Journal articles on the topic 'Fiction, historical, 20th century, world war ii'
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1
Лучка, Л. "BOOK SHOWS AND THE READING UNIVERSE PROFESSOR VK YAKUNINA." Problems of Political History of Ukraine, no. 15 (February 5, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/11924.
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The research deals with creating a diverse reader image of an intellectual personality of a historian. V.K. Yakunin started his reading career as a student of Dnipropetrovsk State University in the 1960’s. During his studies he constantly visited the scientific library. It was at this time when he first became acquainted with rare and valuable editions on historical subjects. The reading experience of the historian is about 60 years. While writing his Candidate dissertation (1972) and PhD thesis (1990), he worked with a significant number of sources and literature, and he also used interlibrary loan services. He was a high-level bibliographer, he constantly searched and selected carefully new books of political and historical content. V.K.Yakunin began to collect his own library from the late 1960s. The analysis of his reader cards from the departments of scientific literature and fiction shows that scientist V.K. Yakunin paid primary attention to documents, book sources and periodicals. He perfectly knew the works of foreign historical science classics. He was interested in memoir literature. Psychological and art literature was not ignored by the scientist. The historian always turned to classical works and editions of contemporary Ukrainian writers. V. K. Yakunin’s private library totals about 2000 copies in Ukrainian, Russian and German. It has been stored in the Scientific Library since 2017. Each copy of the professor’s book collection received the stamp «Professor V.K. Yakunin’s Library». The chronological limits of the book collection cover the 20th – the beginning of the 21st century. Most publications are books of social and humanitarian directions. He was interested in the history of the 20th century: political history, public opinion, World War II, history of Nazism, the Ukrainian national movement. Memories held a special place in the book collection. Ways of acquisition to the Library: donations and purchasing. The historian was surrounded by books during his life. Thus, the value of the book collection of Professor V.K. Yakunin is in the presence of a large number of publications that give an idea of the state of book publishing in Ukraine and Russia and indicate the high intellectual level of its owner.
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Meškova, Sandra. "SEMANTICS OF THE DEPICTION OF DAUGAVPILS IN ANITA LIEPA’S DOCUMENTARY PROSE AND FICTION." Via Latgalica, no. 6 (December 31, 2014): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2014.6.1658.
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<p>Anita Liepa (born 1928) is a contemporary Latvian prose writer whose creative work was closely related to the post-soviet period in Latvia in the late 20th – and the beginning of the 21st century. In her works she depicted significant evidence of complex and contradictory processes in the history of Latvia in the 20th century, especially those related to World War II and its consequences for Latvia. Her works are divided into two distinct groups: documentary prose and fiction. The writer was born in Daugavpils, a town on the south-eastern border of Latvia, that had a significant role in the history of Latvia, especially in relation to World War II, as the town, was the place of dislocation of the major cavalry corps regiment in Daugavpils fortress. A. Liepa’s uncle Anatolijs Sondors was the fortress commandant, who faced the entrance of the Red Army and along with other Latvian army officers was deported to the Far North of the Soviet Union and died there.</p><p>The present paper regards the depiction of the cultural space of Daugavpils in Liepa’s works, searching for parallels with the writer’s biography and views expressed in different media, that attribute specific connotations to the semantic of the topos of Daugavpils with border as its major dominant. The paper follows up the depiction of Daugavpils both in Liepa’s documentary prose (“Exhumation”, “Colt Years”, “Silenced Pages”) and fiction (“Windfall”). The paper is methodologically based on the notions of cultural geography, semiotics and feminist autobiography studies. It makes use of Mikhail Bakhtin’s term “topos” to denote a model of spatial construction. Border is singled out as the central element of the semantic of the topos of Daugavpils in Liepa’s works, focusing on its spatial, temporal aspects, as well as the depiction of culture environment.</p><p>The topos of Daugavpils is most precisely and extensively depicted in the memory novel “Colt Years” („Kumeļa gadi”). Though published in 1993, the novel had actually been completed before any other of Liepa’s documentary works; this may partially be the reason, why she made depictions of Daugavpils in her following works more laconic. However, the major difference is determined by the genre of her works. In documentary prose the topos of Daugavpils reveals the information about the epoch or what may be called “signs of the time”, activating the culture code (according to Roland Barthes’ division of codes into hermeneutic, semic, proairetic, symbolic, culture codes), yet also developing a bond with the depiction of action and manifestations of the narrator’s subjective emotional states and the system of values. In works of fiction, space is a poetic category closely related to other poetic elements of the text, foregrounding the hermeneutic, semic, proairetic and symbolic codes. Hence, in “Colt Years” the topos of Daugavpils depicts not only the historical and cultural realia and landmarks of the town in the period of the 1930–1940s, but also spatial opposites of two homes the homodiegetic narrator lived in (her deceased father’s house, where she spent the happiest time of her childhood, and her uncle’s hous, where she lived during her school years), accentuating the bond between space and the narrator’s psycho-symbolic reality (referring to the semic and symbolic codes). The link between the topos of Daugavpils and the plot in all documentary works regarded is implied by the locus of Daugavpils railway station as a point of departure or arrival of characters involved in central plot lines. Scenery seen through the train window is realistically described in detail, providing place names, geographical names, referring to earlier episodes of characters’ lives. Thus, the proairetic code is activated along with the culture and other codes. The hermeneutic code is activated in the novel “Windfall” in a very interesting way. On the one hand, the author realistically describes the town of Daugavpils referring to historical events of the time of Awakening there; on the other, the toponym “Daugavpils” is replaced by an imagined name “Rūdunava”. Thus, the analysis of the depiction of Daugavpils in A. Liepa’s works leads to conclusions about the close connection between the category of space and the genre.</p>
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Malkin, Stanislav Gennadyevich. "Methodological features of asymmetric conflicts historical modeling studying." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201872216.
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The following paper deals with methodological features of studying of empires legacy role in policy of the leading powers in the countries of the third world through a prism of asymmetric conflicts historical modeling. The author pays special attention to the role of Great Britain and the USA foreign policy course defining after World War II during Cold War in the second half of the 20th century and Global War on Terror at the beginning of the 21st century. The author pays attention to methodological traps (such as the probability of the research problem on the given variable and terminological confusion) as well as to research opportunities which are opened by such approach in the field of the historical and political analysis (for example, evolution of the international relations theory and practice in the conditions of the world order transformation after World War II). Special attention is given to the value of such methodological reception as asymmetric conflicts historical modeling in expert estimates of the leading powers foreign policy. The paper also deals with the role of expert community and academic expertize as an important component of that analytical operation which is carried out within historical simulation of the asymmetrical conflicts.
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Chubaryan, Alexander. "Russia of the 20th Century in the French School History Textbook." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023540-3.
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The article analyzes the place and image of Russia in the French history textbook for the senior class by Guillaume Le Quintrec, which is one of the most popular textbooks in France today and was written in accordance with the new school history curriculum adopted in 2019. Unlike the program and methodological recommendations for it, the textbook presents a fairly balanced analysis of the events that preceded World War II. The author focuses on the European "policy of appeasement of the aggressor" and on the Munich Agreement of 1938 as the culmination of this policy. The Soviet-German pact of 1939 is rightly presented by Le Quintrec as a forced measure on the part of Stalin after the failure of Soviet attempts to create a system of collective security in Europe. As for the description of the events of World War II in the textbook, they are more tendentious. The main events on the eastern front, although mentioned, are presented as an addition to what happened on the western front. Thus, French children may get the impression that the Battle of Stalingrad or the Battle of Moscow did not determine the events on the fronts, but only contributed to the victory of the Allies, which does not correspond to historical reality. However, in describing the events of the Second World War, the text of the textbook seems to be more historical than the content of the program, where the role of the USSR in the victory over Nazism is minimized. Also in the textbook, the main blame for the outbreak of the Cold War is laid on the USSR, and modern Russia is called a "resurgent force" that claims to change the world order. In general, despite the obvious negative trends in the approach to teaching history in European countries, on some key issues of the history of the 20th century, the text of Le Quintrec's textbook looks more balanced than the new French history curriculum adopted in 2019.
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Mcallister-Grande, Bryan. "General Education for a Closed Society: Neo-Puritanism in American Civic Education After World War II." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 123, no. 11 (November 2021): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01614681221087298.
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Background/Context: This research is framed by both the historical lineage of the New Civics and the legacy of educational and curricular debates in the United States. It contributes to the literature on mid-20th century education. Purpose and Research Questions: This study explores the relationship between religion, civics, and education through the lens of university and faculty leaders at Harvard, Princeton, and Yale Universities in the mid-20th century. Research questions include (a) What were some of the major trends in curricular reform before totalitarianism emerged as an idea or concept, and how were they related to questions of freedom? (b) In the mid-to-late 1930s, how did the presidents of Harvard, Princeton, and Yale view the idea of totalitarianism/authoritarianism and its potential impact on these earlier reform efforts? In addition, what role did trustees, students, faculty, and other constituents play in these conversations? (c) What educational proposals were offered as solutions or counterattacks to totalitarian ideas? (d) What lessons can we draw today from these debates about educating for freedom? Research Design: This study utilized a historical case study design based on intellectual, educational, and cultural history. I examined more than 30 archival collections at Harvard, Princeton, and Yale; my focus was on curricular meeting minutes, presidential papers, dean’s papers, and individual manuscripts. Findings/Results: Most literature on 20th-century American education and civics focuses on secularization. My research instead emphasizes the dynamic relationship between religion and education, including the ways in which educational practices became religious in form and purpose. I illuminate the ways in which, even after World War II, Christian supernaturalism and secular facts were thought by a coterie of faculty and university leaders to be interconnected. Educators at Harvard, Princeton, and Yale referenced Christian Humanism—a fusion of supernatural and secular—as being highly relevant to their time.
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Longhurst, James. "Reconsidering the Victory Bike in World War II: Federal Transportation Policy, History, and Bicycle Commuting in America." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 13 (August 26, 2018): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118794288.
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The largest federal intervention in bicycle transportation policy in the 20th century damaged the popularity and prospects of adult cycling in the United States. But in contemporaneous publications and in historical accounts, the World War II “Victory Bike” program has been described positively and fondly, even by bicycle advocates. Using the methodology of the discipline of history, this paper contrasts published literature on the Victory Bike against the unpublished, archival records of the federal government’s Revised Ration Order 7 of July, 1942. A first-ever close analysis of month-by-month rationing demonstrates the deeply restrictive nature of that program, which contradicts both early promises and later accounts. By the end of the war, civilian bicycle production and sales had halted completely, the industry had been decimated, and adult cycling was increasingly associated with wartime sacrifice and deprivation. Recovering this 20th century policy history is a necessary part of understanding American bicycle culture in the 21st, partially explaining the comparative lack of adult bicycle commuting today.
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Smirnitsky, Alexander Evgenievich. "Zhivotich A. “Balkan front” of the Cold War: The USSR and Yugoslav-Albanian Relations. 1945-1968 / ed. A. B. Yedensky. Moscow – Saint Petersburg: Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Nestor-History, 2022. 288 p.: Book review." Manuscript 17, no. 3 (May 7, 2024): 148–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/mns20240021.
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The reviewed publication sheds light on the history of interstate relations between the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Albania in the postwar period. The author presents these relations in the context of the broad geopolitical changes that the world underwent after the end of World War II. This monograph will be useful for specialists in the modern history of the 20th century, Slavic studies, Balkan studies, as well as all those interested in these areas of historical research.
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Lamiell, James T. "Some Philosophical and Historical Considerations Relevant to William Stern’s Contributions to Developmental Psychology." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 217, no. 2 (January 2009): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.2.66.
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During the first third of the 20th century, William Stern (1871–1938) was a prominent contributor to the literature of developmental psychology. Many of his most important contributions, some of which were made in collaboration with his wife Clara Stern, were based on diary observations of the three Stern children; observations that the Sterns accumulated over 18 years. Even as these contributions were materializing, William Stern was formulating and articulating an overarching system of thought, a Weltanschauung or worldview, that he called “critical personalism.” This brief article highlights certain aspects of that system of thought that were of particular relevance to Stern’s contributions to developmental psychology. The article also contrasts the pre-World War II reception of Stern’s ideas among developmental psychologists and differential psychologists, and, within developmental psychology, the reception of those ideas before as compared with after World War II.
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Kościelniak, Karol. "Intercontinental Ballistic Missile – ICBM – a Symbol of “Cold War”?" Reality of Politics 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201502.
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World War II marked the beginning of the forty-five years long period of tense peace, described as the Cold War. Two superpowers that emerged from World War II started to compete for hegemony over the world, representing two diametrically different political and economic systems. In any other historical period, such situation would lead to an inevitable great war, but after 1945 the competition was threatened by the possibility of using nuclear weapon whose capability of destruction was so enormous that neither of parties ventured direct confrontation. World War II contributed to scientific advancement that played a crucial role in the military progress of these states. The development of technologies assisting nuclear weapon resulted in a revolutionary change in military capability provided by the parties of the conflict. Rocket projectiles were the symbol of the 20th century, due to the fact that they carried humans into space, but also because they carried deadly weapon capable of killing hundreds thousands people. This combination of nuclear weapon with medium-range and intercontinental missiles caused that the world had to face permanent threat.
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Howorus-Czajka, Magdalena. "“True fiction” – the memory and the postmemory of traumatic war events in a picturebook." Problemy Wczesnej Edukacji 34, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0009.4846.
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The World War II has left an emotional wound, and its direct victims as well as new generations have to cope with it. The main subject of my presentation will be an analysis of methods for presenting World War II history in against the background of a theory of memory and postmemory of war’s trauma through the example of picturebooks which were published in Poland during the first two decades of the XXI century. I would like to discuss the main trends in presenting the issues pertaining to the war. The transcription of the Second World War memory into picturebooks is especially interesting for me as a historian of art. I analyse the artistic styles adapted by the artists to express difficult topics, such as the holocaust, the horror of concentrations camps, hunger, fear, loss of family, death. Composition, artistic techniques, colour, vocabulary, typography – these are the tools in the hands of artists through which they can not only tell the story, but also stir up emotions and shape the personality. The picturebook, like other types of art, operates through the language of fiction to tell the truth. Art is one of the languages of historical narration
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Zhang, Jingbo. "A Brief Analysis of the Historical Evolution of Design Ethical Thought." Communications in Humanities Research 26, no. 1 (January 3, 2024): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/26/20232095.
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Design has evolved over time, continually adapting to changes in societal, economic, and cultural environments. In the 18th century, manufacturers considered the appearance and design of products to meet the expectations of different target groups. Design gradually separated from manufacturing, shifting its focus to the impact of aesthetics and visual appeal, significantly shaping subsequent design philosophy and practices. This paper analyzes the influence of machinery replacing manual labor during the Industrial Revolution and the evolution of American industrial design in consumer culture. After World War II, design became a symbol of international competition. The article concludes by discussing the design ethical thought of Papanek in the 20th century, emphasizing that responsible design should address social issues and sustainable development.
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Subotic, Milovan. "Religion and war - the return of the written-off." Medjunarodni problemi 71, no. 4 (2019): 476–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1904476s.
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Famous German sociologist and philosopher, Jurgen Habermas, often points out that we not only live in postmodern but in ?post-secular society? as well. This post-secular society appears as a significant opposite to the society which we heard about several decades ago, and which was mostly secular or striving towards secularity. Almost all of the 20th century, and especially decades after World War II, was marked with stands that religion and the Holy are losing its significance in contemporary society. However, at the end of the 20th and especially at the beginning of the turbulent 21st century, we are witnessing the fact that religion is not defeated. More precisely, it did not lose its place both in private and public life. It is obvious that religion was ?under the radar? for different anticipators from the 20th century, which proved that it is still a complex social phenomenon that cannot be easily explained nor predicted. How did religion come back from ?nonsense? to the main stage of important contemporary social phenomena? What are the potentials of religion in causing, and what in the pacification of conflicts? What are the characteristics of religion-inspired conflicts, then and now? How contemporary monotheisms see the (just) war? These are some of the questions we tried to answer in this paper through the review of contemporary literature and content analysis. The author simultaneously analysed if numbers about the increase of believers in the world (absolute) and numbers in the percentage of faithful ones (relative) are valid indicators that religion returned in the context of former importance. Based on trends existing in this field during the last forty years, as well as on historical heritage left behind by contemporary monotheisms, the paper also presents a framework for a prognosis about the future of religion in the context of the upcoming conflicts.
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Eichengreen, Barry. "Historical Research on International Lending and Debt." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 2 (May 1, 1991): 149–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.2.149.
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The parallels between debt crises past and present have attracted a large number of social scientists to the history of foreign lending and default. In this article, I describe the findings of the recent literature on the subject. The questions posed have obvious relevance to the current policy debate over the debt of less-developed countries. What features of international capital markets have long rendered them vulnerable to generalized crisis? What events tend to spawn debt-servicing difficulties and to provoke default? What have been the consequences of default for lenders and borrowers? What approaches historically have proven most effective at clearing away the residue of debt crises? I concentrate on 20th century experience: on the lending of the 1920s, on the debt crisis of the 1930s, and on the recovery of capital markets after World War II.
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Shelegina, Olga N., and Galina M. Zaporozhchenko. "Historical Content of Socio-Cultural Practices at the Siberian Region in the 1st Decades of the 21st Century." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 8 (October 28, 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-8-87-99.
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The article reviews the options for using the definition of “socio-cultural practices” in the Russian scientific literature. For the first time, it is intended to identify relevant historical content for research, communication, and commemorative practices currently implemented in the Siberian region. For a representative analysis of the historiography and empirical source, there is a socio-cultural approach and mnemosine – the science of public memory. The article presents the outcomes of study and public broadcasting of socio-cultural practices related to the incorporation of new territories of North Asia into the Russian state in the late 18th − 19th century, the growth of civil society in the early 20th century, the development of scientific, historical and cultural heritage in the 2nd half of the 20th − early 21st century. It highlights modern communication practices, which are based on information technologies (electronic archives), designed for the development of scientific heritage, historical information available to the general population. Special attention is drawn to the analysis of multi-level commemorative practices, the historical content of which is associated with the Great Patriotic War (World War II) and presented through Internet resources and publications, in particular, the magazine “Historical Courier”. From a civil-patriotic point of view the article shows the contribution of Siberian scientists toward the victory and post-war development of the country. It also considers the communicative and educational and leisure practices of local history museums (the Museum “Zaeltsovka”, the Museum of Science and Technology of the SB RAS) related to military-historical topics. The authors come to the conclusion that to response to the great challenges of our time, it is necessary to develop a system of socio-cultural practices based on the historical content and shape an active civil position of the population of Russia, and, in particular, the inhabitants of the Siberian region. Further study of the entire range of socio-cultural practices is relevant and promising for developing a model of commemoration, structuring and adaptation of historical past for effective use in working with the population and educating young people.
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Luchka, Lyudmila. "Book heritage of Dnipropetrovsk region of the 20s–30s of the 20th century: historical review and analysis of sources." Grani 24, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172126.
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The article deals with general state of the national book publishing business of the 20s – 30s of the 20th century. The author reveals and analyses the publications of the university book collection valuable in terms of content, design, and time of printing. The history and destiny of some books of educational, scientific and fiction literature are researched. The author’s attention is focused on the problems of book publishing process in Ukraine, in particular books of social, economic, agricultural and technical content. The activity of well-known Ukrainian publishing houses of this period is analysed and a bibliographic review of the repertoire of the publications is given. The author notes a significant percentage of academic literature among Ukrainian book production, in particular the works of scientists in various fields of knowledge.The role and place of publishing houses of the regional level are determined. The literature devoted to the World War I is an important contribution to the development of the Ukrainian publishing space. General picture of preparation and printing of works of Ukrainian fiction literature and popular science editions from various branches of knowledge is created. The attention of publishing houses was paid to the preparation of textbooks for rural schools. the creation of popular serial publications was a special feature. Lviv magazines, bulletins on the history and geography of Ukrainian lands are valuable in terms of content. Materials on censorship oppression and seizure of books on Ukrainian science, literature and art are provided. A number of local history publications related to the national book heritage are revealed and analysed, in particular by D.I. Yavornitsky, I.I. Ohienko, L.V. Pisarzhevsky and others. During the scientific research, the author tries to highlight the unknown and forgotten pages of book printing in Ukraine, which are related to development and inhibition of social, economic and political processes.
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TAMPU, Stelian. "THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY." Strategic Impact 79, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 145–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-10.
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Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.
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Carrard, Philippe. "Historical Discourse and Narrativity." Poetics Today 42, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-9026159.
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Abstract Most theorists of history now seem to regard narrative as the only discursive model on which historians rely to make sense of the past. The structure of many works in current historiographic production, however, is not that of a narrative as defined in literary theory. The histories of World War II discussed here, for example, do not all tell a story; several of them take the form of synchronic analyses bearing on some aspects of the conflict. Furthermore, those histories of the war that tell a story follow different models and have widely divergent degrees of narrativity. That is, they resort at various levels of frequency and deliberateness to strategies that narratologists such as Meir Sternberg and Raphaël Baroni view as typical of storytelling. Positing readers who know how the war ended (the Allies won), they do not turn to suspense but seek to arouse curiosity by making counterfactual hypotheses (What if?) that offer alternatives to what actually happened. Furthermore, they attempt to create surprise by proposing “new versions” grounded in recently uncovered evidence and/or thus far unasked questions. As Dorrit Cohn speaks of the “distinction of fiction,” it would thus be legitimate to speak in these areas of the “distinction of historiography.” Indeed, the classical nineteenth-century extra-heterodiegetic narratives to which histories are frequently compared are unlikely to include counterfactuals, as they are unlikely to offer new, “better” versions of the events that they report.
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Uczkiewicz-Styś, Katarzyna. "„Słuchajcie, co wam teraz powiem…”, Obsługiwałem angielskiego króla Bohumila Hrabala – fikcja literacka a „historia opowiadana”." Wrocławski Rocznik Historii Mówionej 2 (October 30, 2012): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26774/wrhm.28.
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Oral history accounts area natural object of research for anthropologists, sociologists, researchers of cultural studies, ethnologists, as well as psychologists engaged in memory studies. As narratives of experience they became the antipositivist rebellion against the monopoly of major historical narratives that, according to the reflection of the second half of the 20th century, were supposed to lead to the catastrophes of war and genocide.
In historiographic research the questioned positivist discourse based on the corresponding theory of the truth has become counterbalanced by the discourse of memory. As a consequence, also in historical research there is noticeable appreciation for other, non-classic, forms of historical narratives which include oral history accounts.
What can a researcher of literary fiction contribute to reflections on oral history whose greatest value should be authenticity, this “truth of experience”? To what extent can literary texts in the convention of a narrative of appeal, first-person narrative, monologue (in which crucial roles are played by dialogue, orality and rhetoric of the text) be read in the perspective of oral history?
When analyzing I Served the King of England novel by Bohumil Hrabal – author who by default rejects ‘the macrocosm’, the world of great politics, historical necessities, social processes, for the world of microcosm, i.e. a life of each person and what is more, he rejects any need for psychological or sociological (or any other) analysis of this microcosm – one can notice that the dichotomy of literary fiction and the authentic experience of oral history is not that obvious as it may seem. Categories of text, narration and memory, although analyzed from different research perspectives, are common for both forms.
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Loskutov, I. G. "From the Bureau on applied botany to the Institute for plant genetic resources (commemorating the 125th Anniversary of VIR)." VAVILOVIA 3, no. 1 (November 6, 2020): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-3860-2020-1-42-59.
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The article provides a historical background on the activities of the N. I. Vavilov All‑Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) for a 125‑year period. The Institute began its history as the Bureau of Applied Botany in the end of the 19th century, the times of the Russian Empire; it went through the crucible of World War I, the October Revolution and the Civil War, to become the All‑Union Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) in the Soviet times. The Institute overcame the period of Stalin’s repressions and the devastating irreparable losses sustained during the World War II and the Siege of Leningrad. In the post‑war period, VIR underwent revival, and since 1967 has been proudly bearing the name of N. I. Vavilov. The most successful period in the history of VIR was in the 60‑70s of the 20th century, while in the 90s there followed a period of a sharp drop in funding of all research, and the institute staff was preserving and saving the Vavilov collection at the cost of incredible efforts. In the 21st century, VIR continues its work as a globally known leader in the spheres of systematic collection, comprehensive study, reliable conservation and rational use of genetic resources of cultivated plants and their wild relatives for solving the problems directly related to ensuring national and global food security.
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Studenna-Skrukwa, Marta. "Between socialist homeland and totalitarian dictatorship. The image of the post-World War II period in Ukrainian historical discourse." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 20, no. 1 (December 2022): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2022.1.10.
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This paper is devoted to the analysis of selected aspects how Ukrainian schools present the historical narrative that covers the post-World War II history of this country – particularly the period of late socialism. My goal was to establish how post-Maidan textbooks presented the times when Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union in its superpower phase. I was especially interested in the current assessment of such phenomena as: post-Stalinist modernization, the movements opposing communist ideology, and the late socialist concept of the Soviet people. The source material was five new textbooks for historical education at high-school level approved for use by the Ukrainian authorities in 2019. The basic research method was discourse analysis: the content of the textbooks were critically evaluated in light of the ongoing political and social situation. Among the theoretical assumptions that were applied in the paper was that the historical narrative has a key importance as a function of the nation-state and as such serves its interests. To conclude the analysis below, it should be emphasized that historical narrative of Ukrainian Schools presents the past of the country in the second half of the 20th century as a general process of gaining independence from the Soviet centre. In the context of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, it should be assumed that the emancipatory nature of the interpretation of Ukraine’s national history is now irreversible.
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Sun, Yizhi. "Humanity Doesn’t Need a Cold War [Rev. on: Shen Zhihua. Economic Vortex: The Beginning of the Cold War Reinterpreted. Hongkong, 2022. 423 p.]." Modern History of Russia 14, no. 1 (2024): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu24.2024.114.
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This review focuses on the book by leading Chinese historian Shen Zhihua, Economic Vortex: The Beginning of the Cold War Reinterpreted (Hongkong, 2022). The central question that Shen wants to answer in his work is “Could the Cold War have been avoided?” The professor examines this question through a “new angle” — the economic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. Ultimately, Professor Shen concluded that the Cold War was an “accidental product” that could have been avoided. Further political and economic cooperation between U. S. and Soviet Union after World War II was in fact possible. The coexistence of two different ideologies and systems was also possible. The monograph consists of seven chapters. Shen analyzes in detail how the U. S. and the USSR gradually fell into an “economic vortex”, severing all economic relations between them. History — lessons for the future. The current situation in the world, the conflict between the two superpowers, China and U. S., has made the issue of the Cold War particularly relevant. Professor Shen believes that the outbreak of the Cold War in the middle of the last century is a “historical nuisance” for all mankind and contradicted the main course of the history of all mankind — the peaceful way of development. The PRC and the U. S. must not repeat the mistakes made by the American and Soviet leadership in the 20th century, which ended up dragging the entire world into a long and senseless conflict.
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Parafianowicz, Ryszard. "Operational Warfare in War College and War Studies University." Kwartalnik "Bellona" 697, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3624.
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Having own operational warfare based on deeply rooted domestic military culture and positively verified combat cases, being now historical experiences inspiring next generations, is one of the foundations of the armed forces. Polish art of war in the 20th century developed freely in the Second Republic of Poland: it was a period, when the foundations for Polish operational art were established. Poland, in consequence of a betrayal by its western allies, after World War II found itself in the Soviet zone of influences, and this meant breaking up with the achievements of the Second Republic of Poland, including the art of war. Regaining Independence at the break of 1989/1990 was a distinct turning point in the development of the art of war, and meant the necessity to search for new solutions adequate for the challenges stemming from contemporary geopolitical location, as well as from its defense self-sufficiency. This required a new outlook on operational warfare. The following turning point was the membership in North-Atlantic Alliance and the participation of the Polish Armed Forces in stabilization operations in the Balkans, Iraq, and Afghanistan. Both in the Second Republic of Poland and today, military education of command and staff professionals had a significant impact on Polish operational art.
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Brustolin, Vitelio. "Military Influence on Industrial Policy in Brazil During the 20th and Early 21st Centuries." Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies 10, no. 2 (2022): 70–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25160/bjbs/10.2.5.
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The defense industry is part of a country’s industrial base and often has multiple uses, serving both civilian and military purposes. It does not stand alone and is a significant part of the country’s industry. From this perspective, this article demonstrates the Brazilian military’s influence on industrialization policies. Such influence has not always been vested with legitimacy, as in the 1964 coup d’état and the subsequent military government (1964-1985), nor has it always been due to internal reasons. Political-military events, such as World War I and especially World War II, have directly affected the country’s industrialization policies. The methodology employed in this article is a review of policies, institutions, laws, and historical facts. The conclusions highlight that during the 20th century Brazil went from the stage of not producing defense equipment to the status of one of the largest exporters in the world. This role underwent profound changes in the 1990s, and 2000s. However, there are threats that a new dictatorship could be established in Brazil. If the country suffers another democratic-era coup d’état, what happened in the 1990s could repeat itself. That is, deindustrialization and the subsequent dismantling of what remains of the defense industry, which would also affect the civilian industry.
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Yanran, Zhao. "THE REFLECTION OF SOCIALISM REALISM IN RUSSIAN MUSIC IN THE MUSIC IN THE CHINESE PIANO CONCERTO “THE YELLOW RIVER”." Russian Studies in Culture and Society 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2576-9782-2023-2-130-147.
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After World War II, the socialist camp opposed capitalism, and socialist realism became the official art school and style of socialist countries in the Soviet Union. This article analyzes how the realistic music style of the 19th century Soviet Union was inherited and developed in the 20th century, thus forming a music style that can be called “socialist realism”. This style had a profound impact on the development of Chinese piano music in the 20th century, including the creation of the Yellow River Piano Concerto by six Chinese composers, including Yin Chengzong, which is one of the typical music works of socialist realism style and the product of a specific historical period. It uses a revolutionary musical language, filled with inner passion and motivation. The paper applies the historical-structural approach, as well as the method of analysis of musical works and structural analysis of musicological literature published in Chinese and Russian on the subject of research. This article aims to reveal the significant impact of Russian and Soviet music styles on the development of Chinese piano art. The author concludes that due to the “socialist realism” style, the Yellow River piano works have a strong appeal and revolutionary nature, inspiring people to participate in national struggles and becoming a model of piano music at that time.
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Watanabe, Shoko. "THE PARTY OF GOD: THE ASSOCIATION OF ALGERIAN MUSLIM ʿULAMAʾ IN CONTENTION WITH THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AFTER WORLD WAR II." International Journal of Middle East Studies 50, no. 2 (May 2018): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743818000065.
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AbstractScholarship has long held that Islamic reform was a preparatory stage for nationalism in the Muslim world. In challenge to this view, this article shows how in the context of 20th-century Algeria Islamic reformers and nationalists continued to maintain distinct political ideas, visions, and projects. The article examines the internal framework of the Association of Algerian Muslim ʿUlamaʾ, an Islamic reform movement founded in 1931 when Algeria was under French colonial rule, and its interactions with other local movements, especially the Algerian nationalist movement. Through a comparison of the discourse of the Algerian ʿulamaʾ to that of the nationalists, it argues that while both groups claimed to be successors of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, their understanding of politics (siyāsa) was different. Whereas the ʿulamaʾ associated politics with their own spiritual leadership, the nationalists associated it with institutions. The study situates these distinct visions within the post–World War II historical context, in which the expanding nationalist movement undermined the ʿulamaʾ’s popular appeal.
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Solopova, Olga A., Natalya N. Koshkarova, and Igor V. Sibiriakov. "The Image of Chelyabinsk in the 20th century British Media Discourse (1901-1950)." RUDN Journal of Language Studies, Semiotics and Semantics 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2299-2022-13-1-9-26.
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The paper studies the evolution of the image of Chelyabinsk in the 20th century British media discourse. The research proves relevant as it involves both linguistic and historical analyses; it aims at retrospective study of the evolution of the image of the foreign city in British media discourse over a large time span. A wide range of methods is employed in the study: comparative, diachronic, cognitive-matrix, cognitive-discursive methods, source study, and content analysis. The source of the data is a digitized archive of British historical media texts. The authors fixed nine variations of the city name. The frequency of modeling the image of Chelyabinsk is dissimilar: it is rather high at the beginning of the century, declines in the second decade, reaches its minimum in 1921-1930, and rises again in the subsequent decades, which is explained by the interest of the British media to industrialization and the events of World War II. Most of the newspapers and magazines that modelled the image of Chelyabinsk were published in the capitals and large industrial centres, which is explained by the peculiarities of British print media, a higher level of education of large cities residents, and Britains economic interests in Russia / the Soviet Union. The significant difference in the images of Chelyabinsk across the time is in their emotive load: negative images of the beginning of the century are contrasted to positive images generated in the latest time span.
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Zigmunde, Alīda, Ilze Gudro, Ilze Ūsele, and Ineta Bauere. "Pedagogical Activities of Graduate (1916) of Riga Polytechnic Institute Jānis Rupais (1889–1974) in Latvia." History of Engineering Sciences and Institutions of Higher Education 7 (October 25, 2023): 30–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/hesihe.2023.003.
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The research on Jānis Rupais (1889–1974), engineer, pedagogue, and graduate of the Department of Chemistry (1916) of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), was conducted using the documents of the National Archives of Latvia, the Latvian State Historical Archive and the Latvian State Archives, as well as Gulbene Municipality Museum of History and Art. The article about the well-known pedagogue in Latvia in the 20th century – the long-term and only Principal of Gulbene State Commercial School and Vocational School (1926– 1944) J. Rupais also reflects on his activities after World War II at Riga Industrial Polytechnicum. It describes both the educational institutions, the principal and pedagogue J. Rupais and his work methods, and the contribution he made to Gulbene and Latvia.
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Lechunova, O. A. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL CITIES IN WEST SIBERIA (THE NOVOSIBIRSK CASE STUDIES)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 21, no. 5 (October 29, 2019): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2019-21-5-85-98.
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The article discusses the development of small cities in various natural and geographic conditions of West Siberia in the 18–20th centuriesThe aim of this work is to identify the specific development of the main cities in the Novosibirsk region. The historical and analytical approaches are utilized in this study.The natural conditions and their influence on the territory development and the formation of the economic and geographical position of small towns are considered.Three main groups of cities are identified: 1) the earliest settlements of Kuybyshev, Toguchin, 2) stations of the transport routes Barabinsk, Tatarsk and Karasuk, 3) Berdsk and Iskitim, which rapidly grow, and the development of the production base due to industrial enterprises evacuated during the Great World War II from the European part of the country. On the basis of archival documents, a comprehensive analysis is conducted for city plans of the 20th century and the types of their planning structure.
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BABAEI, ABDOLRAZAGH, and AMIN TAADOLKHAH. "Portrayal of the American Culture through Metafiction." Journal of Education Culture and Society 4, no. 2 (January 7, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20132.9.15.
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Kurt Vonnegut’s position that artists should be treasured as alarm systems and as biological agents of change comes most pertinent in his two great novels. The selected English novels of the past century – Cat’s Cradle (1963), Slaughterhouse Five (1969), and Breakfast of Champions (1973) – connect the world of fiction to the harsh realities of the world via creative metafictional strategies, making literature an alarm coated with the comforting lies ofstorytelling. It is metafi ction that enables Vonnegut to create different understandings of historical events by writing a kind of literature that combines facts and fiction. Defi ned as a kind of narrative that “self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as artefact” metafiction stands against the duplicitous “suspension of disbelief” that is simply an imitation and interpretation of presumed realities. As a postmodern mode of writing it opts for an undisguised narration that undermines not only the author’s univocal control over fiction but also challenges the established understanding of the ideas. Multidimensional display of events and thoughts by Vonnegut works in direction of metafiction to give readers a self-conscious awareness of what they read. Hiroshima bombing in 1946 and the destruction of Dresden in Germany by allied forces in World War II are the subjects of the selected novels respectively. In them Vonnegut presents a creative account in the form of playful fictions. The study aims to investigate how the novelist portrayed human mentality of the American culture by telling self-referentialstories that focus on two historical events and some prevailing cultural problems.
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Malšina, Katerina, and Jevgen Sinkevič. "Trnova pot razvoja narodne ideje v 20. stoletju: problemi oblikovanja naroda na Slovenskem in v Ukrajini skozi oči ukrajinskega zgodovinarja." Contributions to Contemporary History 56, no. 1 (May 25, 2016): 126–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51663/pnz.56.1.08.
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DIFFICULT PATH TO DEVELOPING THE IDEA OF A NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY: PROBLEMS IN FORMING A NATION IN SLOVENIA AND UKRAINE AS SEEN BY AN UKRAINIAN HISTORIANThe article presents the development of the idea of a nation by comparing constitutional and social processes in Slovenia and Ukraine from the second half of the 19thcentury to the end of the 20thcentury. Upon examining the documentary and narrative sources on the formation of the Ukrainian and Slovenian nations, the authors point out that both Slovenians and Ukrainians co-existed within one country – the Austro-Hungarian Empire – as well as to the chronological and thematic similarity of historical independence movement processes in both countries, focusing on the period of Austria-Hungary, as well as on the time after World War I and World War II. The emphasis is on defining the following terms: What is a “national idea” compared to the political and state-related idea? What is the difference between the Slovenian and Ukrainian national idea? How should we define the “Slovenian nation” and the “European nation” today?
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Koldunova, E. V. "Transformation of Japan’s Relations with Southeast Asia in the Second Half of the 20<sup>th</sup> – еarly 21<sup>st</sup> Centuries: Russia, Take Note." Russian Japanology Review 5, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 28–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55105/2658-6444-2022-1-28-48.
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In the 20th century, relations between Japan and Southeast Asia experienced several dramatic ups and downs. Japan was the first non- European country that in the late 1930s presented its own vision of the regional order in Asia. The consequences of its implementation proved to be painful both for Japan itself and for its neighbors. After the Japanese defeat in World War II, the historical memory of Japan as an aggressor became part of political and social consciousness of many states of the region. However, in the second part of the 20th century, Japan managed to transform radically this perception in Southeast Asia, turning itself into a leading macro-regional power. This transformation did not come without difficulties but eventually resulted in a successful overcoming of the World War II legacy and made Japan one of the most welcomed alternative forces amidst the rising Sino- US contradictions. A new wave of proactive relations between Japan and Southeast Asia took place against the background of China’s economic rise and was connected with the advancement of the Japanese version of the Indo- Pacific as a reaction to China’s rise. This article argues that Japan’s success in its relations with Southeast Asia had several reasons. The first one was the reassessment of the Japanese structural role in the region (from a militarist force imposing a hierarchical regional order into a power which managed to organize regional development based on the network type of connections). Others included the progressive dynamics of institutional interaction with ASEAN and targeted cooperation in the areas where Japanese interests coincided or were significantly close to the interests of Southeast Asian states. Despite the fact that Russia can hardly repeat Japanese success in developing its relations with Southeast Asia, certain elements of it are well worth taking note of.
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RUTAR, Khrystyna. "A JOURNEY TO (OWN) MEMORY: LVIV BETWEEN AND DURING WORLD WAR II IN CONTEMPORARY TEXT (BASED ON NOVELS "THE MUSEUM OF ABANDONED SECRETS" BY OKSANA ZABUZHKO AND "TANGO OF DEATH" BY YURII VYNNYCHUK)." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 31 (2018): 278–355. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2018-31-278-285.
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In the article basing on theoretical framework of memory studies, two historical novels written by modern Ukrainian authors have been analyzed. The main references to the interwar Lviv and Lviv during the war in works are singled out and the importance of inclusion and comprehension of places of those two periods in modern Ukrainian text is indicated. The main strategies of returning to memory of interwar Lviv and its inhabitants are analyzed. The traumatized memory and ways of talking about the 20th century cultural traumas were analyzed in the 21st century novel, those traumas, which for more than a half of century were surrounded by curtain of fear, censorship and inability to speak openly about it. Attention is drawn to the names of streets are obtaining features of memory prosthesis and becomes an access memory tool. The author concludes that the novel, which had the opportunity to take a fresh look at the traumatic pages of the past, remains in the shadow of stereotypes and silence. The abilities of literature in memory studies is analyzed and are noted that literature can be both as a tool of memory and as an object of memory studies. Keywords memory, Lviv, Oksana Zabuzhko, Yurii Vynnychuk, Museum of abandoned secrets, Tango of Death, trauma, war, interwar period.
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Zeng, Ziyun. "Reform or Revolution? Socialism from China to Asian Communities." Journal of Education and Educational Research 8, no. 3 (May 27, 2024): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/gb8zy189.
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“This article examines socialist ideologies in Asian American literature by comparing Karen Tei Yamashita's I-Hoteland H.T. Tsiang's And China Has Hands. Despite both novels centering on Chinese American experiences in the 20th century, they offer differing perspectives on socialism influenced by the authors' backgrounds and historical contexts. Tsiang's work, set in 1930s New York, portrays socialism as an experimental pursuit for Chinese revolutionaries amidst the clash between socialism and nationalism. Conversely, Yamashita's I-Hotel, set in 1960s and 1970s San Francisco, depicts Asian American characters influenced by Maoist socialist ideology, tempered by disillusionment with the Cultural Revolution. Through close analysis, the article examines how each author navigates characters' attitudes towards socialism. In I-Hotel, Yamashita critiques the Cultural Revolution's suppression of art and literature, exposing Maoist authoritarianism. Meanwhile, Tsiang's optimism towards socialism is reflected in characters like Fellow, expressing a longing for reform and unity within the proletariat. Both authors' personal experiences and historical contexts shape their narratives. Tsiang's immersion in New York City's political landscape during the early 20th century informs his advocacy for socialist reform. Similarly, Yamashita's upbringing in a Japanese American family during World War II informs her critique of authoritarianism and advocacy for equitable socialism. In conclusion, this comparative analysis highlights diverse interpretations of socialism in Asian American literature, emphasizing the interplay between personal experiences, historical contexts, and ideological frameworks. Through their narratives, Yamashita and Tsiang offer reflections on the potentials and pitfalls of socialist ideologies, urging readers to engage critically with questions of revolution and social justice.”
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Baku, Eszter, Erzsébet Urbán, and Zorán Vukoszávlyev. "Protestant Space-Continuity." Actas de Arquitectura Religiosa Contemporánea 5 (July 25, 2018): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/aarc.2017.5.0.5146.
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Intensive efforts started in the last decades to get to know the Central and Eastern European and the Hungarian church architecture. In this historically depressed period (1920/1945/1989), church buildings were important identity forming potencies in the life of the Protestant communities newly emerged by the rearrangement of country's borders. The modern architectural principles, the structural and liturgical questions gave opportunity for continuous experimentations in the examined period, which resulted a centralizing tendency between the two world wars. Analysing the Protestant space organization, it is verifiable that these centralizing tendencies with identification character did not pull out from the de-emphasizing church architecture in spite of the historical–political events of World War II. The primary importance of the study is the holistic examination of the Protestant church architecture of the 20th century. The study shows the Protestant Church activity of the period through the two most significant denominations —the Calvinist and the Lutheran church architecture—, thereby providing a typological approach.
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Cui, Zhenye. "Collision and Challenge: Influences of Sociocultural Contexts in Early 20th Century China on Storm Society Artists Exploration and Practice of Western Modern Art." Communications in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220896.
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This essay engages with the topic of Chinese modern artists introduction and adaptation of Western modern art. This essay conducts its analysis on a modern artist group named the Storm Society (JuelanShe) active in 1920s and 1930s China. Inspired by a social art historical approach, this essay places its focus on the sociocultural contexts specifically present during the active years of Storm Society artists. Three factors are identified to be influential challenges in these artists efforts of exploring and introducing Western modern art to China: Cultural conservatism, inhospitable social environment, and Japanese Invasion in World War II. On the level of academic study about Chinese modern art, this essay highlights the importance to take into account specific cultural and social contexts in analysis of its history.
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Schiller-Rydzewska, Joanna. "Erinnerung an Danzig—kobiety w kulturze muzycznej Gdańska I poł. XX w. w świetle zbiorów PAN Biblioteki Gdańskiej." Polski Rocznik Muzykologiczny 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prm/2022-0010.
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ABSTRACT Erinnerung an Danzig—Women in the Musical Culture ofDanzig in the First Halfofthe 20th Century in the Polish Academy ofScienc-es Gdańsk Library Collection The pre-war musical culture in Gdańsk / Danzig developed mainly in the Gdańska, kultura muzyczna Gdańska environment of German-speaking Gdańsk residents. After World War II, traces of this musical life remained to a limited extent in the collections of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the Gdańsk Library. The preserved materials relating to the pre-war period, apart from books and scientific publications, include documents of everyday life, as well as scores. The testimonies of female musical activity in the city have survived to our times in these collections. In this article, I present the profiles of three women - composers, teachers and performers, who, in the light of the collected materials, can certainly be said to be significant figures in the pre-war musical and social life of Gdańsk. They are: Martha Re-incke, Ella Mertins and Lotte Prins. Their creativity and artistic activity fit into the wider historical perspective of the city, they are also an excellent contribution to the study of social moods for which musical culture was of fundamental importance.
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Schiller-Rydzewska, Joanna. "Erinnerung an Danzig—kobiety w kulturze muzycznej Gdańska I poł. XX w. w świetle zbiorów PAN Biblioteki Gdańskiej." Polski Rocznik Muzykologiczny 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 173–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prm-2022-0010.
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ABSTRACT Erinnerung an Danzig—Women in the Musical Culture ofDanzig in the First Halfofthe 20th Century in the Polish Academy ofScienc-es Gdańsk Library Collection The pre-war musical culture in Gdańsk / Danzig developed mainly in the Gdańska, kultura muzyczna Gdańska environment of German-speaking Gdańsk residents. After World War II, traces of this musical life remained to a limited extent in the collections of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the Gdańsk Library. The preserved materials relating to the pre-war period, apart from books and scientific publications, include documents of everyday life, as well as scores. The testimonies of female musical activity in the city have survived to our times in these collections. In this article, I present the profiles of three women - composers, teachers and performers, who, in the light of the collected materials, can certainly be said to be significant figures in the pre-war musical and social life of Gdańsk. They are: Martha Re-incke, Ella Mertins and Lotte Prins. Their creativity and artistic activity fit into the wider historical perspective of the city, they are also an excellent contribution to the study of social moods for which musical culture was of fundamental importance.
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Vikhrova, K. A. "“Personal drama defined by history”: Philip Roth’s artistic method in “American pastoral”." Practices & Interpretations: A Journal of Philology, Teaching and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2415-8852-2023-2-95-107.
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The article analyzes the implementation of Philip Roth’s (1933–2018) artistic method in the novel “American Pastoral”, which connects the historical events with a personal family drama and problematizes the Jewish identity in diaspora. The analysis shows that several key events from the history of the United States (the second half of the 20th century) were used as a conceptual basis for narrative structure and for the set of characters. World War II, the Vietnam War, which Roth had not previously discussed in a comprehensive manner, the 1967 Newark riots, and the Watergate scandal turn out to be not a panoramic background, but a dynamic force. References to the events help the narrator – Nathan Zuckerman, Roth’s alter ego – form a non-linear plot: the large-scale events are to center each part of the novel and determine the nature of the period and the characters. The protagonist of the novel is Seymour “The Swede” Levov, an entrepreneur, a veteran of World War II, the embodiment of the American dream, symbolizing good old America during the times of economic growth. Seymour's pastoral life is destroyed by the inevitability of historical process that intrudes the family idyll: a terrorist attack committed by Seymour's daughter Meredith in support of the Vietnamese people “returns the war” to Lyndon Johnson and breaks the family ties. Attempts to find the root of evil retrospectively lead Seymour and Zuckerman to the idea of the cruelty of American history and the atomic nature of society. The ongoing dialogue between Jewish and American cultures is represented by the images of Seymour and Merry as both, individualized and collective images, actors of history who (re)shape the American dream.
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Yungblud, V. T. "The 1945 World Order – Process with «Open» Continuation." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 52–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-52-79.
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The Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations, established by culmination of World War II, was created to maintain the security and cooperation of states in the post-war world. Leaders of the Big Three, who ensured the Victory over the fascist-militarist bloc in 1945, made decisive contribution to its creation. This system cemented the world order during the Cold War years until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 and the destruction of the bipolar structure of the organization of international relations. Post-Cold War changes stimulated the search for new structures of the international order. Article purpose is to characterize circumstances of foundations formation of postwar world and to show how the historical decisions made by the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition powers in 1945 are projected onto modern political processes. Study focuses on interrelated questions: what was the post-war world order and how integral it was? How did the political decisions of 1945 affect the origins of the Cold War? Does the American-centrist international order, that prevailed at the end of the 20th century, genetically linked to the Atlantic Charter and the goals of the anti- Hitler coalition in the war, have a future?Many elements of the Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations in the 1990s survived and proved their viability. The end of the Cold War and globalization created conditions for widespread democracy in the world. The liberal system of international relations, which expanded in the late XX - early XXI century, is currently experiencing a crisis. It will be necessary to strengthen existing international institutions that ensure stability and security, primarily to create barriers to the spread of national egoism, radicalism and international terrorism, for have a chance to continue the liberal principles based world order (not necessarily within a unipolar system). Prerequisite for promoting idea of a liberal system of international relations is the adjustment of liberalism as such, refusal to unilaterally impose its principles on peoples with a different set of values. This will also require that all main participants in modern in-ternational life be able to develop a unilateral agenda for common problems and interstate relations, interact in a dialogue mode, delving into the arguments of opponents and taking into account their vital interests.
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Ferizović, Jasenka. "The Case of Female Perpetrators of International Crimes: Exploratory Insights and New Research Directions." European Journal of International Law 31, no. 2 (September 2020): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chaa037.
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Abstract Although conflicts are often considered to be an exclusively male domain, historical records of conflicts throughout the 20th century show that women also actively participate in warfare – not only as peace activists, humanitarian workers, health care providers, politicians and soldiers but also as perpetrators of crimes. Nevertheless, the participation of women in the commission of international crimes, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, has long been considered an anomaly that falls beyond the ‘normal’ scope of conflict-related criminality. Consequently, this topic has been deemed marginal in scholarly circles and, until recently, has remained significantly under-researched. This article contributes to the existing research by presenting an original analysis of the characteristics of conflict-related criminality among women and of criminal prosecutions of female perpetrators of international crimes in modern conflicts, primarily focusing on World War II, and the wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia. It further offers a first systematic overview and analysis of domestic trials of women prosecuted for international crimes before the courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia.
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Mikołajczyk, Magdalena. "Pogorzelisko i zarzewie. Ideowe i symboliczne ramy zmiany politycznej w dyskursie o faszyzmie." Studia Politologiczne, no. 4/2022(66) (January 15, 2023): 36–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2022.66.2.
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The ways in which various authors depict social and political changes through examples from the first half of the 20th century make the subject of this analysis. The discourse on fascism springs from often-used motifs or ideas that, even after being abandoned to oblivion, seem to resurface under a certain type of conditions. Publications that are re-issued on the topic, portray the beliefs, movements and events that preceded World War II in ways that appeal to the contemporary reader. They also propose a framework or cognitive structure that allows the readers to diagnose the current state of affairs. In particular, narratives showing coincidences, that is, the simultaneous concurrence of factors or events in the past and now, are used to demonstrate the similarity of contemporary and historical situations. The proposed framework allows us to understand the possible consequences of the economic crisis, structural inequalities, changes in communication and leadership styles. At the same time, this research explores how dwelling on these inhibits the creation of new concepts that more appropriately define the social and political realities of the 21st century.
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Slyvka, Roman, and Iryna Zakutynska. "Historical and Geographical Dimension of Interstate Territorial and Political Contradictions and Conflicts (2011–2022)." Scientific Herald of Chernivtsi University. Geography, no. 839 (November 25, 2022): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/geo.2022.839.5-21.
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The analysis of publications has revealed that the main attention is focused on the armed conflicts of the 19th-21st centuries regarding the belongingness of territories. Many territorial disputes date back to the past historical and geographical periods. In this article, we seek to find out the following important facts: 1) to establish the dynamics and average intensity of territorial and political conflicts during 2011–2021 based on the analysis of their intensity, particularly, in the context of individual parts of the world; 2) which and how many territorial political conflicts from previous geopolitical eras have remained relevant. Since we study territorial political conflicts in the context of the formation of the political world map, we must refer to the historical and geographical method. Its application allows for establishing historical geographic sections and defining which territorial political conflicts of 2011–2022 originate in a definite period of the formation of the political world map. The article applies the classical periodization of the political map formation: 1) ancient (from the era when the first state forms appeared to the 5th century AD); 2) medieval (V-XV centuries); 3) new (late 15th century – the end of the World War I in the 20th century); 4) contemporary (after the World War I to the present day). The contemporary period of the political map development includes five stages: 1) World War I and the Versailles-Washington peace system; 2) World War II and the Yalta-Potsdam peace system; 3) decolonization and formation of new independent states; 4) unsustainability of the socialist camp and termination of its existence; 5) modern stage. We have used this periodization arrange the data on the beginning, subject and intensity of conflicts according to 11 annual reports of the «Conflict Barometer» (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021). From this database, we have selected conflicts based on such notions as «territory» and «secession». There was a total of 79 territorial and political conflicts during the research period, most of them were non-violent. This is evidenced by low intensity of the vast majority of conflicts. Cases when territorial and political conflicts developed into violent forms are not so numerous. During the period of 2011–2021, there were occasional limited wars (4 points) and the most acute conflicts with the maximum intensity at the «war» level (5 points) took place in Africa only for one year and in Europe for 6 years. The geography of territorial and political conflicts during the studied period demonstrates the leadership of Asia in terms of the number of conflicts over territory in the world. This circumstance destroys the stereotype about Africa, which is a continent that is the most vulnerable to conflicts. Europe, which is often mentioned as an example of the most peaceful macroregion with a significant track record of conflict resolution, is in fact not like that. A number of territorial and political claims from previous geopolitical eras remain relevant even when the key geopolitical and economic circumstances that provoked them have changed. The use of historical argumentation in the justification of territorial claims is illegitimate from the point of view of international law, however, it allows for the formation of an internal political agenda in states participating in territorial disputes. We have found out that the historical geopolitical narrative in substantiating territorial claims in many cases refers to the previous stages of the formation of the political world map. They are expressed in the form of mythologized territorial claims, unofficial historical territorial claims and official territorial claims. The maximal manifestation of the latter is the Russian authorities’ denial of Ukraine’s sovereignty over its sovereignly recognized territory and justification of armed aggression. The dreams of many about the conflict-free development of the world in the 21st century have not come true. Today’s challenge is to reject historical geopolitical narratives in the justification of territorial claims, as such that threaten peace and security in the world.
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Taub, Peter J., and Joshua A. Lampert. "Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery: A Review for the Multidisciplinary Team." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 48, no. 6 (November 2011): 670–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/08-051.
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Pediatric craniofacial surgery is a specialty that grew dramatically in the 20th century and continues to evolve today. Out of the efforts to correct facial deformities encountered during World War II, the techniques of modern craniofacial surgery developed. An analysis of the relevant literature allowed the authors to explore this historical progression. Current advances in technology, tissue engineering, and molecular biology have further refined pediatric craniofacial surgery. The development of distraction osteogenesis and the progressive study of craniosynostosis provide remarkable examples of this momentum. The growing study of genetics, biotechnology, the influence of growth factors, and stem cell research provide additional avenues of innovation for the future. The following article is intended to reveal a greater understanding of pediatric craniofacial surgery by examining the past, present, and possible future direction. It is intended both for the surgeon, as well as for the nonsurgical individual specialists vital to the multidisciplinary craniofacial team.
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Köth, Anke. "Verortung in der Zeit." Architectura 46, no. 2 (July 11, 2019): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/atc-2016-2003.
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AbstractThe article discusses the question, if the past as a legitimation for collegiate architecture becomes obsolete after the change from historical styles to modern architecture in 20th century America. On the one hand, the example of Walter Gropius’ Harvard Graduate Center (1948) shows that traditions like the Harvard’s yard are still used on a very abstract level to fit a new building group into the university. On the other hand, the ambition of past decades to define future through architecture or a masterplan seems to be inappropriate after deep changes in society caused by the depression and by World War II later. As a consequence, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe tries to make changes possible for the new Campus of the Illinois Institute of Technology (after 1938): his grid allows to add new building parts easily, and to give them more or less a shape for changing functions.
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Abdul Majid, Marina. "DISEASE BEARING INSECT RESEARCH IN MALAYA BY JAPANESE SCIENTISTS DURING WORLD WAR II AND ITS POSITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 6, no. 26 (December 1, 2021): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.626007.
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Japanese scientists commissioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) were tasked at the Nettai Igaku Kenkyusho or Institute of Medical Research (IMR) in Kuala Lumpur and other locations in Malaya during World War II (WWII) to identify cures for malaria, dengue, and scrub typhus rampant among Japanese troops in Southeast Asia. Such research on insects could contribute to biological warfare. This study identifies the background and destiny of these few Japanese scientists in Malaya conducting research on malaria, dengue and scrub typhus while evaluating if their research could have been an offense under international law at that point of time. A qualitative historical approach relying on documentation, soft law, treaties, and secondary resources obtained from archives and national libraries online from different countries and the Fold3-Historical Military Records website were referred. These documentations were classified according to names of Japanese scientists to form a short biography and to provide background information of the IMR during WWII. The results reveal some Japanese scientists responsible for malaria research at the IMR in Kuala Lumpur and Penang, and dengue research in Malaya, Singapore and Java. Human experimentation associated with dengue was suspected in Singapore. One IMR Japanese director had links with Unit 731. Kiyoshi Hayakawa, part of Unit 9420 in Singapore, Japan’s subunit for its covert biological weapons programme conducted research on scrub typhus in Java and Malaya. These scientists continued as professors in Japan or were promoted to this position much later with one of them opening a medical company. Indeed, a gap existed in international law at the end of the 19th and early 20th century which failed to make experimentation illegal as a preparation stage rather than actual usage in warfare because of the omission to address the development, production and stockpiling of biological weapons.
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Małek, Agnieszka. "<i>There is no Kashubia without Kashubians</i> – maps as sources in historical research of folk culture." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-236-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The old maps are a cultural heritage of great historical importance. Maps’ great value is also a set of data documenting socio-economic changes.</p><p>Kashubia is a cultural region in northern Poland. In written sources, the name Kashubia appears in the XIII century. The range and boundaries of historical lands that were part of Kashubia are the subject of disputes between historians. Generally, it was referred to the territories of the Duchy of Pomerania, and in modern times - the area between Łeba River and Parsęta River. Over time, this name appeared widely to describe the areas of the Gdańsk Pomerania.</p><p>In the 20th century, Kashubia as a community underwent huge changes in the political, socio-economic and cultural spheres. At the beginning of the 20th century Kashubians lived in a Prussian state, repressive towards this community, as well as all Poles. In the interwar period they were divided into three parts &ndash; the largest lived within the borders of the Second Polish Republic, the second in the Free City of Gdańsk, the third remained within Germany. During World War II, the elite of this community was almost completely murdered. After the war, the authorities of the Polish People's Republic were very distrustful towards the Kashubians; the renaissance of Kashubian cultural activity took place after the political breakthrough of 1989.</p><p>The twentieth century also brought a great social revolution: intensive urbanization, industrialization, educational revolution and migration movements.</p><p>Kashubian culture can not be limited to a variety of local culture, created by a small community and its needs. It was for a very long period of time, but from the moment when the Kashubian regional movement (XIX century) appeared, a single, nation-wide culture began to take shape. The separateness and specificity of the material and spiritual heritage of Kashubia is determined by the communal awareness of history, the community of tradition, language and religion, which at the same time does not exclude the internal identity diversity of Kashubians.</p><p>The aim of the presentation is to show the territorial changes of Kashubia as a reason for shaping the cultural specificity of the region. Historical and contemporary maps of Kashubia constitute the subject of analysis.</p>
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Malikhin, Konstantin G., and Oleg V. Schekatunov. "BOLSHEVIK MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIA IN THE 20-30s OF THE 20th CENTURY AND ITS MILITARY-TECHNOLOGICAL, PERSONNEL AND POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES FOR THE FIGHT AGAINST NAZISM IN THE FIRST YEARS OF WORLD WAR II (ACCORDING TO V.M. CHERNOV)." IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, no. 3 (211) (September 30, 2021): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-3-67-73.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the results of the Bolshevik modernization of Russia in the 20-30s of the 20th century in its military-technological, personnel and political aspects on the example of the struggle of Soviet Russia with Nazi Germany in the first years of World War II and the Great Patriotic War. The relevance of the topic is due to the contradictions in the assessments of the Bolshevik transformations of the 20-30s. In historiography and in the public mind, disputes about the role of these transformations for victory in the Second World War and WWII are not abating. This is especially true of the first years of the Second World War, which led the USSR to disaster. This problem was analyzed by an outstanding theoretician, leader of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and a figure of the Russian intellectual emigration V.M. Chernov. As historical sources, the article considers a number of such interesting documents as the letter of V.M. Chernov to I. V. Stalin in 1942 and issues of the emigre magazine “For Freedom!ˮ published in the USA. Using these sources as an example, the position of V.M. Chernov on the successes and failures of the Bolshevik reform of Russia and the related victories and defeats of the Red Army in the early years of the War. It is proved that the failures of the USSR in the first years of the War were the result of a number of political and personnel problems, some of which were caused by the accelerated "assault" nature of the Bolshevik modernization of the 1920s and 1930s.
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Eogan, George. "Archaeology in Ireland during the last 50 years: an outline." Antiquity 76, no. 292 (June 2002): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009058x.
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IntroductionThroughout the 20th century there were many notable developments in Irish archaeology, both academically and administratively. Already by the middle of the century considerable change had taken place, that was a time when new attitudes and initiatives were underway. It was also a time of economic development and social adjustments in the wake of World War II. The changes that took place in archaeology during the following half-century were extensive and varied and involved most aspects of the subject. The year 1950 is, therefore, a reasonable starting-point for commencing this review but this does not imply that a new and altered archaeology had emerged. On the contrary established personnel and institutions continued to play a major role, while some longstanding research projects continued. What is offered in this paper is a brief historical review largely considered from the academic point of view, it is selective and is not intended to provide detailed information about all aspects of research and other developments that have taken place over the past half-century. However, an attempt will be made to review the causes and influences that brought about such developments, but it is not a potted history, neither is it a review of intellectual developments.
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Eberhardt, Piotr. "Przemiany narodowościowe w Kraju Kłajpedzkim w XX wieku." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 37 (February 18, 2022): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2010.023.
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Population Transformations in the Klaipeda Region in the 20th CenturyThe Klaipeda Region is now an integral part of Lithuania. This was not, however, always the case; the region has a strong German history. (Its historical German name was Memelland, while in Lithuanian it was called Klaipedos Krastas.) Until 1525, the Klaipeda Region belonged to the Teutonic Order, but later changed hands several times. Initially, it belonged to the Duchy of Prussia (until 1701; and until 1657 was dependent as a fief of Poland), was later controlled by the Kingdom of Prussia (until 1871), and then finally became part of the German Empire (until 1919). For Germans, the province was a historical part of Eastern Prussia until 1945. For Lithuanians, the Klaipeda Region, as well as the area located along the north-eastern part of East Prussia on the south bank of the Neman River, was known as Little Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). The Lithuanians considered this territory to be their own ethnic land, which was wrongfully subjected to gradual Germanization. Before World War II this area was inhabited by Protestants who spoke Lithuanian or German. The 1920 census lists the territory’s population at 150,700, of which 71,000 declared German to be their first language, while 67,000 declared Lithuanian.The article first discusses the historical and political background of events in the Klaipeda Region in the first half of the 20th century. Next the author analyzes in a dynamic approach the demographic and ethnic structure of the population. His attention is later focused on the period of World War II when the province was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Soviet period, a major part of the local population was expelled to Germany, while the remaining residents were identified as either Lithuanians or Russians such that the province was no longer dominated by the Protestant and German speaking population. The final part of the article deals with the present demographic and ethnic situation. As a result of the postwar political and economic migrations, a majority of the people in the province now identify themselves as Lithuanian and Catholic. Lithuania, owing to the port of Klaipeda, has now an unrestricted access to sea.
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RII, Hryhorii. "TRANSNATIONAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING THE HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN LIBERATION MOVEMENT(on the example of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations as part of the transnational anti-communist network) The study analyzes the concepts of «transnationalism»." Contemporary era 10 (2022): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/nd.2022-10-107-115.
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The study analyzes the concepts of «transnationalism» and transnational approaches to historiography. The concept of «transnational history» is defined, and the difference between it and historical-comparative studies is explored. Also, there are presented the historical development of these concepts and their possible influence on the paradigm shift of historical research in the Ukrainian history of the 20th century. The author determined how using transnational approaches can influence the research of the Ukrainian liberation movement. For instance, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN) in 1946 included more than a dozen national emigration organizations. The bloc was initiated by the Bandera wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, whose members through decades had developed the ideological doctrine of the unification of the subjugated nations and established contacts with national movements in the Soviet Union during World War II and, after the war ended, among emigrant organizations of Eastern Europe. In contrast, in their home countries, communist regimes were established. The author considered the history of the ABN – the Eastern European anti-communist organization of the Cold War – as part of a transnational anti-communist network. The criteria according to which transnational approaches can be applied to studying the history of ABN are defined. This is, in particular, the use in the ideology of the ABN of transnational concepts of «right of self-determination for nations» and «anti-communism», as well as, activities in the field of International Non-Governmental Organization – INGO. In addition, the author argued that the use of transnational approaches can also be through the historical period in which the bloc operated. It was during the bipolar world ideological confrontation that transnational ideas became widespread and non-governmental organizations gained influence, particularly in the public sector of Western democracies. This allowed the bloc to pursue active public activities among national diasporas in the West, actively using anti-communist slogans and thus appealing to the USSR and communist governments in Eastern Europe. Keywords transnational history, ABN, the Cold War, the Ukrainian liberation movement, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists.