions at drilling locations in several regions around the world (including the Gulf of Mexico, Brazil, the North Sea, and Australia) have been carried out to examine the performance in terms of drag (affecting operability due to top angle) and fatigue damage rate of the riser. The results indicate that LGS outperforms conventional buoyancy risers and fairings-equipped risers with regard to riser operability limits and fatigue.
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Griffiths, Terry, David White, Scott Draper, Adam Leighton, and Antonino Fogliani. "Lateral Resistance of Pipes on Rocky Seabeds: Comparison Between Measurements and Models Based on Synthetic Seabeds." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61418.
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The behavior of pipelines, cables and umbilicals on rocky seabeds has to date received little research attention. This is despite the marine renewable energy and oil and gas industries relying on these ‘pipes’ to cross a variety of rocky seabed types in the presence of extreme metocean conditions. Present design solutions are challenging and costly, yet there remains a track record of in-service failures. This paper forms part of a wider research effort being undertaken by the University of Western Australia (UWA) into pipe behavior on rocky seabeds. This work includes the effects intermittent gaps have on hydrodynamic forces, the effect of seabed roughness on enhanced boundary layer thickness and the validity of existing hydrodynamic force models for small diameter cables. In this paper, the lateral resistance of pipes on rocky seabeds is investigated using both physical and numerical testing of model pipes over artificially-created rocky seabeds. Four model pipes of varying diameter have been displaced laterally over 1 m square model rocky seabeds, with a range of pipe to rock diameters. The lateral resistance of the physical pipe tests were recorded using load cells and a digital data-logger. Analysis of the physical test results has enabled comparison to (and refinement of) numerical models as well as improved understanding of the importance of different parameters. Our results show peak frictions above 6 arising under conditions where interface friction is only about 0.3, which contrasts dramatically with the friction value of 0.6 nominated in F109. This work contributes towards generation of new design methods suitable for application to field conditions.
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Shen, Wenwen, Terry Griffiths, Mengmeng Xu, and Jeremy Leggoe. "2D and 3D CFD Investigations of Seabed Shear Stresses Around Subsea Pipelines." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10626.
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For well over a decade it has been widely recognised that existing models and tools for subsea pipeline stability design fail to account for the fact that seabed soils tend to become mobile well before the onset of pipeline instability. Despite ample evidence obtained from both laboratory and field observations that sediment mobility has a key role to play in understanding pipeline/soil interaction, no models have been presented previously which account for the tripartite interaction between the fluid and the pipe, the fluid and the soil, and the pipe and the soil. There are numerous well developed and widely used theories available to model pipe-fluid and pipe-soil interactions. A challenge lies in the way to develop a satisfactory fluid-soil interaction algorithm that has the potential for broad implementation under both ambient and extreme sea conditions due to the complexity of flow in the vicinity of a seabed pipeline or cable. A widely used relationship by Shields [1] links the bedload and suspended sediment transport to the seabed shear stresses. This paper presents details of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research which has been undertaken to investigate the variation of seabed shear stresses around subsea pipelines as a parametric function of pipeline spanning/embedment, trench configuration and wave/current properties using the commercial RANS-based software ANSYS Fluent. The modelling work has been undertaken for a wide range of seabed geometries, including cases in 3D to evaluate the effects of finite span length, span depth and flow attack angle on shear stresses. These seabed shear stresses have been analysed and used as the basis for predicting sediment transport within the Pipe-Soil-Fluid (PSF) Interaction Model [2] in determining the suspended sediment concentration and the advection velocity in the vicinity of pipelines. The model has significant potential to be of use to operators who struggle with conventional stabilisation techniques for the pipelines, such as those which cross Australia’s North West Shelf, where shallow water depths, highly variable calcareous soils and extreme metocean conditions driven by frequent tropical cyclones result in the requirement for expensive and logistically challenging secondary stabilisation measures.
Reports on the topic "Field crops – australia"
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Li, Richard. Indonesian government sues PTTEP over 2009 Montara oil spill. LegalOne Global Limited, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62436/d-1685547683643.
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The Indonesian government plans to sue PTTEP Australasia, PTTEP, and PTT for the 2009 Montara oil spill, seeking 27.4 trillion rupiahs (USD 1.85 billion) in damages. The explosion on an oil rig in the Montara field, operated by PTTEP AA, caused one of Australia's worst oil disasters, spilling 23.5 million liters of oil into the Timor Sea for 74 days and impacting the Indonesian coast. The government initially filed a lawsuit but withdrew it to strengthen their claim and correct the defendants' names. Despite a settlement with Indonesian farmers, the government seeks additional compensation for environmental damage. The case has drawn international attention due to its cross-border implications and significant environmental impact.
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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.
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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.