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1
Ashir, Moniruddoza, Andreas Nocke, and Chokri Cherif. "Adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics based on open reed weaving and tailored fiber placement technology." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 9-10 (October 23, 2019): 981–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519884578.
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The textile-technical integration of shape memory alloys into reinforcing fabrics for the development of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) has been developed in recent years. This is aimed at reproduction, automation, and series production as well as reduced delamination of shape memory alloys in FRPs, and higher force transmission from shape memory alloys to FRPs. This type of integration can be executed in several ways, for example, by weaving or by tailored fiber placement technology. We present a comparative study of the functional properties of adaptive FRPs based on both types of technology. In order to conduct this study, functionalized reinforcing fabrics for the formation of adaptive FRPs were produced by open reed weaving and tailored fiber placement technology. Subsequently, they were infused by means of a thermosetting resin system. After the fabrication of adaptive FRPs, their functional properties were characterized and evaluated. Results show that the maximum deformation of adaptive FRPs produced by open reed weaving technology was higher than those produced by tailored fiber placement technology. Therefore, the adaptive FRPs produced by open reed weaving technology are more suitable for the formation of grippers, aerodynamically effective flaps, or robotic hands than that of adaptive FRPs produced by tailored fiber placement technology.
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Ashir, Moniruddoza, Andreas Nocke, and Chokri Cherif. "Effect of the Position of Defined Local Defect on the Mechanical Performance of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics." Autex Research Journal 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2018-0034.
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Abstract Considering their energy and resource efficiency, fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) have been displacing metals and metal alloys for lightweight constructions. During the semiautomated manufacturing process of FRPs, and in particular during the laying of reinforced fabric layers, foreign bodies are enclosed within them, which in turn reduce the mechanical performance of FRPs. The research project presented in this article investigated if the loss in mechanical properties, such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths, depends on the position of defined local defects, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) in this case, in the thickness direction of FRPs. In order to achieve this aim, PTFE was placed in different layers of reinforcing fabric before infusion. Subsequently, the mechanical performance of the fabricated FRPs was tested and evaluated. On the basis of the experiment, it can be concluded that the loss in mechanical properties was maximal if PTFE was laid in the middle position of FRPs in the thickness direction.
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Dhawan, Vikas, Sehijpal Singh, and Inderdeep Singh. "Effect of Natural Fillers on Mechanical Properties of GFRP Composites." Journal of Composites 2013 (July 8, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/792620.
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Fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) have replaced conventional engineering materials in many areas, especially in the field of automobiles and household applications. With the increasing demand, various modifications are being incorporated in the conventional FRPs for specific applications in order to reduce costs and achieve the quality standards. The present research endeavor is an attempt to study the effect of natural fillers on the mechanical characteristics of FRPs. Rice husk, wheat husk, and coconut coir have been used as natural fillers in glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs). In order to study the effect of matrix on the properties of GFRPs, polyester and epoxy resins have been used. It has been found that natural fillers provide better results in polyester-based composites. Amongst the natural fillers, in general, the composites with coconut coir have better mechanical properties as compared to the other fillers in glass/epoxy composites.
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Scaffaro, Roberto, Alberto Di Bartolo, and Nadka Tz Dintcheva. "Matrix and Filler Recycling of Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213817.
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Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are low-density, high-performance composite materials, which find important applications in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industry, to only cite a few. With the increasing concerns about sustainability and environment risks, the problem of the recycling of such complex composite systems has been emerging in politics, industry, and academia. The issue is exacerbated by the increased use of FRPs in the automotive industry and by the expected decommissioning of airplanes and wind turbines amounting to thousands of metric tons of composite materials. Currently, the recycling of FRPs downcycles the entire composite to some form of reinforcement material (typically for cements) or degrades the polymer matrix to recover the fibers. Following the principles of sustainability, the reuse and recycling of the whole composite—fiber and polymer—should be promoted. In this review paper, we report on recent research works that achieve the recycling of both the fiber and matrix phase of FRP composites, with the polymer being either directly recovered or converted to value-added monomers and oligomers.
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Bang, Junsik, Hyunju Lee, Yemi Yang, Jung-Kwon Oh, and Hyo Won Kwak. "Nano/Micro Hybrid Bamboo Fibrous Preforms for Robust Biodegradable Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040636.
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The focus on high-strength and functional natural fiber-based composite materials is growing as interest in developing eco-friendly plastics and sustainable materials increases. An eco-friendly fibrous composite with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by applying the bamboo-derived nano and microfiber multiscale hybridization phenomenon. As a result, the cellulose nanofibers simultaneously coated the micro-bamboo fiber surface and adhered between them. The multiscale hybrid phenomenon implemented between bamboo nano and microfibers improved the tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, and toughness of the fibrous composite. The enhancement of the fibrous preform mechanical properties also affected the reinforcement of biodegradable fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). This eco-friendly nano/micro fibrous preform can be extensively utilized in reinforced preforms for FRPs and other green plastic industry applications.
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Harugade, Mukund, Sachin Waigaonkar, and Nandkishor Dhawale. "A novel approach for removal of delaminated fibers of a reinforced composites using electrochemical discharge machining." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 235, no. 12 (May 5, 2021): 1949–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544054211014483.
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Fiber reinforced composites, also referred as fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) have gained considerable importance in engineering applications due to their unique qualities like high strength and stiffness at lesser weight, chemical inertness, thermal resistance, corrosion resistance, and electrical resistance. Though the machining of FRPs is not recommended, many times it is inevitable and the primary machining process like drilling is essential. This can cause delamination of the fibers thereby adversely affecting the mechanical properties of the composite and requires additional secondary finishing operation. The present investigation explores electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) as a one of the novel technique to remove the delaminated fibers from such composites. Using ECDM the protruded delaminated fibers from a drilled hole in FRP have been precisely eliminated. Two different approaches viz. top machining and inside machining were followed for this purpose. Process evaluation was done in terms of its ability to remove the delaminated fibers and the extent of thermal damage (heat affected zone and hole overcut) to the workpiece. Both approaches have shown considerable potential of removal of delaminated fibers precisely.
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Jokūbaitis, Aidas, and Juozas Valivonis. "An Analysis of the Transfer Lengths of Different Types of Prestressed Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 3931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193931.
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The main aim of this paper is to provide a broader analysis of the transfer lengths of different types of fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and to provide corrections to the existing theoretical models. Therefore, this paper presents a description of the main factors that influence the transfer lengths of different types of FRPs based on experimental results found in the literature. A database of more than 300 specimens was compiled with the results of the transfer lengths of different FRPs and the main influencing parameters. The analysis of the database results showed that the transfer length of the carbon fiber composite cable (CFCC) strands depends on the type of prestressed reinforcement release. Therefore, in this article, the new coefficient αt = 2.4 is proposed for the transfer length of suddenly released CFCC strands. Additionally, the transfer length of the aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP) depends on its surface conditions. Therefore, new coefficients αt = 1.5 and αt = 4.0 are also proposed for the transfer lengths of smooth braided and sanded and rough AFRP bars, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed coefficients αt = 2.6, αt = 1.9, and αt = 4.8 found in the literature were validated with the analysis of a larger database of the transfer lengths of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, and gradually released CFCC strands, respectively. Moreover, the main existing theoretical models are presented, and the comparison of theoretical and experimental transfer length results is discussed. However, the low number of specimens prestressed with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars prevented the deeper analysis of the results. the analysis of the transfer length and the proposed new values of the coefficient αt provides possibilities for adapting it to design codes for engineering applications and performing additional research that fills the missing gaps in the field.
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Bafakeeh, Omar Talal, Walid Mahmoud Shewakh, Ahmed Abu-Oqail, Walaa Abd-Elaziem, Metwally Abdel Ghafaar, and Mohamed Abu-Okail. "Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer by Adding Ceramic Nanoparticles for Aeronautical Structural Applications." Polymers 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234116.
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The multiscale hybridization of ceramic nanoparticles incorporated into polymer matrices reinforced with hybrid fibers offers a new opportunity to develop high-performance, multifunctional composites, especially for applications in aeronautical structures. In this study, two different kinds of hybrid fibers were selected, woven carbon and glass fiber, while two different ceramic nanoparticles, alumina (Al2O3) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), were chosen to incorporate into a polymer matrix (epoxy resin). To obtain good dispersion of additive nanoparticles within the resin matrix, the ultrasonication technique was implemented. The microstructure, XRD patterns, hardness, and tensile properties of the fabricated composites were investigated here. Microstructural characterization demonstrated a good dispersion of ceramic nanoparticles of Al2O3 and GNPs in the fabricated composites. The addition of GNPs/Al2O3 nanoparticles as additive reinforcements to the fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) induced a significant increase in the hardness and tensile strength. Generally, the FRPs with 3 wt.% nano-Al2O3 enhanced composites exhibit higher tensile strength as compared with all other sets of composites. Particularly, the tensile strength was improved from 133 MPa in the unreinforced specimen to 230 MPa in the reinforced specimen with 3 wt.% Al2O3. This can be attributed to the better distribution of nanoparticles in the resin polymer, which, in turn, induces proper stress transfer from the matrix to the fiber phase. The hybrid mode mechanism depends on the interaction among the mechanical properties of fiber, the physical and chemical evolution of resin, the bonding properties of the fiber/resin interface, and the service environment. Therefore, the hybrid mode of woven carbon and glass fibers at a volume fraction of 64% with additive nanoparticles of GNPs/Al2O3 within the resin was appropriate to produce aeronautical structures with extraordinary properties.
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Cho, Dooyong, Hoseong Jeong, and Kyoungbong Han. "Residual Strength and Deformation Recovery of RC Beams Strengthened with FRPs Plates under the Sustained Load." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 1 (January 2018): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111802600115.
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In this paper, in order to estimate efficacy, creep recovery, and residual strength of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) strengthened Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams, long-term flexural experiments and static flexural experiments were carried out. For the long-term experiments, the beams were strengthened with a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) plate and a Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) plate respectively. The beams were placed under sustained loads for about 550 days. After the 550 days, all of the beams were unloaded for the measurement of deformation recovery. The deflection and strains of rebars and FRPs reinforcements were measures for about 60 days. As the result of long-terms experiment, the beams strengthened with CFRP plate showed a better performance in terms of deflection and strains of rebars. And the strengthened RC beams were very effective in terms of deflection control. Furthermore, the strengthened beams have shown immediate deformation recovery. Through the static flexural experiments, it was shown that the CFRP strengthened beam had high residual strength. It seems that the sustained loads did not affect bond and residual strength of the beams.
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Özbek, Ö., Ö. Y. Bozkurt, and A. Erkliğ. "Effect of Basalt Intraply Fiber Hybridization on the Compression Behavior of Filament Wound Composite Pipes." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-4005.
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Abstract The current study deals with the effect of basalt fiber hybridization on the compressive properties of composite pipes reinforced with glass fiber and carbon fiber. Hybrid and non-hybrid fiber reinforced pipes (FRPs) were fabricated through wet filament winding technique. Intraply fiber winding structure in which different fiber types were simultaneously wound at the layer was employed for the hybridization. The FRP samples wound by different fiber winding angles (± (40°), ± (55°), ± (70°)) were prepared in order to gain a better insight on the influence of basalt intraply fiber hybridization. The compression properties of FRP samples were experimentally determined by quasi-static compression tests using external parallel-plates for both the axial and radial directions. The non-hybrid carbon FRP pipes showed the maximum axial compression strength in parallel to the highest strength and lowest ductility of carbon fibers, while the minimum axial compression strength was obtained for the non-hybrid pipes reinforced with basalt fibers that, in comparison, exhibit much less strength and higher ductility. The pipes submitted to the axial compression tests predominantly failed due to the development of cracks and buckling along the fiber direction. While the inclusion of basalt fiber reduced the axial compression behavior of the non-hybrid carbon and glass FRP samples, it improved that behavior in the radial compression tests. Delamination was determined as the major failure mode for the damaged FRPs under radial compression. It is found that the incorporation of basalt fiber provides improvements in radial compression properties as opposed to axial compression properties and in the same manner the increment in fiber winding angle makes a positive contribution to radial compression properties.
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Yang, Yu Qiu, Asami Nakai, Tadashi Uozumi, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Energy Absorption Capability of 3D Braided-Textile Composite Tubes with Rectangular Cross Section." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.581.
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Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) are now under research as crush element because of its contribution in energy absorption. The 3D-textile braiding was introduced in this study as a reinforcement form of fibers. The CFRP square tubes with rectangular cross section were tested in quasi-static experiments. The results show that 3D structure was effective in holding back the propagation of the central crack and the composite tube with a design on the corners could perform better energy absorption capability.
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Born, Larissa, Axel Körner, Gundula Schieber, Anna S. Westermeier, Simon Poppinga, Renate Sachse, Paavo Bergmann, et al. "Fiber-Reinforced Plastics with Locally Adapted Stiffness for Bio-Inspired Hingeless, Deployable Architectural Systems." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.689.
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This paper presents results of the investigation of two biological role models, the shield bug (Graphosomaitalicum) and the carnivorous Waterwheel plant (Aldrovandavesiculosa). The aim was to identify biological construction and movement principles as inspiration for technical, deployable systems. The subsequent processes of abstraction and simulation of the movement and the design principles are summarized, followed by results on the mechanical investigations on various combinations of fibers and matrices with regard to taking advantage of the anisotropy of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs). With the results gained, it was possible to implement defined flexible bending zones in stiff composite components using one composite material, and thereby to mimic the biological role models. First small-scale demonstrators for adaptive façade shading systems – Flectofold and Flexagon – are proving the functionality.
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Arola, D., M. B. Sultan, and M. Ramulu. "Finite Element Modeling of Edge Trimming Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 124, no. 1 (December 1, 2000): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1428329.
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A finite element model was developed to simulate chip formation in the edge trimming of unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) with orthogonal cutting tools. Fiber orientations (θ) within the range of 0 deg⩽θ⩽90 deg were considered and the cutting tool was modeled as both a rigid and deformable body in independent simulations. The principal and thrust force history resulting from numerical simulations for orthogonal cutting were compared to those obtained from edge trimming of unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy (Gr/Ep) using polycrystalline diamond tools. It was found that principal cutting forces obtained from the finite element model with both rigid and deformable body tools compared well with experimental results. Although the cutting forces increased with increasing fiber orientation, the tool rake angle had limited influence on cutting forces for all orientations other than θ=0 deg and 90 deg. However, the tool geometry did affect the degree of subsurface damage resulting from interlaminar shear failure as well as the cutting tool stress distribution. The finite element model for chip formation provides a means for optimizing tool geometry over the total range in fiber orientations in terms of the cutting forces, degree of subsurface trimming damage, and the cutting tool stresses.
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Xu, An Chang, and Li Min Bao. "Manufacture of Fabric Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites with High Fiber Volume Fraction." Advanced Materials Research 796 (September 2013): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.301.
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In fiber reinforced thermosetting plastic (FRP) the fiber volume fraction is always up to 60 percent, but in fiber reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) it is low to about 30 percent which greatly limit their performance. In this paper, for increasing the fiber volume fraction of thermoplastic composite, a new impregnation method for molding continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic was explored; the fiber volume fraction was significantly raised to 60 percent which is equal to that of FRPs. Then the tensile property was investigated and made a contrast with FRP with the same reinforcement fiber. The results showed that both the FRP and FRTP composites have the similar tensile properties and indicated that the molding method is effective for FRTP manufacture.
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Pervaiz, Salman, Taimur Ali Qureshi, Ghanim Kashwani, and Sathish Kannan. "3D Printing of Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites Using Fused Deposition Modeling: A Status Review." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164520.
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Composite materials are a combination of two or more types of materials used to enhance the mechanical and structural properties of engineering products. When fibers are mixed in the polymeric matrix, the composite material is known as fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). FRP materials are widely used in structural applications related to defense, automotive, aerospace, and sports-based industries. These materials are used in producing lightweight components with high tensile strength and rigidity. The fiber component in fiber-reinforced polymers provides the desired strength-to-weight ratio; however, the polymer portion costs less, and the process of making the matrix is quite straightforward. There is a high demand in industrial sectors, such as defense and military, aerospace, automotive, biomedical and sports, to manufacture these fiber-reinforced polymers using 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies. FRP composites are used in diversified applications such as military vehicles, shelters, war fighting safety equipment, fighter aircrafts, naval ships, and submarine structures. Techniques to fabricate composite materials, degrade the weight-to-strength ratio and the tensile strength of the components, and they can play a critical role towards the service life of the components. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a technique for 3D printing that allows layered fabrication of parts using thermoplastic composites. Complex shape and geometry with enhanced mechanical properties can be obtained using this technique. This paper highlights the limitations in the development of FRPs and challenges associated with their mechanical properties. The future prospects of carbon fiber (CF) and polymeric matrixes are also mentioned in this study. The study also highlights different areas requiring further investigation in FDM-assisted 3D printing. The available literature on FRP composites is focused only on describing the properties of the product and the potential applications for it. It has been observed that scientific knowledge has gaps when it comes to predicting the performance of FRP composite parts fabricated under 3D printing (FDM) techniques. The mechanical properties of 3D-printed FRPs were studied so that a correlation between the 3D printing method could be established. This review paper will be helpful for researchers, scientists, manufacturers, etc., working in the area of FDM-assisted 3D printing of FRPs.
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Del Vecchio, Ciro, Marco Di Ludovico, and Andrea Prota. "Cost and Effectiveness of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Solutions for the Large-Scale Mitigation of Seismic Risk in Reinforced Concrete Buildings." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 2962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172962.
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Recent seismic events have demonstrated that the high vulnerability of existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings is mainly due to a lack of proper seismic detailing and the employment of poor-quality concrete. The reconstruction process following the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake highlighted that strengthening these buildings using solutions based on fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) can be both efficient and cost-effective. Indeed, their light weight, ease of installation, and the availability of specific guidelines and standards strongly supported their use in design practices, where they were the strengthening technique employed the most. This paper analyses and discusses the data on the actual cost and effectiveness of FRP solutions for seismic strengthening of existing RC buildings. To this end, the large database relating to the L’Aquila reconstruction process was used to select 130 RC buildings strengthened with FRP systems or FRPs combined with other techniques. Details of direct costs, including at the member level, and the types and percentages of strengthened members are analysed for both local and global strategies. This study thus provides readers with valuable data for use in cost-benefit analyses of FRP systems schemes to mitigate seismic risk at large-scale.
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Kim, Tae-Kyun, Woo-Tai Jung, Jong-Sup Park, and Hee-Beom Park. "Experimental Study on Effects of Additional Prestressing Using Fiber Reinforced Polymers and Strands on Deterioration of PSC Bridge Structure." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061115.
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Concrete bridge structures require reinforcement, as their performance deteriorates over time. In this regard, this study evaluated the effect of additional prestressing using fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and strands applied to a demolished, deteriorated bridge. In particular, specimens were prepared for a bridge subjected to non-, near-surface mounted (NSM), and external prestressing (EP) strengthening to evaluate the stiffness and safety of the structure. In the 200–400 kN load range, the EP method exhibited the highest stiffness (15 kN/mm), followed by non-strengthening (8.5 kN/mm) and the NSM method (5.45 kN/mm). The EP method increased the stiffness by approximately two times; however, the NSM method decreased the stiffness by 0.6 times. In the 400–800 kN load range, the EP and NSM methods yielded stiffness values of 2.58 and 0.7 kN/mm, respectively. These results confirm that the EP method reinforces the structure. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic data to reinforce deteriorated bridges in actual operation.
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Fang, X. F., T. Kloska, and A. Hajdarevic. "Die Concepts and formability for simultaneous forming of sheet metals and FRPs." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1238, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1238/1/012008.
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Abstract Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) are increasingly being used to reinforce steel or aluminum (Al) automotive structure components. Currently, these multi-material applications are realized via three-stage manufacturing, which require the corresponding costs. Thus, a new hybrid forming technology has been developed and will be presented here. It is based on the principle of the hydro-mechanical sheet metal-forming technique and uses a heated thermoplastic FRP material (up to 280°C) in a half melting state as the pressure media to form steel or aluminum sheets. Since the sheet metals are pre-coated with an adhesion promoter, the FRPs are also joined with the sheet metal during this hybrid forming process. In this work, the die and especially the sealing concepts for hybrid forming will be introduced based on different part geometries. The formability of the sheet metals (Nakajima test) at different temperatures up to 280°C, for each two steel and Al alloys, will be presented. The hybrid formed parts were analyzed using optical method and section analysis. Good forming results were confirmed for both sheet metal and FRPs. A vehicle chassis component was successfully hybrid formed using CP-W800 steel and FRP, and a body component was produced using an Al5182 alloy and an FRP.
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Mühlich, Mona, Edith A. González, Larissa Born, Axel Körner, Lena Schwill, Götz T. Gresser, and Jan Knippers. "Deformation Behavior of Elastomer-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics in Dependence of Pneumatic Actuation." Biomimetics 6, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6030043.
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This paper aims to define the influencing design criteria for compliant folding mechanisms with pneumatically actuated hinges consisting of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). Through simulation and physical testing, the influence of stiffness, hinge width as well as variation of the stiffness, in the flaps without changing the stiffness in the hinge zone, was evaluated. Within a finite element model software, a workflow was developed for simulations, in order to infer mathematical models for the prediction of mechanical properties and the deformation behavior as a function of the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, the bending angle increases with decreasing material stiffness and with increasing hinge width, while it is not affected by the flap stiffness itself. The defined workflow builds a basis for the development of a predictive model for the deformation behavior of FRPs.
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Ucsnik, Stephan A., and Georg Kirov. "New Possibility for the Connection of Metal Sheets and Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.465.
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This research paper presents a new possibility for the connection of metal sheets and fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) through a cold metal transfer welding process. Small metal projections (pins) are welded onto metal surfaces by introduction of additional filler wire. These provide the possibility for building up a fixation with composites through fibre-friendly form-closure and co-curing. Results of tensile loaded double-lap shear geometries are presented for three types of pin geometries. The hybrid joints will be characterized and compared in terms of maximum reaction force and failure history. Joints with cylindrical and spiky pins inside show a certain load transfer capability, where ultimate bearing load and post failure behaviour have a high dependence on the quality of the co-cured adhesive bonding and the bending characteristics of the pins. Joints with spherical ending pins show twice as high ultimate bearing loads at a much more distinctive joint expansion.
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Preinstorfer, Philipp, Tobias Huber, Sara Reichenbach, Janet M. Lees, and Benjamin Kromoser. "Parametric Design Studies of Mass-Related Global Warming Potential and Construction Costs of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Infrastructure." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122383.
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Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are a promising corrosion-resistant alternative to steel reinforcement. FRPs are, however, generally costly and have a high energy demand during production. The question arises whether the high performance of FRPs and possible savings in concrete mass can counterbalance initial costs and environmental impact. In this paper, a parametric design study that considers a broad range of concrete infrastructure, namely a rail platform barrier, a retaining wall and a bridge, is conducted to assess the mass-related global warming potential and material costs. Design equations are parametrised to derive optimum reinforced concrete cross-sectional designs that fulfil the stated requirements for the serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state. Conventional steel reinforcement, glass and carbon FRP reinforcement options are evaluated. It is observed that the cross-sectional design has a significant influence on the environmental impact and cost, with local extrema for both categories determinable when the respective values become a minimum. When comparing the cradle-to-gate impact of the different materials, the fibre-reinforced polymer-reinforced structures are found to provide roughly equivalent or, in some cases, slightly more sustainable solutions than steel-reinforced structures in terms of the global warming potential, but the material costs are higher. In general, the size of the structure determines the cost competitiveness and sustainability of the FRP-reinforced concrete options with the rail platform barrier application showing the greatest potential.
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Chang, Chun-Wei, and Feng-Cheng Chang. "Fracture Characteristics and Energy Dissipation of Textile Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polymer." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040634.
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The fracture theory of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is complicated compared to that of homogeneous materials. Textile FRPs need to consider crimp, fiber off-axis and various weaving parameters in a two-dimensional scale, which makes research of failure and fracture difficult. The objective and main contribution of the present research lie in taking textile bamboo FRP as an example and using tools such as toughness, load and deflection curves analysis, energy analysis, and first-order derivative signals to establish the preliminary information needed for fracture theory. This is followed by observing the fracture characteristics of the material under bending. The identification of fracture modes, corresponding energy, and energy dissipation are all prerequisites for developing fracture models in the future. Differences in the direction of force, weaving method, and number of laminates will cause the amount and direction of fibers to vary, which makes the type and progression of fracture different. Combining signal analysis, fracture images and energy dissipation curves, there are different modes of fracture between various groups due to different energy storage forms and crack types, which ultimately lead to different energy dissipation behaviors.
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Herzog, Janek, Rainer Wendel, Peter Weidler, Michael Wilhelm, Philipp Rosenberg, and Frank Henning. "Moisture Adsorption and Desorption Behavior of Raw Materials for the T-RTM Process." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010012.
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The use of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) has significant potential to reduce the weight of components. As regards the sustainability of these components, thermoplastic matrices offer more potential for recycling than thermoset ones. A possible manufacturing process for the production of thermoplastic FRPs is thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM). In this very moisture-sensitive process, ε-caprolactam in addition to an activator and catalyst polymerizes anionically to polyamide 6 (aPA6). The anionic polymerization of aPA6 is slowed down or even completely blocked by the presence of water. This study analyses the sorption behavior of the matrix, fiber, binder and core materials for the production of anionic polyamide 6 composites, which are processed in the thermoplastic RTM process. Water vapor sorption measurements are used to determine the adsorption and desorption behavior of the materials. The maximum moisture loading of the materials provides information about the water adsorption capacity of the material. This knowledge is crucial for correct handling of the materials to achieve a fast process and good properties of the final product.
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Matsui, Takayoshi, Yoshiyuki Matsushita, and Yukihiro Matsumoto. "Mechanical Behavior of GFRP Connection Using FRTP Rivets." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010007.
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In recent years, the application of fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) as structural members has been promoted. Metallic bolts and rivets are often used for the connection of FRP structures, but there are some problems caused by corrosion and stress concentration at the bearing position. Fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (FRTPs) have attracted attention in composite material fields because they can be remolded by heating and manufactured with excellent speed compared with thermosetting plastics. In this paper, we propose and evaluate the connection method using rivets produced of FRTPs for FRP members. It was confirmed through material tests that an FRTP rivet provides stable tensile, shear, and bending strength. Then, it was clarified that non-clearance connection could be achieved by the proposed connection method, so initial sliding was not observed, and connection strength linearly increased as the number of FRTP rivets increased through the double-lapped tensile shear tests. Furthermore, the joint strength of the beam using FRTP rivets could be calculated with high accuracy using the method for bolt joints in steel structures through a four-point beam bending test.
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Aydın, Ferhat, Mustafa Akyürek, şeymanur arslan, and Kemalettin Yılmaz. "Effects of concrete cover thickness and concrete strength on temperature transfer in high temperature exposed FRP reinforced concrete." Revista de la construcción 22, no. 1 (2023): 242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.22.1.242.
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While Fibre-Reinforced Plastics are lightweight, show a high tensile strength, and have no issue with corrosion, they are unfortunately brittle and perform poorly against temperature. Therefore, it is important to know the time and magnitude of the temperature reaching the bars in the high-temperature effect of FRPs produced in the form of bar in reinforced concrete structural elements in concrete. This study set out to examine the time and temperature values of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforced concrete under high-temperatures. The effects of concrete cover thickness and concrete strength on temperature transfer were researched experimentally. GFRP bars were placed in specimens prepared in three concrete strengths and three different concrete cover thicknesses (20-40-60 mm) exposed to temperature, and temperature-time graphs were created by measuring bar temperature, concrete surface temperature and ambient temperature. The critical time to a glass transition temperature, and optimum cover thickness of GFRPs according to concrete strength and concrete cover thickness were discussed. The study results appeared to indicate that the thickness of the concrete cover is very effective in protecting the bar against temperature in reinforced concrete structural elements, as concrete strength, itself, has only a limited effect.
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Jafari, Saeed, and Seyed Saeed Mahini. "Enhancement of the Fragility Capacity of RC Frames Using FRPs with Different Configurations at Joints." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030618.
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This paper reports the results of an investigation into the effectiveness of different lengths of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) sheets in retrofitting the joints of Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames to improve the fragility function of ordinary RC frames. Several 8-storey RC buildings were investigated through FE modelling. The accuracy of the FE models was verified using peer research results. Fragility curves of FRP-retrofitting joints of two referenced RC frames were carried out by OpenSees, through Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) analysis under 22 far-field earthquake records from 0.1 g to 4.0 g (with 0.1 g interments), based on FEMA P-695. Two types of retrofitting methods, web and flange bonding, were modeled and studied. The results showed that the fragility capacity of the retrofitted RC frames was significantly improved. Moreover, frames with longer sheets of FRP showed increased performance. In the complete state, the range of probability of exceedance grew from 2–2.5 g to 3–3.5 g (nearly 1 g), whereas, in the minor state, this growth was nearly 0.05 g. However, the fragility function of the flange-bonding was enhanced at a higher rate compared with that of the web-bonding RC frames. Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) materials improved the probability of exceedance of the complete state from 3 g to 4.5 g and 4.8 g in flange bonding frames. This enhancement for both types of frames was more significant when joints were retrofitted with 400 and 500 mm compared with 600, 700, and 800 mm. The midpoint of the PGA at the complete damage state in the web-bonding frame increased from 1.076 g to 1.664 g and in the flange-bonding frame retrofitted with GFRP and CFRP raised from 1.551 g to 2.769 and 3.076, respectively. The collapse margin ratio (CMR) indicates an acceptable improvement in the retrofitted frames. Overall, the rate of enhancement in fragility function from the original frame to the frame with 500 mm FRP was significant; however, the slope of this rate declined for longer FRP sheets. The fragility performance improvement resulted in controlling plastic hinging by FRPs.
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Kim, Tae-Kyun, and Jong-Sup Park. "Evaluation of the Performance and Ductility Index of Concrete Structures Using Advanced Composite Material Strengthening Methods." Polymers 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 4239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234239.
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The performance of concrete structures deteriorates over time. Thus, improving their performance using fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), PS strands, and various strengthening methods is important. Reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PSC) structures develop initial cracks in concrete during bending tests, and destruction occurs over a certain period of time after a certain load is generated, and then after the reinforcements and strands yield. However, in the case of FRP structures, after an initial concrete crack occurs, FRPs exhibit a rapid shape deformation of the structure after yielding. Thus, in this study we used FRP and PS strand materials and evaluated the ductility index using the load-displacement results obtained from structural tests conducted using various strengthening methods. The ductility index evaluation method compares and analyzes the change rates in the ductility index of PSC and RC structures based on a method that uses structural deflection and the derivation of the energy area ratio. The ductility evaluation results based on the energy area ratio at the crack, yield, and ultimate points showed that all the RC structures, except for the specimens strengthened with reinforcing materials from company H, were in the ductility and semi-ductility sections. Thus, all the PSC structures, except for the control specimens and PH4NP, were found to be brittle.
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Boyd, Steven E., John J. Lesko, and Scott W. Case. "The Thermo-Viscoelastic, Viscoplastic Characterization of Vetrotex 324∕Derakane 510A-40 Through Tg." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 128, no. 4 (April 13, 2006): 586–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2345451.
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The increased use of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in ship topside structures necessitates the need to understand how such structures respond to fire exposure. For this reason we have characterized the nonlinear, thermo-viscoelastic behavior of Vetrotex 324∕Derakane 510A-40 using tensile loading of [±45]2S laminates. Nonlinearity is observed at elevated stress and temperatures above Tg. The data reduction sufficiently modeled the experimental master-curves over the whole temperature range, but suffered from inconsistencies in the creep data and recovery data, perhaps due to accumulated damage during the creep cycle. Our results indicate that the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior significantly contributes to structural behavior under fire loading conditions.
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Kim, Tae-Kyun, and Woo-Tai Jung. "Improvement of Anchorage Performance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Cables." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 18, 2022): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061239.
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Prestressed concrete composed of steel materials is increasingly used in various social infrastructures, such as bridges (cables), nuclear containment structures, liquefied natural gas (LNG) tanks, and structural reinforcements. This study aimed to substitute the steel in bridge cables with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) to prevent the damage caused by the performance degradation of corroded prestressed steel. An optimized single-anchorage system was derived by applying multiple variables, such as the surface treatment, number of insert layers, and sleeve processing companies, to improve the maximum load and bonding with the anchorage system sleeve using the carbon FRP (CFRP) cable. The B-L-4 specimen (sleeve specifications of company B, longitudinal surface treatment, and four insert layers) was determined to be the optimized single-anchorage system. When the tensile test was conducted after applying the optimized single-anchorage system to the three- and seven-multi-anchorage systems, the tensile performances of B-L-4 were 100 and 95% of the one-multi-anchorage system, respectively. Considering that the problems associated with the construction of three- and seven-multi-anchorage systems have been addressed, these systems can be applied to actual bridges in the future, and can significantly benefit their maintenance.
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Qi, Wei, Tzu-Heng Chiu, Yi-Kai Kao, Yuan Yao, Yu-Ho Chen, Hsun Yang, Chen-Chieh Wang, Chia-Hsiang Hsu, and Rong-Yeu Chang. "Sensor Fusion for Simultaneous Estimation of In-Plane Permeability and Porosity of Fiber Reinforcement in Resin Transfer Molding." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132652.
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To meet the expectation of the industry, resin transfer molding (RTM) has become one of the most promising polymer processing methods to manufacture fiber-reinforced plastics (FRPs) with light weight, high strength, and multifunctional features. The permeability and porosity of fiber reinforcements are two of the primary properties that control the flow of resin in fibers and are critical to numerical simulations of RTM. In the past, various permeability measurement methods have been developed in the literature. However, limitations still exist. Furthermore, porosity is often measured independently of permeability. As a result, the two measurements do not necessarily relate to the same entity, which may increase the time and labor costs associated with experiments and affect result interpretation. In this work, a measurement system was developed by fusing the signals from capacitive sensing and flow visualization, based on which a novel algorithm was developed. Without complicated sensor design or expensive instrumentation, both in-plane permeability and porosity can be simultaneously estimated. The feasibility of the proposed method was illustrated by experiments and verified with numerical simulations.
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Sayed-Ahmed, Ezzeldin Y., and Nigel G. Shrive. "A new steel anchorage system for post-tensioning applications using carbon fibre reinforced plastic tendons." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l97-054.
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During the past half century, the use of prestressing in different structures has increased tremendously. One of the most important techniques of prestressing is post-tensioning. The main problem associated with post-tensioning in different structures is the corrosion of the prestressing steel tendons even with well-protected steel. New materials, fibre reinforced plastics or polymers (FRP), which are more durable than steel, can be used for these tendons/strands and thus overcome the corrosion problem. However, different shortcomings appear when FRP tendons are introduced to post-tensioning prestressing applications. For carbon fibre plastic tendons (CFRP), there is no suitable anchorage system for post-tensioning applications. Some of the anchorages developed by others for use with FRPs are therefore described and assessed. A new anchorage system developed by the authors, which can be used with bonded or unbonded CFRP tendons in post-tensioning applications, is described. The results of direct tension and fatigue tests on CFRPs anchored with the new system are presented.Key words: anchorage system, cyclic loading, fatigue, fibre reinforced plastics, finite element analysis, post-tension, prestressed concrete, prestressed masonry, strands, tendons.
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Peñas-Caballero, Mónica, Enrico Chemello, Antonio Mattia Grande, Marianella Hernández Santana, Raquel Verdejo, and Miguel A. Lopez-Manchado. "Poly(methyl methacrylate) as Healing Agent for Carbon Fibre Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Polymers 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2023): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051114.
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Self-healing materials offer a potential solution to the problem of damage to fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) by allowing for the in-service repair of composite materials at a lower cost, in less time, and with improved mechanical properties compared to traditional repair methods. This study investigates for the first time the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a self-healing agent in FRPs and evaluates its effectiveness both when blended with the matrix and when applied as a coating to carbon fibres. The self-healing properties of the material are evaluated using double cantilever beam (DCB) tests for up to three healing cycles. The blending strategy does not impart a healing capacity to the FRP due to its discrete and confined morphology; meanwhile, coating the fibres with the PMMA results in healing efficiencies of up to 53% in terms of fracture toughness recovery. This efficiency remains constant, with a slight decrease over three subsequent healing cycles. It has been demonstrated that spray coating is a simple and scalable method of incorporating a thermoplastic agent into an FRP. This study also compares the healing efficiency of specimens with and without a transesterification catalyst and finds that the catalyst does not increase the healing efficiency, but it does improve the interlaminar properties of the material.
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Chen, Zixuan, Tianyu Yu, and Yun-Hae Kim. "Investigation on interlaminar properties of photopolymerizable resin repaired GFRPs during long-term acid ageing." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 07n09 (March 16, 2020): 2040037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920400370.
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Fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) are extensively utilized in various applications due to their excellent comprehensive properties. However, the weak interlaminar property and durability of FRPs have been repeatedly mentioned as limitations in applications that include complex loading conditions. The remediation of FRPs has recently become a research focus for lifetime extension and strength reversion. Photopolymerizable resins, as a novel matrix material and an alternative for thermal polymerizable resins, have the advantages of short operation time, low price, and low equipment requirements. This study investigated the durability in long-term acid atmosphere exposure environment of photo and thermal polymerizable resin repaired GFRP. External glass fabric patches impregnated with the photo or thermal polymerizable resins were attached to pre-damaged fundamental specimens to conduct the remediation, followed by room temperature (RT) or UV irradiation for curing processing. The repaired specimens were positioned in the laboratory-fabricated hermetically-sealed condensation device. The 10 vol.% sulphuric acid (pH[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]0.76) was chosen as the source to generate the acidic atmosphere. The total ageing time was sustained for eight weeks (over 1300 h), and ILSS and DCB tests were performed every seven days, together with morphology observation. Better interlaminar properties retention and stability were revealed after eight weeks ageing for UV repaired specimens. The hardener is a factor that tends to increase the acid penetration rate, which is thought of as the mechanism of the better acid resistance of the UV repaired specimens.
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Al-Negheimish, Abdulaziz I., Ahmed K. El-Sayed, Mohammed A. Al-Saawani, and Abdulrahman M. Alhozaimy. "Effect of Stirrups on Plate End Debonding in Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 3322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193322.
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Plate end (PE) debonding is one of the critical debonding failure modes that may occur in reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs). This study investigated the effect of internal steel stirrups on the PE debonding failure load of FRP-strengthened RC beams. The dimensions of the beams were 3400 × 400 × 200 mm. The beams were strengthened with carbon FRP (CFRP) sheets bonded to the soffit of the beams. The beams were divided into two series based on the distance of the cutoff point of the CFRP sheets from the nearest support. This distance was 50 mm or 300 mm, and the amount of steel stirrups was varied in terms of varying the stirrup diameter and spacing. The beams were simply supported and tested under four-point bending. The test results indicate that the effect of stirrups on the load carrying capacity of the beams was more pronounced for the beams with CFRP sheets extended close to the supports. It was also indicated that beams with larger amounts of stirrups failed in PE debonding by concrete cover separation while beams with lower amounts of stirrups failed in PE by either PE interfacial debonding or critical diagonal crack-induced debonding. The beams were analyzed using several analytical models from design guidelines and the literature. The result of analysis indicates that most of the available models failed to reflect the effect of stirrups in predicting PE debonding failure load of the beams. On the other hand, the models of El-Sayed et al. and Teng and Yao were able to capture such an effect with the best predictions provided by El-Sayed et al. model.
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Davim, J. Paulo, and Francisco Mata. "Optimisation of surface roughness on turning fibre-reinforced plastics (FRPs) with diamond cutting tools." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 26, no. 4 (November 24, 2004): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-2006-2.
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Bai, Yu-Lei, Zhi-Wei Yan, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Jian-Guo Dai, Jun-Feng Jia, and Jun-Bo Jia. "Dynamic Behavior of PET FRP and Its Preliminary Application in Impact Strengthening of Concrete Columns." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 4987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9234987.
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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber has attracted significant attention for reinforced concrete (RC) structure rehabilitation due to its large rupture strain (LRS; more than 7%) characteristic and recyclability from waste plastic bottles. This study presents a dynamic tensile test of PET fiber bundles performed using a drop-weight impact system. Results showed that the tensile strength and the elastic modulus of the PET fiber bundles increased, whereas the failure strain and the toughness decreased with the increasing strain rate from 1/600 to 160 s−1. In addition, the performance of concrete confined with the PET fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) under impact loading was investigated based on a 75 mm-diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device and a drop-weight apparatus. For the SHPB test, owing to the large rupture strain property of PET FRP, the PET FRP-confined concrete exhibited significantly better performance under impact loading compared to its counterpart confined with carbon FRPs (CFRPs). During the drop-weight test, the confinement of the PET FRP composites to the concrete columns as external jackets not only improved the peak impact force, but also prolonged the impact process.
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Kaliappan, S., T. Mothilal, P. Pravin, B. Raja Bharathi, and E. S. Esakkiraj. "Evaluation of Mechanical Behaviour of Multiwalled Nanotubes Reinforcement Particles in Jute-Glass Fibres Hybrid Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (April 26, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2219460.
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Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are composite materials of plastics reinforced with fibres. Cars, sea, aeronautics, and foundation projects progressively utilize fibre-reinforced polymers. This study aims to study the effect of adding multiwalled nanotubes fillers into the hybridized jute-glass FRP composites and their relative properties. This study uses multiwalled nanotubes (MWCNTs), and particles-hybrid jute-glass composites containing jute fibre chopped layer mats, woven glass mats, epoxy resin, and multiwalled nanotubes fillers were created using the hand layup method. After adding multiwalled nanotubes fillers in various weight proportions, the mechanical behaviours of fibre-reinforced polymers were analysed. The mechanical behaviours of laminated composites were tested using the ASTM standard; the following properties are tensile, flexural, and impact strength. The multiwalled nanotubes with 6% wt. attained the maximum mechanical properties compared to the 2 and 4 wt. % of MWCNTs. The E-based specimen contributes the most to the different types of specimens, with a contribution of 24.21% for tensile, 25.03% for flexural, and 24.56% for impact. The microstructures of hybrid composites were studied using a scanning electron microscope.
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Mangoush, Enas, Sufyan Garoushi, Lippo Lassila, Pekka K. Vallittu, and Eija Säilynoja. "Effect of Fiber Reinforcement Type on the Performance of Large Posterior Restorations: A Review of In Vitro Studies." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 3682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213682.
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To reinforce extensively prepared cavities, different types of fiber reinforcement are utilized. Polyethylene and glass fibers are the most commonly used fibers in that purpose; each type has its own advantages over the other type. Therefore, the aim of this study is to review the literature to evaluate and compare the influence of different fiber reinforcement types on the performance of posterior large composite restorations. Two independent authors performed a comprehensive literature search using MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, and a manual search for cross references until July 2021. Authors selected only studies that contain comparisons between glass (continuous or short) and polyethylene (woven) fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) in posterior cavities of human teeth, and that report the effect of fiber inclusion on fracture resistance, microleakage, and marginal adaptation of restorations. A number of 2711 potentially relevant articles were obtained from the electronic search. After extensive assessment, 2696 articles were ineligible to be included in the review, and only 15 articles met the inclusion criteria. Four out of nine studies, which tested the fracture resistance of FRC restorations, revealed similar performance of the glass and polyethylene fibers. The rest of the studies (n = 5) revealed statistically significant differences between the two types of fiber reinforcement, with the majority showed superior reinforcement of glass fiber. Moreover, the reviewed studies revealed that, using fibers within the composite restorations would reduce the microleakage and improve the marginal adaptation of the restoration regardless of the fiber type. FRCs tend to strengthen the restorations of structurally compromised teeth and improve their performance compared to plain composite restorations.
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Pando, Miguel, George Filz, Carl Ealy, and Edward Hoppe. "Axial and Lateral Load Performance of Two Composite Piles and One Prestressed Concrete Pile." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1849, no. 1 (January 2003): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1849-08.
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Composite piles use fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), plastics, and other materials to replace or protect steel or concrete, with the intent being to produce piles that have lower maintenance costs and longer service lives than those of conventional piles, especially in marine applications and other corrosive environments. Well-documented field loading tests of composite piles are scarce, and this lack of a reliable database may be one reason that composite piles are not in widespread use for load-bearing applications. The purpose of this research is to compare the axial and lateral load behavior of two different types of composite test piles and a conventional prestressed concrete test pile at a bridge construction site in Hampton, Virginia. One of the composite piles is an FRP shell filled with concrete and reinforced with steel bars. The other composite pile consists of a polyethylene plastic matrix surrounding a steel reinforcing cage. The axial structural stiffnesses of the prestressed concrete pile and the FRP pile are similar, and they are both much stiffer than the plastic pile. The flexurel stiffness of the prestressed concrete pile is greater than that of the FRP pile, which is greater than the flexural stiffness of the plastic pile. The axial geotechnical capacities of the test piles decreased in order from the prestressed concrete pile to the FRP pile to the plastic pile. The prestressed concrete pile and the FRP pile exhibited a similar response for lateral load versus deflection, and the plastic pile was much less stiff in lateral loading.
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Shoaib, Muhammad, Hafsa Jamshaid, Mubark Alshareef, Fahad Ayesh Alharthi, Mumtaz Ali, and Muhammad Waqas. "Exploring the Potential of Alternate Inorganic Fibers for Automotive Composites." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 4946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224946.
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Composites are a promising material for high-specific strength applications; specifically, fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPCs) are in the limelight for their extraordinary mechanical properties. Amongst all FRPCs, carbon fiber reinforcements are dominant in the aerospace and automotive industry; however, their high cost poses a great obstacle in commercial-scale manufacturing. To this end, we explored alternate low-cost inorganic fibers such as basalt and rockwool as potential replacements for carbon fiber composites. In addition to fibrous inclusions to polymers, composites were also fabricated with inclusions of their respective particulates formed using ball milling of fibers. Considering automotive applications, composites’ mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties were compared for all samples. Regarding mechanical properties, rockwool fiber and basalt fiber composites showed 30.95% and 20.77% higher impact strength than carbon fiber, respectively. In addition, rockwool and basalt fiber composites are less stiff than carbon and can be used in low-end applications in the automotive industry. Moreover, rockwool and basalt fiber composites are more thermally stable than carbon fiber. Thermogravimetric analysis of carbon fiber composites showed 10.10 % and 9.98 % higher weight loss than basalt and rockwool fiber composites, respectively. Apart from better impact and thermal properties, the low cost of rockwool and basalt fibers provides a key advantage to these alternate fibers at the commercial scale.
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KEMMOCHI, Kiyoshi, and Jun TAKAHASHI. "Manifestation Models for Recycling of Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 99, no. 929 (1996): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.99.929_281.
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McCrary-Dennis, Micah CL, Eduardo Fernandez, and Okenwa I. Okoli. "A study on the fabrication of plasticized polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposites for foaming." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 3 (November 30, 2016): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16681501.
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The impregnation of carbon nanotubes within fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is a sought after capability for the advancement of composite systems. This study evaluates the novel processing of a carbon nanotube nanocomposite that has been developed to incorporate varying carbon nanotube loadings within final composite foams. This material is manufactured through a melt mix process of carbon nanotubes and polystyrene at ∼2.0–13.0 wt.% that further underwent a plasticization process in an acetone solvent. The chemical foaming agent 2.2′-Azobi(isobutyronitrile) is used to facilitate foaming at a constant 3.0 wt.% concentration. The foamed nanocomposite results in a carbon nanotube-loaded micro-porous structure showing capabilities of delivering localized carbon nanotube placement within fiber composite laminate systems. This report’s aim is to illustrate the effects of plasticizing polystyrene-carbon nanotube nanocomposite and calendaring the softened material to form foams imbedded with carbon nanotubes (carbon nanotubes). Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were the tools that are used to characterize the materials at the various morphologies with their findings inclusive.
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Zhang, T. T., and P. Mukhopadhyaya. "Thermal transmittance reduction through exposed balcony slabs." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 8, no. 1 (June 2017): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2017.8.1.11.
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Thermal bridging caused by exposed concrete balcony slab is a major source of heat loss through energy efficient building envelopes. Moreover, thermal bridging can also create moisture management and indoor comfort challenges. Numerous investigations have been carried out to reduce heat transmittance through exterior building envelopes and minimize the energy use in buildings. The most effective way to minimize heat transmittance of exposed concrete balcony slabs is to thermally separate the exterior structure from the interior structure using thermal breaks. To enhance thermal separation, this paper investigates the effects of replacing high conductive materials such as reinforced concrete or structural steel with a multilayer composition of high-performance hybrid insulating systems. Reinforcing bars, such as fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs), having lower thermal conductivity than steel are used to connect interior to exterior and transfer loads. Numerical simulation tool THERM is used to study the effects of thermal breaks on energy performance of the concrete slab balcony joints. Simulation results indicate significant thermal performance improvement while high-performance hybrid insulating systems were used for exposed concrete balcony slab constructions, compared to traditional insulating systems used in similar constructions
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Paulo Davim, J., Pedro Reis, and C. Conceição António. "Drilling fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) manufactured by hand lay-up: influence of matrix (Viapal VUP 9731 and ATLAC 382-05)." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 155-156 (November 2004): 1828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.173.
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Damiani, Marco, and Nicola Nisticò. "A Split-Wedge Anchorage for CFRP Cables: Numerical Model vs. Experimental Results." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132675.
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Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are widely used within civil structural applications either for structural retrofitting or new constructions. This is due to their appreciable mechanical properties such as high stiffness and strength, resistance to environmental effects, as well low density. Through the years, such peculiarities have encouraged researchers to apply FRP cables within the design of prestressing systems, where steel cables are systematically adopted. However, the brittleness intrinsic to FRP materials necessitates additional efforts to design the anchorage devices. In fact, tendons are here subjected to stress peaks, which need to be controlled in order to prevent the premature failure of the cable. Following this goal, authors recently studied an optimized split-wedge anchorage, for 12 mm-diameter pultruded-carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (PCFRP) tendons, adopting double-angle (DA) wedges, and compared its performance with a single-angle (SA) wedge configuration. Tensile tests were performed on 3 SA and 2 DA prototypes, respectively, through a universal testing machine: the DA configuration exploited the average cable capacity (257 kN) once, denoting a maximum efficiency. The obtained experimental results are utilized, in the framework of the present work, to calibrate contact parameters of nonlinear finite element models. The presented numerical results helped to assess benefits of the proposed configurations and the behavior of the anchorage components: the DA configuration turned out to satisfactorily avoid stress peak superpositions on the cable, with a reduction in pressure in the loading end of the cable with respect to the SA model.
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Niu, Ruitao, Yang Yang, Zhen Liu, Ziyang Ding, Han Peng, and Yisa Fan. "Durability of Two Epoxy Adhesive BFRP Joints Dipped in Seawater under High Temperature Environment." Polymers 15, no. 15 (July 29, 2023): 3232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15153232.
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Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have great potential in shipbuilding. As a new type of material, basalt-fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) has received increasing attention due to its good economic and environmental performance. In this paper, BFRP single-lap joints (SLJs) bonded by Araldite®2011 and Araldite®2014 were selected as sample objects, the joints, aged for 240 h, 480 h, and 720 h, were experimentally analyzed in 3.5% NaCl solution/5% NaCl solution at 80 °C. The sequential dual Fickian (SDF) model was used to fit the water absorption process of the dumbbell specimen material. By comparison, the water absorption of the material occurred mainly on the adhesive and the water absorption of Araldite®2011 was higher than that of Araldite®2014. The decrease in the Tg of the aged joint adhesive was characterized by DSC, and the TG test showed that the polymer material in the joint was degraded by the damp–heat effect. The quasi-static tensile test showed that the decrease in joint failure strength was positively correlated with the water content of the solution. The Araldite®2011 adhesive joint showed better mechanical properties and stability than the Araldite®2014 adhesive joint, while the secondary crosslinking of the bound water with the polymer chain resulted in a slight increase in the stiffness of the aged joint. From comprehensive observation of the macro-section and SEM-EDX images, it is concluded that the failure mode of the joint changes from fiber tearing to mixed failure of fiber tearing and adhesive layer cohesion, and the plasticizing effect of the epoxy resin in the adhesive and chemical corrosion of salt ions weakens the adhesive layer’s bond strength.
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Gong, Zheng, Kiyosi Kemmochi, and Li Min Bao. "Development of Hybrid FRP Materials with Super Fibers for Improving Impact Properties." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.678.
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Fiber-reinforced plastic is attractive as a material that can replace metal. It has been widely used in various engineering fields involving aircraft, ships, and automobiles. Currently, personal safety is an important automobile issue. Improvements in pedestrian safety technology, particularly, are required in order to improve vehicles' impact-absorbing performance. In this study, materials with good impact properties that are lightweight and easy to design with will be considered. In other words, a composite is required that has high toughness and high fracture energy while not being brittle. A method for evaluating the compressive strength after impact using a compression after impact (CAI) test has been adopted. New hybrid FRPs that are lightweight and have good impact properties can now be developed.
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Et. al., P. Venkat Ram Reddya,. "New Model Of Enhanced Plasticity For Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements That Take Into Account The Effects Of Lateral Loading And Gravity." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 1482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.1379.
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Reinforced concrete structures are exposed to a progression of activities all through their life expectancy which may be the purpose behind damage. Subsequently, rehabilitation of existing structures is typically performed either to restore structural limit because of decay or damage or to broaden existing structural limit due to expanded loads. To fortify existing structures, numerous new creative materials like progressed fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are discovered to be acceptable substitute for reinforcing materials like steel. They are actualized to fortify the presentation of structural components in flexure, pivotal, shear, and twist. In a RC outline, migrating plastic pivots in the beam off from the column face is normally prescribed to broaden pliability of the edge. This could be accomplished through rib reinforced FRP retrofit of the joint. Furthermore, to it, thus we execute an expanded pliancy for the concrete structural components like column, beam, chunk, dividers then on. The primary motivation behind a wide range of structural frameworks utilized in the structure type of structures is to transfer gravity and horizontal loads effectively.
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Sharifianjazi, Fariborz, Parham Zeydi, Milad Bazli, Amirhossein Esmaeilkhanian, Roozbeh Rahmani, Leila Bazli, and Samad Khaksar. "Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced Concrete Members under Elevated Temperatures: A Review on Structural Performance." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030472.
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Several experimental and numerical studies have been conducted to address the structural performance of FRP-reinforced/strengthened concrete structures under and after exposure to elevated temperatures. The present paper reviews over 100 research studies focused on the structural responses of different FRP-reinforced/strengthened concrete structures after exposure to elevated temperatures, ranging from ambient temperatures to flame. Different structural systems were considered, including FRP laminate bonded to concrete, FRP-reinforced concrete, FRP-wrapped concrete, and concrete-filled FRP tubes. According to the reported data, it is generally accepted that, in the case of insignificant resin in the post curing process, as the temperature increases, the ultimate strength, bond strength, and structure stiffness reduce, especially when the glass transition temperature Tg of the resin is approached and exceeded. However, in the case of post curing, resin appears to preserve its mechanical properties at high temperatures, which results in the appropriate structural performance of FRP-reinforced/strengthened members at high temperatures that are below the resin decomposition temperature Td. Given the research gaps, recommendations for future studies have been presented. The discussions, findings, and comparisons presented in this review paper will help designers and researchers to better understand the performance of concrete structures that are reinforced/strengthened with FRPs under elevated temperatures and consider appropriate approaches when designing such structures.
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Kim, Yun-Hae, Sung-Youl Bae, Young-Dae Jo, and Kyung-Man Moon. "Structural Design and Analysis of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle by Fiber Reinforced Plastics." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A 32, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 937–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2008.32.11.937.
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