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1
Tsuji, Hajime. "Dynamical construction of Kähler-Einstein metrics." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 199 (September 2010): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0027763000022236.
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AbstractIn this article, we give a new construction of a Kähler-Einstein metric on a smooth projective variety with ample canonical bundle. As a consequence, for a dominant projective morphismf:X→Swith connected fibers such that a general fiber has an ample canonical bundle, and for a positive integerm, we construct a canonical singular Hermitian metrichE,monwith semipositive curvature in the sense of Nakano.
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Tsuji, Hajime. "Dynamical construction of Kähler-Einstein metrics." Nagoya Mathematical Journal 199 (September 2010): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00277630-2010-005.
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AbstractIn this article, we give a new construction of a Kähler-Einstein metric on a smooth projective variety with ample canonical bundle. As a consequence, for a dominant projective morphism f: X → S with connected fibers such that a general fiber has an ample canonical bundle, and for a positive integer m, we construct a canonical singular Hermitian metric hE,m on with semipositive curvature in the sense of Nakano.
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Holmes, Scott A., Steven J. Staffa, Anastasia Karapanagou, Natalia Lopez, Victoria Karian, Ronald Borra, David Zurakowski, Alyssa Lebel, and David Borsook. "Biological laterality and peripheral nerve DTI metrics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): e0260256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260256.
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Background and purpose Clinical comparisons do not usually take laterality into account and thus may report erroneous or misleading data. The concept of laterality, well evaluated in brain and motor systems, may also apply at the level of peripheral nerves. Therefore, we sought to evaluate the extent to which we could observe an effect of laterality in MRI-collected white matter indices of the sciatic nerve and its two branches (tibial and fibular). Materials and methods We enrolled 17 healthy persons and performed peripheral nerve diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetization transfer imaging (MTI) of the sciatic, tibial and fibular nerve. Participants were scanned bilaterally, and findings were divided into ipsilateral and contralateral nerve fibers relative to self-reporting of hand dominance. Generalized estimating equation modeling was used to evaluate nerve fiber differences between ipsilateral and contralateral legs while controlling for confounding variables. All findings controlled for age, sex and number of scans performed. Results A main effect of laterality was found in radial, axial, and mean diffusivity for the tibial nerve. Axial diffusivity was found to be lateralized in the sciatic nerve. When evaluating mean MTR, a main effect of laterality was found for each nerve division. A main effect of sex was found in the tibial and fibular nerve fiber bundles. Conclusion For the evaluation of nerve measures using DWI and MTI, in either healthy or disease states, consideration of underlying biological metrics of laterality in peripheral nerve fiber characteristics need to considered for data analysis. Integrating knowledge regarding biological laterality of peripheral nerve microstructure may be applied to improve how we diagnosis pain disorders, how we track patients’ recovery and how we forecast pain chronification.
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Comerford, Kevin B., Yanni Papanikolaou, Julie Miller Jones, Judith Rodriguez, Joanne Slavin, Siddhartha Angadi, and Adam Drewnowski. "Toward an Evidence-Based Definition and Classification of Carbohydrate Food Quality: An Expert Panel Report." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082667.
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Carbohydrate-containing crops provide the bulk of dietary energy worldwide. In addition to their various carbohydrate forms (sugars, starches, fibers) and ratios, these foods may also contain varying amounts and combinations of proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, prebiotics, and anti-nutritional factors that may impact diet quality and health. Currently, there is no standardized or unified way to assess the quality of carbohydrate foods for the overall purpose of improving diet quality and health outcomes, creating an urgent need for the development of metrics and tools to better define and classify high-quality carbohydrate foods. The present report is based on a series of expert panel meetings and a scoping review of the literature focused on carbohydrate quality indicators and metrics produced over the last 10 years. The report outlines various approaches to assessing food quality, and proposes next steps and principles for developing improved metrics for assessing carbohydrate food quality. The expert panel concluded that a composite metric based on nutrient profiling methods featuring inputs such as carbohydrate–fiber–sugar ratios, micronutrients, and/or food group classification could provide useful and informative measures for guiding researchers, policymakers, industry, and consumers towards a better understanding of carbohydrate food quality and overall healthier diets. The identification of higher quality carbohydrate foods could improve evidence-based public health policies and programming—such as the 2025–2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.
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Wei, Wei, Chen Zhang, and Dexiang Deng. "Content Estimation of Foreign Fibers in Cotton Based on Deep Learning." Electronics 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111795.
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Cotton foreign fibers directly affect the quality of a textile product; the less foreign fibers in raw cotton, the higher the quality grade of the textile product. Based on the foreign fiber clean machine, this paper proposed an evaluation method of foreign fiber content using deep learning. First of all, a large number of images of foreign fibers were collected from different production lines and annotated to obtain the mask image dataset of foreign fibers. Secondly, by comparing the image segmentation algorithm based on deep learning, tests showed that U-Net has a better performance on different segment metrics evaluations, and U-Net is improved to realize the real-time segmentation of foreign fiber images. The actual size of the foreign fiber could be calculated through the combination of the segment result and the mechanical parameters of the machine. Finally, the test results showed that the relative error between the estimated size and the actual size was less than 4%. After the prototype test, the algorithm was deployed on the actual production line and, by comparing the algorithm data in a random time with the actual foreign fiber statistical data, the overall error was less than 2%. The test showed that the new evaluation method can fully reflect the content of foreign fiber in raw cotton.
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Ding, Guangliang, Jieli Chen, Michael Chopp, Lian Li, Tao Yan, Esmaeil Davoodi-Bojd, Qingjiang Li, Siamak PN Davarani, and Quan Jiang. "White matter changes after stroke in type 2 diabetic rats measured by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 37, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x15622464.
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Diffusion-related magnetic resonance imaging parametric maps may be employed to characterize white matter of brain. We hypothesize that entropy of diffusion anisotropy may be most effective for detecting therapeutic effects of bone marrow stromal cell treatment of ischemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced in adult male Wistar rats. These rats were then subjected to 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion, and received bone marrow stromal cell (5 × 106, n = 8) or an equal volume of saline ( n = 8) via tail vein injection at three days after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on day one and then weekly for five weeks post middle cerebral artery occlusion. The diffusion metrics complementarily permitted characterization of axons and axonal myelination. All six magnetic resonance imaging diffusion metrics, confirmed by histological measures, demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cell treatment significantly ( p < 0.05) improved magnetic resonance imaging diffusion indices of white matter in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats after middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with the saline-treated rats. Superior to the fractional anisotropy metric that provided measures related to organization of neuronal fiber bundles, the entropy metric can also identify microstructures and low-density axonal fibers of cerebral tissue after stroke in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats.
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Wilharm, Nils, Tony Fischer, Alexander Hayn, and Stefan G. Mayr. "Structural Breakdown of Collagen Type I Elastin Blend Polymerization." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 4434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204434.
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Biopolymer blends are advantageous materials with novel properties that may show performances way beyond their individual constituents. Collagen elastin hybrid gels are a new representative of such materials as they employ elastin’s thermo switching behavior in the physiological temperature regime. Although recent studies highlight the potential applications of such systems, little is known about the interaction of collagen and elastin fibers during polymerization. In fact, the final network structure is predetermined in the early and mostly arbitrary association of the fibers. We investigated type I collagen polymerized with bovine neck ligament elastin with up to 33.3 weight percent elastin and showed, by using a plate reader, zeta potential and laser scanning microscopy (LSM) experiments, that elastin fibers bind in a lateral manner to collagen fibers. Our plate reader experiments revealed an elastin concentration-dependent increase in the polymerization rate, although the rate increase was greatest at intermediate elastin concentrations. As elastin does not significantly change the structural metrics pore size, fiber thickness or 2D anisotropy of the final gel, we are confident to conclude that elastin is incorporated homogeneously into the collagen fibers.
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Kerr, Megan M., and Andreas Kollross. "Nonnegatively curved homogeneous metrics obtained by scaling fibers of submersions." Geometriae Dedicata 166, no. 1 (November 7, 2012): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10711-012-9795-0.
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Harris, Kelly C., Kenneth I. Vaden, Carolyn M. McClaskey, James W. Dias, and Judy R. Dubno. "Complementary metrics of human auditory nerve function derived from compound action potentials." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00638.2017.
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Declines in auditory nerve (AN) function contribute to suprathreshold auditory processing and communication deficits in individuals with normal hearing, hearing loss, hyperacusis, and tinnitus. Procedures to characterize AN loss or dysfunction in humans are limited. We report several novel complementary metrics using the compound action potential (CAP), a direct measure of summated AN activity. Together, these metrics may be used to characterize AN function noninvasively in humans. We examined how these metrics change with stimulus intensity and interpreted these changes within a framework of known physiological properties of the basilar membrane and AN. Our results reveal how neural synchrony and the recruitment of AN fibers with longer first-spike latencies likely contribute to the CAP, affect auditory processing, and differ with noise exposure history in younger adults with normal pure-tone thresholds. Moving forward, this new battery of metrics provides a crucial step toward new diagnostics of AN function in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Loss or inactivity of auditory nerve (AN) fibers is thought to contribute to suprathreshold auditory processing deficits, but evidence-based methods to assess these effects are not available. We describe several novel metrics that together may be used to quantify neural synchrony and characterize AN function in humans.
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Hajiaghamemar, Marzieh, Taotao Wu, Matthew B. Panzer, and Susan S. Margulies. "Embedded axonal fiber tracts improve finite element model predictions of traumatic brain injury." Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 19, no. 3 (December 6, 2019): 1109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10237-019-01273-8.
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AbstractWith the growing rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is an increasing interest in validated tools to predict and prevent brain injuries. Finite element models (FEM) are valuable tools to estimate tissue responses, predict probability of TBI, and guide the development of safety equipment. In this study, we developed and validated an anisotropic pig brain multi-scale FEM by explicitly embedding the axonal tract structures and utilized the model to simulate experimental TBI in piglets undergoing dynamic head rotations. Binary logistic regression, survival analysis with Weibull distribution, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, coupled with repeated k-fold cross-validation technique, were used to examine 12 FEM-derived metrics related to axonal/brain tissue strain and strain rate for predicting the presence or absence of traumatic axonal injury (TAI). All 12 metrics performed well in predicting of TAI with prediction accuracy rate of 73–90%. The axonal-based metrics outperformed their rival brain tissue-based metrics in predicting TAI. The best predictors of TAI were maximum axonal strain times strain rate (MASxSR) and its corresponding optimal fraction-based metric (AF-MASxSR7.5) that represents the fraction of axonal fibers exceeding MASxSR of 7.5 s−1. The thresholds compare favorably with tissue tolerances found in in–vitro/in–vivo measurements in the literature. In addition, the damaged volume fractions (DVF) predicted using the axonal-based metrics, especially MASxSR (DVF = 0.05–4.5%), were closer to the actual DVF obtained from histopathology (AIV = 0.02–1.65%) in comparison with the DVF predicted using the brain-related metrics (DVF = 0.11–41.2%). The methods and the results from this study can be used to improve model prediction of TBI in humans.
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Gerhardt, Claus. "A Unified Quantization of Gravity and Other Fundamental Forces of Nature." Universe 8, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe8080404.
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We quantized the interaction of gravity with Yang–Mills and spinor fields; hence, offering a quantum theory incorporating all four fundamental forces of nature. Let us abbreviate the spatial Hamilton functions of the standard model by HSM and the Hamilton function of gravity by HG. Working in a fiber bundle E with base space S0=Rn, where the fiber elements are Riemannian metrics, we can express the Hamilton functions in the form HG+HSM=HG+t−23H˜SM, if n=3, where H˜SM depends on metrics σij satisfying detσij=1. In the quantization process, we quantize HG for general σij but H˜SM only for σij=δij by the usual methods of QFT. Let v resp. ψ be the spatial eigendistributions of the respective Hamilton operators, then, the solutions u of the Wheeler–DeWitt equation are given by u=wvψ, where w satisfies an ODE and u is evaluated at (t,δij) in the fibers.
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Go, Myeong-Seok, Shin-Mu Park, Do-Won Kim, Do-Soon Hwang, and Jae Hyuk Lim. "Random Fiber Array Generation Considering Actual Noncircular Fibers with a Particle-Shape Library." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 15, 2020): 5675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165675.
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In this work, we generated a set of random representative volume elements (RVEs) of unidirectional composites considering actual noncircular cross-sections and positions of fibers with the aid of a shape-library approach. The cross-section of the noncircular carbon fiber was extracted from the M55J/M18 composite using image processing and a signed-distance-based mesh trimming scheme, and they were stored in a particle-shape library. The obtained noncircular fibers randomly chosen from the particle-shape library were applied to random fiber array generation algorithms to generate RVEs of various fiber volume fractions. To check the randomness of the proposed RVEs, we calculated spatial and physical metrics, and concluded that the proposed method is sufficiently random. Furthermore, to compare the effective elastic properties and the maximum von Mises stress in the matrix, it was applied to composite materials with different relative ratios of elastic moduli of M55J/M18 and T300/PR319. In the case of T300/PR319 having a high RRT (relative ratio of the transverse elastic moduli), simulation results were deviated up to about 5% in the effective elastic properties and 13% in the maximum von Mises stress in the matrix according to the fiber shapes.
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Jain, Deepak, Abhijit Mukherjee, and Tarun Kumar Bera. "A novel characterization method of fiber reinforced polymers with clustered microstructures for time dependent mass transfer." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 5 (September 25, 2018): 1003–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2016-0063.
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AbstractSome variation in the topological distribution of fibers inside the matrix phase of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) is inevitable. Such irregularities can accelerate moisture diffusion and adversely affect the life of FRP. This paper presents a hierarchical technique for characterization of clustered microstructures and their transient moisture diffusion response. The clustering descriptors are derived for different fiber volume fractions (dilute to dense) for the quantitative definition of a given fiber matrix architecture. The metrics are normalized to remove dependence on volume fraction. The microstructures are analyzed for Fickian moisture diffusion. Suggested descriptors show a good correlation with transient diffusion response in relation to saturation time. The results can be used to predict the time-dependent moisture diffusion response of FRPs for any given fiber volume fraction.
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Hussan, Jagir R., Paul Roberts, Maree Hamilton, Dane Gerneke, and Peter J. Hunter. "Bimodal behavior in fabric drying kinetics: An interpretation of modes." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 23-24 (May 13, 2019): 5076–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519848160.
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Thermo-physiological comfort is an essential property attributed to fabrics. Perceived comfort can be related to the delay in the user experiencing the ambient conditions and the manner in which the fabric manages liquid water. A multitude of material characteristics, ranging from the surface chemistry of the fibers, yarn packing and knit geometry, affect perceived comfort. Standard measures of thermal and evaporative resistance characterize the fabric response at steady state and do not provide insight into the thermal/vapor balance kinetics under dynamic conditions. While investigating an existing dynamic test, International Organization for Standardization 13029:2012, for relating fabric properties to comfort, we observed that the fabric drying kinetics exhibited bimodal behavior. Here, we describe the mechanism that leads to the observed bimodal drying kinetics. While the standard measures the time taken to reach steady state, we use the power profile of the modes to derive quantitative metrics to characterize fabric properties. The derived metrics are based on the observation that the heat of wetting is nearly a constant for a given relative humidity for a material, and that the heat of sorption per unit of absorbed water is identical for a wide range of fabrics. The derived metrics distinguish different fiber types and fabric geometries. The proposed metrics are easily calculated from experimental observations without requiring any modification to the standard test.
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Jennewein, Jyoti S., Jan U. H. Eitel, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and Lee A. Vierling. "Toward Mapping Dietary Fibers in Northern Ecosystems Using Hyperspectral and Multispectral Data." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162579.
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Shrub proliferation across the Arctic from climate warming is expanding herbivore habitat but may also alter forage quality. Dietary fibers—an important component of forage quality—influence shrub palatability, and changes in dietary fiber concentrations may have broad ecological implications. While airborne hyperspectral instruments may effectively estimate dietary fibers, such data captures a limited portion of landscapes. Satellite data such as the multispectral WorldView-3 (WV-3) instrument may enable dietary fiber estimation to be extrapolated across larger areas. We assessed how variation in dietary fibers of Salix alaxensis (Andersson), a palatable northern shrub, could be estimated using hyperspectral and multispectral WV-3 spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) in a greenhouse setting, and whether including structural information (i.e., leaf area) would improve predictions. We collected canopy-level hyperspectral reflectance readings, which we convolved to the band equivalent reflectance of WV-3. We calculated every possible SVI combination using hyperspectral and convolved WV-3 bands. We identified the best performing SVIs for both sensors using the coefficient of determination (adjusted R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) using simple linear regression. Next, we assessed the importance of plant structure by adding shade leaf area, sun leaf area, and total leaf area to models individually. We evaluated model fits using Akaike’s information criterion for small sample sizes and conducted leave-one-out cross validation. We compared cross validation slopes and predictive power (Spearman rank coefficients ρ) between models. Hyperspectral SVIs (R2 = 0.48–0.68; RMSE = 0.04–0.91%) outperformed WV-3 SVIs (R2 = 0.13–0.35; RMSE = 0.05–1.18%) for estimating dietary fibers, suggesting hyperspectral remote sensing is best suited for estimating dietary fibers in a palatable northern shrub. Three dietary fibers showed improved predictive power when leaf area metrics were included (cross validation ρ = +2–8%), suggesting plant structure and the light environment may augment our ability to estimate some dietary fibers in northern landscapes. Monitoring dietary fibers in northern ecosystems may benefit from upcoming hyperspectral satellites such as the environmental mapping and analysis program (EnMAP).
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Zhao, Xueqing, Xin Shi, Kaixuan Liu, and Yongmei Deng. "An intelligent detection and assessment method based on textile fabric image feature." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 31, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-01-2018-0005.
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PurposeThe quality of produced textile fibers plays a very important role in the textile industry, and detection and assessment schemes are the key problems. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a relatively simple and effective technique to detect and assess the quality of produced textile fibers.Design/methodology/approachIn order to achieve automatic visual inspection of fabric defects, first, images of the textile fabric are pre-processed by using Block-Matching and 3-D (BM3D) filtering. And then, features of textile fibers image are respectively extracted, including color, texture and frequency spectrum features. The color features are extracted by using hue–saturation–intensity model, which is more consistent with the human vision perception model; texture features are extracted by using scale-invariant feature transform scheme, which is a quite good method to detect and describe the local image features, and the obtained features are robust to local geometric distortion; frequency spectrum features of textiles are less sensitive to noise and intensity variations than spatial features. Finally, for evaluating the quality of the fabric in real time, two quantitatively metric parameters, peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity, are used to objectively assess the quality of textile fabric image.FindingsCompared to the quality between production and pre-processing of textile fiber images, the BM3D filtering method is a very efficient technology to improve the quality of textile fiber images. Compared to the different features of textile fibers, like color, texture and frequency spectrum, the proposed detection and assessment method based on textile fabric image feature can easily detect and assess the quality of textiles. Moreover, the objective metrics can further improve the intelligence and performance of detection and assessment schemes, and it is very simple to detect and assess the quality of textiles in the textile industry.Originality/valueAn intelligent detection and assessment method based on textile fabric image feature is proposed, which can efficiently detect and assess the quality of textiles, thereby improving the efficiency of textile production lines.
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Le Bars, Anne-Lise, Kevin Moulin, Daniel B. Ennis, Jacques Felblinger, Bailiang Chen, and Freddy Odille. "In Vivo Super-Resolution Cardiac Diffusion Tensor MRI: A Feasibility Study." Diagnostics 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040877.
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A super-resolution (SR) technique is proposed for imaging myocardial fiber architecture with cardiac magnetic resonance. Images were acquired with a motion-compensated cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) sequence. The heart left ventricle was covered with three stacks of thick slices, in short axis, horizontal and vertical long axes orientations, respectively. The three low-resolution stacks (2 × 2 × 8 mm3) were combined into an isotropic volume (2 × 2 × 2 mm3) by a super-resolution reconstruction. For in vivo measurements, each slice was acquired during a breath-hold period. Bulk motion was corrected by optimizing a similarity metric between intensity profiles from all intersecting slices in the dataset. The benefit of the proposed approach was evaluated using a numerical heart phantom, a physical helicoidal phantom with artificial fibers, and six healthy subjects. The SR technique showed improved results compared to the native scans, in terms of image quality and cDTI metrics. In particular, the myocardial helix angle (HA) was more accurately estimated in the physical phantom (HA = 41.5° ± 1.1°, with the ground truth being 42.0°). In vivo, it resulted in a sharper rate of change of HA across the myocardial wall (−0.993°/% ± 0.007°/% against −0.873°/% ± 0.010°/%).
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Duque, Welton Sthel, Camilo Arturo Rodríguez Díaz, Arnaldo Gomes Leal-Junior, and Anselmo Frizera. "Fiber-Optic Hydrophone Based on Michelson’s Interferometer with Active Stabilization for Liquid Volume Measurement." Sensors 22, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 4404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22124404.
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Sensing technologies using optical fibers have been studied and applied since the 1970s in oil and gas, industrial, medical, aerospace, and civil areas. Detecting ultrasound acoustic waves through fiber-optic hydrophone (FOH) sensors can be one solution for continuous measurement of volumes inside production tanks used by these industries. This work presents an FOH system composed of two optical fiber coils made with commercial single mode fiber (SMF) working in the sensor head of a Michelson’s interferometer (MI) supported by an active stabilization mechanism that drives another optical coil wound around a piezoelectric actuator (PZT) in the reference arm to mitigate external mechanical and thermal noise from the environment. A 1000 mL glass graduated cylinder filled with water is used as a test tank, inside which the sensor head and an ultrasound source are placed. For detection, amplitudes and phases are measured, and machine learning algorithms predict their respective liquid volumes. The acoustic waves create patterns electronically detected with resolution of 1 mL and sensitivity of 340 mrad/mL and 70 mvolts/mL. The nonlinear behavior of both measurands requires classification, distance metrics, and regression algorithms to define an adequate model. The results show the system can determine liquid volumes with an accuracy of 99.4% using a k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) classification with one neighbor and Manhattan’s distance. Moreover, Gaussian process regression using rational quadratic metrics presented a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.211 mL.
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Kelley, Shannon, John Plass, Andrew R. Bender, and Thad A. Polk. "Age-Related Differences in White Matter: Understanding Tensor-Based Results Using Fixel-Based Analysis." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 8 (April 1, 2021): 3881–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab056.
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Abstract Aging is associated with widespread alterations in cerebral white matter (WM). Most prior studies of age differences in WM have used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), but typical DTI metrics (e.g., fractional anisotropy; FA) can reflect multiple neurobiological features, making interpretation challenging. Here, we used fixel-based analysis (FBA) to investigate age-related WM differences observed using DTI in a sample of 45 older and 25 younger healthy adults. Age-related FA differences were widespread but were strongly associated with differences in multi-fiber complexity (CX), suggesting that they reflected differences in crossing fibers in addition to structural differences in individual fiber segments. FBA also revealed a frontolimbic locus of age-related effects and provided insights into distinct microstructural changes underlying them. Specifically, age differences in fiber density were prominent in fornix, bilateral anterior internal capsule, forceps minor, body of the corpus callosum, and corticospinal tract, while age differences in fiber cross section were largest in cingulum bundle and forceps minor. These results provide novel insights into specific structural differences underlying major WM differences associated with aging.
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Henderson Jr, Fraser, Drew Parker, Anupa A. Vijayakumari, Mark Elliott, Timothy Lucas, Michael L. McGarvey, Lauren Karpf, et al. "Enhanced Fiber Tractography Using Edema Correction: Application and Evaluation in High-Grade Gliomas." Neurosurgery 89, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyab129.
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Abstract BACKGROUND A limitation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based tractography is peritumoral edema that confounds traditional diffusion-based magnetic resonance metrics. OBJECTIVE To augment fiber-tracking through peritumoral regions by performing novel edema correction on clinically feasible DTI acquisitions and assess the accuracy of the fiber-tracks using intraoperative stimulation mapping (ISM), task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation maps, and postoperative follow-up as reference standards. METHODS Edema correction, using our bi-compartment free water modeling algorithm (FERNET), was performed on clinically acquired DTI data from a cohort of 10 patients presenting with suspected high-grade glioma and peritumoral edema in proximity to and/or infiltrating language or motor pathways. Deterministic fiber-tracking was then performed on the corrected and uncorrected DTI to identify tracts pertaining to the eloquent region involved (language or motor). Tracking results were compared visually and quantitatively using mean fiber count, voxel count, and mean fiber length. The tracts through the edematous region were verified based on overlay with the corresponding motor or language task-based fMRI activation maps and intraoperative ISM points, as well as at time points after surgery when peritumoral edema had subsided. RESULTS Volume and number of fibers increased with application of edema correction; concordantly, mean fractional anisotropy decreased. Overlay with functional activation maps and ISM-verified eloquence of the increased fibers. Comparison with postsurgical follow-up scans with lower edema further confirmed the accuracy of the tracts. CONCLUSION This method of edema correction can be applied to standard clinical DTI to improve visualization of motor and language tracts in patients with glioma-associated peritumoral edema.
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Koh, Chia-Lin, Chun-Hung Yeh, Xiaoyun Liang, Rishma Vidyasagar, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Michael Nilsson, Alan Connelly, and Leeanne M. Carey. "Structural Connectivity Remote From Lesions Correlates With Somatosensory Outcome Poststroke." Stroke 52, no. 9 (September 2021): 2910–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.031520.
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Background and Purpose: Changes in connectivity of white matter fibers remote to a stroke lesion, suggestive of structural connectional diaschisis, may impact on clinical impairment and recovery after stroke. However, until recently, we have not had tract-specific techniques to map changes in white matter tracts in vivo in humans to enable investigation of potential mechanisms and clinical impact of such remote changes. Our aim was to identify and quantify white matter tracts that are affected remote from a stroke lesion and to investigate the associations between reductions in tract-specific connectivity and impaired touch discrimination function after stroke. Methods: We applied fixel-based analysis to diffusion magnetic resonance imaging data from 37 patients with stroke (right lesion =16; left lesion =21) and 26 age-matched healthy adults. Three quantitative metrics were compared between groups: fiber density; fiber-bundle cross-section; and a combined measure of both (fiber-bundle cross-section) that reflects axonal structural connectivity. Results: Compared with healthy adults, patients with stroke showed significant common fiber-bundle cross-section and fiber density reductions in 4 regions remote from focal lesions that play roles in somatosensory and spatial information processing. Structural connectivity along the somatosensory fibers of the lesioned hemisphere was correlated with contralesional hand touch function. Touch function of the ipsilesional hand was associated with connectivity of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and, for the right-lesion group, the corpus callosum. Conclusions: Remote tract-specific reductions in axonal connectivity indicated by diffusion imaging measures are observed in the somatosensory network after stroke. These remote white matter connectivity reductions, indicative of structural connectional diaschisis, are associated with touch impairment in patients with stroke.
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Mankar, Rupali, Chalapathi C. Gajjela, Carlos E. Bueso-Ramos, C. Cameron Yin, David Mayerich, and Rohith K. Reddy. "Polarization Sensitive Photothermal Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging of Human Bone Marrow Tissue." Applied Spectroscopy 76, no. 4 (March 2, 2022): 508–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00037028211063513.
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Collagen quantity and integrity play an important role in understanding diseases such as myelofibrosis (MF). Label-free mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging (MIRSI) has the potential to quantify collagen while minimizing the subjective variance observed with conventional histopathology. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy with polarization sensitivity provides chemical information while also estimating tissue dichroism. This can potentially aid MF grading by revealing the structure and orientation of collagen fibers. Simultaneous measurement of collagen structure and biochemical properties can translate clinically into improved diagnosis and enhance our understanding of disease progression. In this paper, we present the first report of polarization-dependent spectroscopic variations in collagen from human bone marrow samples. We build on prior work with animal models and extend it to human clinical biopsies with a practical method for high-resolution chemical and structural imaging of bone marrow on clinical glass slides. This is done using a new polarization-sensitive photothermal mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging scheme that enables sample and source independent polarization control. This technology provides 0.5 µm spatial resolution, enabling the identification of thin (≈1 µm) collagen fibers that were not separable using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) imaging in the fingerprint region at diffraction-limited resolution ( ≈ 5 µm). Finally, we propose quantitative metrics to identify fiber orientation from discrete band images (amide I and amide II) measured under three polarizations. Previous studies have used a pair of orthogonal polarization measurements, which is insufficient for clinical samples since human bone biopsies contain collagen fibers with multiple orientations. Here, we address this challenge and demonstrate that three polarization measurements are necessary to resolve orientation ambiguity in clinical bone marrow samples. This is also the first study to demonstrate the ability to spectroscopically identify thin collagen fibers (≈1 µm diameter) and their orientations, which is critical for accurate grading of human bone marrow fibrosis.
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Corro, Diego, Karla Garcia, Martin Günther, and Jan-Bernhard Kordaß. "Bundles with even-dimensional spherical space form as fibers and fiberwise quarter pinched Riemannian metrics." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 149, no. 12 (September 28, 2021): 5407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/15649.
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McCrae, Persephone, Hannah Spong, Ashley-Ann Rutherford, Vern Osborne, Amin Mahnam, and Wendy Pearson. "A Smart Textile Band Achieves High-Quality Electrocardiograms in Unrestrained Horses." Animals 12, no. 23 (November 23, 2022): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233254.
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Electrocardiography (ECG) is an essential tool in assessing equine health and fitness. However, standard ECG devices are expensive and rely on the use of adhesive electrodes, which may become detached and are associated with reduced ECG quality over time. Smart textile electrodes composed of stainless-steel fibers have previously been shown to be a suitable alternative in horses at rest and during exercise. The objective of this study was to compare ECG quality using a smart textile girth band knit with silver and carbon yarns to standard adhesive silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes. Simultaneous three-lead ECGs were recorded using a smart textile band and Ag/AgCl electrodes in 22 healthy, mixed-breed horses that were unrestrained in stalls. ECGs were compared using the following quality metrics: Kurtosis (k) value, Kurtosis signal quality index (kSQI), percentage of motion artifacts (%MA), peak signal amplitude, and heart rate (HR). Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison tests was conducted to compare each metric. No significant differences were found in any of the assessed metrics between the smart textile band and Ag/AgCl electrodes, with the exception of peak amplitude. Kurtosis and kSQI values were excellent for both methods (textile mean k = 21.8 ± 6.1, median kSQI = 0.98 [0.92–1.0]; Ag/AgCl k = 21.2 ± 7.6, kSQI = 0.99 [0.97–1.0]) with <0.5% (<1 min) of the recording being corrupted by MAs for both. This study demonstrates that smart textiles are a practical and reliable alternative to the standard electrodes typically used in ECG monitoring of horses.
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PETERS, HAN, and JASMIN RAISSY. "Fatou components of elliptic polynomial skew products." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 39, no. 8 (November 28, 2017): 2235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2017.112.
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We investigate the description of Fatou components for polynomial skew products in two complex variables. The non-existence of wandering domains near a super-attracting invariant fiber was shown in Lilov [Fatou theory in two dimensions. PhD Thesis, University of Michigan, 2004], and the geometrically attracting case was studied in Peters and Vivas [Polynomial skew products with wandering Fatou-disks. Math. Z.283(1–2) (2016), 349–366] and Peters and Smit [Fatou components of attracting skew products. Preprint, 2015, http://arxiv.org/abs/1508.06605]. In Astorg et al [A two-dimensional polynomial mapping with a wandering Fatou component. Ann. of Math. (2), 184 (2016), 263–313] it was proven that wandering domains can exist near a parabolic invariant fiber. In this paper we study the remaining case, namely the dynamics near an elliptic invariant fiber. We prove that the two-dimensional Fatou components near the elliptic invariant fiber correspond exactly to the Fatou components of the restriction to the fiber, under the assumption that the multiplier at the elliptic invariant fiber satisfies the Brjuno condition and that the restriction polynomial has no critical points on the Julia set. We also show the description does not hold when the Brjuno condition is dropped. Our main tool is the construction of expanding metrics on nearby fibers, and one of the key steps in this construction is given by a local description of the dynamics near a parabolic periodic cycle.
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Jana, Aniket, Katherine Ladner, Emil Lou, and Amrinder S. Nain. "Tunneling Nanotubes between Cells Migrating in ECM Mimicking Fibrous Environments." Cancers 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14081989.
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Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) comprise a unique class of actin-rich nanoscale membranous protrusions. They enable long-distance intercellular communication and may play an integral role in tumor formation, progression, and drug resistance. TNTs are three-dimensional, but nearly all studies have investigated them using two-dimensional cell culture models. Here, we applied a unique 3D culture platform consisting of crosshatched and aligned fibers to fabricate synthetic suspended scaffolds that mimic the native fibrillar architecture of tumoral extracellular matrix (ECM) to characterize TNT formation and function in its native state. TNTs are upregulated in malignant mesothelioma; we used this model to analyze the biophysical properties of TNTs in this 3D setting, including cell migration in relation to TNT dynamics, rate of TNT-mediated intercellular transport of cargo, and conformation of TNT-forming cells. We found that highly migratory elongated cells on aligned fibers formed significantly longer but fewer TNTs than uniformly spread cells on crossing fibers. We developed new quantitative metrics for the classification of TNT morphologies based on shape and cytoskeletal content using confocal microscopy. In sum, our strategy for culturing cells in ECM-mimicking bioengineered scaffolds provides a new approach for accurate biophysical and biologic assessment of TNT formation and structure in native fibrous microenvironments.
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Amantayeva, Aida, Nargiz Adilzhanova, Aizhan Issatayeva, Wilfried Blanc, Carlo Molardi, and Daniele Tosi. "Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing Network for Shape Sensing-Assisted Epidural Needle Guidance." Biosensors 11, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11110446.
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Epidural anesthesia is a pain management process that requires the insertion of a miniature needle through the epidural space located within lumbar vertebrae. The use of a guidance system for manual insertion can reduce failure rates and provide increased efficiency in the process. In this work, we present and experimentally assess a guidance system based on a network of fiber optic distributed sensors. The fibers are mounted externally to the needle, without blocking its inner channel, and through a strain-to-shape detection method reconstruct the silhouette of the epidural device in real time (1 s). We experimentally assessed the shape sensing methods over 25 experiments performed in a phantom, and we observed that the sensing system correctly identified bending patterns typical in epidural insertions, characterized by the different stiffness of the tissues. By studying metrics related to the curvatures and their temporal changes, we provide identifiers that can potentially serve for the (in)correct identification of the epidural space, and support the operator through the insertion process by recognizing the bending patterns.
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Karpychev, Victor, Tatyana Bolgina, Svetlana Malytina, Victoria Zinchenko, Vadim Ushakov, Grigory Ignatyev, and Olga Dragoy. "Greater volumes of a callosal sub-region terminating in posterior language-related areas predict a stronger degree of language lateralization: A tractography study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): e0276721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276721.
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Language lateralization is the most intriguing trait of functional asymmetry for cognitive functions. Nowadays, ontogenetic determinants of this trait are largely unknown, but there are efforts to find its anatomical correlates. In particular, a white matter interhemispheric connection–the corpus callosum–has been proposed as such. In the present study, we aimed to find the association between the degree of language lateralization and metrics of the callosal sub-regions. We applied a sentence completion fMRI task to measure the degree of language lateralization in a group of healthy participants balanced for handedness. We obtained the volumes and microstructural properties of callosal sub-regions with two tractography techniques, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD). The analysis of DTI-based metrics did not reveal any significant associations with language lateralization. In contrast, CSD-based analysis revealed that the volumes of a callosal sub-region terminating in the core posterior language-related areas predict a stronger degree of language lateralization. This finding supports the specific inhibitory model implemented through the callosal fibers projecting into the core posterior language-related areas in the degree of language lateralization, with no relevant contribution of other callosal sub-regions.
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Muhammad, Fazal, Farman Ali, Ghulam Abbas, Ziaul Haq Abbas, Shahab Haider, Muhammad Bilal, Md Jalil Piran, and Doug Young Suh. "Palliation of Four-Wave Mixing in Optical Fibers Using Improved DSP Receiver." Electronics 10, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050611.
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A long haul optical communication system (LHOCS) is one of the key resources to fulfill the higher capacity requirements in future communication networks. To launch LHOCS, the system mainly faces high order nonlinear effects. The four-wave mixing (FWM) is one of the major nonlinear effects, which limits the transmission distance. Therefore, in this paper, an advanced duo-binary (DB) modulation scheme-based system is evaluated by employing an improved digital signal processing (IDSP) approach at the receiver side to suppress the FWM effect. In addition, an analytical analysis is also performed for the proposed system. To observe the difference between the IDSP and conventional digital signal processing (DSP), the various performance metrics such as bit error rate (BER), Q-factor, and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) parameters are evaluated. Variable channel spacing along with polarization mode dispersion (PMD) are analyzed at several ranges of input powers and fiber lengths. The analytical and simulation-based calculations exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed model and hence, FWM effect are compensated to achieve 500 km optical fiber propagation range with a BER below 10−6.
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Goriely, A. "Five ways to model active processes in elastic solids: Active forces, active stresses, active strains, active fibers, and active metrics." Mechanics Research Communications 93 (October 2018): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2017.09.003.
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Kumar, Manoj, Rakesh K. Gupta, Kavindra Nath, R. K. S. Rathore, Getaneh Bayu, Richa Trivedi, Mazhar Husain, Kashi N. Prasad, R. P. Tripathi, and Ponnada A. Narayana. "Can we differentiate true white matter fibers from pseudofibers inside a brain abscess cavity using geometrical diffusion tensor imaging metrics?" NMR in Biomedicine 21, no. 6 (July 2008): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1228.
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Markanday, Akshay, Junya Inoue, Peter W. Dicke, and Peter Thier. "Cerebellar complex spikes multiplex complementary behavioral information." PLOS Biology 19, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): e3001400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001400.
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Purkinje cell (PC) discharge, the only output of cerebellar cortex, involves 2 types of action potentials, high-frequency simple spikes (SSs) and low-frequency complex spikes (CSs). While there is consensus that SSs convey information needed to optimize movement kinematics, the function of CSs, determined by the PC’s climbing fiber input, remains controversial. While initially thought to be specialized in reporting information on motor error for the subsequent amendment of behavior, CSs seem to contribute to other aspects of motor behavior as well. When faced with the bewildering diversity of findings and views unraveled by highly specific tasks, one may wonder if there is just one true function with all the other attributions wrong? Or is the diversity of findings a reflection of distinct pools of PCs, each processing specific streams of information conveyed by climbing fibers? With these questions in mind, we recorded CSs from the monkey oculomotor vermis deploying a repetitive saccade task that entailed sizable motor errors as well as small amplitude saccades, correcting them. We demonstrate that, in addition to carrying error-related information, CSs carry information on the metrics of both primary and small corrective saccades in a time-specific manner, with changes in CS firing probability coupled with changes in CS duration. Furthermore, we also found CS activity that seemed to predict the upcoming events. Hence PCs receive a multiplexed climbing fiber input that merges complementary streams of information on the behavior, separable by the recipient PC because they are staggered in time.
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Repple, Jonathan, Susanne Meinert, Irene Bollettini, Dominik Grotegerd, Ronny Redlich, Dario Zaremba, Christian Bürger, et al. "Influence of electroconvulsive therapy on white matter structure in a diffusion tensor imaging study." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 5 (April 23, 2019): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719000758.
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AbstractBackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a fast-acting intervention for major depressive disorder. Previous studies indicated neurotrophic effects following ECT that might contribute to changes in white matter brain structure. We investigated the influence of ECT in a non-randomized prospective study focusing on white matter changes over time.MethodsTwenty-nine severely depressed patients receiving ECT in addition to inpatient treatment, 69 severely depressed patients with inpatient treatment (NON-ECT) and 52 healthy controls (HC) took part in a non-randomized prospective study. Participants were scanned twice, approximately 6 weeks apart, using diffusion tensor imaging, applying tract-based spatial statistics. Additional correlational analyses were conducted in the ECT subsample to investigate the effects of seizure duration and therapeutic response.ResultsMean diffusivity (MD) increased after ECT in the right hemisphere, which was an ECT-group-specific effect. Seizure duration was associated with decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) following ECT. Longitudinal changes in ECT were not associated with therapy response. However, within the ECT group only, baseline FA was positively and MD negatively associated with post-ECT symptomatology.ConclusionOur data suggest that ECT changes white matter integrity, possibly reflecting increased permeability of the blood–brain barrier, resulting in disturbed communication of fibers. Further, baseline diffusion metrics were associated with therapy response. Coherent fiber structure could be a prerequisite for a generalized seizure and inhibitory brain signaling necessary to successfully inhibit increased seizure activity.
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Martin, Kyle S., Kelley M. Virgilio, Shayn M. Peirce, and Silvia S. Blemker. "Computational Modeling of Muscle Regeneration and Adaptation to Advance Muscle Tissue Regeneration Strategies." Cells Tissues Organs 202, no. 3-4 (2016): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000443635.
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Skeletal muscle has an exceptional ability to regenerate and adapt following injury. Tissue engineering approaches (e.g. cell therapy, scaffolds, and pharmaceutics) aimed at enhancing or promoting muscle regeneration from severe injuries are a promising and active field of research. Computational models are beginning to advance the field by providing insight into regeneration mechanisms and therapies. In this paper, we summarize the contributions computational models have made to understanding muscle remodeling and the functional implications thereof. Next, we describe a new agent-based computational model of skeletal muscle inflammation and regeneration following acute muscle injury. Our computational model simulates the recruitment and cellular behaviors of key inflammatory cells (e.g. neutrophils and M1 and M2 macrophages) and their interactions with native muscle cells (muscle fibers, satellite stem cells, and fibroblasts) that result in the clearance of necrotic tissue and muscle fiber regeneration. We demonstrate the ability of the model to track key regeneration metrics during both unencumbered regeneration and in the case of impaired macrophage function. We also use the model to simulate regeneration enhancement when muscle is primed with inflammatory cells prior to injury, which is a putative therapeutic intervention that has not yet been investigated experimentally. Computational modeling of muscle regeneration, pursued in combination with experimental analyses, provides a quantitative framework for evaluating and predicting muscle regeneration and enables the rational design of therapeutic strategies for muscle recovery.
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Vacaru, Sergiu I. "Covariant renormalizable modified and massive gravity theories on (non)commutative tangent Lorentz bundles." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 11, no. 04 (April 2014): 1450032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887814500327.
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The fundamental field equations in modified gravity (including general relativity; massive and bimetric theories; Hořava–Lifshitz (HL); Einstein–Finsler gravity extensions etc.) possess an important decoupling property with respect to nonholonomic frames with 2 (or 3) + 2 + 2 + ⋯ spacetime decompositions. This allows us to construct exact solutions with generic off-diagonal metrics depending on all spacetime coordinates via generating and integration functions containing (un-)broken symmetry parameters. Such nonholonomic configurations/models have a nice ultraviolet behavior and seem to be ghost-free and (super-)renormalizable in a sense of covariant and/or massive modifications of HL gravity. The apparent noncommutativity and breaking of Lorentz invariance by quantum effects can be encoded into fibers of noncommutative tangent Lorentz bundles for corresponding "partner" anisotropically induced theories. We show how the constructions can be extended to include conjectured covariant renormalizable models with massive graviton fields and effective Einstein fields with (non)commutative variables.
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Duan, Emily, and Matthew Bryant. "Implications of Spatially Constrained Bipennate Topology on Fluidic Artificial Muscle Bundle Actuation." Actuators 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act11030082.
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In this paper, we investigate the design of pennate topology fluidic artificial muscle bundles under spatial constraints. Soft fluidic actuators are of great interest to roboticists and engineers, due to their potential for inherent compliance and safe human–robot interaction. McKibben fluidic artificial muscles are an especially attractive type of soft fluidic actuator, due to their high force-to-weight ratio, inherent flexibility, inexpensive construction, and muscle-like force-contraction behavior. The examination of natural muscles has shown that those with pennate fiber topology can achieve higher output force per geometric cross-sectional area. Yet, this is not universally true for fluidic artificial muscle bundles, because the contraction and rotation behavior of individual actuator units (fibers) are both key factors contributing to situations where bipennate muscle topologies are advantageous, as compared to parallel muscle topologies. This paper analytically explores the implications of pennation angle on pennate fluidic artificial muscle bundle performance with spatial bounds. A method for muscle bundle parameterization as a function of desired bundle spatial envelope dimensions has been developed. An analysis of actuation performance metrics for bipennate and parallel topologies shows that bipennate artificial muscle bundles can be designed to amplify the muscle contraction, output force, stiffness, or work output capacity, as compared to a parallel bundle with the same envelope dimensions. In addition to quantifying the performance trade space associated with different pennate topologies, analyzing bundles with different fiber boundary conditions reveals how bipennate fluidic artificial muscle bundles can be designed for extensile motion and negative stiffness behaviors. This study, therefore, enables tailoring the muscle bundle parameters for custom compliant actuation applications.
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Yeminy, Tomer, and Ori Katz. "Guidestar-free image-guided wavefront shaping." Science Advances 7, no. 21 (May 2021): eabf5364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf5364.
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Optical imaging through scattering media is a fundamental challenge in many applications. Recently, breakthroughs such as imaging through biological tissues and looking around corners have been obtained via wavefront-shaping approaches. However, these require an implanted guidestar for determining the wavefront correction, controlled coherent illumination, and most often raster scanning of the shaped focus. Alternative novel computational approaches that exploit speckle correlations avoid guidestars and wavefront control but are limited to small two-dimensional objects contained within the “memory-effect” correlation range. Here, we present a new concept, image-guided wavefront shaping, allowing widefield noninvasive, guidestar-free, incoherent imaging through highly scattering layers, without illumination control. The wavefront correction is found even for objects that are larger than the memory-effect range, by blindly optimizing image quality metrics. We demonstrate imaging of extended objects through highly scattering layers and multicore fibers, paving the way for noninvasive imaging in various applications, from microscopy to endoscopy.
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Tisler, Marisa, Samuel Alkmin, Hsin-Yu Chang, Jon Leet, Ksenija Bernau, Nathan Sandbo, and Paul J. Campagnola. "Analysis of fibroblast migration dynamics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis using image-based scaffolds of the lung extracellular matrix." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 318, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): L276—L286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00087.2019.
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by a profound remodeling of the collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM), where the fibers become both denser and more highly aligned. However, it is unknown how this reconfiguration of the collagen matrix affects disease progression. Here, we investigate the role of specific alterations in collagen fiber organization on cell migration dynamics by using biomimetic image-based collagen scaffolds representing normal and fibrotic lung, where the designs are derived directly from high-resolution second harmonic generation microscopy images. The scaffolds are fabricated by multiphoton-excited (MPE) polymerization, where the process is akin to three-dimensional printing, except that it is performed at much greater resolution (∼0.5 microns) and with collagen and collagen analogs. These scaffolds were seeded with early passaged primary human normal and IPF fibroblasts to enable the decoupling of the effect of cell-intrinsic characteristics (normal vs. IPF) versus ECM structure (normal vs. IPF) on migration dynamics. We found that the highly aligned IPF collagen structure promoted enhanced cell elongation and F-actin alignment along with increased cell migration speed and straightness relative to the normal tissues. Collectively, the data are consistent with an enhanced contact guidance mechanism on the aligned IPF matrix. Although cell intrinsic effects were observed, the aligned collagen matrix morphology had a larger effect on these metrics. Importantly, these biomimetic models of the lung cannot be synthesized by conventional fabrication methods. We suggest that the MPE image-based fabrication method will enable additional hypothesis-based testing studies of cell-matrix interactions in the context of tissue fibrosis.
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Stoica, O. C. "Kaluza theory with zero-length extra dimensions." International Journal of Modern Physics D 25, no. 11 (October 2016): 1640004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271816400046.
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A new approach to the Kaluza theory and its relation to the gauge theory is presented. Two degenerate metrics on the [Formula: see text]-dimensional total manifold are used, one corresponding to the spacetime metric and giving the fiber of the gauge bundle, and the other one to the metric of the fiber and giving the horizontal bundle of the connection. When combined, the two metrics give the Kaluza metric and its generalization to the non-Abelian case, justifying thus his choice. Considering the two metrics as fundamental rather than the Kaluza metric explains why Kaluza’s theory should not be regarded as five-dimensional (5D) vacuum gravity. This approach suggests that the only evidence of extra dimensions is given by the existence of the gauge forces, explaining thus why other kinds of evidence are not available. In addition, because the degenerate metric corresponding to the spacetime metric vanishes along the extra dimensions, the lengths in the extra dimensions is zero, preventing us to directly probe them. Therefore, this approach suggests that it is not justified to search for experimental evidence of the extra dimensions as if they are merely extra spacetime dimensions. On the other hand, the new approach uses a very general formalism, which can be applied to known and new generalizations of the Kaluza theory aiming to achieve more and make different experimental predictions.
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Cocozza, Sirio, Simona Schiavi, Giuseppe Pontillo, Matteo Battocchio, Eleonora Riccio, Simona Caccavallo, Camilla Russo, et al. "Microstructural damage of the cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical fibers in Fabry disease: a diffusion MRI tractometry study." Neuroradiology 62, no. 11 (July 22, 2020): 1459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00234-020-02497-7.
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Abstract Purpose Recent evidences have suggested the possible presence of an involvement of the extrapyramidal system in Fabry disease (FD), a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. We aimed to investigate the microstructural integrity of the main tracts of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop in FD patients. Methods Forty-seven FD patients (mean age = 42.3 ± 16.3 years, M/F = 28/21) and 49 healthy controls (mean age = 42.3 ± 13.1 years, M/F = 19/28) were enrolled in this study. Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AD), radial (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) maps were computed for each subject, and connectomes were built using a standard atlas. Diffusion metrics and connectomes were then combined to carry on a diffusion MRI tractometry analysis. The main afferent and efferent pathways of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop (namely, bundles connecting the precentral gyrus (PreCG) with the striatum and the thalamus) were evaluated. Results We found the presence of a microstructural involvement of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop in FD patients, predominantly affecting the left side. In particular, we found significant lower mean FA values of the left cortico-striatal fibers (p = 0.001), coupled to higher MD (p = 0.001) and RD (p < 0.001) values, as well as higher MD (p = 0.01) and RD (p = 0.01) values at the level of the thalamo-cortical fibers. Conclusion We confirmed the presence of an alteration of the extrapyramidal system in FD patients, in line with recent evidences suggesting the presence of brain changes as a possible reflection of the subtle motor symptoms present in this condition. Our results suggest that, along with functional changes, microstructural damage of this pathway is also present in FD patients.
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RUAN, WEI-DONG. "DEGENERATION OF KÄHLER–EINSTEIN MANIFOLDS I: THE NORMAL CROSSING CASE." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 06, no. 02 (April 2004): 301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199704001331.
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In this paper we prove that the Kähler–Einstein metrics for a degeneration family of Kähler manifolds with ample canonical bundles converge in the sense of Cheeger–Gromov to the complete Kähler–Einstein metric on the smooth part of the central fiber when the central fiber has only normal crossing singularities inside smooth total space. We also prove the incompleteness of the Weil–Peterson metric in this case.
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Middleton, Dana M., Jonathan Y. Li, Hui J. Lee, Steven Chen, Patricia I. Dickson, N. Matthew Ellinwood, Leonard E. White, and James M. Provenzale. "Diffusion tensor imaging tensor shape analysis for assessment of regional white matter differences." Neuroradiology Journal 30, no. 4 (June 20, 2017): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1971400917709628.
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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate a novel tensor shape plot analysis technique of diffusion tensor imaging data as a means to assess microstructural differences in brain tissue. We hypothesized that this technique could distinguish white matter regions with different microstructural compositions. Methods Three normal canines were euthanized at seven weeks old. Their brains were imaged using identical diffusion tensor imaging protocols on a 7T small-animal magnetic resonance imaging system. We examined two white matter regions, the internal capsule and the centrum semiovale, each subdivided into an anterior and posterior region. We placed 100 regions of interest in each of the four brain regions. Eigenvalues for each region of interest triangulated onto tensor shape plots as the weighted average of three shape metrics at the plot's vertices: CS, CL, and CP. Results The distribution of data on the plots for the internal capsule differed markedly from the centrum semiovale data, thus confirming our hypothesis. Furthermore, data for the internal capsule were distributed in a relatively tight cluster, possibly reflecting the compact and parallel nature of its fibers, while data for the centrum semiovale were more widely distributed, consistent with the less compact and often crossing pattern of its fibers. This indicates that the tensor shape plot technique can depict data in similar regions as being alike. Conclusion Tensor shape plots successfully depicted differences in tissue microstructure and reflected the microstructure of individual brain regions. This proof of principle study suggests that if our findings are reproduced in larger samples, including abnormal white matter states, the technique may be useful in assessment of white matter diseases.
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Hong, Seok Jin, Minseok Lee, Connie J. Oh, and Sehwan Kim. "Monitoring of Biological Changes in Electromechanical Reshaping of Cartilage Using Imaging Modalities." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7089017.
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Electromechanical reshaping (EMR) is a promising surgical technique used to reshape cartilage by direct current and mechanical deformation. It causes local stress relaxation and permanent alterations in the shape of cartilage. The major advantages of EMR are its minimally invasive nature and nonthermal electrochemical mechanism of action. The purpose of this study is to validate that EMR does not cause thermal damage and to observe structural changes in post-EMR cartilage using several imaging modalities. Three imaging modality metrics were used to validate the performance of EMR by identifying structural deformation during cartilage reshaping: infrared thermography was used to sense the temperature of the flat cartilages (16.7°C at 6 V), optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to examine the change in the cartilage by gauging deformation in the tissue matrix during EMR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to show that EMR-treated cartilage is irregularly arranged and the thickness of collagen fibers varies, which affects the change in shape of the cartilage. In conclusion, the three imaging modalities reveal the nonthermal and electromechanical mechanisms of EMR and demonstrate that use of an EMR device is feasible for reshaping cartilage in a minimally invasive manner.
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Mohiuddin, Omair A., Benjamen T. O’Donnell, J. Nicholas Poche, Rida Iftikhar, Rachel M. Wise, Jessica M. Motherwell, Brett Campbell, et al. "Human Adipose-Derived Hydrogel Characterization Based on In Vitro ASC Biocompatibility and Differentiation." Stem Cells International 2019 (December 27, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9276398.
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Hydrogels serve as three-dimensional scaffolds whose composition can be customized to allow attachment and proliferation of several different cell types. Extracellular matrix-derived hydrogels are considered close replicates of the tissue microenvironment. They can serve as scaffolds for in vitro tissue engineering and are a useful tool to study cell-scaffold interaction. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) and decellularized adipose tissue-derived (DAT) hydrogel interaction on ASC morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and DAT hydrogel microstructure. First, the ASCs were characterized using flow cytometry, adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation, colony-forming unit fibroblast assay and doubling time. The viability and proliferation assays showed that ASCs seeded in DAT hydrogel at different concentrations and cultured for 21 days remained viable and displayed proliferation. ASCs were seeded on DAT hydrogel and cultured in stromal, adipogenic, or osteogenic media for 14 or 28 days. The analysis of adipogenic differentiation demonstrated the upregulation of adipogenic marker genes and accumulation of oil droplets in the cells. Osteogenic differentiation demonstrated the upregulation of osteogenic marker genes and mineral deposition in the DAT hydrogel. The analysis of DAT hydrogel fiber metrics revealed that ASC seeding, and differentiation altered both the diameter and arrangement of fibers in the matrix. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity was assessed to determine the possible mechanism for DAT hydrogel remodeling. MMP-2 activity was observed in all ASC seeded samples, with the osteogenic samples displaying the highest MMP-2 activity. These findings indicate that DAT hydrogel is a cytocompatible scaffold that supports the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of ASCs. Furthermore, the attachment of ASCs and differentiation along adipogenic and osteogenic lineages remodels the microstructure of DAT hydrogel.
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Melrose, Richard, and Xuwen Zhu. "Boundary Behaviour of Weil–Petersson and Fibre Metrics for Riemann Moduli Spaces." International Mathematics Research Notices 2019, no. 16 (November 2, 2017): 5012–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnx264.
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Abstract The Weil–Petersson and Takhtajan–Zograf metrics on the Riemann moduli spaces of complex structures for an $n$-fold punctured oriented surface of genus $g,$ in the stable range $g+2n>2,$ are shown here to have complete asymptotic expansions in terms of Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates at the exceptional divisors of the Knudsen–Deligne–Mumford compactification. This is accomplished by finding a full expansion for the hyperbolic metrics on the fibres of the universal curve as they approach the complete metrics on the nodal curves above the exceptional divisors and then using a push-forward theorem for conormal densities. This refines a two-term expansion due to Obitsu–Wolpert for the conformal factor relative to the model plumbing metric which in turn refined the bound obtained by Masur. A similar expansion for the Ricci metric is also obtained.
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Barsch, Friedrich, Andreas Mamilos, Volker H. Schmitt, Maximilian Babel, Lina Winter, Willi Wagner, Hinrich Winther, et al. "In Vivo Comparison of Synthetic Macroporous Filamentous and Sponge-like Skin Substitute Matrices Reveals Morphometric Features of the Foreign Body Reaction According to 3D Biomaterial Designs." Cells 11, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 2834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11182834.
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Synthetic macroporous biomaterials are widely used in the field of skin tissue engineering to mimic membrane functions of the native dermis. Biomaterial designs can be subclassified with respect to their shape in fibrous designs, namely fibers, meshes or fleeces, respectively, and porous designs, such as sponges and foams. However, synthetic matrices often have limitations regarding unfavorable foreign body responses (FBRs). Severe FBRs can result in unfavorable disintegration and rejection of an implant, whereas mild FBRs can lead to an acceptable integration of a biomaterial. In this context, comparative in vivo studies of different three-dimensional (3D) matrix designs are rare. Especially, the differences regarding FBRs between synthetically derived filamentous fleeces and sponge-like constructs are unknown. In the present study, the FBRs on two 3D matrix designs were explored after 25 days of subcutaneous implantation in a porcine model. Cellular reactions were quantified histopathologically to investigate in which way the FBR is influenced by the biomaterial architecture. Our results show that FBR metrics (polymorph-nucleated cells and fibrotic reactions) were significantly affected according to the matrix designs. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the 3D matrix tissue interactions and can be useful for future developments of synthetically derived skin substitute biomaterials.
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Lechowicz, Piotr, Aleksandra Knapińska, and Róża Goścień. "Fragmentation-Aware Traffic Grooming with Lane Changes in Spectrally–Spatially Flexible Optical Networks." Electronics 10, no. 12 (June 21, 2021): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121502.
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Traffic in current networks is constantly increasing due to the growing popularity of various network services. The currently deployed backbone optical networks apply wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques in single-core single-mode fibers (SMFs) to transmit the light. However, the capacity of SMFs is limited due to physical constraints, and new technologies are required in the near future. Spectrally–spatially-flexible optical networks (SS-FONs) are proposed to provide a substantial capacity increase by exploring the spatial dimension. However, before this technology will reach maturity, various aspects need to be addressed. In particular, during traffic grooming, multiple small requests are aggregated into large-capacity optical corridors in an optical layer to increase the spectral efficiency. As the summary traffic volume is dynamically changing, it may be required to set up and tear down optical channels, which results in network fragmentation. As a consequence, in a congested network, part of the requests can be blocked due to the lack of spectrum resources. Thus, the grooming of traffic and the creation of lightpaths should be carefully designed to minimize network fragmentation. In this study, we present several fragmentation metrics and develop a fragmentation-aware traffic grooming algorithm that reduces the bandwidth blocking probability.
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Postans, M., G. D. Parker, H. Lundell, M. Ptito, K. Hamandi, W. P. Gray, J. P. Aggleton, T. B. Dyrby, D. K. Jones, and M. Winter. "Uncovering a Role for the Dorsal Hippocampal Commissure in Recognition Memory." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 1001–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz143.
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Abstract The dorsal hippocampal commissure (DHC) is a white matter tract that provides interhemispheric connections between temporal lobe brain regions. Despite the importance of these regions for learning and memory, there is scant evidence of a role for the DHC in successful memory performance. We used diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) and white matter tractography to reconstruct the DHC in both humans (in vivo) and nonhuman primates (ex vivo). Across species, our findings demonstrate a close consistency between the known anatomy and tract reconstructions of the DHC. Anterograde tract-tracer techniques also highlighted the parahippocampal origins of DHC fibers in nonhuman primates. Finally, we derived diffusion tensor MRI metrics from the DHC in a large sample of human subjects to investigate whether interindividual variation in DHC microstructure is predictive of memory performance. The mean diffusivity of the DHC correlated with performance in a standardized recognition memory task, an effect that was not reproduced in a comparison commissure tract—the anterior commissure. These findings highlight a potential role for the DHC in recognition memory, and our tract reconstruction approach has the potential to generate further novel insights into the role of this previously understudied white matter tract in both health and disease.
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Łabieniec, Łukasz, Łukasz Lisowski, Horia I. Petrache, Marcin Hładuński, Joanna Konopińska, Jan Kochanowicz, and Krzysztof R. Szymański. "Visualization of human optic nerve by diffusion tensor mapping and degree of neuropathy." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): e0278987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278987.
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Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the human optic nerve and tract is technically difficult because of its small size, the inherent strong signal generated by the surrounding fat and the cerebrospinal fluid, and due to eddy current-induced distortions and subject movement artifacts. The effects of the bone canal through which the optic nerve passes, and the proximity of blood vessels, muscles and tendons are generally unknown. Also, the limited technical capabilities of the scanners and the minimization of acquisition times result in poor quality diffusion-weighted images. It is challenging for current tractography methods to accurately track optic pathway fibers that correspond to known anatomy. Despite these technical limitations and low image resolution, here we show how to visualize the optic nerve and tract and quantify nerve atrophy. Our visualization method based on the analysis of the diffusion tensor shows marked differences between a healthy male subject and a male subject with progressive optic nerve neuropathy. These differences coincide with diffusion scalar metrics and are not visible on standard morphological images. A quantification of the degree of optic nerve atrophy in a systematic way is provided and it is tested on 9 subjects from the Human Connectome Project.
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Serra-Parareda, Ferran, Quim Tarrés, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Francesc X. Espinach, Pere Mutjé, and Fabiola Vilaseca. "Biobased Composites from Biobased-Polyethylene and Barley Thermomechanical Fibers: Micromechanics of Composites." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244182.
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The cultivation of cereals like rye, barley, oats, or wheat generates large quantities of agroforestry residues, which reaches values of around 2066 million metric tons/year. Barley straw alone represents 53%. In this work, barley straw is recommended for the production of composite materials in order to add value to this agricultural waste. First of all, thermomechanical (TMP) fibers from barley straw are produced and later used to reinforce bio-polyethylene (BioPE) matrix. TMP barley fibers were chemically and morphologically characterized. Later, composites with optimal amounts of coupling agent and fiber content ranging from 15 to 45 wt % were prepared. The mechanical results showed the strengthening and stiffening capacity of the TMP barley fibers. Finally, a micromechanical analysis is applied to evaluate the quality of the interface and to distinguish how the interface and the fiber morphology contributes to the final properties of these composite materials.