Journal articles: 'Fibre Bragg Grating sensors'

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Broadway, Christian, Damien Kinet, Antreas Theodosiou, Kyriacos Kalli, Andrei Gusarov, Christophe Caucheteur, and Patrice Mégret. "CYTOP Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors for Harsh Radiation Environments." Sensors 19, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132853.

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We present a polymer fibre Bragg grating sensor and its sensitivity to gamma radiation by observing the reflected spectral profile. The Bragg grating is femtosecond inscribed within a perfluorinated CYTOP fibre and the alteration of the Bragg wavelength corresponds to the total radiation dose received. Over a total dose of 41 k Gy, the fibre demonstrates a sensitivity of − 26.2 p m / k Gy and a resolution of 40 Gy. Under active consideration for the instrumentation of nuclear waste repositories, this study gives a better understanding of the effects of gamma radiation upon Bragg gratings in CYTOP fibres.

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Bartelt, Hartmut. "Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors and Sensor Arrays." Advances in Science and Technology 55 (September 2008): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.55.138.

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Fiber Bragg gratings have found widespread application in sensor systems, e. g. for temperature, strain or refractive index measurements. The concept of fiber Bragg gratings allows also in a simple way the realisation of arrays of such sensors. The development of such optical fiber sensor systems often requires special fibers and grating structures which may go beyond more conventional Bragg grating structures in typical communication fibers. Concerning fibers there is, for example., a need of achieving fiber gratings in small diameter fibers and fiber tapers as well as in microstructured fibers. Special fiber grating structures are of interest e.g. in the visible wavelength range, which requires smaller spatial structures compared to more conventional gratings in the near infrared wavelength region. Examples for such modern developments in fiber Bragg grating technology for sensor applications will be presented and discussed.

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Voet, Eli, Geert Luyckx, Ives De Baere, Joris Degrieck, J. Vlekken, E. Jacobs, and Hartmut Bartelt. "High Strain Monitoring during Fatigue Loading of Thermoplastic Composites Using Imbedded Draw Tower Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors." Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.441.

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This paper presents the experimental study of fibre Bragg grating sensors for measuring strain inside composite laminates during fatigue loading. The optical fibres are imbedded inside thermoplastic CFRP test-coupons which have an ultimate strain of about 1.1%. Tension – tension fatigue cycling at a rate of 5Hz is been carried out at 314MPa with a maximum strain of 0.51%. At such extreme strain levels the use of high strength sensors becomes inevitable. Neither the sensor nor the composite test-coupons showed any significant degradation even after more than 500000 cycles. Fibre optic Bragg grating sensors are known to be very accurate strain sensors but one should be very careful interpreting their response once they are imbedded inside composite materials. In this study high strength fibre Bragg grating sensors with coating are imbedded in composite test coupons and a pretty good correlation was found between the strain measurements of an electrical extensometer and the imbedded sensor during the complete cycling. The high strength sensor show to be very feasible for extreme and long term strain measurements.

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Tian, Zhenhua, Lingyu Yu, Xiaoyi Sun, and Bin Lin. "Damage localization with fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through adaptive phased array imaging." Structural Health Monitoring 18, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921718755572.

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Fiber Bragg gratings are known being immune to electromagnetic interference and emerging as Lamb wave sensors for structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. However, their application for damage localization in large areas has been limited by their direction-dependent sensor factor. This article addresses such a challenge and presents a robust damage localization method for fiber Bragg grating Lamb wave sensing through the implementation of adaptive phased array algorithms. A compact linear fiber Bragg grating phased array is configured by uniformly distributing the fiber Bragg grating sensors along a straight line and axially in parallel to each other. The Lamb wave imaging is then performed by phased array algorithms without weighting factors (conventional delay-and-sum) and with adaptive weighting factors (minimum variance). The properties of both imaging algorithms, as well as the effects of fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor, are characterized, analyzed, and compared in details. The results show that this compact fiber Bragg grating array can precisely locate damage in plates, while the comparisons show that the minimum variance method has a better imaging resolution than that of the delay-and-sum method and is barely affected by fiber Bragg grating’s direction-dependent sensor factor. Laboratory tests are also performed with a four–fiber Bragg grating array to detect simulated defects at different directions. Both delay-and-sum and minimum variance methods can successfully locate defects at different positions, and their results are consistent with analytical predictions.

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Thursby, G., B. Sorazu, D. Betz, M. Staszewski, and B. Culshaw. "The Use of Fibre Optic Sensors for Damage Detection and Location in Structural Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.191.

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The measurement of changes in the properties of ultrasonic Lamb waves propagating through structural material has frequently been proposed as a method for the detection of damage. In this paper we describe work that uses optical fibre sensors to detect the Lamb waves and show that the directional properties of these sensors allow us to not only detect damage, but also to locate it. We look at two types of optical fibre sensor, a polarimetric sensor and the fibre Bragg grating. The polarimetric sensor measures the change in birefringence of a fibre caused by the pressure wave of the ultrasound acting upon it. This is an integrated sensor since the fibre length bonded to the sample needs to be greater than the ultrasonic wavelength in order to obtain the required sensitivity. The maximum sensitivity of this sensor is when the fibre is positioned normal to the direction of wave propagation. Fibre Bragg gratings are essentially point sensors since the grating length needs to be a fraction of the ultrasound wavelength to obtain maximum sensitivity. Ultrasound is detected mainly through the in-plane strain it produces and maximum sensitivity is therefore produced when the grating is aligned parallel to the direction of wave propagation. Holes drilled into sample plates can be detected using both type of sensor by examining the changes in either the transmitted Lamb wave or through detection of the reflections produced by the hole. The sensitivity of the technique is shown to be determined by the relative positions of the acoustic source, the hole and the sensor. If we use fibre Bragg gratings in a rosette configuration (i.e. 3 gratings forming an equilateral triangle) then the direction of the Lamb wave can be determined using the directional sensitivities of the gratings. Using two such rosettes allows us to calculate the source of the wave from the intersection of two of these directions. If the source of the wave is the hole (which acts as a passive source), then the location of that hole can be determined.

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Rao, Yun-Jiang. "In-fibre Bragg grating sensors." Measurement Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 355–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/8/4/002.

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Zhang, Naizhong, Claire Davis, Wing K. Chiu, Tommy Boilard, and Martin Bernier. "Fatigue Performance of Type I Fibre Bragg Grating Strain Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 16 (August 12, 2019): 3524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19163524.

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Although fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs) offer obvious potential for use in high-density, high-strain sensing applications, the adoption of this technology in the historically conservative aerospace industry has been slow. There are several contributing factors, one of which is variability in the reported performance of these sensors in harsh and fatigue prone environments. This paper reports on a comparative evaluation of the fatigue performance of FBG sensors written according to the same specifications using three different grating manufacturing processes: sensors written in stripped and re-coated fibres, sensors written during the fibre draw process and sensors written through fibre coating. Fatigue cycling of the fibres is provided by a customized electro-dynamically actuated loading assembly designed to provide high frequency and amplitude loading. Pre- and post-fatigue microscopic analysis and high-resolution transmission and reflection spectra scanning are conducted to investigate the fatigue performance of FBGs, the failure regions of fibres as well as any fatigue-related effects on the spectral profiles. It was found that because of the unique fabrication method, the sensors written through the fibre coating, also known as trans-jacket FBGs, show better fatigue performance than stripped and re-coated FBGs with greater control possible to tailor the optical reflection properties compared to gratings written in the draw tower. This emerging method for inscription of Type I gratings opens up the potential for mass production of higher reflectivity, apodised sensors with dense or complex array architectures which can be adopted as sensors for harsh environments such as in defence and aerospace industries.

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Mrad, Nezih. "POTENTIAL OF BRAGG GRATING SENSORS FOR AIRCRAFT HEALTH MONITORING." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2007-0001.

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The increased requirement to operate military platforms and aerospace structures beyond their designed life imposes heavy maintenance and inspection burden on aircraft operators and owners. In-service structural health monitoring is potentially a cost-effective approach by which service usage information can be obtained and knowledgeable decisions can be made. Advanced sensor technology, such as optical fibres, are expected to provide existing and future aircraft with added intelligence and functionality, reduced weight and cost, enhanced robustness and performance. This paper furthers the understanding of technical and practical issues related to full implementation of a fibre optic sensor based structural health monitoring system for aerospace and military platforms. It also reports experimental findings on the use of fibre Bragg grating sensors for measurement of parameters relevant to aircraft structural monitoring and smart structures; with an emphasis on the suitability of multifunctional fibre optic sensor system. Experimental evaluations revealed that Bragg grating sensors correlate well with conventional sensors technology for temperature, stain, crack growth and cure monitoring and were insensitive to pressures up to 300 psi. These sensors were determined to have minimum impact on the structural integrity when embedded parallel to host fibres into composite laminates. Recommendations on the implementation and integration of these sensors into a structural health monitoring system are also provided.

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Canning, John. "Properties of Specialist Fibres and Bragg Gratings for Optical Fiber Sensors." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/871580.

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The advent of optical fibres based on air holes running along their entirety opens up new directions in addressing various properties relevant to sensing, including the temperature/strain challenge of optical fibre sensors. This paper looks at the measurement challenges associated with temperature and strain, examines the potentially unique functionality structured fibre designs with and without gratings open up, and briefly describes some current research directions within conventional fibre and grating technologies.

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Nordmeyer, Ulrich, Niels Neumann, Xiaozhou Wang, Dirk Plettemeier, Torsten Thiel, and Konstantin Kojucharow. "Evaluation of optical fibre sensors in the electrical domain." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-199-2020.

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Abstract. Optical fibre sensors cover a wide range of applications. They offer versatile advantages including resilience to electromagnetic interference, biocompatibility and chemical resistivity. Even in environments with restricted accessibility, integration difficulties can be overcome by using radio-over-fibre (RoF) technology that allows a wireless read-out. Conventionally, optical fibre sensors are evaluated in the optical domain by analysing the amplitude or spectrum of either the transmitted or the reflected light. A novel approach is to feed a radio frequency-modulated laser into the optical sensor and carry out a full electrical analysis of the resulting radio frequency (RF) signal, which is changed by the sensor's characteristics. This method will be investigated in this paper for fibre Bragg grating-based and chirped fibre Bragg grating-based sensors in reflection and transmission configuration. Their applicability for this new evaluation scheme will be discussed. Subsequent studies may cover additional types of sensors and the testing of the novel evaluation method within an application-related scenario, including packaging.

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Wade, S. A., D. I. Forsyth, Q. Guofu, X. Chen, T. S. Chuan, W. Yong, T. Sun, and K. T. V. Grattan. "Dual Measurement of Strain and Temperature Using the Combination of Er3+ -Doped Fibre Fluorescence Lifetime and a Fibre Bragg Grating." Measurement and Control 34, no. 6 (July 2001): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002029400103400606.

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Fibre optic sensing devices have been produced for the dual measurement of strain and temperature using the combined properties of fibre Bragg gratings and the fluorescence lifetime of erbium-doped fibre. Two different sensors were constructed with the fibre Bragg grating written in normal fibre and also written directly in the Er3+-doped fibre. Results obtained indicate that this technique can be used to measure strains and temperatures with accuracies of approximately 1.2°C and 20.4 με

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Webb, David J. "Fibre Bragg grating sensors in polymer optical fibres." Measurement Science and Technology 26, no. 9 (August 19, 2015): 092004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/26/9/092004.

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Haran, Frank M., Jason K. Rew, and Peter D. Foote. "A strain-isolated fibre Bragg grating sensor for temperature compensation of fibre Bragg grating strain sensors." Measurement Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 1163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/9/8/004.

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Kocaman, ES, C. Yilmaz, A. Deniz, and M. Yildiz. "The performance of embedded fiber Bragg grating sensors for monitoring failure modes of foam cored sandwich structures under flexural loads." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 20, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 553–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636216664777.

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In this study, failure modes of foam core sandwich composites are investigated by using embedded Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Sandwich specimens with Fiber Bragg Grating sensors, embedded inside the face sheet, are manufactured using vacuum infusion process and then subjected to a static and a cyclic loading under the three-point bending mode. Different failure modes are monitored utilizing the wavelength shift and the spectrum of Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. It is shown that the responses of the Fiber Bragg Grating sensor differ depending on damage modes thereby making structural health monitoring of sandwich structures possible.

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Lee, Songbi, and Joohyeon Lee. "Braided Fabrication of a Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 5246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185246.

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Our objective was to construct textile braiding manufacturing methods to facilitate high precision and accurate measurements using optical fiber Bragg grating sensors for various structures. We aimed to combine three-dimensional (3D) braiding processing with the optical Bragg grating sensor’s accurate metrology. Outside the limits of the sensor’s epoxy attachment methods, the textile braiding method can diversify the scope of application. The braiding process can be used to design a 3D fabric module process for multiple objective mechanical fiber arrangements and material characteristics. Optical stress–strain response conditions were explored through the optimization of design elements between the Bragg grating sensor and the braiding. Here, Bragg grating sensors were located 75% away from the fiber center. The sensor core structure was helical with a 1.54 cm pitch, and a polyurethane synthetic yarn was braided together with the sensor using a weaving machine. From the prototype results, a negative Poisson’s ratio resulted in a curled braided Bragg grating sensor. The number of polyurethane strands was studied to determine the role of wrap angle in the braiding. The 12-strands condition showed an increase in double stress–strain response rate at a Poisson’s ratio of 1.3%, and the 16-strands condition was found to have noise affecting the sensor at a Poisson’s ratio of 1.5%. The findings suggested the application of braiding fabrication to the Bragg grating sensor could help to develop a new monitoring sensor.

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Mihailov, Stephen J., Cyril Hnatovsky, Nurmemet Abdukerim, Robert B. Walker, Ping Lu, Yanping Xu, Xiaoyi Bao, et al. "Ultrafast Laser Processing of Optical Fibers for Sensing Applications." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041447.

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A review of recent progress in the use of infrared femtosecond lasers to fabricate optical fiber sensors that incorporate fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and random fiber gratings (RFG) is presented. The important advancements in femtosecond laser writing based on the phase mask technique now allow through-the-coating (TTC) fabrication of Bragg gratings in ultra-thin fiber filaments, tilted fiber Bragg gratings, and 1000 °C-resistant fiber Bragg gratings with very strong cladding modes. As an example, through-the-coating femtosecond laser writing is used to manufacture distributed fiber Bragg grating sensor arrays for oil pipeline leak detection. The plane-by-plane femtosecond laser writing technique used for the inscription of random fiber gratings is also reviewed and novel applications of the resultant devices in distributed temperature sensing, fiber lasers and fiber laser sensors are discussed.

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Broadway, Christian, Frédéric Descamps, Damien Kinet, Christophe Caucheteur, and Patrice Mégret. "Intrinsic Fabry-Perot Sensors for Magnetic Field Detection." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817002001.

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Within the context of ensuring stable nuclear fusion, it is important to monitor and control a number of parametersincluding the magnetic field associated with plasma circulation. Optical fibre sensing techniques have seen a surge in promulgation and research advances in recent years, due to their immunity to electromagnetic radiation and compact dimensions. Prior work has shown that fibre Bragg gratings are one method of recovering the induced magnetic field, with the main point of interest being their use as distributed point sensors. However, Bragg grating inscription leads to the creation of linear birefringence that increases detector noise and could obscure a given signal. We have hypothesised that by using an intrinsic Fabry-Perot cavity comprised of two identical Bragg gratings, we could obtain a more accurate detector with the removal of photo-induced birefringence in the detection region. We present a proof of concept optical fibre sensor based on an intrinsic Fabry-Perot cavity that shows spectrally visible amplitude modulation. Finally, we demonstrate faster data processing that allows real time monitoring of a given scenario.

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Stevens, Kevin J., Grant V. M. Williams, I. Monfils, D. Hirst, P. Wagner, S. G. Raymond, J. W. Quilty, and My T. T. Do. "Optics-Based Strain Sensing System." Materials Science Forum 700 (September 2011): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.700.178.

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An optics-based strain sensing system is being developed for quazi-distributed strain sensing in locations and environments that are not accessible to conventional strain sensors. The system comprises an Optical Interrogator that has been designed and constructed by Southern Photonics [1], and optical fibre coupled Bragg grating strain sensors. It has been tested using commercial fibre Bragg gratings [2] that were attached to 2 samples of 316 grade stainless steel and cycled in strain and temperature using an Instron mechanical testing machine and temperature controlled cabinet. The results have been compared to the performance of conventional electrical resistance strain gauges. Pairs of fibre Bragg gratings were simultaneously interrogated at 1540 and 1550 nm centre wavelengths to demonstrate the ability of the system to use multiple sensors for quazi-distributed sensing and temperature compensation. The Optical Interrogator resolution is approximately 4 microstrains, accounting for longer term temperature drift, and it is capable of resolving dynamic strains at rates of up to 90 Hz.

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Karatas, Cansu, Boray Degerliyurt, Yavuz Yaman, and Melin Sahin. "Fibre Bragg grating sensor applications for structural health monitoring." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 92, no. 3 (December 24, 2018): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-11-2017-0255.

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Purpose Structural health monitoring (SHM) has become an attractive subject in aerospace engineering field considering the opportunity to avoid catastrophic failures by detecting damage in advance and to reduce maintenance costs. Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are denoted as one of the most promising sensors for SHM applications as they are lightweight, immune to electromagnetic effects and able to be embedded between the layers of composite structures. The purpose of this paper is to research on and demonstrate the feasibility of FBG sensors for SHM of composite structures. Design/methodology/approach Applications on thin composite beams intended for SHM studies are presented. The sensor system, which includes FBG sensors and related interrogator system, and manufacturing of the beams with embedded sensors, are detailed. Static tension and torsion tests are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the system. Strain analysis results obtained from the tests are compared with the ones obtained from the finite element analyses conducted using ABAQUS® software. In addition, the comparison between the data obtained from the FBG sensors and from the strain gauges is made by also considering the noise content. Finally, fatigue test under torsion load is conducted to observe the durability of FBG sensors. Findings The results demonstrated that FBG sensors are feasible for SHM of composite structures as the strain data are accurate and less noisy compared to that obtained from the strain gauges. Furthermore, the convenience of obtaining reliable data between the layers of a composite structure using embedded FBG sensors is observed. Practical implications Observing the advantages of the FBG sensors for strain measurement will promote using FBG sensors for damage detection related to the SHM applications. Originality/value This paper presents applications of FBG sensors on thin composite beams, which reveal the suitability of FBG sensors for SHM of lightweight composite structures.

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Lesiak, Piotr, Adam Widomski, Łukasz Szelągowski, Piotr Sobotka, Anna Dużyńska, Anna Wróblewska, Konrad Markowski, Tomasz Osuch, and Tomasz Woliński. "Fiber Bragg grating as UVA sensor." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i1.806.

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The idea of this paper implies the possibility to exploit the properties of graphene oxide (GO) to fiber Bragg grating (FBG) UVA radiation sensor design. The idea assumes that a temperature change around the fiber can be induced by UVA radiation. UVA lighting will increase the internal energy of the GO and consequently locally raise the temperature on the surface of the optical fiber with FBG sensor and changing Bragg wavelength Full Text: PDF ReferencesZ. N. Azwa, B. F. Yousif, A. C. Manalo, W. Karunasena, " A review on the degradability of polymeric composites based on natural fibres", Materials & Design, Vol. 47, pp. 424-442, 2013 CrossRef B. R?nby, "Photochemical modification of polymers - photocrosslinking, surface photografting, and lamination", Polymer Ing. & Science, Vol. 38, Iss. 8, pp 1229-1243, 1998 CrossRef P. Lesiak, M. Szeląg, D. Budaszewski, R. Plaga, K. Mileńko, G. Rajan, Y. Semenova, G. Farrell, A. Boczkowska, A. Domański, T. Woliński, "Influence of lamination process on optical fiber sensors embedded in composite material", Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, vol. 45, No. 9, pp. 2275-2280, 2012 CrossRef G. Eda et al., "Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material", Nature Nanotechnology 3, 270 (2008) CrossRef H. J. Kim et al., "Unoxidized Graphene/Alumina Nanocomposite: Fracture- and Wear-Resistance Effects of Graphene on Alumina Matrix", Scientific Reports 4, 5176 (2014) CrossRef A. Wróblewska et al., "Statistical analysis of the reduction process of graphene oxide probed by Raman spectroscopy mapping", Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 29, 475201 (2017) CrossRef P. Lesiak, P. Sobotka, M. Bieda, A. Dużyńska, A. Wróblewska, M. Chychłowski and T. R. Woliński, "Innovative UV sensor based on highly birefringent fiber covered by graphene oxide", Photonics Letters of Poland Vol. 7, No 4, pp. 124-126, 2015 CrossRef B. Qi, M. Bannister, X. Liu, A. Michie, L. Rajasekera, B. Ashton, Response of an embedded fibre Bragg grating to thermal and mechanical loading in a composite laminate, IOME Australasia, Materials Forum 27 (2004) 93?100. DirectLink E. Chehura, C-C. Ye, S. Staines, S. James, R. Tatam, Characterisation of the response of fibre Bragg gratings fabricated in stress and geometrically induced high birefringence fibres to temperature and transverse load, Smart Materials and Structures 13 (2004) 888?895. CrossRef K. Schroeder et al., A fiber Bragg grating sensor system monitors operational load in a wind turbine rotor blade, Measurement Science & Technology 17 (2006) 1167?1172. CrossRef Z. Zhou, Q. Liu, Q. Ai, C. Xu, Intelligent monitoring and diagnosis for modern mechanical equipment based on the integration of embedded technology and FBGS technology, Measurement 44 (9) (2011) 1499?1511 CrossRef Z. C. Wu et al., Science 305, 1273 (2004) CrossRef A. Jorio, M. Dresselhaus, R. Saito, and G. F. Dresselhaus, Raman Spectroscopy in Graphene Related Systems (Wiley-VCH, 2011) CrossRef G. Sobon, J. Sotor, J. Jagiello, R. Kozinski, M. Zdrojek, M. Holdynski, P. Paletko, J. Boguslawski, L. Lipinska, and K. M. Abramski "Graphene Oxide vs. Reduced Graphene Oxide as saturable absorbers for Er-doped passively mode-locked fiber laser" Optics Express 20, 19463 (2012) CrossRef

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Ramos, Carlos A., José Luís Esteves, Rui A. Silva, and António Torres Marques. "Analyses of Composite Structures Behaviour with Embedded Bragg Grating Sensors." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.614.

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Structural health monitoring of composite structures may be accomplished by measuring strains with embedded optical fibre sensors. In this paper, we present the performance of Bragg grating sensors, which are embedded into a carbon composite laminate and them bonded to the structure in analyse. The paper will briefly discuss the results and compare them with a free fibre Bragg grating bonded in the surface of the carbon composite laminate, with existing electrical strain gauge installation and with a numerical analysis by the finite element method.

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Allsop, Thomas, and Ron Neal. "A Review: Evolution and Diversity of Optical Fibre Plasmonic Sensors." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 4874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224874.

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The purpose of this review is to bring to the attention of the wider research community how two quite different optical sensory techniques were integrated resulting in a sensor device of exceptional sensitivity with wide ranging capability. Both authors have collaborated over a 20 year period, each researching initially surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical fibre Bragg grating devices. Our individual research, funded in part by EPSRC and industry into these two areas, converged, resulting in a device that combined the ultra-sensitive working platform of SPR behavior with that of fibre Bragg grating development, which provided a simple method for SPR excitation. During this period, they developed a new approach to the fabrication of nano-structured metal coatings for plasmonic devices and demonstrated on fibre optic platform, which has created an ultra-sensitive optical sensing platform. Both authors believe that the convergence of these two areas will create opportunities in detection and sensing yet to be realised. Furthermore, giving the reader “sign-post” research articles to help to construct models to design sensors and to understand their experimental results.

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Kenny, R. P., E. Gutierrez, M. P. Whelan, and A. C. Lucia. "Composite Structural Element Characterisation Using Fibre Optic Strain Sensors." Advanced Composites Letters 6, no. 5 (September 1997): 096369359700600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359700600501.

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Fibre optic sensor systems have been developed for characterisation and monitoring of structural elements. The particular application area reported here is on testing of pultruded composite beams. Demodulation schemes for in-fibre Bragg grating strain sensors using either Acousto-Optic tuneable filters or passive techniques are described. It is found that the fibre optic sensor measurements correspond well with those of standard electrical gauges, and demonstrate their potential as on-line structural diagnostic devices.

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Hessler, Steffen, Marieke Rüth, Horst-Dieter Lemke, Bernhard Schmauss, and Ralf Hellmann. "Deep UV Formation of Long-Term Stable Optical Bragg Gratings in Epoxy Waveguides and Their Biomedical Sensing Potentials." Sensors 21, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 3868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113868.

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In this article, we summarize our investigations on optimized 248 nm deep ultraviolet (UV) fabrication of highly stable epoxy polymer Bragg grating sensors and their application for biomedical purposes. Employing m-line spectroscopy, deep UV photosensitivity of cross-linked EpoCore thin films in terms of responding refractive index change is determined to a maximum of Δn = + (1.8 ± 0.2) × 10−3. All-polymer waveguide Bragg gratings are fabricated by direct laser irradiation of lithographic EpoCore strip waveguides on compatible Topas 6017 substrates through standard +1/-1-order phase masks. According near-field simulations of realistic non-ideal phase masks provide insight into UV dose-dependent characteristics of the Bragg grating formation. By means of online monitoring, arising Bragg reflections during grating inscription via beforehand fiber-coupled waveguide samples, an optimum laser parameter set for well-detectable sensor reflection peaks in respect of peak strength, full width at half maximum and grating attenuation are derived. Promising blood analysis applications of optimized epoxy-based Bragg grating sensors are demonstrated in terms of bulk refractive index sensing of whole blood and selective surface refractive index sensing of human serum albumin.

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Geng, Jin Feng, Dong Fang Ma, Hong Sheng Cai, Wen Tao Wu, Jun Wei Dong, and Xiao Huan Shen. "The Comparison and Analysis of Fiber Grating Strain Sensor and Resistance Strain Slice for Transmission Tower Vibration Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.211.

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Contrast advantages and existing problems of resistance strain slice and fiber grating strain sensor for tower vibration strain monitoring, compare the structure of the two, and do the on-site installation and experiments, analyze the monitoring data. It can make a conclusion that the properties of fiber bragg grating strain sensors are basic consistent with resistance strain slice. And fiber bragg grating strain sensors can be used for transmission tower vibration monitoring .

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Doyle, Crispin, S. Quinn, and Janice M. Dulieu-Barton. "Evaluation of Rugged 'Smart Patch' Fibre-Optic Strain Sensors." Applied Mechanics and Materials 3-4 (August 2006): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.3-4.343.

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Fibre-optic sensors have advantages over existing electrical sensors in many strain and stress monitoring applications. However, bare optical fibres are fragile and packaging techniques must be developed before these sensors can be used more widely. One such method is the Smart Patch, in which the fibre Bragg grating is encapsulated between plies of glass-reinforced epoxy where rugged cables are anchored. This forms a flat flexible patch in which the fibre is protected from mechanical and environmental damage. However, it is important that the mechanical strength of the patch is not achieved at the expense of good strain transfer characteristics. To confirm this, fibre Bragg gratings with acrylate and polyimide coatings were embedded in a glass-epoxy patch that was bonded to an aluminium tensile specimen. An electrical strain gauge was also bonded to the specimen to provide a strain reference. Tests were carried out at different loading rates and at temperatures from -30°C to +80°C. There was good agreement between the fibre-optic sensors and the electrical strain gauge demonstrating that the patch performed in a practically identical manner to the conventional gauges. A second experiment on a representative part of ship structure demonstrated the versatility of the patch.

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Cowie, Barbara M., David J. Webb, Betty Tam, Paul Slack, and Peter N. Brett. "Fibre Bragg grating sensors for distributive tactile sensing." Measurement Science and Technology 18, no. 1 (November 30, 2006): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/18/1/017.

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Bogue, Robert. "Structural integrity monitoring with fibre Bragg grating sensors." Sensor Review 25, no. 2 (June 2005): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02602280510585682.

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Ang, J., H. C. H. Li, I. Herszberg, M. K. Bannister, and A. P. Mouritz. "Tensile fatigue properties of fibre Bragg grating optical fibre sensors." International Journal of Fatigue 32, no. 4 (April 2010): 762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2009.11.002.

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Li, D. S., L. Ren, H. N. Li, and G. B. Song. "Structural Health Monitoring of a Tall Building during Construction with Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 272190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/272190.

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Fiber Bragg grating sensors demonstrate a great potential as a structural health monitoring tool for civil structures to ensure structural integrity, durability, and reliability. The advantages of applying fiber optic sensors to a tall building include their immunity to electromagnetic interference and their multiplexing ability to transfer optical signals over a long distance. In the work, fiber Bragg grating sensors, consisting of strain and temperature sensors, are applied to structural monitoring of an 18-floor tall building since the date of its construction. The strain transferring rate from host material to the fiber core is discussed and the calibration of packaged fiber Bragg grating sensor is presented. The main purposes of the investigation are monitoring temperature evolution history within concrete during the pouring and curing process, measuring variation of the main column strains on the underground floor while upper 18 floors were subsequently added on, and monitoring relative displacement between two foundation blocks. Fiber Bragg grating sensors have been installed and integrated continuously for more than five months. Monitoring results of temperature and strain are presented in the paper. Furthermore, temperature lag behavior between concrete and its surrounding air is investigated.

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Wójcik, Waldemar, Aliya Kalizhanova, Gulzhan Kashaganova, Ainur Kozbakova, Zhalau Aitkulov, and Zhassulan Orazbekov. "RESEARCH OF PARAMETERS OF FIBER-OPTICAL MEASURING SYSTEMS." Informatyka Automatyka Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 2 (June 21, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2543.

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At present there exist a lot of technical devices, the failure of which can be connected not only with huge financial losses, but with the treat to the environment as well. Therefore, an important problem is the effective devices conditions diagnostics, including electronic components and check of their operation. Timely faults detecting allows introducing the prevention measures and avoiding serious consequences. Fiber-optic sensors have several advantages, more important of which include the immunity to electromagnetic disturbances, little weight and possibility to be included into the structure being measured. The most perspective are the sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings. Bragg fiber gratings have several advantages, for instance, they allow creating the distributed measuring massifs, which contain several sensors. As well, they are insensitive to the optic power source vibrations. Variety of using the fiber sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings has led to producing the Bragg fiber gratings with different spectral characteristics. Homogeneous Bragg fiber gratings have the spectra with solid side lobes, which can influence at the temperature sensor processing characteristics. To level the side lobes there is applied the apodization method, which is one of the means to affect the spectral form. The article herein considers the issues of the Bragg fiber gratings mathematical and computer modeling using the transfer matrix method. Transfer matrix method allows defining the optical components spectral characteristics based on the bound modes theory and description of electromagnetic wave, passing through an optic fiber. In the article there have been analyzed the Bragg fiber gratings in compliance with spectral features, such as transmission and reflectance spectra. As well, there has been carried out the experiment with influence of various parameters at the Bragg fiber gratings spectral characteristics. There have been studied the Bragg fiber gratings spectral features and selected the grating optimal parameters for designing the fiber-optic sensors based on the Bragg fiber gratings.

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Fevery, S., H. Hallez, D. Vandepitte, and S. Debruyne. "Measuring moisture absorption in structural adhesive joints with fibre Bragg grating sensors." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 234, no. 5 (April 22, 2020): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408920920486.

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The increased joint efficiency, distribution of loads and decrease in stress concentrations have led to the increased use of adhesives for structural bonding. However, there are a limited number of techniques for verifying and monitoring the integrity and durability of adhesive bonds. This article studies the potential of estimating the curing and ageing of adhesive bulk samples with embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors through measuring the strain associated with hygroscopic expansion. This is achieved by relating the output of a fibre Bragg grating sensor to the deformation of the structure in which it is embedded. This work considers the possibility of mapping the changing structural resistance to mechanical loading (stiffness) of adhesive bonds as a function of time, under the influence of temperature and moisture as environmental factors. The goal is to map the influence of these environmental factors separately on the one hand, and their combined effect on adhesive bonds, on the other hand. This study subjects several bulk specimens to various environmental ageing loads. The swelling, associated to moisture absorption and that results in mechanical strain, is measured with fibre Bragg grating sensors. The moisture absorption behaviour at different temperatures and environmental relative humidity conditions determined in this way is verified using classical test methods (e.g. differential scanning calorimetry, gravimetric) on multiple fibreless specimens.

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Heo, Jin Seok, Jong Ha Cheung, and Jung Ju Lee. "Flexible Force Sensors Using Fiber Bragg Grating." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1343.

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In this paper, we present a newly designed flexible optical fiber force sensors which use fiber Bragg gratings and diaphragm and bridge type transducer, to detect a distributed normal force and which is the first step toward realizing a tactile sensor using optical fiber sensors (FBG). The transducer is designed such that it is not affected by chirping and light loss to enhance the performance of the sensors. We also present the design and fabrication process and experimental verification of the prototype sensors.

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Norman, D. C. C., D. J. Webb, and R. D. Pechstedt. "Interrogation of fibre Bragg grating sensors using an arrayed waveguide grating." Measurement Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (February 1, 2005): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/3/011.

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DU Lei, 杜磊, 龚元 GONG Yuan, 吴宇 WU Yu, 饶云江 RAO Yun-jiang, and 赵天 ZHAO Tian. "Fiber Bragg Grating Settlement Sensors." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 40, no. 12 (2011): 1878–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20114012.1878.

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Albert, Jacques, Li-Yang Shao, and Christophe Caucheteur. "Tilted fiber Bragg grating sensors." Laser & Photonics Reviews 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201100039.

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McMillen, Ben, Chuck Jewart, Michael Buric, Kevin P. Chen, Yuankun Lin, and Wei Xu. "Fiber Bragg grating vacuum sensors." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 23 (December 5, 2005): 234101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2140082.

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Morey, W. W., J. R. Dunphy, and G. Meltz. "Multiplexing fiber bragg grating sensors." Fiber and Integrated Optics 10, no. 4 (October 1991): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01468039108201715.

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Lee, Yeon-Gwan, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Impact source identification for pipe structure based on a one-dimensional fiber Bragg grating sensor array." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28, no. 12 (February 23, 2017): 1662–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x16679292.

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This article presents a spatial impact source identification based on a one-dimensional fiber Bragg grating sensor array for application in tubular structures. The effective number of sensors and the sensor arrangement method were investigated for the plumbing pipe structure as the application subject. The fiber Bragg grating sensors were used to determine the impact location via the signal processing of the measured acoustic emission signals with a sampling frequency of 100 kHz. The root mean squared value–based algorithm, which was newly verified for a stiffened composite structure, was employed to identify the impact source in this article. Impact source identification was implemented according to the sensor arrangement and number of sensors, which were selectively used on the pipe structure among six multiplexed fiber Bragg grating sensors in one optical fiber line. This process shows that impact location detection is possible with only a one-dimensional sensor array compared to the results of a two-dimensional sensor array. The impact location could be predicted within a maximum error range of 31.12 mm, even if only one sensor was used to identify the impact source.

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Kharshiduzzaman, M., A. Gianneo, and A. Bernasconi. "Experimental analysis of the response of fiber Bragg grating sensors under non-uniform strain field in a twill woven composite." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 7 (August 9, 2018): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318793183.

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Fiber Bragg grating optical sensors are nowadays widely employed for strain measurement for structural health monitoring and in experimental mechanics. Compared to other techniques, i.e. electrical strain gauges, fiber Bragg grating offer immunity to electromagnetic interference and allow for long transmission lead lines. Moreover, thanks to multiplexing interrogation, several sensors can be photo-imprinted into a single fiber core allowing for strain evaluation at multiple locations simultaneously. They have high adaptability to composite materials, particularly because it is possible to be embedded into laminates without affecting their strength and stiffness. Fiber Bragg grating strain measurements are based on the detection of the wavelength shift of their peak reflected spectrum. However, subjected to strain gradients, the spectral response of fiber Bragg grating sensors may be distorted and the sharp peak may not be retained. In this work, the response of fiber Bragg grating sensors having different grating lengths and bonded to the surface of a carbon fiber-reinforced twill woven laminate was analyzed. The analysis combined transfer matrix (T-matrix) with digital image correlation methods. Digital image correlation technique was used to capture the non-uniform strain fields in the woven composites and measured strains were employed in T-Matrix algorithm to simulate fiber Bragg grating response. Using this approach, the effect of the length of the fiber Bragg grating on the strain measurement is assessed and results discussed. Moreover, it is shown that T-matrix formulation combined with a non-contact strain field measurement technique, as DIC, is an appropriate technique to simulate the behavior of fiber Bragg grating bonded to composite materials of complex microstructure.

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Hudson, Tyler B., Nicolas Auwaijan, and Fuh-Gwo Yuan. "Guided wave-based system for real-time cure monitoring of composites using piezoelectric discs and phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings." Journal of Composite Materials 53, no. 7 (August 15, 2018): 969–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318793512.

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A real-time, in-process cure monitoring system employing a guided wave-based concept for carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites was developed. The system included a single piezoelectric disc that was bonded to the surface of the composite for excitation, and an embedded phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating for sensing. The phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating almost simultaneously measured both quasi-static strain and the ultrasonic guided wave-based signals throughout the cure cycle. A traditional FBG was also used as a base for evaluating the high sensitivity of the phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating sensor. Composite physical properties (degree of cure and glass transition temperature) were correlated to the amplitude and time of arrival of the guided wave-based measurements during the cure cycle. In addition, key state transitions (gelation and vitrification) were identified from the experimental data. The physical properties and state transitions were validated using cure process modeling software (e.g. RAVEN®). This system demonstrated the capability of using an embedded phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating to sense a wide bandwidth of signals during cure. The distinct advantages of a fiber optic-based system include multiplexing of multiple gratings along a single optical fiber, small size compared to piezoelectric sensors, ability to embed or surface mount, utilization in harsh environments, electrically passive operation, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) immunity. The embedded phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating fiber optic sensor can monitor the entire life-cycle of the composite structure from curing, post-cure/assembly, and in-service creating “smart structures”.

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Zeng, Haiyan, Renjun Yan, Lin Xu, and Siyuan Gui. "Application study on fiber Bragg grating sensors in damage monitoring of sandwich composite joints." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 22, no. 5 (July 18, 2018): 1542–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1099636218789621.

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This article studies the application of fiber Bragg grating sensors in damage monitoring of sandwich composite L-joints, which aims to reveal the interface damage between the GFRP skin and the foam core. Fiber Bragg grating sensors have been arranged based on numerical results. The ultimate load and failure location via numerical modelling have been experimentally verified. Strains measured by fiber Bragg grating sensors have shown anomalies with load increased, indicating the onset and propagation of damage. Based on the damage-induced strain anomalies, four stages have been addressed to reveal the emergence, accumulation and propagation of damage during the loading process. Measurements by numerical simulation and surface mounted strain gauges have been found to be less sensitive to internal damage, proving the great significance of embedding fiber Bragg grating sensors to monitor interface damages of sandwich L-joint.

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Mieloszyk, Magdalena. "Fatigue Crack Propagation Monitoring Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors." Vibration 4, no. 3 (September 3, 2021): 700–721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration4030039.

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The paper presents the analysis of the possibility of fatigue crack detection and monitoring its propagation process using fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The investigations were carried out on an aluminium alloy sample (a part of the Mi-2 helicopter rotor blade). During the fatigue test, the sample was equipped with FBG sensors applied for strain measurement and the vibration-based strain monitoring. It was observed that the strain curves determined by the FBG sensors agreed well with the fatigue force profile. However, the strain curves were almost insensitive to the crack propagation process, except in the last stage of the test, when the crack length was equal to 25 mm. The strain values and the natural frequencies of the sample that were determined experimentally were compared with the values achieved from the finite element method model, with both methods showing good agreement. Additionally, spectrogram-based analyses were performed, focused on the acoustic waves phenomena related to a crack propagation process. It was confirmed that the proposed signal processing method, based on spectrogram analyses, can be applied for the detection of fatigue crack development in metal structures.

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Xiong, Ziming, Qinghua Zhang, Hao Lu, Shaoshuai Shi, Zewei You, Yuanpu Xia, and Lin Bu. "Evaluation and identification of dynamic strain on a blast door subjected to blast loading using fibre Bragg grating sensors." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 14, no. 3 (March 2018): 155014771876686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1550147718766860.

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Tunnels and subway blast doors are effective barriers to terrorist attacks and emergencies, and research into the mechanical properties of blast doors under explosive dynamic loads can improve and enhance the performance thereof. In this article, surface strain measurements on subway blast door models under dynamic load are carried out using quasi-distributed fibre Bragg grating sensors. The principle underpinning fibre Bragg grating sensing is introduced before the experiment. In the experiment, a model of an explosion-proof door was designed, and the experimental foundation pit was designed to be used to fix the explosion-proof door. Then, eight fibre Bragg grating sensors are placed at different positions on the surface of the explosion door to measure the strain at the time of explosion. Through the experiment we found that the optical fibre grating sensing system can be used under explosive loading surface strain: the strain distribution on the surface of the protective door is revealed under large dynamic strain. At the same time, the rebound effect of the protective door in the explosion was found through the strain phenomenon in double peak phenomenon. The strain distribution and rebound effect in the test results can provide a useful reference for the mechanical design of the blasting door and the strain monitoring of reinforced concrete structures under dynamic load.

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Kuang, K. S. C., R. Kenny, M. P. Whelan, W. J. Cantwell, and P. R. Chalker. "Embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors in advanced composite materials." Composites Science and Technology 61, no. 10 (August 2001): 1379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-3538(01)00037-9.

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Barbosa, C., N. Costa, L. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, H. Varum, A. Costa, C. Fernandes, and H. Rodrigues. "Weldable fibre Bragg grating sensors for steel bridge monitoring." Measurement Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (October 17, 2008): 125305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/19/12/125305.

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Kouroussis, Georges, Damien Kinet, Véronique Moeyaert, Julien Dupuy, and Christophe Caucheteur. "Railway structure monitoring solutions using fibre Bragg grating sensors." International Journal of Rail Transportation 4, no. 3 (May 17, 2016): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23248378.2016.1184598.

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Tosi, D., M. Olivero, A. Vallan, and G. Perrone. "Weigh-in-motion through fibre Bragg grating optical sensors." Electronics Letters 46, no. 17 (2010): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2010.1827.

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Brady, G. P., S. Hope, A. B. Lobo Ribeiro, D. J. Webb, L. Reekie, J. L. Archambault, and D. A. Jackson. "Demultiplexing of fibre Bragg grating temperature and strain sensors." Optics Communications 111, no. 1-2 (September 1994): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(94)90137-6.

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Silva, A. F., F. Gonçalves, L. A. A. Ferreira, F. M. Araújo, P. M. Mendes, and J. Higino Correia. "Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Integrated in Polymeric Foils." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 1548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.1548.

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Optical sensors have hit their maturity and a new kind of systems is being developed. This paper deals with the development of a new sensing structure based on polymeric foils and optic fiber sensors, namely the Fiber Bragg Grating sensors. Sensor integration in polymeric foils, using industrial process is the proposed goal. To achieve this goal, Finite Element Analysis was used for prototype modeling and simulation. The model was subjected to loads and restraints in order to retrieve information about stress distribution and displacement of specific points. From the simulation was possible to predict the sections where the sensor should be positioned. A prototype was then fabricated using industrial processes. Tests indicate that the polymeric foil influence on the sensor performance may exist. However, the prototype was able of transferring the full deformation to the optical sensor. Moreover, the optical sensor, which is incorporated in the polymeric foil, is fully functional with high sensitivity, 0.6 picometer by microstrain, allowing deformation measurements, up to 1.2 millimeter.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fibre Bragg Grating sensors'

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