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1
Acera, Fernandez José. "Modification of flax fibres for the development of epoxy-based biocomposites : Role of cell wall components and surface treatments on the microstructure and mechanical properties." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS218.
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Les fibres végétales peuvent être considérées comme une alternative intéressante aux fibres de verre pour la fabrication de matériaux composites. En effet, elles présentent des caractéristiques physiques intéressantes, telles que leur faible densité et leurs bonnes propriétés mécaniques spécifiques, qui peuvent rivaliser avec les composites renforcés de fibres de verre. En outre, les fibres végétales sont obtenues à partir de ressources renouvelables, et présentent généralement moins d'impacts environnementaux lors de leurs phases de production, d’utilisation et en fin de vie. Contrairement aux fibres de verre, les fibres végétales, telles que des fibres de lin, présentent des structures hiérarchiques complexes composées essentiellement de cellulose, hémicellulose, lignine, ciments peptiques et extractibles lipophiliques (cires, acides gras, etc.). Cette composition varie selon les espèces, le lieu et les conditions de croissance, la maturité de la plante, etc. De la même façon, la composition biochimique et la structure des produits et des sous-produits issus du lin sont soumis à de grandes variations selon les étapes successives de transformation réalisées à partir des tiges de lin jusqu’aux fils et tissus. Cela influence fortement les propriétés finales des fibres de lin et de leurs biocomposites. La première partie de cette étude se concentre sur la caractérisation de fibres de lin au cours de leurs étapes successives de transformation. Une homogénéisation de la composition chimique est observée dans les étapes finales de transformation, ainsi qu’une augmentation des propriétés en traction longitudinale des mèches de fibres de lin. La deuxième partie traite de l'utilisation de différents traitements de lavage appliqués sur des tissus d’étoupes de lin et leur influence sur l'extraction des composants de la paroi cellulaire des fibres, ainsi que sur la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques de biocomposites époxy/lin. Il est montré que les composants de la paroi cellulaire jouent un rôle clé dans la dispersion des mèches et des fibres élémentaires de lin et sur le comportement mécanique transversal de leurs biocomposites. Enfin, l'application de différents traitements de fonctionnalisation sur des tissus de fibre de lin est étudiée afin d'améliorer l'adhérence interfaciale entre les fibres et la matrice. L'utilisation de molécules de type organosilanes (aminosilane, époxysilanes) et de molécules biosourcés (acides aminés et polysaccharides) est étudiée. Une augmentation de la rigidité en traction longitudinale et de la rigidité et de la contrainte maximale en traction transverse est observée en raison de l'amélioration de l'adhésion interfaciale par la fonctionnalisation de surface des fibres avec des molécules d'origine biosourcé et non-biosourcéNatural fibres can be considered as a relevant alternative to glass fibres in the manufacture of composite materials. Indeed, they present interesting physical characteristics, such as low density and good specific mechanical properties, which can compete with glass fibre reinforced composites. Moreover, natural fibres are obtained from renewable resources, and generally present lower environmental impacts during their production and use phases and their end of life. Unlike glass fibres, natural fibres, such as flax fibres, are complex hierarchical materials composed essentially of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, peptics cements and lipophilic extractives (waxes, fatty acids, etc.). This composition varies among species, collection site, plant maturity, batches, etc. Besides, the biochemical composition and structure of flax products and sub-products undergo wide variations according to the transformation steps from stems to yarns and fabrics. This influences greatly the final properties of flax fibres and their biocomposites. The first part of this study is focused on the characterization of flax fibres during their successive transformation steps. A homogenization of the chemical composition is observed at the final transformation steps, as well as an increment of the longitudinal tensile properties of flax yarns. The second part deals with the use of different washing treatments applied on flax tow fabrics and their influence on the extraction of flax cell wall components and the resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of epoxy/flax fibres reinforced biocomposites. It is shown that cell wall components play a key role in the flax yarns and elementary fibres dispersion and transverse mechanical behaviour of biocomposites. Finally, the application of different functionalization treatments onto flax fibres fabrics is investigated in order to improve the interfacial adhesion between fibres and matrix. The use of non-bio-based organosilane molecules (aminosilane, epoxysilane) and bio-based molecules (amino-acids and polysaccharides) is studied. Improvedstiffness in longitudinal tension test and stiffness and tensile strength in transverse tension test are observed due to the improvement of interfacial adhesion by surface functionalization of the fibres with both bio-based and non-bio-based molecules
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Issa, Nader. "Modes and propagation in microstructured optical fibres." University of Sydney. Physics and Optical Fibre Technology Centre, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/613.
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Microstructured optical fibres (MOFs), also commonly called photonic crystal fibres or holey fibres, describe a type of optical fibre in which continuous channels of (typically) air run their entire length. These `holes' serve to both confine electromagnetic waves within the core of the fibre and to tailor its transmission properties. In order to understand and quantify both of these functions, a new computational algorithm was developed and implemented. It solves for the eigenvalues of Maxwell's wave equations in the two-dimensional waveguide cross-section, with radiating boundary conditions imposed outside the microstructure. This yields the leaky modes supported by the fibre. The boundary conditions are achieved exactly using a novel refinement scheme called the Adjustable Boundary Condition (ABC) method. Two implementations are programmed and their computational efficiencies are compared. Both use an azimuthal Fourier decomposition, but radially, a finite difference scheme is shown to be more efficient than a basis function expansion. The properties of the ABC method are then predicted theoretically using an original approach. It shows that the method is highly efficient, robust, automated and generally applicable to any implementation or to other radiating problems. A theoretical framework for the properties of modes in MOFs is also presented. It includes the use of the Bloch-Floquet theorem to provide a simpler and more efficient way to exploit microstructure symmetry. A new, but brief study of the modal birefringence properties in straight and spun fibres is also included. The theoretical and numerical tools are then applied to the study of polymer MOFs. Three types of fibres are numerically studied, fabricated and characterised. Each is of contemporary interest. Firstly, fabrication of the first MOFs with uniformly oriented elliptical holes is presented. A high degree of hole ellipticity is achieved using a simple technique relying on hole deformation during fibre draw. Both form and stress-optic birefringence are characterized over a broad scaled-wavelength range, which shows excellent agreement with numerical modelling. Secondly, an analysis of leaky modes in real air core MOFs, fabricated specifically for photonic band gap guidance, is then used to identify alternative guiding mechanisms. The supported leaky modes exhibit properties closely matching a simple hollow waveguide, weakly influenced by the surrounding microstructure. The analysis gives a quantitative determination of the wavelength dependent confinement loss of these modes and illustrates a mechanism not photonic band gap in origin by which colouration can be observed in such fibres. Finally, highly multimode MOFs (also called `air-clad' fibres) that have much wider light acceptance angles than conventional fibres are studied. An original and accurate method is presented for determining the numerical aperture of such fibres using leaky modes. The dependence on length, wavelength and various microstructure dimensions are evaluated for the first time for a class of fibres. These results show excellent agreement with published measurements on similar fibres and verify that bridge thicknesses much smaller than the wavelength are required for exceptionally high numerical apertures. The influence of multiple layers of holes on the numerical aperture and capture efficiency are then presented. It shows that a substantial increase in both these parameters can be achieved for some bridge thicknesses. Simple heuristic expressions for these quantities are given, which are based on the physical insight provided by the full numerical models. The work is then supported by the first fabrication attempts of large-core polymer MOFs with thin supporting bridges. These fibres exhibit relatively high numerical apertures and show good agreement with theoretical expectations over a very wide scaled-wavelength range.
3
Martinez, Pinon F. "Characterizing single-mode fibres and single-mode fibre lenses." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383403.
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Hale, Zoe Miranda. "Fibre optic sensors using adiabatically tapered single mode fibres." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320155.
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Khorami, M. "Application of natural and synthetic fibres as a replacement for asbestos fibres in cement boards." Thesis, Coventry University, 2011. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/33ff6ca1-107b-482b-b598-f7ab050d8d42/1.
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The use of asbestos fibres in construction products has been banned in European countries for about two decades due to its effect on human health. At present, many developing countries use asbestos cement board as one of the most important construction products for roofing, cladding and partition walls. The Hatschek process is the most commonly used method to produce asbestos Fibre Cement Board (FCB). There are two major problems for the asbestos FCB manufacturers in replacing their products with non-asbestos FCB. The first one is finding materials and fibres that are available and competitive in price compared to asbestos fibres, and the second is providing inexpensive machines and equipment to produce non-asbestos FCB. In this research, an effort has been made to solve these two major problems. After the initial laboratory investigations on several natural and synthetic fibres some of the fibres with potential use in FCB were chosen for the further investigations. A slurry vacuum dewatering process was then designed and made for the laboratory use. The performance of material selections and mix designs selected from the laboratory studies were subsequently verified with factory Hatschek process in a factory site trial. Many specimens with natural and synthetic fibres incorporating silica fume and limestone powder were made and tested in the laboratory. Silica fume and limestone powder were used for enhancing flexural strength and suppression of alkalinity to reduce breakdown of the cellulose fibres. The results of mechanical, physical and II durability tests were analysed. The microstructure of the fibres and composites was also studied by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). At some stages, mix design optimization was carried out to gain the highest flexural strength. The most suitable mixes were chosen for the factory site trials. A number of full-scale non-asbestos trial boards were made successfully in an asbestos FCB factory and tested in accordance with the current national and international standards. The results indicated that the trial boards fulfilled the requirements of the relevant standards. Based on the outcome of this research, a combination of acrylic fibres and waste cardboard in a mix incorporating silica fume and limestone powder in addition to Portland cement can be used to replace asbestos fibres. Although broadly compatible with the asbestos cement production process, this formulation change will necessitate some changes to the existing production lines in asbestos cement factories to produce non-asbestos FCB.
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Yeung, Anson Chi-Ming Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Polymer segmented cladding fibres: cross fibre modelling, design, fabrication and experiment." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/43656.
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This thesis presents the first research on polymer-segmented-cladding-fibre (PSCF), an emerging class of microstructured- optical-fibres (MOFs), which allows single-mode operation with ultra-large-core area. This research covers the modelling, design, fabrication and experiment of the polymer optical cross-fibre (4-period-SCF) whose cross-sectional view resembles a cross. A new wedge waveguide model has been formulated and applied to demonstrate that for any given parameters, the cross fibre gives the same performance for single-mode operation as the N-period-SCFs (for N = 2, 6 and 8). These fibres behave identically if the high-index segment angle, θ1, is the same and the low-index segment angular width, θ2, is sufficiently large for negligible adjacent mode coupling effects. This remarkable finding has significant ramifications for SCF fabrication, design and performance. Theoretical predictions confirmed by experiments demonstrated that a cross-fibre is all that needed to fabricate a large-core single-mode-fibre with no geometry-induced birefringence. The high-index outer ring effects on the cross fibre single-mode performance have been systematically investigated for the first time. The study reveals that the ring index value higher than its core index has very strong effects on single-mode performance. Within a narrow range of θ1, the minimum fibre length required for single-mode operation is reduced but outside this angle range, longer single-mode length is required. Furthermore, the fibre can be anti-guiding if θ1 exceeds the cutoff angle. Incorporating the fabrication constraints, the optimal cross-fibre design with high-index ring is achieved by optimising the relative index difference, high-index segment angle and core-cladding diameter ratio. Two preform-making techniques developed for the cross-fibres fabrication include the cladding-segment-in-tube method and the core-cladding-segment-in-tube method. The innovative approach in these methods overcomes the problems of bubble formation and fractures, which are related to the fibre structure complexity and the polymer intrinsic properties and their processing. It enables the successful drawing of single-mode fibres. This thesis reports the first experimental demonstration of single-mode operation of large-core cross-fibre. Three experimental studies with different cross-fibre designs have demonstrated (i) large-core single-mode operation, (ii) high-index ring effects on fibre performance and (iii) cross-fibre optimal design trial. Apart from this, the 8-period-SCF fibre performance has been demonstrated experimentally.
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Yhuel, Grégory. "Contribution à l’étude de polyesters aliphatiques renforcés par des fibres naturelles." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS019/document.
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De par ses propriétés thermomécaniques proches des polyoléfines, le poly(butylene succinate)est l’un des polymères biosourcés les plus attractifs pour la substitution de matériaux pétro-sourcés pour des applications automobiles. L’incorporation de fibres de chanvre, via une étape d’extrusion,renforce la matrice et permet de tendre vers les propriétés cibles exigées par les cahiers des charges automobiles pour les applications visées dans cette étude. Afin d’améliorer les propriétés thermomécaniques de ce matériau, trois sujets ont été développés dans cette étude :1- Qualification de l’interface PBS / fibres de chanvre : via une nouvelle méthodologie basée sur l’analyse de la contribution effective des fibres sur la contrainte (CFC) durant une sollicitation mécanique, il est montré que les liaisons hydrogène formées entre le PBSet la fibre influent fortement sur les mécanismes de transfert de charge. Couplée au modèle de Bowyer et Bader, cette approche permet d’identifier les mécanismes d’endommagement de l’interface et de quantifier la contrainte interfaciale (τchanvre/PBS=25,2MPa).2 - Signification du ratio L/D d’une fibre naturelle : au cours des procédés de mises en oeuvre (extrusion et injection), la morphologie d’une fibre végétale évolue et apparait complexe due à la structure branchée engendrée par la fibrillation. A partir d’une nouvelleméthodologie d’analyse d’images spécifiquement développée, il est montré que la fibrillation contribue au renforcement de la matrice au même titre que le défibrage.3 -Synthèse de PBS-co-amides : afin de couvrir les contraintes thermomécaniques exigées,l’introduction de groupements amide dans le PBS est étudiée pour augmenter le point de fusion du polymère. Afin de contourner notamment la réaction parasite de cyclisation entre l’acide succinique et les amines, une stratégie de synthèses multi-étapes de monomères et de poly(ester-amide) est étudiée permettant d’obtenir un PEA de faible masse molaire dont le point de fusion atteint 172°CWith its thermomechanical properties closed to polyolefins, poly(butylene succinate) is one ofthe most interesting bio-based polymers for substitution of oil-based polymers for automotive applications. Addition of hemp fibers, through an extrusion process step, reinforces matrix and enables to fit with the targeted technical profile required by automotive specifications. In order to improve thermomechanical properties, three main topics have been investigated in this study:1 - PBS / hemp fibers interface qualification: through a new methodology based on the analysis of the effective fiber contribution on stress during mechanical solicitation, it was shown that hydrogen bonds between PBS and fibers play a major role in load transfer.Combined with the Bowyer and Bader model, this approach enables to highlight interface damages and to determine the interfacial shear strength (τhemp/PBS=25,2 MPa)2 - Meaning of natural fiber L/D ratio: during processes (extrusion and injection), vegetal fiber morphology changes and becomes complex due to the fibrillated structure. With anew developed image analysis tool, it was shown that fibrillation contributes to matrix einforcement as well as defibering.3 - Synthesis of PBS-co-amide: to reach the targeted thermomechanical performances,introduction of amide groups into PBS was studied to increase the melting point. In order to avoid the cyclic imide formation between succinic acid and amines, synthesis of monomers and poly(ester amide) were studied through a multistep strategy, enabling to get low molecular weight PEA with melting temperature around 172°C
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Chandani, Sameer M. "Fibre optic sensors based on D-shaped elliptical core fibres." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31270.
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Optical fibre-based sensors have gained much attention over the past three decades and are gaining acceptance in many industries such as the aerospace, automotive, chemical processing, biological sensing, and medical industries. The work presented here demonstrates the use of D-shaped fibres as intensity-based fibre optic sensors. The fibres are etched to gain access to their evanescent optical fields and are operated in their "leaky", regimes, i.e., the regime in which optical power leaks out of their cores. The optical power transmission through the etched D-fibre, which constitutes the sensor head, depends on the refractive index of the measurand placed on the sensor head. Thus by using materials whose refractive indices depend on the desired measurands, intensity-based sensors can be realised. A "non-destructive" process for determining the etched cladding thickness of the D-fibre is also developed. Once calibrated for a specific fibre or fibre batch, only one thermo-optic oil, three temperature measurements and a mathematical fitting routine are required to determine the etched cladding thickness with an accuracy better than 0.3 μm. Four types of sensor are demonstrated. A refractive index sensor with a high resolution region and a low resolution region, both of which can be shifted by changing the operating wavelength, is demonstrated with a maximum resolution on the order of 10⁻⁶ refractive index units. Naturally, this leads to the development of a temperature sensor with an adjustable dynamic range and resolution that uses thermo-optic oils. Proof of principle is demonstrated for an electric field sensor using chiral smectic A liquid crystals. A continuous liquid level sensor (that can also be implemented as a discrete level sensor) is also demonstrated using only one optical source, one optical detector and a single length of fibre.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Farrow, G. J. "Acoustic emission in carbon fibres and carbon fibre reinforced plastics." Thesis, University of Salford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334022.
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Wong, Doris Wai-Yin. "Toughening of epoxy carbon fibre composites using dissolvable phenoxy fibres." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8710.
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The aim of this study is to investigate a novel toughening approach for liquid mouldable carbon fibre/epoxy composites. The toughening mechanism is based on the use of thermoplastics for the toughening of epoxy resins in which polymer blends are formed, leading to phase separated morphologies which allows for various toughening mechanisms to take place. Instead of standard melt or solution blending, the thermoplastic in this study is introduced as solid phenoxy fibres, which are combined with dry carbon fabric preforms. These phenoxy fibres remain solid during resin infusion and dissolve when the laminates are heated and phase separation takes place before curing completed. The main benefits of this approach are that the viscosity of matrix resin remains low, which makes liquid moulding of these laminates possible. Localised and selective toughening of particular regions within a structure can also be achieved. Process time and cost can also be reduced by eliminating the polymer blending process. It was found that modification with phenoxy improved composite Mode-I interlaminar toughness significantly, with an increase of up to 10-folds for bifunctional epoxy composite and 100% for tetrafunctional epoxy composite, while tensile properties were not adversely affected. It was found that it is possible to combine the dissolvable phenoxy fibres with an undissolved aramid interleaf to improve toughness and damage properties. However, the phenoxy-epoxy systems had lowered environmental stability and degraded after hot-wet and solvent conditioning.
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Dobb, Helen L. "Fibre gratings in novel optical fibres for applications in sensing." Thesis, Aston University, 2007. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8102/.
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This thesis presents the fabrication of fibre gratings in novel optical fibres for sensing applications. Long period gratings have been inscribed into photonic crystal fibre using the electric-arc technique. The resulting sensing characteristics were found to depend on the air-hole geometry of the particular fibre. This provides the potential of designing a fibre to have enhanced sensitivity to a particular measure and whilst removing unwanted cross sensitivities. Fibre Bragg gratings have been fabricated in a variety of polymer optical fibres, including microstructured polymer optical fibre, using a continuous wave helium cadmium laser. The thermal response of the gratings have been characterised and found to have enhanced sensitivity compared to fibre Bragg gratings in silica optical fibre. The increased sensitivity has been harnessed to achieve a grating based device in single mode step index polymer optical fibre by fabricating an electrically tunable fibre Bragg grating. This was accomplished by coating the grating region in a thin layer of copper, which upon application of a direct current, causes a temperature induced Bragg wavelength shift.
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MUNOZ-GARCIA, ELVIRA. "Fibres d'intersection." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112030.
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Soit f: x s un morphisme projectif de tor-dimension finie purement de dimension relative d de schemas noetheriens. On associe a d + 1 fibres inversibles l#1,,l#d#+#1 sur x, un fibre inversible i#x#/#s(l#1,,l#d#+#1) sur s dependant de facon additive des l#i, commutant aux bons changements de base et incarnant l'integrale le long des fibres de f du produit des premieres classes de chern des l#i
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Yeromonahos, Christelle. "Nanostructure des fibres de fibrine." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00639435.
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La formation d'un caillot de fibrine, processus clé de la coagulation sanguine, implique la polymérisation des monomères de fibrinogène en un réseau de fibres de fibrine. Bien que ce réseau contrôle l'ensemble des propriétés mécaniques du caillot et constitue le squelette sur lequel se base la reconstruction des tissus, sa structure aux échelles inférieures au micron est très mal caractérisée. Nous avons démontré que l'analyse du spectre de lumière visible transmis à travers un caillot permet de déterminer simultanément, quantitativement et en conditions quasi-physiologiques, plusieurs paramètres essentiels de cette nanostructure, à savoir le rayon et la concentration interne en protéines des fibres. Cette méthode de spectrophotométrie a montré le caractère extraordinairement poreux de ces fibres et comment l'environnement de la réaction (concentrations en fibrinogène, en thrombine, température, force ionique) influe sur leur dimension et leur porosité. Cette méthode a ensuite permis de caractériser les effets respectifs sur cette structure de différentes molécules anti-coagulantes, montrant l'action spécifique de l'enoxaparine par rapport aux héparines non-fractionnées et au pentasaccharide. Enfin, nous avons construit un prototype à vocation hospitalière (spectrophotomètre) afin d'étudier la cinétique de polymérisation de la fibrine, non seulement en système purifié en combinaison avec nos spectres de diffusion de rayons X, mais également sur des plasmas de patients présentant des troubles de l'hémostase. Des discussions sont en cours avec un laboratoire pharmaceutique afin d'intégrer cette méthode sur des appareils de diagnostic.
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Witkowska, Agata. "Post-processing of photonic crystal fibres and standard fibres." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501641.
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This thesis describes work on fibre transitions made in photonic crystal fibres (PCF) and conventional standard fibres. Three post-processing techniques were used to make the transitions: fibre tapering, ferrule drawing and a new technique – PCF hole inflation. All these methods change the fibre dimensions on a centimeter scale while maintaining very low loss. In the hole inflation technique, cladding holes are pressurized and can be enlarged while heat-treating, unlike other techniques where the holes can only be reduced in size. Controlled hole expansion was used to produce devices for applications such as supercontinuum generation. Furthermore, differential pressurization of holes could create a diversity of core shapes in a PCF section. For example they were investigated to improve interfacing of laser diodes to fibres. Differential pressurization was also used to introduce new cores into PCFs. Introducing a larger core asymmetrically by the original core resulted in a fundamental to second-order mode conversion with a high extinction ratio. Alternatively, similar mode conversion was demonstrated by fusing two unequal standard fibres. Also with standard fibres, low-loss multimode to single-mode fibre transitions were made using a modified fibre fabrication technique. These fibre transitions and optical devices have a wide range of potential applications, for example in supercontinuum generation and low-loss interfacing of fibres to other optical systems.
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Farhat, Ali Farag. "Basic problems of fibre-reinforced structural components when fibres resist bending." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31095/.
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This thesis generates certain sets of analytical and approximate solutions to a new class of partial differential equations stemming from a version of asymmetricstress elasticity theory appropriate for the study and prediction of the behaviour of fibre-reinforced materials containing fibres that resist bending. These new solutions are of theoretical and practical interest in the static and dynamic analysis of thinwalled, linearly elastic fibre-reinforced structures influenced by couple-stress and unsymmetric stress due to fibre bending stiffness. The static and free vibration solutions are constructed considering bending resistance fibres in a small deformation of beams and plates. Numerical results for displacements, stresses, couple-stress and natural frequencies of vibration are provided to investigate the influence of the fibres resistance in bending on the deformed beams and plates.
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Xu, Ming Gang. "The measurement of physical fields using optical fibres and fibre gratings." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/399097/.
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In this thesis a number of novel optical fibre and fibre Bragg grating sensors have been investigated for the purpose of measuring physical fields, particularly strain, temperature and pressure. These sensors are based on using short coherence length light source. Two laboratory prototypes of interferometric fibre pressure sensors have been demonstrated using a hollow-glass microsphere and optical fibres, respectively. These are intended for ultimate application as strain sensors for smart structures. A novel white-light polarimetric interrogator is demonstrated. The device consists of two equal lengths of highly-birefringent fibre, spliced with their polarization axes orthogonal. The dispersion effect on the responsivity of white-light interferometry is evaluated using a simplified transfer function. Using Jones matrix and Poincaré sphere analysis methods, the device performance has been discussed. Experimental results are presented by thermally-scanning the device for the interrogation of sensing interferometer. A fibre Bragg grating sensor for measuring pressure, strain and temperature is evaluated using measured data from over twenty different fibre gratings including Bragg gratings in highly-birefringent fibres. Intensive experimental results on thermally-induced decay of fibre gratings are presented for the evaluation of their potential in a wide variety of sensors and multiplexed systems. A first demonstration of a fibre grating interrogation system using an acousto-optic tunable filter is presented. The system involves frequency-shift-keying of the RF drive to the filter to track the measurand-induced wavelength shifts of multiplexed fibre gratings. An equivalent linear model has been developed to describe the operation of a wavelength tracking loop. Experimental results for both open-loop and close-loop operations are presented for strain and temperature measurements. Three novel techniques to resolve the thermal effect in strain measurement using fibre gratings are demonstrated. The first method involves using surface-mounted fibre grating pairs to compensate for thermal effects. The second technique uses two superimposed fibre gratings (single sensing element) to simultaneously measure strain and temperature. Last but not least by using a chirped Bragg grating in a tapered optical fibre as a strain sensing element, strain sensing can be made to be temperature-independent. Both theoretical analysis and experimental work are presented for these approaches.
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Wang, Ji. "Novel multicomponent glasses and fibres for fibre-optic devices and systems." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/399119/.
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This thesis describes the novel multicomponent glasses as the basis for fibre optic device and system applications. It is shown that multicomponent glasses are expected to greatly enhance the functionality of the fibre-optical devices and systems by compensating for the limitations of current silica-glass based fibre-devices. Fabrication and characterization of various multicomponent glasses and fibres suitable for specific applications have been investigated. The fabrication of rare-earth-doped multicomponent glasses based on commercial optical-glasses has been tackled by developing a novel doping technique. An intermediate maximum phonon-energy lead-germanate glass suitable for fibre optic applications has been achieved by optimizing the glass composition via the Levin-Block concept. Non-hygroscopic chlorotellurite glass. 60TeO2. 40ZnCl2, and its modifications for fibre structure have been prepared, their intrinsic high thermal-stabilities characterized and intrinsic optical transparency in the mid-IR evaluated. Spectroscopic and structural characterization of rare-earth-doped multi-component glasses and fibres have also been conducted. Radiative and non-radiative processes for rare-earth transitions in glasses were studied with a view to finding materials in which rare-earth transitions are more radiative and less non-radiative. A "crystal-chemistry" model is proposed to evaluate the rare-earth local structure in glass, based on the Modified-Random-Network (MRN) theory in glass structure. The rare-earth spectral behaviour in glasses has been well described and predicted by this model. Using the rare-earth-doped novel multicomponent glass-waveguides has led to a number of fibre and planar-waveguide laser devices having been demonstrated. This includes the most efficient and a high-power Nd3+- fibre laser ever reported at 1.06µm in oxide glasses, the first demonstration of Nd3+- and Er3+- doped monomode planar-waveguide lasers at 1.06µm and 1.54µm and a new class of fibre laser based on rare-earth-doped lead-germanate glass.
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Gouriou, Pierre. "Fibres microstructurées pour la mise en forme spatiale : fibres délivrant un mode fondamental aplati." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10090.
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La mise en forme spatiale de faisceau laser, en particulier l’obtention d’un profil d’intensité homogène intéresse aussi bien la recherche que l’industrie (recherche biomédicale, microscopie, découpe, gravure, marquage laser, Laser MegaJoule…). De par ses avantages intrinsèques, nous sommes désireux d’apporter une solution fibrée, monomode et à maintien de polarisation. Ces travaux s’articulent autour de 2 problématiques :L’obtention d’un mode plat polarisé linéairement.Différentes solutions ont été mises en place pour satisfaire cette contrainte (embouts, fibres air-silice et fibres toute solide incluant des barreaux de contraintes). Nous avons notamment réalisé une fibre microstructurée air-silice monomode délivrant un mode plat de diamètre 20µm à 1050nm de polarisation linéaire (taux d’extinction de 20dB, biréfringence ~0,6x10-4). Cette fibre a été intégrée avec succès dans une chaine amplificatrice délivrant un faisceau cohérent avec un profil d’intensité aplati polarisé linéairement dépassant 100µJ en régime nanoseconde. En parallèle le développement de codes numériques a permis de proposer des designs augmentant la biréfringence voire polarisants.L’augmentation de l’aire effective du mode.Nos études ont permis de mettre en évidence les compromis entre qualité modale et pertes par courbures y compris dans le cas de structure présentant des résonateurs pour « vider » les modes d’ordre supérieur. L’impact sur le contenu modal des indices de différents types de barreaux de contraintes et de la biréfringence induite a également été étudié. Enfin nous avons réalisé une fibre mode plat à 1050nm de diamètre 34µm (aire effective ~1200µm2) utilisable en tant qu’emboutSpatial beam shaping, in particular an homogeneous intensity profile is very attractive to fundamental research and industry (biomedical, microscopy, laser cutting, engraving, marking, Laser MegaJoule…). Thanks to its intrinsic advantages we wish to offer a fibered, single-mode and polarization maintaining solution. This work addresses two difficulties:Producing singlemode fiber delivering a flat mode while preserving the light polarization.Several solutions were developed to achieve this objective: fiber end-cap, air-silica and all-solid microstructured fibers with Stress Applying Parts (SAP). We have obtained several fibers including an air-silica microstructured single-mode fiber which delivers a flat fundamental mode with a diameter of 20µm at 1050nm linearly polarized (polarization extinction ratio of 20dB and a birefringence of 0.6x10 4). This fiber was successfully integrated in an amplifier chain delivering a coherent output beam with a flat intensity profile linearly polarized with a power of more than 100µJ for 10 ns pulses. In the same time, we developed a numerical code enabling us to propose designs with enhanced birefringence and even a polarizing behavior.Increase of mode effective areaOur studies exhibit the compromises required between modal quality and bending losses even in the case of a fiber design with resonator to extract from the core its high order modes. The impact of indices of different kinds of SAP and the impact of the induced birefringence on the modal content are also studied. Finally we realized a fiber delivering a flat intensity with a mode diameter equals to 34µm (effective area ~1200µm²) at 1050nm which can be used like an end-cap
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Sharma, Kartikeya. "Structural modifications of polyester fibres induced by thermal and chemical treatments to obtain high-performance fibres." Thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296254.
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Del A: Polyetylentereftalat fibrer I detta arbete presenteras olika metoder för att framställa monofilament av polyetylentereftalat (PET) (diameter: 30-50 µm) med en radiell gradient. Nyutvecklad Raman-spektroskopiteknik har använts för att kartlägga dessa inducerade radiella gradienter i t.ex. kristallinitet. På liknande sätt har FTIR-ATR teknik modifierats och anpassats för att studera ytegenskaperna hos dessa filament. Industriella filamentprover och egna smältspunna PET-filament har framgångsrikt modifierats med användning av olika termiska och kemiska behandlingar för att erhålla fibrer med förbättrade mekaniska egenskaper och minskad fibrillering. De strukturella förändringar som uppträdde i filamenten på mikroskopisk nivå karakteriserades med bl a infraröd analys, termisk analys, Raman-mikroskopi och röntgenteknik (SAXS och WAXD). Tester av fibrilleringsegenskaper utfördes av industriella partners med egenutvecklad teknik följt av testning av masterbatch-fibrer på en vävningssimulator. Resultaten i laboratorieskala avslöjade fibrernas strukturella anisotropi och radiella gradienter, vilka visade en minskad fibrillering med en viss inverkan på de mekaniska egenskaperna. Del B: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrat) fibrer Detta arbete presenterar studier av poly(3-hydroxybutyrat) (P3HB) fibrer med reversibla strukturförändringar. Tidigare studier har visat att kristallisationen hos P3HB fibrer i huvudsakligen sker i ortorombisk α-kristallform. Stress-anlöpning resulterar dock i en förändring i beteendet hos P3HB-materialet. Strukturen hos P3HB fibrer består av amorfa och kristallina regioner samt en mesofas. Mesofasen antas vara belägen mellan α-kristallerna och uppträder som starkt orienterade bindningskedjor, s k “tie-chains”. Denna studie syftar till att observera effekten av stress-anlöpning på mesofasen och dess beroende av anlöpningsförhållandena. Förändringarna i mesofasen observeras med en anpassad och polariserad Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) samt med Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Resultaten från ATR-FTIR visar att mesofasen är närvarande i spunna och högt stress-anlöpta fibrer, medan den är frånvarande i fibrer som är lågt stress-anlöpta. Mesofasen kan emellertid återupptas i lågt stress-anlöpta fibrer genom dragning. In situ ATR-FTIR användes för att studera förändringarna i materialbeteendet under en dragningsprocess för att observera periodiciteten i förekomsten av mesofasen. Det visade sig att förekomsten av mesofasen är en starkt reversibel process som observeras som en funktion av topparnas intensitet i ATR-FTIR.Part A: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres In this work, various methods to produce Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) monofilaments (diameter: 30-50µm) with a radial gradient are presented along with a newly developed Raman spectroscopy technique to map these induced radial gradients in e.g. crystallinity. On similar lines, FTIR-ATR technique has been modified and adapted to study the surface properties of these fine filaments. Industrial filament samples and in-house melt-spun PET filaments have been successfully modified using various thermal and chemical treatments to obtain fibres with improved mechanical properties and reduced fibrillation. The structural changes occurring in the filaments on the microscopic level were characterized using infrared analysis, thermal analysis, Raman microscopy and X-ray techniques (SAXS and WAXD) among others. The fibrillation properties were tested by the industrial partners using a technique developed in-house followed by testing of masterbatch fibres on a weaving simulator. Lab-scale results revealed the structural anisotropy and radial gradient maps of the fibres which also demonstrated reduced fibrillation with some impact on mechanical properties also being observed. Part B: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) fibres This work presents studies on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) fibres with reversible structural changes. Previously reported literature shows that crystallization of P3HB fibres takes place majorly in the orthorhombic α-crystal form. However, the stress-annealing results in a change of the material behaviour of P3HB. P3HB fibres compose of amorphous regions, crystalline regions and mesophase in their structure. The mesophase is supposed to be located in between the α-crystals of the material as highly oriented tie-chains. This study targets to observe the effect of stress-annealing of the mesophase present in the P3HB fibres and its dependence on the annealing conditions. The changes in the mesophase content are observed with the help of a highly adapted polarized Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The presented results from polarized ATR-FTIR show that the mesophase is present in as-spun and high stress annealed fibres while it is absent in fibres annealed with low stress. However, the mesophase can be re-obtained in low stress annealed fibres through tensile drawing. In-situ ATR-FTIR was utilized to study the changes in the material behaviour during a tensile drawing process to observe the cyclicity in the occurrence of the mesophase. It was found that the existence of mesophase is a highly reversible process observed as a function of the peak intensities of the polarized ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
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Apriyanto, Haris. "Study, analysis and experimental validation of fiber refractometers based on single-mode, multimode and photonic crystal fibers for refractive index measurements with application for the detection of methane." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0022.
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La mesure de l'indice de réfraction a été étudiée depuis qu'Ernest Abbé aie initialement conçu un réfractomètre en 1869, appelé le réfractomètre d'Abbé. Depuis lors, de nombreux réfractomètres ont été développés tels que le réfractomètre à prisme optique ainsi que le réfractomètre à fibre optique, en raison de leurs applications étendues pour la détection de divers paramètres physiques, biologiques et chimiques. Récemment, un grand nombre de chercheurs ont mis au point des réfractomètres basés sur des fibres optiques, exploitant des mécanismes tels que la résonance des plasmons de surface (SPR), les interférences multimodes, les fibres à réseaux de Bragg (FBG), les fibres à réseaux à longues périodes (LPG), les fibres optiques coniques et la fibre multimode à gaine dénudée. Les capteurs fibrés sont avantageux grâce à leur immunité contre les interférences électromagnétiques, passivité électrique au niveau de la sonde de détection et potentiel de mesure in situ à long terme. Cette thèse concerne le développement de modèles complets fonctionnels et précis pour les réfractomètres à fibres optiques basés sur la modulation d'intensité optique, en particulier la réfractométrie à fibre multimode à gaine dénudée ainsi que les systèmes hybrides associant fibres monomode et multimode, et un réfractomètre hybride tout fibré utilisant des fibres à cristaux photoniques. L'objectif clé de ce travail est de caractériser les performances de ces réfractomètres à fibres optiques basés sur la modulation d'intensité en termes de réponse en puissance, de sensibilité, de résolution et de dynamique de mesure. Les résultats de simulation qui sont corroborés expérimentalement démontrent que la très grande sensibilité obtenue dans la zone II (c'est-à-dire le régime de détection typiquement utilisé pour mesurer l'indice du milieu supérieur à l'indice de gaine mais inférieur ou égal à l'indice du coeur) pour tous les trois réfractomètres. Cependant, la sensibilité dans la Zone (c’est-à-dire le régime de détection pour lequel l’indice du milieu à mesurer est supérieur à celui du coeur) est très faible. Ainsi, un refractomètre fibré hybride monomode-multimode est utilisé pour améliorer la sensibilité dans la Zone III. D'autre part, la sensibilité pour la zone I (c'est-à-dire le régime de détection pour mesurer l’indice du milieu inférieur à l'indice de la gaine) a été améliorée en augmentant l'absorption des ondes évanescentes à l'aide du réfractomètre hybride tout fibré à base de fibres à cristaux photoniques à coeur solide. En termes d'application réelle du réfractomètre à fibre pour la détection biochimique, une preuve de concept pour un capteur du gaz méthane a été démontrée en utilisant les supramolécules de cryptophane-A qui permettent de piéger les molécules du méthane. Le cryptophane-A incorporé dans un film hôte à base de styrène acrylonitrile (SAN) est appliqué sur la zone dénudée du capteur comme une région fonctionnalisée. L'indice de réfraction de cette couche sensible augmente proportionnellement avec l'augmentation de la concentration du méthane, ce qui induit une variation de la puissance optique transmise dans le capteur fibréRefractive index measurement has been studied since Ernest Abbé initially designed a refractometer in 1869, which is named the Abbé refractometer. Since then, numerous types of refractometers have been developed by employing either the optical prism-based refractometer or the optical fiber-based refractometer, due to their wide-ranging applications such as for sensingvarious physical, biological and chemical parameters. Recently, a large number of researchers have been developing refractometers based on optical fibers, exploiting mechanisms such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), multimode interference, fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), long period gratings (LPG), tapered optical fibers, and striped-cladding multimode fibers (MMF), for their advantages in immunity against electromagnetic interference, electrical passivity at the sensing probe, and capability to long term in-situ measurement. This thesis concerns the development of comprehensively functional and accurate models for optical fiber refractometers based on optical intensity modulation, in particular for stripped-cladding MMF refractometry as well as hybrid systems involving a combination of single-mode-multimode fiber refractometery and the all-fiber hybrid refractometer using photonic crystal fibers. A key objective of this work is to characterize the performance of these intensity-based optical fiber refractometers in terms of their power response, sensitivity, resolution, and dynamic range. The simulation results which are corroborated experimentally demonstrate very high sensitivity being obtained in Zone II (i.e. the sensing regime typically employed for measuring a sensing medium index higher than the cladding index but less than or equal to the core index) for all three types of refractometers. However, the sensitivity in Zone III (i.e. the sensing regime for which the sensing medium index is higher than the core index) is very low. A hybrid single-mode fiber - multimode fiber configuration is used to improve the sensitivity in Zone III. On other hand, the sensitivity for Zone I (i.e. the sensing regime typically employed for measuring a sensing medium index lower than the cladding index) has been improved by increasing evanescent wave absorption using the all-fiber hybrid refractometer based on solid-core photonic crystal fibers. As a further potential of the fiber refractometer for applications in biochemical sensing, the proof-of-concept for a methane gas sensor has been demonstrated using supramolecular cryptophane-A which enables to trap the methane molecules. Cryptophane-A incorporated into a functionalized film of StyreneAcrylonitrile (SAN) host is applied to a de-cladded region of the sensor as the sensitive region. The refractive index of this functionalized layer increases proportionally with increasing methane concentration, subsequently inducing variations in the transmitted optical power along the fiber sensor
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David, Marie. "Optimisation de la dispersion des fibres pendant le cycle de malaxage des bétons industriels." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1157/document.
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L'homogénéité des caractéristiques est garantie par une présence en fibres constante en tout point du matériau. La dispersion d'une espèce dans une autre est régie par des mécanismes de convection et/ou de diffusion. Pour des objets de la taille d'une fibre métallique, ces deux phénomènes trouvent leur origine dans le cisaillement appliqué au matériau, une donnée souvent inconnue et difficile à mesurer dans des malaxeurs à béton. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons une méthode permettant d'estimer l'efficacité d'un malaxeur. Elle est basée sur la mesure du diamètre moyen de granules de ciment fabriqués dans ce malaxeur. Nous montrons que la mesure de ce diamètre moyen permet de quantifier le cisaillement moyen. Dans un second temps, nous présentons un moyen de mesurer la dispersion des fibres pendant le malaxage des bétons à base de mesures de résistivité électrique. Puis, dans un troisième temps, nous mesurons la présence en fibres pendant le malaxage et relions le temps nécessaire à l'obtention d'une répartition homogène à la capacité de cisaillement du malaxeurFibers are added to the concrete to give it news properties. The homogeneity of these characteristics is assured by a constant presence of fiber as the whole material. The dispersion of one species within another is governed by convection and/or diffusion mechanisms. Concerning objects having the size of steel fiber, these two phenomena are caused by the shearing applied to the material, an unknown and difficult to measure datum in the case of concrete mixer. To begin, a method allowing to estimate the mixer's shearing is suggested. This method is based on the measurement of the medium diameter of cement aggregates produced in the mixer. The link between the medium diameter and the mean shearing is established. In a second time, a mean to measure fiber dispersion from electrical resistivity measurements during the concrete mixing is presented. Then, in a third time, fiber dispersion are measured during mixing. The link between necessary time to obtain an homogeneous distribution and the mixer's shearing ability is established
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Zhang, Yuping, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The Tensile behaviour of non-uniform fibres and fibrous composites." Deakin University. School of Engineering and Technology, 2001. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.143549.
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This work investigates the tensile behaviour of non-uniform fibres and fibrous composites. Wool fibres are used as an example of non-uniform fibres because they're physical, morphological and geometrical properties vary greatly not only between fibres but also within a fibre. The focus of this work is on the effect of both between-fibre and within-fibre diameter variations on fibre tensile behaviour. In addition, fit to the Weibull distribution by the non-brittle and non-uniform visco-elastic wool fibres is examined, and the Weibull model is developed further for non-uniform fibres with diameter variation along the fibre length. A novel model fibre composite is introduced to facilitate the investigation into the tensile behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites.
This work first confirms that for processed wool, its coefficient of variation in break force can be predicted from that of minimum fibre diameters, and the prediction is better for longer fibres. This implies that even for processed wool, fibre breakage is closely associated with the occurrence of thin sections along a fibre, and damage to fibres during processing is not the main cause of fibre breakage.
The effect of along-fibre diameter variation on fibre tensile behaviour of scoured wool and mohair is examined next. Only wet wool samples were examined in the past. The extensions of individual segments of single non-uniform fibres are measured at different strain levels. An important finding is the maximum extension (%) (Normally at the thinnest section) equals the average fibre extension (%) plus the diameter variation (CV %) among the fibre segments. This relationship has not been reported before. During a tensile test, it is only the average fibre extension that is measured.
The third part of this work is on the applicability of Weibull distribution to the strength of non-uniform visco-elastic wool fibres. Little work has been done for wool fibres in this area, even though the Weibull model has been widely applied to many brittle fibres. An improved Weibull model incorporating within-fibre diameter variations has been developed for non-uniform fibres. This model predicts the gauge length effect more accurately than the conventional Weibull model.
In studies of fibre-reinforced composites, ideal composite specimens are usually prepared and used in the experiments. Sample preparation has been a tedious process. A novel fibre reinforced composite is developed and used in this work to investigate the tensile behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites. The results obtained from the novel composite specimen are consistent with that obtained from the normal specimens.
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Hernandez, Zurine. "Conditions required for spinning continuous fibres from cellulose nano-fibrils." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2012. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/5286.
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The thesis describes a programme of work to develop a novel cellulose based fibre. The most important innovative step in this work lies in the manufacture of the fibre from a chiral nematic suspension of plant based cellulose nano-fibrils. In the course of the project a number of key steps have been addressed in the development process. These included: • Developing a method for extraction of nano-fibrils from wood and cotton based pulp and filter paper; • Development of concentrated chiral nematic suspensions of the nano-fibrils suitable for extrusion (spinning); • Spinning a continuous fibre or filament; • Fibre characterization. A key objective of the work was to understand the factors that could contribute to nematic order of the nano-fibrils in the fibre and produce a high strength fibre. The fibres developed showed reasonably good strength potential and good stiffness properties with the best fibres having a tenacity of between 40 and 100 cN/tex and an initial modulus of 5000-6000 cN/tex. These values fall midway between lyocell and Kevlar. Two patents have to date been published based upon the developments described in this work (Turner et al., 2010, 2011). However, the work highlighted a number of gaps in current knowledge that prevented development of the full potential strength properties of these fibres. These included: • Incomplete knowledge of the gel conditions required to achieve complete alignment of the fibrils in the spinning process; • Challenges in being able to draw the fibre sufficiently during spinning to produce target fibre diameters of 5-10μm; • The linear density of the spun fibres had a key impact on fibre strength. It was only when linear density values dropped below 1 tex (1g/km) that a significant increase in fibre strength occurred. Factors that had an important impact on linear density included solids content of the suspension, zeta potential, extrusion rate and fibre drying temperature. All these factors relate directly to the mobility of the cellulose nano-fibrils and their subsequent ability to align under flow during spinning. The thesis can be seen as a first phase in an ongoing process to develop a new approach to the manufacture of cellulose based industrial textile fibres.
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Gouriou, Pierre. "Fibres microstructurées pour la mise en forme spatiale : fibres délivrant un mode fondamental aplati." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10090/document.
Full textAbstract:
La mise en forme spatiale de faisceau laser, en particulier l’obtention d’un profil d’intensité homogène intéresse aussi bien la recherche que l’industrie (recherche biomédicale, microscopie, découpe, gravure, marquage laser, Laser MegaJoule…). De par ses avantages intrinsèques, nous sommes désireux d’apporter une solution fibrée, monomode et à maintien de polarisation. Ces travaux s’articulent autour de 2 problématiques :L’obtention d’un mode plat polarisé linéairement.Différentes solutions ont été mises en place pour satisfaire cette contrainte (embouts, fibres air-silice et fibres toute solide incluant des barreaux de contraintes). Nous avons notamment réalisé une fibre microstructurée air-silice monomode délivrant un mode plat de diamètre 20µm à 1050nm de polarisation linéaire (taux d’extinction de 20dB, biréfringence ~0,6x10-4). Cette fibre a été intégrée avec succès dans une chaine amplificatrice délivrant un faisceau cohérent avec un profil d’intensité aplati polarisé linéairement dépassant 100µJ en régime nanoseconde. En parallèle le développement de codes numériques a permis de proposer des designs augmentant la biréfringence voire polarisants.L’augmentation de l’aire effective du mode.Nos études ont permis de mettre en évidence les compromis entre qualité modale et pertes par courbures y compris dans le cas de structure présentant des résonateurs pour « vider » les modes d’ordre supérieur. L’impact sur le contenu modal des indices de différents types de barreaux de contraintes et de la biréfringence induite a également été étudié. Enfin nous avons réalisé une fibre mode plat à 1050nm de diamètre 34µm (aire effective ~1200µm2) utilisable en tant qu’emboutSpatial beam shaping, in particular an homogeneous intensity profile is very attractive to fundamental research and industry (biomedical, microscopy, laser cutting, engraving, marking, Laser MegaJoule…). Thanks to its intrinsic advantages we wish to offer a fibered, single-mode and polarization maintaining solution. This work addresses two difficulties:Producing singlemode fiber delivering a flat mode while preserving the light polarization.Several solutions were developed to achieve this objective: fiber end-cap, air-silica and all-solid microstructured fibers with Stress Applying Parts (SAP). We have obtained several fibers including an air-silica microstructured single-mode fiber which delivers a flat fundamental mode with a diameter of 20µm at 1050nm linearly polarized (polarization extinction ratio of 20dB and a birefringence of 0.6x10 4). This fiber was successfully integrated in an amplifier chain delivering a coherent output beam with a flat intensity profile linearly polarized with a power of more than 100µJ for 10 ns pulses. In the same time, we developed a numerical code enabling us to propose designs with enhanced birefringence and even a polarizing behavior.Increase of mode effective areaOur studies exhibit the compromises required between modal quality and bending losses even in the case of a fiber design with resonator to extract from the core its high order modes. The impact of indices of different kinds of SAP and the impact of the induced birefringence on the modal content are also studied. Finally we realized a fiber delivering a flat intensity with a mode diameter equals to 34µm (effective area ~1200µm²) at 1050nm which can be used like an end-cap
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Nguyen, Minh Tuan. "Contribution à l'optimisation des processus de filature des fibres libériennes." Mulhouse, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MULH0440.
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La régularité de masse linéique (titre) des structures textiles linéaires produites en filature constitue le critère de qualité le plus important. En se basant sur les théories stochastiques classiques de l'étirage en grappes des fibres textiles individualisées, l'auteur a proposé une modélisation originale et très générale applicable à toutes les fibres, individualisées ou agglomérées sous forme de faisceaux fibreux ; cette théorie concerne tout particulièrement les fibres libériennes telles que le jute et le lin qui se présentent toujours sous forme de «faisceaux techniques» dissociables au cours du processus de filature. Les développements théoriques ont été totalement validés par une expérimentation industrielle approfondie réalisée dans le centre d'essais N. Schlumberger, premier constructeur français de matériel de filature. Enfin, la limite de filabilité a été discutée
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Sperber, Tom. "Control of light in a disordered medium with gain : wavefront-shaping the pump in fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS366.
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L'émergence récente des techniques de façonnage spatial a démontré la possibilité de contrôler la propagation de la lumière à travers des milieux désordonnés, telles que des fibres multimodes. Le cas particulier d'une fibre multimode à gain présente une complexité supplémentaire, car la pompe, elle-même multimode, peut agir sur le signal dans des profils d'amplification spatialement complexes. Le gain hétérogène résultant est donc équivalent à un processus de diffusion non unitaire. Ces systèmes peuvent trouver leur applications plusieurs domaines, notamment les communications optiques, les lasers à fibre de haute puissance, et les lasers aléatoires. Dans ce travail, nous considérons une fibre multimode dopée par un élément de terre rare et pompée par une pompe cohérent dont le faisceau passe par un schéma de mise en forme de front d’onde. Cette architecture nous permet de configurer la composition modale de l’excitation dans la fibre. Nous explorons la possibilité d'exploiter les degrés de liberté ainsi offerts dans le pompage pour contrôler le signal en sortie. Un modèle théorique et son implémentation numérique permettent de quantifier les degrés de contrôle réalisable, tout en révélant les mécanismes fondamentaux qui les limitent. Dans une configuration d’amplificateur, les expériences ont permis de valider les prédictions du modèle en montrant un effet significatif du façonnage de la pompe sur le speckle à la sortie de l’amplificateur. Dans une configuration de la cavité d'effet laser, les travaux expérimentaux ont démontré la capacité du schéma de modulation de favoriser les modes laser choisisThe recent advent of wavefront-shaping techniques has demonstrated the ability to control the propagation of light through a broad range of complex media, amongst them multimode fibers. The case of a multimode fiber which is also a gain medium presents increased complexity, since the pump beam, in itself multimode, may act upon the signal light in speckle-like spatial profiles of amplification. The resulting heterogeneous gain may be viewed as analogous to a non-unitary scattering process. Interest in the study of such systems has recently risen in several domains, such as optical communications, high-power fiber lasers, and random lasers. In this work, we consider a multimode fiber doped by a rare-earth element, and pumped by a coherent pump beam that passes through a wave-front shaping scheme, rendering the modal composition of the excitation within the fiber configurable. We explore the possibility of harnessing the degrees of freedom thus offered in the pumping, for controlling the output signal of such a gain system. A theoretical model and its implementation as a numerical solver serve to quantify the degree of achievable control, as well as providing insights into the fundamental mechanisms limiting it. In an amplifier configuration, the experimental work successfully validated the model’s predictions by showing a significant effect of the wave-front shaping of the pump upon the speckle at the amplifier’s output. In the lasing cavity configuration, the experimental work demonstrated the ability of the pump modulation scheme to influence the lasing emission, in particular to favor or suppress chosen lasing modes
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Föllmer, Marie. "Lignin fibres prepared by coagulation : a promising precursor for carbon fibres." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0238/document.
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Les fibres de carbone sont actuellement utilisées dans les matériaux composites pour les secteurs de l'aérospatiale, l’aéronautique et les sports de compétition. Leur application sur les marchés de grande consommation est toutefois entravée par le coût élevé des matières premières et le procédé de carbonisation, notamment l’étape de stabilisation. Par conséquent,les matériaux précurseurs alternatifs et peu coûteux sont très demandés. La lignine, une ressource naturelle très abondante contenant de grandes quantités de carbone, est considérée comme un bon candidat. Jusqu'à présent, les fibres de lignine ont été principalement préparées par filage en voie fondue et en mélange avec des polymères thermoplastiques pour améliorer leur aptitude au filage et leurs propriétés mécaniques, mais en réduisant fortement leurs rendements de carbonisation et en augmentant leur prix. Nous proposons dans cette thèse des fibres précurseur à base de lignine obtenues par un procédé de filage en continu par coagulation. En combinaison avec de petites proportions d'alcool polyvinylique, on obtient des fibres composites hautement flexibles et infusibles, contenant jusqu'à 70-90 % de lignine industrielle. Notre développement nous permet de fabriquer des fibres de carbone avec des rendements de l’ordre de 30 % qui présentent des propriétés prometteuses. Jusqu'à présent, les fibres de carbone à base de lignine mentionnées dans la littérature n'atteignent pas les propriétés mécaniques requises pour des applications à hautes performances en raison de leur structure de carbone amorphe. Cependant, en incorporant des cristaux liquides de feuillets d'oxyde de graphène ou des nanocristaux de cellulose dans nos fibres précurseurs de lignine, nous pouvons améliorer l'orientation des plans de carbone obtenus après la carbonisation. Nos systèmes de fibres à base de lignine avec une structuration améliorée représentent donc une étape importante vers la mise en oeuvre industrielle de la lignine en tant que matériau précurseur «vert» pour les fibres de carbone à faible coût et à haute résistanceCarbon fibres are currently used in composite materials for the aerospace, transportation and energy sectors. Their application in mass markets however is hindered by the high cost of the fibre raw materials. Therefore, alternative and inexpensive precursor materials are in high demand. Especially lignin, a widely abundant natural resource containing high quantities of carbon, is considered as an important candidate. So far, lignin fibres have mostly been prepared by melt-spinning and by blending with thermoplastic polymers to enhance their spinnability and mechanical properties, but strongly lowering their carbonization yields and raising their price. We propose lignin-based precursor fibres obtained through a continuous wet-spinning process. In combination with only small ratios of polyvinyl alcohol, highly flexible and infusible composite fibres, containing up to 70-90 % of industrial lignin, can be obtained.Our development enables us to manufacture carbon fibres in high yields which exhibit promising properties. Until now, lignin-based carbon fibres reported in literature do not reach the mechanical properties required for high-performance applications due to their amorphous carbon structure. However, by incorporation of liquid crystalline graphene oxide flakes or cellulose nanocrystals into our lignin precursor fibres, we are able to improve the orientation of the carbon planes obtained after carbonization. Our lignin-based fibre systems with enhanced structuration thus represent an important step towards the industrial implementation of lignin as “green” precursor material for low-cost and high-strength carbon fibres
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Pereira, de Melo Renato. "Développement de composites en polyamide à partir de fibres naturelles pour des applications automobiles." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0062.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est de préparer les composites de polyamide avec des fibres naturelles, capables de résister à des températures élevées. La matrice polymère et les fibres traitées doivent être résistants à la température séparément. Pour cette raison, cette thèse se concentre en deux thèmes principaux : le traitement chimique des fibres naturelles et la transformation des composites de ces fibres traitées avec polyamide 6 et 6,6 matrice. Curaua, jute et lin sont des fibres utilisées. Pour supprimer les composantes à basse masse molaire, comme l'hémicellulose et la lignine, des fibres naturelles, un alcalin-traitement a été effectué en utilisant un poids de 5,0.% de solution d'hydroxyde de sodium. Deux techniques de traitement à des environnements différents ont été comparés : à pression ambiante (trois traitements successifs, à 80 ºC, pendant 1h chacun) et haute pression (1,5 MPa et 120 ºC à différents intervalles de temps : 15, 30, 45 et 60 minutes). Une amélioration des propriétés thermiques des fibres naturelles a été observée dans les deux cas par analyse thermogravimétrique (TGA) et, en regardant les différentes réponses des trois fibres étudiées au traitement alcalin à haute pression, il a été décidé de fixer 30 minutes de haute pression mercerisage pour toutes les fibres avant d'effectuer des post-traitements (acétylation et silanisation) et la préparation de composites utilisant polyamide 6 et 6.6 comme matrices. On a utilisé des teneurs en fibres à la fois dans la matrice de polyamide (10, 20 et 30 en poids.%). Par testings de tension et observations au MEB, on a montré une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des PA 6/ fibres traitées à la proportion 70/30. Pour réduire la température de traitement de PA 6.6, une combinaison de 2,5 en poids. % de LiCl et 2,5 en poids. % de N-butyl benzène sulfonamide (NBBSA) a été définie par conception expérimentale et il a été ajouté au polyamide 6.6 pur. En outre, on a trouvé la plus grande des propriétés mécaniques des composites préparés avec matrice de polyamide et 10 % en poids de fibres alcaline-traitées + silanisées sur polyamide plastifié 6,6. Il était possible de préparer des composites à plus forte teneur en fibres allant jusqu'à 30 en poids. %. Cependant, il est nécessaire d'améliorer les paramètres de compoundage pour améliorer la dispersion des fibresThe objective of this PhD Thesis is to prepare composites of polyamide with natural fibers, able to withstand high temperatures. The polymeric matrix and treated fibers should be resistant to temperature separately. For this reason, this Thesis is focused in two main topics: chemical treatment of natural fibers and processing of composites of these treated fibers with polyamide 6 and 6.6 matrix. Curauá, jute and flax were the fibers used. To remove low molar mass components, as hemicellulose and lignin, of natural fibers, alkaline-treatment was conducted using a 5.0 wt.% of sodium hydroxide solution. Two treatment techniques at different environments were compared: at room pressure (three successive treatments, at 80 ºC, during 1h each) and high pressure (1.5 MPa and 120 ºC at different time intervals: 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes). Improvement of thermal properties of natural fibers was observed in both cases by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and, looking at the different responses of the three studied fibers to the high pressure alkaline treatment, it was decided to fix 30 minutes of high pressure mercerization for all fibers before performing post-treatments (acetylation and silanization) and preparing composites using polyamide 6 and 6.6 as matrixes. It was employed different fiber contents in both polyamide matrix (10, 20 and 30 wt. %). By tension testings and SEM observations, it was shown improvement of mechanical properties of PA 6 / treated fibers at 70/30 proportion. To reduce the processing temperature of PA 6.6, a combination of 2.5 wt. % of LiCl and 2.5 wt. % of N-butyl benzene sulphonamide (NBBSA) was defined throught experimental design and it was added to pure polyamide 6.6. Moreover, it was found that the highest mechanical properties for composites prepared with polyamide 6.6 matrix was those using 10 wt. % of alkaline-treated + silanized fibers on plasticized polyamide 6.6. It was possible to prepare composites with higher fiber content up to 30 wt. %. However, it is needed an improvement of compounding parameters to enhance fiber dispersion
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Wolstenholme, Linda C. "Probability models for the failure of fibres and fibrous composite materials." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843447/.
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Probability models are developed for the failure of parallel brittle fibres embedded in a relatively soft plastic matrix. A loss of load-bearing occurs in the region surrounding a fibre break, resulting in a concentration of stress in neighbouring fibres. These stress concentrations cannot be measured directly, but by assuming them to be a chosen function of unknown parameters, the failure of the composite may be modelled. It is then shown how the stress concentration parameters may be estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. The technique is illustrated using experimental data for different materials, and in particular, it is shown how the stress concentration parameters vary with fibre spacing. The appearance of breaks along a fibre is, in nature, a point process. Load-sharing between two fibre processes will lead to a degree of nearly coincidental breaks. The degree to which 'coincidences' or 'matchings' occur in two independent point processes is examined. An unusually high degree of matching can be defined, and used to infer that processes are not independent. The exact analysis for a fibre-break process is intractable, but several approximate alternatives are studied, and compared with real and simulated data. The probability models for composite failure rely on assumptions about the underlying strength of the fibres. Principally, the 'weakest-link' property is assumed, frequently characterised by use of the Weibull distribution. A non-parametric test of this property is devised, and specially designed experiments show that weakest-link is apparently open to considerable doubt. It is shown that the existence of different causes of failure, all of which may not be present all of the time, give rise to some new types of failure model. It is demonstrated that these do not have the weakest-link property, even when based on the Weibull distribution, and that they are consistent with some experimental results.
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Jiang, haifeng. "Développement de liens optiques ultra-stables pour le transfert de fréquences à longues distances." Paris 13, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA132010.
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Le transfert des fréquences ultra-stables entre laboratoires distants est requis par de nombreuses applications concernant la métrologie temps/fréquence, la physique fondamentale, les accélérateurs de particules et l'astrophysique. Cette thèse décrit le développement de liaisons optiques ultra-stables sur des distances de 86 à 300 km. L'objectif à long terme est de développer des liens optiques de 1000 km environ afin de relier les principaux instituts nationaux de métrologie en Europe. Le lien optique est basé sur le transfert de la phase optique d'un laser ultra-stable de longueur d'onde 1542 nm par une fibre optique du réseau de télécommunications. Pour cela ont été développés des lasers stabilisés sur cavité Fabry-Perot et sur fibre optique. L'instabilité relative des lasers stabilisés sur cavité est de l’ordre de 10-15 pour un temps d'intégration de 1 s. Les lasers stabilisés sur fibre sont robustes, compacts, simples, accordables et leur bruit de fréquence est comparable à celui des lasers stabilisés sur cavité pour des fréquences supérieures à quelques dizaines de Hertz. Les liens optiques ont d'abord été démontrés sur 86 km et 172 km en utilisant des fibres dédiées reliant les laboratoires LNE-SYRTE et LPL. L'instabilité relative de fréquence obtenue était de l'ordre de 10-19 pour des temps d'intégration de 104 s. Pour des distances plus grandes, le signal ultra-stable est transféré directement sur le réseau Internet en utilisant un canal de fréquence dédiée, par la technique de multiplexage en longueur d’ondes. Un lien multiplexé a ainsi été démontré sur une distance de 300 km, avec une instabilité relative de fréquence au même niveau qu’avec des fibres dédiéesThe transfer of ultra-stable frequencies between distant laboratories is required by many applications in time and frequency metrology, fundamental physics, particle accelerators and astrophysics. This thesis describes the development of ultra-stable optical links over distances from 86 km to 300 km. The long-term objective is to connect the main European National Metrology Institutes with optical links extending up to 1000 km. The optical link is based on the transfer of the optical phase of an ultra-stable laser emitting light of wavelength 1542 nm through an optical fiber of the telecommunication network. For that purpose, ultra-stable cavity-stabilized lasers and fiber-stabilized lasers have been developed. The fractional instability of cavity-stabilized laser is approximately 10-15 at 1s integration time. The fiber-stabilized lasers are robust, compact, simple, tunable and their frequency noise is comparable to that of the cavity-stabilized laser for Fourier frequencies higher than a few tens of Hertz. Optical links were first demonstrated on 86 km and 172 km using dedicated fibers connecting the laboratories LNE-SYRTE and LPL. Fractional frequency instability in the range of or below 10-19 at 104 s integration time has been obtained. For larger distances, the ultra-stable laser signal is transferred on the Internet network simultaneously with the data traffic but on a dedicated frequency channel, using wavelength division multiplexing. Multiplexed links were demonstrated over distances up to 300 km, with fractional frequency instabilities at the same level or better than with dedicated fibers
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Lindh, Alice, and Pontus Blomberg. "Fibres from Reindeer Tendons : Mechanical and retting processes for extractning collagen fibres." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26574.
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Collagen fibres from reindeer tendons can be used to create threads. These threads have traditionally been used in Sápmi crafts. Due to the high cost of manual extraction, tendon-based threads have been replaced with cheaper synthetic threads. However environmental concerns have been raised within the Sápmi crafts communities regarding the synthetic threads. To mitigate the impacts of synthetic threads and to better utilize the reindeer after slaughter a more efficient fibre extraction process has been sought after. In this study two venues have been investigated, softening and retting. In this study softening will refer to the breaking of bonds through the use of a liquid. Retting will refer to a controlled degradation of a material through biological processes. Softening and retting aided mechanical extraction of collagen fibres. The softening, using water and in some cases polyethylene glycol, reduced entanglement and friction. The retting can be divided into short term retting and long-term retting, up to six weeks. Neither the short-term retting nor the long-term retting did facilitate the extraction significantly compared to a simpler softening treatment. Softening on the other hand made extraction easier. A 70 hour softening with water at room temperature had the largest impact. The extraction became slightly easier when the samples were further softened with polyethylene glycol. This was compared to a reference sample where water was used for further softening. Mechanical fibre extraction methods were also evaluated. The softened tendon samples were calendered between two rollers at 1.2 bar and 5.0 bar. The samples using the higher pressure were easier to separate. The samples were then manually torn apart into fine fibre bundles. Many of the manual methods used can be automated but they would need specialized equipment. The mechanically extracted fibres were then spun into yarns through hand spinning with moistened fingers. The tensile properties of the fibres and the yarns were determined. The fibres and the yarns were also evaluated through light microscopy. Both the yarns and fibres showed a high degree of variation in the tensile tests. The use of manual methods likely contributed to the high variation. The yarns slipped which caused a lower tenacity compared to the fibres. The mean fibre tenacities were between 17-20 cN/tex, depending on factor. Neither of the factors were significantly different. The elasticity of the fibres varied to a large extent. The fibres exhibited an almost fully elastic deformation until break. The fibres were white to cream and slightly translucent when viewed in a light microscope. The yarns were uneven and glossy.
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Mercier, Sylvie. "Réactivité interfaciale de systèmes aluminium-fibres de carbone et aluminium-fibres céramique." Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0303.
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L'objectif de l'étude est d'apporter une contribution à la compréhension des phénomènes interfaciaux qui interviennent lors de l'élaboration des matériaux composites à renfort fibreux et à matrice aluminium. Les renforts choisis pour cette étude ont été des fibres de carbone, des fibres de carbone protégées, et des fibres à base de carbure de silicium. Ces fibres sous forme de tissu ont été recouvertes d'aluminium par dépôt physique en phase vapeur. Les matériaux ainsi obtenus ont subi des traitements thermiques dans un réacteur couple à un spectromètre de masse. L'existence de réactions entre certains gaz produits par les fibres (CO, CO2) et l'aluminium lorsque la température est supérieure à 650°C a ainsi pu être mise en évidence. Ces réactions se produisent lors de la traversée du dépôt d'aluminium par les gaz issus des fibres et provoquent la formation de carbone d'aluminium. Le carbure d'aluminium est également formé par des réactions entre les espèces solides constituant les fibres et le métal. La quantité de carbure d'aluminium formé à l'interface fibre/métal lors des traitements thermiques a été déterminée par hydrolyse. Il a ainsi pu être montré que le carbure d'aluminium provient essentiellement des réactions entre les solides constituant les fibres et le métal. L'efficacité de divers recouvrements contre la formation de carbure d'aluminium a aussi été étudiée.
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Mishra, Shree Prakash. "Blanchiment des fibres cellulosiques par l'ozone : effet sur les propriétés des fibres." Grenoble INPG, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPG0013.
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L’effet de l’ozone sur la viscosité, la morphologie des fibres, le comportement au raffinage et la résistance mécanique des pâtes kraft est un sujet controversé qui anime les fabricants de pâte à papier, les fournisseurs d’ozone et les laboratoires de recherche. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’accroître la connaissance sur le sujet et de contribuer à l’essor du blanchiment à l’ozone dans l’optique d’un développement durable de l’industrie des pâtes à papier. Il est montré que l’incorporation d’un stade à l’ozone dans une séquence de blanchiment ECF de pâte d’eucalyptus ou de pin radiata permet de réduire le coût en agents de blanchiment et d’accroître la blancheur finale. Le blanchiment par l’ozone réduit la viscosité de la cellulose, sans toutefois affecter les principales caractéristiques mécaniques de la pâte, ni la morphologie des fibres. Les autres avantages des traitements de blanchiment incorporant l’ozone sont une meilleure élimination des extraits, une réduction de l’énergie nécessaire au raffinage des fibres et une moindre rétention d’eau par la pâte. Ces avantages sont observables pour des taux d’ozone et des séquences de blanchiment convenablement choisisThe effect of ozone on viscosity, fibre morphology, beating behaviour and strength properties of kraft pulp has always been a matter of discussion among the mill experts, ozone suppliers and research groups. The present thesis research work is aimed at further advancing and enriching the knowledge base in the area and to help proliferation of the ozone bleaching technology for a more sustainable pulp industry. It has been established that incorporating an ozone stage in an ECF bleaching sequence of eucalyptus and Pinus radiata kraft pulps is a straightforward way to reduce the chemical cost with a possibility of having higher brightness ceiling. Bleaching with ozone results in a substantial decrease of the pulp viscosity which is shown to have no consequence on the main strength properties and fibre morphology of the pulp. Other advantages of the ozone containing ECF sequence are the smaller content in residual extractives, the savings in the beating energy and the lower water retention value
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Khan, Jasra. "Shielding effect to the flammable fibres offered by inherently flame retardant fibres." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-22065.
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Flame retardant chemicals were used to make flammable fibres or fabrics flame retardant. Flame retardants protect the flammable material from fire by delaying or preventing the ignition process. The problem with flame retardants is unreliable durability when applied physically or bonded chemically on the surface of the fibre or fabric. This thesis project investigated the implementation of inherently flame retardant fibres as a shield form flame for flammable fibres. The most widely used flammable textiles fibres (cotton and polyester) were mixed with inherently flame retardant fibres (modacrylic and Lenzing FR) pairwise at fibre level for non-woven fabric and both fibre & yarn level for knitted fabric. The vertical flame test, where the fabric hung vertically and burned from the bottom, was used to characterise their burning behaviour. With the vertical flame test, it was found that flame shielding ability of inherently flame retardant fibres towards flammable fibres improves with an increasing proportion of inherently flame retardant fibres in the fabric. Also, fabric structure influences the shielding properties of the flame retardant fibres. A comparison between fibre and yarn level mixing for knitted fabric yarn level mixing was found to have better flame shielding properties. Thesis work points out the issue with flame retardant chemical and presents an alternative approach for conventional flame retardant.
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Daieff, Marine. "Deformation and shape of flexible, microscale helices in viscous flows." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC189/document.
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Les interactions fluide-structure sont d'un grand intérêt en ingénierie et pour des applications industrielles et médicales. Comprendre les interactions entre des particules aux formes complexes et des écoulements peut mener à de nouveaux projets pour l'administration ciblée de médicaments, pour des micro capteurs de débit et à une meilleure compréhension du comportement des micro-organismes. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'interaction fluide-structure de particules chirales de taille microscopique à bas nombres de Reynolds. Les particules sont rigides et confinées dans une géométrie 2D ou flexibles avec une forme hélicoïdale. Combiner des techniques de microfabrication, comme des méthodes d'assemblage multi-échelles et la microfluidique, permet d'avoir un excellent contrôle à la fois sur les propriétés géométriques et mécaniques des fibres et aussi sur les caractéristiques de l'écoulement comme ses propriétés Newtoniennes et non Newtoniennes, sa vitesse et sa géométrie. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié des fibres rigides, 2D et asymétriques, i.e. des fibres en L. Les confinements latéral et transversal ont été étudiés tout comme la forme de la fibre. Lorsque la particule est transportée dans un écoulement visqueux, elle tourne jusqu'à atteindre une orientation d'équilibre. Dans cette orientation particulière, la fibre se décale vers les murs latéraux du canal. Une étude complète des trajectoires de la fibre a été réalisée et des comparaisons avec des particules symétriques ont été faites. Ce sujet de recherche pourrait aider à concevoir des dispositifs pour trier des particules à des fins médicales. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié des fibres hélicoïdales flexibles de taille micrométrique. La dynamique de formation de l'hélice a été analysée. Les hélices se forment à partir de rubans droits 2D qui, de façon spontanée, s'enroulent quand ils sont libérés dans l'eau. La forme hélicoïdale est obtenue seulement quelques minutes après la libération des rubans mais l'hélice continue à rétrécir pendant plusieurs heures jusqu'à ce qu'elle atteigne une courbure préférentielle. Deux temps caractéristiques sont identifiés dans cette dynamique de formation. Un modèle a été développé pour comprendre le complexe équilibre entre les forces élastiques, de tension de surface et visqueuses aux temps courts. Après avoir analysé plusieurs hypothèses, comme l'impact d'une couche sacrificielle, une possible modification du module du matériau et la présence de fluage, l'évolution du rayon de l'hélice aux temps longs s'explique probablement par du fluage. La dynamique d'extension et de relaxation de la fibre flexible a aussi été étudiée dans des fluides Newtonien et non Newtonien. L'étude dans des solutions de polymères est pertinente et intéressante car la taille des micro hélices est comparable à celle des flagelles des micro-organismes et à celle de chaînes de polymères de grande masse moléculaire. Il s'agit donc d'un problème mutli-échelles complexe car la viscosité locale au niveau du ruban pourrait être différente de la viscosité globale de l'écoulementFluid-structure interactions are of wide interest in engineering, industrial and medical applications. Understanding the interactions between complex shaped particles and flows might lead to new designs for targeted delivery, microflow sensors and to a better understanding of the behavior of microorganisms. In this thesis, we study the fluid-structure interaction of microscale chiral particles at low Reynolds numbers. The particles are rigid and confined in a 2D geometry or flexible with a helical shape. The combination of microfabrication techniques, such as multiscale assembly methods and microfluidics, enables to have a perfect control on both the geometrical and mechanical properties of the fibers and the flow features such as Newtonian or non Newtonian properties, the flow velocity and the flow geometry. First we studied asymmetric 2D rigid fibers, i.e. L-shaped fibers. Both lateral and transversal confinements have been investigated, as well as the shape of the fiber. When the particle is transported in viscous flows, it rotates until reaching an equilibrium orientation. In this specific orientation, the fiber drifts towards the lateral walls of the channel. A full investigation on the trajectories of the fiber has been performed and comparisons with symmetric particles have been done. Such research may help design devices to sort particles for medical purposes. Secondly we studied flexible microscale helical fibers. The dynamics of the helix formation has been investigated. The helices are formed from straight 2D ribbons, which spontaneously coil when released in water. The helical shape is reached only several minutes after the release but the helix keeps shrinking during several hours until reaching a preferred curvature. Two different timescales are identified in this formation dynamics. A model has been developed to understand the complex balance between elastic, surface tension and viscous forces at short times. After investigating several assumptions such as the impact of a sacrificial layer, a possible change in the modulus of the material and a creep behavior, the evolution of the radius at long times is most likely explained by creep. The extension and relaxation dynamics of the flexible fiber has also been studied in Newtonian and non Newtonian fluids. The study in polymer solutions is relevant and interesting because the size of the microhelix is comparable to the flagella of microorganisms and to the chains of high molecular weight polymers. Complex multiscale problems are then involved as the local viscosity at the scale of the ribbon might differ from the global viscosity at the scale of the flow
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Åström, Jan. "Micromechanical models of the elasticity and fracture of fibre networks /." Åbo : Åbo akademi, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41444383f.
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Xu, Mengrong. "Advances in hollow core fibres and application to mid-infrared fibre gas lasers." Thesis, University of Bath, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760959.
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Anti-resonant hollow core fibre is a new kind of optical fibre waveguide in which light is trapped in a hollow core surrounded by the capillary formed microstructured cladding. This fibre exhibits high damage threshold, low dispersion and ultra-low nonlinearity with relatively low loss of a few tens of dB/km. Its intrinsic feature of multimode delivery limits the applications with high requirements of single mode transmission. In my thesis, I demonstrate how the design of hollow core fibre can be improved with single mode guidance. S2 imaging measurement was used to analyse the mode content of the solid core fibres. In my research, I established S2 measurement to measure the mode contents in hollow core fibres for the first time. Two hollow core fibres with 8 capillaries and 7 capillaries in their claddings were fabricated in same fashion and showed differences in low attenuations. By comparing the mode contents in both of the fibres via S2 imaging measurement, 7-capillary HCF was demonstrated to give better performance on single mode guidance. Among the applications of the HCF, the property of delivering high power in HCF makes the gas filled HCF laser possible. In my research, a continuous-wave mid-infrared acetylene filled hollow core laser was built with a slope efficiency of 33% and an output power of over 1 watt at the wavelength region of 3.1~3.2 μm. The pump source is an Erbium-doped fibre amplified tunable laser diode which works at C-band wavelength. The fibre without the gain medium has two transmission bands with low attenuation of 0.037 dB/m and 0.063 dB/m at pumping and lasing wavelengths respectively. This laser system works in either cavity-based configuration or single pass ASE configuration. The latter configuration shows a better performance in high output power and high slope efficiency. The optimized laser system was studied experimentally with the proper fibre length and gas pressure. This laser system could be extended to be filled with other molecules to longer wavelengths and has potential for high power output.
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Sakr, Hesham. "Towards mid-infrared fibre lasers : rare earth ion doped chalcogenide glasses and fibres." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33338/.
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This Project is aimed at developing rare earth ion doped chalcogenide glasses targeting mid-infrared (MIR) fibre lasers, emitting in the wavelength region 4 - 5 μm. The work reported in this thesis has two objectives: (i) a study of the Ge-As-In-Se glass system when doped with a single species of rare earth (RE) ions, i.e. praseodymium (Pr3+) or cerium (Ce3+), or when co-doped with two rare earth ion species: Pr3+ and Ce3+, and (ii) a study of the effect of replacing a gallium (Ga) additive with an indium (In) additive on the physical and optical properties of the undoped and Pr3+ doped Ge-As-(Ga/In)-Se glasses and fibres. The MIR, i.e. 3 - 25 μm wavelength, offers to advance many photonics areas including bio-medical imaging spectroscopy for human tissue sensing in vivo for early cancer diagnosis. Low loss RE-ion doped MIR fibre lasers are potential pumps for MIR supercontinuum generation (SCG) sources for a compact MIR broadband device. Also, MIR fibre narrowband lasers offer potential new wavelengths for laser medical surgery. To date, there are no MIR rare earth ion doped glass fibre lasers emitting at wavelengths ≥ 4 μm. Selenide (Se)-based glasses, a member of the chalcogenide glass family, are known for their wide transparency up to 12 μm and good rare earth ion solubility. In the Project, an additive to the Ge-As-Se glass system of indium or gallium is considered to help decluster the rare earth ions and increase their solubility in the as-prepared Pr3+ doped Ge-As-(Ga/In)-Se glasses. However, an indium additive is concluded here to achieve a lower rare earth ion solubility limit than that obtained using the equivalent gallium additive in the Ge-As-(Ga/In)-Se glass systems. On the other hand, the photoluminescent intensity is concluded here to be approximately doubled when using an indium additive in Pr3+ doped Ge-As-In- Se, compared to the analogous gallium glasses. Furthermore, the decay lifetime, at the same emission wavelength of 4.7 μm, is found to be longer in the Pr3+ doped Ge-As-In-Se glasses when compared to the Pr3+ doped Ge-As- Ga-Se glasses. Overall, for a singly-doped Ge-As-In-Se glass system, Pr3+ offer wide photoluminescence spectral emission in the range 3 - 6 μm, which promotes this type of glass fibre as an active source for MIR laser emission in the target range of 4 - 5 μm. However, the photoluminescent decay lifetime, at 4.7 μm, of Pr3+ doped Ge-As-In-Se is concluded to decrease substantially with the number of thermal processes invoked to fabricate the glass-based fibres; a lifetime of 7 - 9 ms measured on the as-prepared fibres is compared to the decay lifetime of 9 - 10.1 ms that were found in the bulk glasses. Alternatively, the addition of Ce3+ in the Ge-As-In-Se glass system is concluded to offer a larger absorption cross-section than that of the Pr3+ in the wavelength range 3.5 - 5 μm. Co-doping the Pr3+ / Ce3+ in Ge-As-In-Se in order to enhance the MIR photoluminescence emission in the range 3 - 6 μm is also investigated. It is concluded that rare earth ions, in particular Ce3+ and / or Pr3+, doped chalcogenide glass fibres based on the Ge-As-In-Se glass system, developed through this Project, are strong candidates towards achieving MIR fibre lasers.
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Raj, Gijo. "Interfacial interactions in Flax fibre / PLA biocomposite : from model surfaces to real fibres." Lorient, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LORIS197.
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The overall mechanical properties of natural fibre reinforced biocomposites are largely governed by the intrinsic strength of reinforcement fibres as well as by the level of adhesion between the fibres and the matrix polymer. The research work reported in this manuscript presents a model investigation of the adhesion properties of the major polysaccharides in flax and a polylactic acid polymer matrix, and a correlation between these interactions and the final mechanical properties of the fibre and the composite. The main objective of this multi-length scale analysis is to better understand the complex role of the different polysaccharides present in flax fibres at the biocomposite interface. We first submit a raw flax fibre to two separate treatments, an enzymatic and an alkali one, which are known to indirectly promote the adherence between the reinforcement fibre and a PLA matrix. The detailed investigation of the morphology, mechanical and adherence properties of the treated fibres allows to observe the removal of the middle and primary layers down to the cellulose microfibrils networks of the secondary layers, and underlines the importance of limiting the attack of encrusting amorphous hemicellulose matrix within the secondary layer that is essential both in order to maintain interesting material properties and to promote adhesion with PLA. In a second time, we adapt the colloidal force microscopy to directly probe interaction forces between PLA and the different polymers in flax fibre. The system was first tested on cellulose and PLA to estimate the Hamaker constant and the work of adhesion. From the Nardin and Schultz equation, the experimental data obtained by local techniques such as AFM were found to be more realistic, in contrast, with those obtained from averaging techniques that are known to be not suited for heterogeneous samples such as flax fibres. The colloidal force microscopy was thus used to selectively measure all the possible. Interaction between the different polysaccharides of the fibres and the PLA matrix to qualitatively identity the weakest interaction system in a biocomposite. The results underline the important interactions of PLA matrix with both hemicellulose and pectin materials, even at low humidity rate. We postulated that the high water content of these two polysaccharides may be responsible for several mechanisms of interaction with PLA, such as hydrogen bonds, capillary forces or inter-diffusion processes. In parallel, adhesion force mapping of real raw and treated flax fibre’s surface by AFM force-volume technique give complementary results that underline an important adhesion with these two polysaccharides
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Chaabani, Chayma. "Composites à fibres de carbone : récupération des fibres par solvolyse hydrothermale. Impact sur la qualité des fibres et valorisation de la phase liquide." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EMAC0011/document.
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La demande mondiale des composites à fibres de carbone est en forte croissance. Les résidus qui en découlent augmentent également. Le procédé de solvolyse a été étudié pour recycler les fibres de carbone et valoriser la résine décomposée dans la phase liquide. L’étude se focalise sur l’impact du procédé batch (température et temps de réaction) sur la disparition de la résine dans l’eau sous- et supercritique. Le procédé batch n’est pas limité par la pénétration de l’eau dans un lit de composite, mais par contre, la haute teneur en composés organiques semble initier un phénomène de repolymérisation. Aux conditions optimales (350°C, 30 min et 400°C, 15 min) les fibres sont dépourvues de résine PA6, et les propriétés mécaniques sont proches des fibres vierges. Les analyses de diffraction des rayons X montrent une modification des distances inter-réticulaires des empilements de graphène, et la spectroscopie Raman met en évidence des modifications de la structure turbostratique des fibres. Ainsi le procédé de solvolyse a conduit à des changements nanostructuraux. Les valeurs de résistance à la traction sont assez proches de celles des fibres vierges. Ainsi, les fibres peuvent être réutilisées dans la reformulation de nouveaux composites. Enfin, l’étude cinétique basée sur les valeurs d’énergie d’activation en eau sous-critique (77,79 kJ/mol) et en eau supercritique (78,51 kJ/mol) montre qu’il s’agit du même schéma mécanistique régissant la réaction de dépolymérisation de la résine. La composition de la phase liquide montre la récupération de 70 % de monomère caprolactame et de la formation de produits plus lourds dans les temps de réaction relativement long (>45min). Ceci a été expliqué par un phénomène de repolymérisation. L’utilisation du CeO2 a permis d’une part de limiter des réactions indésirables et d’autres part d’améliorer la conversion de la résine PA6 en son monomère dans les temps de réaction courtsThe global demand of carbon fibers reinforced composites increases greatly, resulting in an increase of its residues. The solvolysis process has been studied in the framework of the recycling of carbon fibers and the recovery of the resin decomposed in the liquid phase. First, the study focuses on the impact of the batch process (temperature and reaction time) on the resin removal under subcritical and supercritical water. Although the batch process is not limited by the water diffusion into the composite bed, a large amount of organics results in a repolymerization phenomenon. The optimal conditions (350 °C, 30 min and 400 °C, 15 min) led to achieve the PA6 resin removal and the mechanical properties of recovered carbon fibers are similar to the virgin ones. The X-ray diffraction patterns show a modification of the inter-reticular distances of the graphene stacks, and Raman spectroscopy analysis reveal a modification in the turbostratic structure. Therefore nanostructural changes have occurred due to solvolysis process. Tensile strength values are quite similar to those of the virgin fibers, thus the fibers can be reused in the reformulation of new composites. Finally, the kinetic study based on the values of activation energy in subcritical water (77.79 kJ / mol) and in supercritical water (78.51 kJ / mol) shows that the same mechanistic scheme is governing the resin depolymerization reaction. The composition of the liquid phase shows the recovery of 70 % the monomer (caprolactam) and the production of heavier products in long reaction times (>45min). This has been explained by a repolymerization phenomenon. The use of CeO2 was efficient to limit undesirable reactions and to improve the conversion of the PA6 resin into its monomer in short reaction times
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Notayi, Mzwamadoda. "Characterization of animal fibres." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020426.
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Identification of fibres, particularly in blends, requires knowledge of their characteristics. Individual Identifying features between wool and mohair fibres were investigated in this study using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), Fourier Transform Raman and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This study confirmed that wool and mohair can be differentiated and identified in blends using the cuticle scale height (CSH) criterion, wool having an average CSH of 0.6 ± 0.1 μm and mohair having an average CSH of 0.4 ± 0.1 μm. The AFM provided highly reproducible CSH results, which also confirmed the SEM results that indeed wool and mohair could be differentiated using the CSH as criterion. The AFM gave a CSH value of 0.9 ± 0.2 μm for wool and 0.6 ± 0.2 μm for mohair, the difference between the two results being statistically significant according to the student t-test. It has been demonstrated that wool and mohair identification in blends is possible, by using the AFM to measure CSH, although the method is very time consuming and might be expensive. The FTIR-ATR showed similar spectra for wool and mohair fibres, confirming that the two fibre types consist of the same polymer material. Nevertheless, a difference was observed in the ratios of the relative intensities of the amide I (around 1630 cm-1) to the amide II (around 1515cm-1) absorption bands. The FT Raman provided similar spectra for the wool and mohair fibres, although a possible distinguishing feature between the two fibres could be the intensities of the alkyl side chains chemical band near 2940 cm-1 in the spectra of the two fibre types. According to the results obtained in this study, the FTIR-ATR and the FT Raman techniques may have potential for differentiating between wool and mohair but this requires further investigation.
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Chen, Xiaocai Joyce. "Fractionation of nylon fibres." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0005/MQ28927.pdf.
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Tai, Chi-Chih. "Novel adsorbent hollow fibres." Thesis, University of Bath, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437601.
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Nguty, T. A. "Light sensitive optical fibres." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360457.
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Quéré, David. "Fibres et capillaires mouillés." Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066408.
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Nous avons étudié le mouillage des fibres et des capillaires. Dans le cas où il y a mouillage total, nous avons montré l'existence d'un film mouillant, stabilisé par les forces de van der Waals, d'une épaisseur de quelques dizaines d'angströms. Nous avons étudié théoriquement la dynamique d'étalement spontané de ces films. Nous avons d'autre part étudié les films macroscopiques sur les fibres: la première partie, théorique et expérimentale, de notre travail traite de la fabrication de tels films sur les fibres (on tire une fibre à travers une interface) et dans les capillaires (on déplace une goutte dans le capillaire); la seconde partie est consacrée à la stabilité de ces films: ils sont normalement instables, mais quand on superpose un écoulement, l'instabilité peut saturer (l'interface respire alors chaotiquement). Nous avons établi un critère de saturation que nous avons vérifié expérimentalement.
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Landrevy, Christel. "Réticulation des fibres lignocellulosiques." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2012. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/6174/1/030405459.pdf.
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Shaikh, Saif. "Dynamics and rheology of concentrated suspensions of rigid fibers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0495.
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Une étude combinant expériences et analyses est menée afin de rationaliser la dynamique et la rhéologie des suspensions très concentrées de fibres rigides, non colloïdales dans un fluide newtonien. Des mesures rhéologiques couplées à des mesures de la microstructure sont réalisées à l’aide de plusieurs dispositifs expérimentaux permettant d’analyser différents types de géométries et d’écoulements. Des expériences de rhéologie standards (rhéologie à volume contrôlé), ainsi qu’une méthode de rhéologie non-conventionnelle (rhéologie à pression contrôlée) sont associées afin de mesurer la contrainte de cisaillement, la pression de la phase particulaire et la fraction volumique des suspensions très concentrées. Un autre dispositif expérimental a été conçu dans le but d’étudier la microstructure (distribution spatiale et distribution d’orientations) d’une suspension de fibres rigides dans un écoulement de Poiseuille oscillant. Alors que ce type d’écoulement est réversible pour un liquide newtonien, dans le cas d’une suspension concentrée, les interactions entre particules introduisent des changements irréversibles de microstructure. Cette microstructure est affectée et a un effet sur l’écoulement imposé, cette dépendance non-linéaire incluant les interactions hydrodynamiques. L’objectif de ces expériences est d’apporter un éclairage sur des effets tels que la rhéofluidification observée à fort taux de cisaillement et sur le démixage dû à la migration induite par cisaillementA combined work of experiments and data analyses is proposed to investigate the dynamics and rheology of highly concentrated suspensions of non-colloidal rigid rods in a Newtonian fluid. Detailed measurements of the rheology and the microstructure are made using a variety of experimental devices with different geometries and imposed flows. Standard rheology experiments (volume-controlled rheology), as well as a novel method of rheometry, are carried out to measure torques, particle pressures, and volume fractions at high concentration (pressure-controlled rheology). Another experiment has been designed and constructed to study the microstructure (spatial and orientation distribution) of a suspension of rigid rods in an oscillatory parabolic flow. Though the flow is reversible in these systems, the changes in the microstructure are irreversibile in the case of concentrated suspensions due to particle interactions. The microstructure is affected by, and has an effect, on the imposed flows; this non-linear dependency includes hydrodynamic interactions. The purpose of these experiments is to gain insight into phenomena such as apparent shear-thinning at high shear rates and demixing due to shear-induced migration
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Pierrot, Simonette. "Propagation non linéaire et amplification d'impulsions picosecondes dans des fibres microstructurées dopées ytterbium." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4026/document.
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Intensivement étudié depuis son apparition en 1960, le laser est un outil qui a su trouver sa place au-delà du monde académique : ses performances uniques l'ont rendu indispensable dans nombres d'applications de la vie courante. Les particularités les plus attractives du rayonnement laser sont la directivité de son émission, et le caractère quasi-monochromatique de son rayonnement.La première permet de propager un faisceau laser sur des longues distances, et également de concentrer la lumière sur des cibles aux dimensions extrêmement réduites : on parle de cohérence spatiale de l'émission laser. Cette seule propriété trouve de nombreuses applications : les lecteurs de codes-barres, imprimantes laser, pointeurs lasers en sont des exemples très rependus.La seconde permet d'accorder la bande spectrale étroite de l’émission laser aux bandes d'absorption de certains matériaux, ce qui permet de déposer localement de l’énergie de manière contrôlée. Par ailleurs elle confère au rayonnement laser des propriétés de cohérence temporelle uniques, qui peuvent être exploitées notamment en interférométrie, ouvrant la voie à de très nombreuses applications dans le domaine de la mesure, pour la caractérisation de surfaces optiques, dans les capteurs de position à effet Sagnac, en spectrométrie, pour ne pas citer quelques exemples
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Callister, Richard D. C. "The in-situ manufacture of a metal-loaded, anisotropically conductive adhesive." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286803.
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Delevaque, Eric. "Contribution à l'étude de composants actifs à fibre de silice dopée aux ions de terres rares." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10040.
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Cette these traite de l'etude du comportement de composants a fibre de silice dopee aux ions de terres rares. Les fibres dopees sont particulierement attractives comme milieu amplificateur: elles permettent des gains d'amplification superieurs a 40 decibels avec des moyens de pompage compatibles avec la technologie des diodes laser semi-conducteur. Les composants etudies sont: l'amplificateur, le laser et la source superluminescente. Des experiences ont permis de montrer qu'une fraction des ions de terre rare dans les fibres se presente sous forme d'agregats de quelques ions. Ceci constitue un des points fondamentaux de cette etude. Un modele analytique est propose. Sa conception simple a permis la description du comportement des composants et une approche quantitative simplifiee de leur optimisation. Les coupleurs selectifs en frequence sont une des deux innovations technologiques experimentees. Ils ont permis le developpement de l'amplificateur a 1. 55 microns et de la source superluminescente a fibre dopee a l'erbium. Les reseaux de bragg photo-inscrits constituent la seconde innovation. Leurs possibilites ont ete testees sur un laser a fibre dopee au neodyme emettant a 1. 08 microns.