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Journal articles on the topic 'FIB'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Liu, Ta-Wei, Chung-Feng Huang, Ming-Lun Yeh, Pei-Chien Tsai, Tyng-Yuan Jang, Jee-Fu Huang, Chia-Yen Dai, Wan-Long Chuang, and Ming-Lung Yu. "Less liver fibrosis marker increment in overweight chronic hepatitis B patients observed by age-adjusted Fibrosis-4 Index." BMJ Open Gastroenterology 7, no. 1 (December 2020): e000543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000543.

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Background and aimsChronic hepatitis B patients in Taiwan with no or limited liver injury are not reimbursed for antiviral treatment by the Taiwan National Health Insurance (NHI). Innovative fibrosis marker, age-adjusted Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB4-AA), was implemented to evaluate the tendency of liver fibrosis in these patients.MethodsThe FIB-4 indices of 256 antiviral treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital from 2003 to 2019 were reviewed. The difference in initial FIB-4 and last FIB4-AA was treated as a categorical variable, representing the tendency of liver fibrosis in each individual aside from ageing. Logistic regression was implemented to evaluate the three parameters most dependent on increment of FIB4-AA: e seroconversion, body mass index (BMI) and initial FIB-4 index.ResultsThe yearly FIB-4 growth rate of an individual without chronic hepatitis was lower than that of the study group (0.0237 vs 0.0273 for males, 0.02 vs 0.0288 for females). Patients undergoing or completing e seroconversion were less prone to increment of FIB4-AA (p=0.036, OR 0.524). Logistic regression revealed that BMI ≥25 kg/m2 significantly less increment of FIB4-AA (p=0.001, OR 0.383, 95% CI 0.212 to 0.690), while patients with initial FIB-4 <1.29 were prone to increasing liver FIB4-AA (p=0.000, OR 3.687, 95% CI 1.999 to 6.797).ConclusionChronic hepatitis B patients not meeting the reimbursement criteria of the Taiwan NHI are prone to increment of liver fibrosis marker. Overweight is associated with less increment of fibrosis marker, while initial FIB-4 <1.29 is associated with increasing fibrosis marker.

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2

Haub, Michael, Thomas Guenther, Martin Bogner, and André Zimmermann. "Use of PtC Nanotips for Low-Voltage Quantum Tunneling Applications." Micromachines 13, no. 7 (June 28, 2022): 1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13071019.

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The use of focused ion and focused electron beam (FIB/FEB) technology permits the fabrication of micro- and nanometer scale geometries. Therefore, FIB/FEB technology is a favorable technique for preparing TEM lamellae, nanocontacts, or nanowires and repairing electronic circuits. This work investigates FIB/FEB technology as a tool for nanotip fabrication and quantum mechanical tunneling applications at a low tunneling voltage. Using a gas injection system (GIS), the Ga-FIB and FEB technology allows both additive and subtractive fabrication of arbitrary structures. Using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), resistance measurement (RM), and scanning tunneling microscope (STM)/spectroscopy (STS) methods, the tunneling suitability of the utilized metal–organic material–platinum carbon (PtC) is investigated. Thus, to create electrode tips with radii down to 15 nm, a stable and reproducible process has to be developed. The metal–organic microstructure analysis shows suitable FIB parameters for the tunneling effect at high aperture currents (260 pA, 30 kV). These are required to ensure the suitability of the electrodes for the tunneling effect by an increased platinum content (EDX), a low resistivity (RM), and a small band gap (STM). The STM application allows the imaging of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) layers and demonstrates the tunneling suitability of PtC electrodes based on high FIB aperture currents and a low tunneling voltage.

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3

Kamada, Yoshihiro, Kensuke Munekage, Takashi Nakahara, Hideki Fujii, Yoshiyuki Sawai, Yoshinori Doi, Hideyuki Hyogo, et al. "The FIB-4 Index Predicts the Development of Liver-Related Events, Extrahepatic Cancers, and Coronary Vascular Disease in Patients with NAFLD." Nutrients 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15010066.

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The prognosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients depends on liver-related events (LREs), extrahepatic cancers, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index is one of the most reliable and useful predictors of the degree of liver fibrosis. Recent studies have reported that the FIB-4 index is also useful for predicting LREs and MACEs in NAFLD patients. In the present study, we investigated the prognostic value of the FIB-4 index in NAFLD patients. A total of 506 biopsy-confirmed NAFLD patients from six hepatology centers in Japan from 2002 to 2013 were enrolled in this study. Of these NAFLD patients, 353 were available for more than 100 days of follow-up and did not exhibit events (LREs, extrahepatic cancers, MACEs) at the time of entry. The mean follow-up duration of all the subjects was 2716 ± 1621 days (102–7483 days). New LREs (hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 8), decompensation (n = 11), bleeding varices (n = 8)) developed in 18 patients. Twenty-four and twelve patients developed extrahepatic cancers and MACEs, respectively. The median FIB-4 index was 1.255; we divided our cohort into two groups according to this (FIB4 Low, FIB4 Hi). The incidence of HCC tended to be higher in FIB4 Hi (n = 7) than in FIB4 Low (n = 1). The incidence of LREs was significantly higher in FIB4 Hi (n = 17) than in FIB4 Low (n = 1). The incidence of extrahepatic cancers was significantly higher in FIB4 Hi (n = 20) than in FIB4 Low (n = 4); the incidence of MACEs was also significantly higher in FIB4 Hi (n = 10) than in FIB4 Low (n = 2). The FIB-4 index is a useful biomarker for predicting not only LREs but also extrahepatic cancers and MACEs.

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4

Hu, Fupin, Jessica A. O'Hara, Jesabel I. Rivera, and Yohei Doi. "Molecular Features of Community-Associated Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Strains in the United States." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 11 (August 18, 2014): 6953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.03321-14.

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ABSTRACTWe characterized 30 community-associated extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producingEscherichia coliisolates collected from five hospitals in the United States. Nineteen sequence types were identified. All sequence type 131 (ST131) isolates had thefimH30 allele. IncFII-FIA-FIB was the most common replicon type among theblaCTX-M-carrying plasmids, followed by IncFII-FIA and IncA/C. Restriction analysis of the IncFII-FIA-FIB and IncFII-FIA plasmids yielded related profiles for plasmids originating from different hospitals. The plasmids containingblaCTX-MorblaSHVwere stably maintained after serial passages.

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5

Haub, Michael, Thomas Günther, Martin Bogner, and André Zimmermann. "Investigation of Focused Ion and Electron Beam Platinum Carbon Nano-Tips with Transmission Electron Microscopy for Quantum Tunneling Vacuum Gap Applications." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 11793. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411793.

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To realize quantum tunneling applications with movable electrodes, sharp tips with radii down to several tens of nanometers are necessary. The use of a focused ion beam (FIB) and focused electron beam (FEB) with a gas injection system (GIS) allows the integration of geometries in the nanoscale directly into micro and nano systems. However, the implementation of the tunneling effect clearly depends on the material. In this work, a metal-organic precursor is used. The investigation of the prepared tunneling electrodes enables an insight into FIB/FEB parameters for the realization of quantum tunneling applications. For this purpose, a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis is performed. The results show a dependence of the material nanostructure regarding platinum (Pt) grain size and distribution in an amorphous carbon matrix from the used beam and the FIB currents. The integration of the tips into a polysilicon (PolySi) beam and measuring the current signal by approaching the tips show significant differences in the results. Moreover, the approach of FEB tips shows a non-contact behavior even when the tips are squeezed together. The contact behavior depends on the grain size, proportion of platinum, and the amount of amorphous carbon in the microstructure, especially at the edge area of the tips. This study shows significant differences in the nanostructure between FIB and FEB tips, particularly for the FIB tips: The higher the ion current, the greater the platinum content, the finer the grain size, and the higher the probability of a tunneling current by approaching the tips.

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6

Tashima, Janet, and Jay Lindquist. "Combining Focused Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscopy for IC Fab Support and Defect Review." Microscopy Today 4, no. 3 (April 1996): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500067961.

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The cutting-edge tool for IC fab support and defect review brings together the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) technology with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) into a single workstation. The twin beam FIB/SEM workstation, FEI Company's DualBeam™ 820 for example, combines the unique micromachining, microdeposition, and analysis capabilities of a FIB with the high resolution imaging power of a Schottky field emission scanning electron microscope (FE SEM). The full functionality of both instruments is available and neither is compromised by the other.

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Donoso N., Tania, and María Isabel Villegas T. "Percepción materna del ajuste socioemocional de sus hijos preescolares: Estudio descriptivo y comparativo de familias separadas e intactas con alto y bajo nivel de ajuste marital." Revista de Psicología 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-0581.2000.18544.

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Se estudió la percepción que tienen las madres del ajuste emocional y conductual de sus hijos preescolares en 77 familias con escala IPCS: a) 21 separadas viviendo en período crítico post-separación parental (FS), b) 45 intactas con alto nivel de ajuste marital (FIa), y c) 11 intactas con un bajo nivel de ajuste marital (FIb). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los niños de FS y FIa en ajuste socioemocional y conductual global, agresividad, retraimiento, inmadurez, comportamiento extraño, ansiedad e imagen disminuida. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna de las variables estudiadas entre los niños de familias FS y FIb, ni entre FIb y FIa. Se discute el impacto de la separación de los padres en el desarrollo socioemocional de niños preescolares en relación con desarrollo socioemocional de niños que viven en una familia cuyos padres tiene un buen ajuste marital o en familias que presentan conflicto marital.

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8

Steinbaum, Ellen. "A Fib." JAMA 325, no. 11 (March 16, 2021): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.25268.

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9

Córdoba, Rosa. "Editorial for the Special Issue on Nanofabrication with Focused Electron/Ion Beam Induced Processing." Micromachines 12, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12080893.

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10

Phaneuf, Michael W., and Jian Li. "FIB Techniques for Analysis of Metallurgical Specimens." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003511x.

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Focused ion beam (FIB) microscopes, the use of which is well established in the semiconductor industry, are rapidly gaining attention in the field of materials science, both as a tool for producing site specific, parallel sided TEM specimens and as a stand alone specimen preparation and imaging tool.Both FIB secondary ion images (FIB SII) and FIB secondary electron images (FIB SEI) contain novel crystallographic and chemical information. The ability to see “orientation contrast” in FIB SEI and to a lesser extent SII is well known for cubic materials and more recently stress-free FIB sectioning combined with FIB imaging have been shown to reveal evidence of plastic deformation in metallic specimens. Particularly in hexagonal metals, FIB orientation contrast is sometimes reduced or eliminated by the FIB sectioning process. We have successfully employed FIB gas assisted etching during FIB sectioning using XeF2 for zirconium alloys and Cl2 for zinc coatings on steels to retain orientation contrast during subsequent imaging.

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11

Wang, Hung-Wei, Hsueh-Chou Lai, Tsung-Hui Hu, Wen-Pang Su, Sheng-Nan Lu, Chia-Hsin Lin, Chao-Hung Hung, et al. "On-Treatment Changes in FIB-4 and 1-Year FIB-4 Values Help Identify Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Receiving Entecavir Therapy Who Have the Lowest Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Cancers 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12051177.

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Noninvasive fibrosis indices can help stratify the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) receiving nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) therapy. We investigated the predictive performance of on-treatment changes in FIB-4 (△FIB-4) and 1-year FIB-4 values (FIB-4 12M) for HCC risk in patients with CHB receiving entecavir therapy. We included 1325 NA-naïve patients with CHB treated with entecavir, retrospectively, from January 2007 to August 2012. A combination of △FIB-4 and FIB-4 12M was used to stratify the cumulative risk of HCC into three subgroups each in the noncirrhotic and cirrhotic subgroups with p < 0.0001 by using the log-rank test (noncirrhotic: the highest risk (n = 88): FIB-4 12M ≥ 1.58/△FIB-4 ≥ 0 (hazard ratio (HR): 40.35; 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.107–318.7; p <0.0001) and cirrhotic: the highest risk (n = 89): FIB-4 12M ≥2.88/△FIB-4 ≥0 (HR: 9.576; 95% CI: 5.033–18.22; p < 0.0001)). Patients with noncirrhotic CHB treated with entecavir who had a FIB-4 12M < 1.58 or FIB-4 12M ≥ 1.58/△FIB-4 < 0 exhibited the lowest 5-year HCC risk (0.6%). A combination of on-treatment changes in FIB-4 and 1-year FIB-4 values may help identify patients with CHB receiving entecavir therapy with the lowest risk of HCC.

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12

Hamdan, Mahmoud. "Fast ion bombardment: FIB, FAB, liquid or molecular SIMS?" Organic Mass Spectrometry 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oms.1210270621.

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13

Prenitzer, B. I., L. A. Giannuzzi, S. R. Brown, R. B. Irwin, T. L. Shofner, and F. A. Stevie. "Material Dependence of Sputtering Behavior During Focused Ion Beam Milling: A Correlation Between Monte Carlo Based Simulation and Empirical Observation." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600024417.

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The focused ion beam (FIB) lift-out method is a high precision technique by which site-specific cross-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens may be rapidly prepared from virtually any material. The technique is particularly useful when the sample geometry or composition is complex (e.g., fibers, powders, composites and interfaces). In addition to the preparation of TEM specimens, FIB milling has also found widespread utility in micromachining and microfabrication applications as well as specimen preparation for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).As the applications of the FEB instrument continue to become more universally recognized, the need to understand the interrelationships between the target material, processing parameters, and process efficiency of the milling phenomena becomes more critical. Incident ion attack angle, target material stopping efficiency and sputtering yield, Y, are important variables governing the milling process. TRIM, a binary collision approximation Monte Carlo simulation code, is used to physically model variables that influence FIB sputtering behavior.

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14

Meerschaert, JoAnn, Rose F. Vrtis, Yusuke Shikama, Julie B. Sedgwick, William W. Busse, and Deane F. Mosher. "Engagement of α4β7 Integrins by Monoclonal Antibodies or Ligands Enhances Survival of Human Eosinophils In Vitro." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 6217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.6217.

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Abstract Asthma is characterized by an airway inflammatory infiltrate that is rich in eosinophilic leukocytes. Cellular fibronectin and VCAM-1, ligands for α4 integrins, are enriched in the fluid of airways of allergic patients subjected to Ag challenge. We therefore hypothesized that ligands of α4 integrins can promote eosinophil survival independent of cell adhesion. Cellular fibronectin and VCAM-1 increased viability of human peripheral blood eosinophil in a dose- and time-dependant manner whether the ligand was coated on the culture well or added to the medium at the beginning of the assay. Eosinophils cultured with cellular fibronectin were not adherent to the bottom of culture wells after 3 days. Treatment with mAb Fib 30 to β7, but not mAb P4C10 or TS2/16 to β1, increased eosinophil survival. The increased survival of eosinophils incubated with Fib 30 was blocked by Fab fragments of another anti-β7 mAb, Fib 504. Eosinophils incubated with soluble cellular fibronectin or mAb Fib 30 for 6 h demonstrated a higher level of GM-CSF mRNA than eosinophils incubated with medium alone. Addition of neutralizing mAb to GM-CSF during incubation, but not mAbs to IL-3 or IL-5, reduced the enhancement of eosinophil survival by soluble cellular fibronectin or mAb Fib 30 to control levels. Thus, viability of eosinophils incubated with cellular fibronectin or VCAM-1 is due to engagement, probably followed by cross-linking, of α4β7 by soluble ligand (or mAb) that stimulates autocrine production of GM-CSF and promotes eosinophil survival.

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Banner, Miriam A., John G. Cunniffe, Robin L. Macintosh, Timothy J. Foster, Holger Rohde, Dietrich Mack, Emmy Hoyes, Jeremy Derrick, Mathew Upton, and Pauline S. Handley. "Localized Tufts of Fibrils on Staphylococcus epidermidis NCTC 11047 Are Comprised of the Accumulation-Associated Protein." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 7 (February 2, 2007): 2793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00952-06.

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ABSTRACT Staphylococcus epidermidis is both a human skin commensal and an opportunistic pathogen, causing infections linked to implanted medical devices. This paper describes localized tufts of fibrillar appendages on a subpopulation (25%) of wild-type (WT) S. epidermidis NCTC 11047 cells. The fibrils (122.2 ± 10.8 nm long) are usually in a lateral position on the cells. Fibrillar (Fib+) and nonfibrillar (Fib−) subpopulations were separated (enriched) by 34 sequential partitions of WT cells between a buffer phase and a hexadecane phase. Following enrichment, hydrophobic cells from the hexadecane phase comprised 70% Fib+ cells and the less hydrophobic cells from the buffer phase entirely comprised Fib− cells. The Fib+ and Fib− subpopulations did not revert on subculture (34 times) on solid medium. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell surface proteins from WT, Fib+, and Fib− cells revealed two high-molecular-mass proteins (280 kDa and 230 kDa) on the WT and Fib+ cells that were absent from the Fib− cells. Amino acid sequencing revealed that fragments of both the 280- and 230-kDa proteins had 100% identity to the accumulation-associated protein (Aap). Aap is known to cause biofilm formation if it is truncated by loss of the terminal A domain. Immunogold staining with anti-Aap antibodies labeled tuft fibrils of the WT and Fib+ cells but not the cell surface of Fib− cells. The tufts were labeled with N-terminally directed antibodies (anti-A domain), showing that the fibrillar Aap was not truncated on the cell surface. Thus, the presence of full-length Aap correlated with the low biofilm-forming abilities of both WT and Fib+ S. epidermidis NCTC 11047 populations. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that aap was transcribed in both Fib+ and Fib− cells. We therefore propose that full-length Aap is expressed on cells of S. epidermidis NCTC 11047 as tufts of short fibrils and that fibril expression is regulated at a posttranscriptional level.

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MoberlyChan, Warren J., David P. Adams, Michael J. Aziz, Gerhard Hobler, and Thomas Schenkel. "Fundamentals of Focused Ion Beam Nanostructural Processing: Below, At, and Above the Surface." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 5 (May 2007): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.66.

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AbstractThis article considers the fundamentals of what happens in a solid when it is impacted by a medium-energy gallium ion. The study of the ion/sample interaction at the nanometer scale is applicable to most focused ion beam (FIB)–based work even if the FIB/sample interaction is only a step in the process, for example, micromachining or microelectronics device processing. Whereas the objective in other articles in this issue is to use the FIB tool to characterize a material or to machine a device or transmission electron microscopy sample, the goal of the FIB in this article is to have the FIB/sample interaction itself become the product. To that end, the FIB/sample interaction is considered in three categories according to geometry: below, at, and above the surface. First, the FIB ions can penetrate the top atom layer(s) and interact below the surface. Ion implantation and ion damage on flat surfaces have been comprehensively examined; however, FIB applications require the further investigation of high doses in three-dimensional profiles. Second, the ions can interact at the surface, where a morphological instability can lead to ripples and surface self-organization, which can depend on boundary conditions for site-specific and compound FIB processing. Third, the FIB may interact above the surface (and/or produce secondary particles that interact above the surface). Such ion beam–assisted deposition, FIB–CVD (chemical vapor deposition), offers an elaborate complexity in three dimensions with an FIB using a gas injection system. At the nanometer scale, these three regimes—below, at, and above the surface—can require an interdependent understanding to be judiciously controlled by the FIB.

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Shaikh, Fida Hussain, Shaista Zeb, Kashif Aziz Siddiqui, Muhammad Aamir Ghori, Muhammad Sadik Memon, and Madiha Zaki. "FIB-4 INDEX:." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 10 (October 6, 2017): 1501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.10.703.

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Objectives: To assess the diagnostic validity of FIB-4 for predicting hepaticfibrosis in patients of chronic hepatitis C genotype 3. Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isra University Hospital, Hyderabadthrough convenient sampling. Period: June 2013 to June 2014. Methods: Diagnostic validity ofFIB-4 index for predicting hepatic fibrosis was determined by measuring sensitivity, specificity,positive productive, negative predictive value, and compared these parameters with liverbiopsy. The liver histology was determined by METAVIR score. Results: A total 115 patientswere enrolled with mean and SD of age was 39.6 ± 9.3 years. Dividing FIB-4 index into threecategories as <1.45, 1.45 - 3.25, and >3.25; by using the Obuchowski method the AUROC was0.93 (with 95% CI 0.91, 0.95). When dividing the FIB-4 index in to three categories as <1.45,1.45 - <2.25 and >2.25; the AUROC by using Obuchowski method was 0.87 (with 95% CI 0.83,0.91). Similarly for the diagnosis of Cirrhosis (F = 4 METAVIR) on the predictive value of thenon-invasive test FIB-4 while using Obuchowski method the AUROC was 0.85 (with 95% CI0.83, 0.87). Conclusion: The FIB-4 index is a simple, inexpensive, non-invasive, and a quicktest for predicting liver fibrosis in patients of chronic Hepatitis C genotype 3.

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18

Gamo, Kenji. "Nanofabrication by FIB." Microelectronic Engineering 32, no. 1-4 (September 1996): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9317(96)00003-2.

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Litzner, H. U. "FIP + CEB = fib." Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 98, no. 10 (October 2003): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/best.200302600.

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Van Leer, Brandon, Huikai Cheng, and Mikhail Dutka. "Ar+ FIB Milling and Measurement of FIB Damage in Silicon." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, S2 (August 2019): 886–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619005166.

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Van Leer, Brandon, Huikai Cheng, and Jessica Riesterer. "Ga+ FIB Milling and Measurement of FIB Damage in Sapphire." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, S3 (August 2014): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614003456.

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22

Houston, Brian A., and Ryan J. Tedford. "Is pulmonary artery wedge pressure a Fib in A-Fib?" European Journal of Heart Failure 19, no. 11 (September 25, 2017): 1491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.992.

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O'Toole, E. T. "Fibrinogen binding to activated thrombocytes." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 45 (August 1987): 962–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100129097.

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Avian thrombocytes (TC) are involved in hemostasis through a fibrinogen (Fib) mediated process. Although Fib acts to bridge cells, the localization of Fib binding sites on cells has not been characterized. Described is Fib binding to TC activated either for aggregation while in suspension or following adhesion to formvar. Use of colloidal gold both conjugated to the ligand, Fib, and indirectly as an immuno-gold probe against an antibody specific for the Fib receptor, enabled visualization of the binding regions. Fib receptor 3-D organization was revealed by serial reconstructions of TC aggregates and by whole cell mount stereo microscopy.Pigeon TC, obtained from citrated (1:9) blood by differential centrifugation, were washed in Ca++ free Puck's saline G (pH 6.5). Pigeon Fib was conjugated to 15 nm gold by vortexing and used to facilitate TC aggregation to 0.5 U/ml thrombin and 3 mM Ca++.

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Wang, Sheng, Xiaoyong Duan, Xingtai Liu, Liuchun Wu, Yan Zhang, and Xin Jin. "Improving equivalence in fibrinogen evaluation between the prothrombin time-derived fibrinogen assay and Clauss method using a pooled plasma calibrator." Journal of Clinical Pathology 74, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206572.

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AimsBoth the Clauss and prothrombin time-derived fibrinogen (PT-Fib) methods have widely been used in fibrinogen (Fib) evaluation. We aimed to improve the interchangeability between these two methods.MethodsThirty fresh plasmas of low, normal and high Fib concentration were mixed to prepare the pooled human plasma. The Fib concentration was assessed by the Clauss method. The PT-Fib values were further recalibrated by the assigned plasma pools and the precision, linearity and reference intervals were verified according to the guidelines of American Society for Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI) EP15-A and EP6-A documents. Finally, the recalibrated PT-Fib method was compared with Clauss method by the simultaneous Fib test of total 5259 coagulation samples.ResultsThe results indicated that the recalibrated PT-Fib method can detect the Fib concentration with clinically acceptable third-order linearity in the range of 1.27–8.00 g/L. Only one result out of 39 healthy people tested using the recalibrated PT-Fib method did not fall within the reference range defined by the manufacturer. We also found more than 99% of results between these two methods were interchangeable in the range of 1.51–8.00 g/L. The disagreement between these two methods was found only in patients with certain underlying conditions.ConclusionsAfter recalibration, the consistency between the PT-Fib and Clauss methods was enhanced and the interchangeability was improved. The application of the recalibrated PT-Fib method provided accurate and reliable results with the manufacturer-provided reagents and improved detection speed and cost-effectiveness.

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Rasul, Shahla. "ASSESSING THE ACCURACY OF FIB-4 SCORES TO POINT SHEAR WAVE ELASTOGRAPHY IN MONITORING DIFFERENT STAGES OF FIBROSIS IN NON-ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE." JOURNAL OF SULAIMANI MEDICAL COLLEGE 13, no. 3 (September 21, 2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17656/jsmc.10420.

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BackgroundNon-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) assessment is done by measuring biochemical parameters from blood samples. However, non-invasive methods have gained significance lately. Biochemical parameters and staging of fibrosis-associated NAFLD based on the levels of biomarkers have been established procedures in the field. So, the utilization of non-invasive methods as a comparable means for fibrosis staging in NAFLD has yet to be established. ObjectivesTo compare the diagnostic performance of serum markers to point shear wave elastography for classifying fibrosis in NAFLD and its staging. Materials and MethodsData were collected by laboratory tests and point shear wave elastography. A comparison of FIB-4 indexes scores and point shear wave elastography for the staging of fibrosis in NAFLD was made based on cross-tabulation of the quantitative data obtained. ResultsA positive and significant correlation between FIB4 and age, ALT, AST, RBS, AST/ ALT, AST/ UL AST, APRI, AST/ Platelet count, and point shear wave elastography (PSWE). The correlation was negative and non-significant between FIB4 and Weight, Height, BMI, UL AST, TSB, and Platelet count. ConclusionThe study observed a positive correlation between FIB-4 and PSWE. Thus, the present study proposes the use of PSWE as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in the staging of fibrosis in NAFLD for patients with an intermediate FIB-4 score.

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Koch, Sarah, Sean Michael Sinden, and Michael Stephen Koehle. "Inconsistent calculation methodology for the eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea test affects the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 5, no. 1 (December 2018): e000358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000358.

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IntroductionThe eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH) challenge is used to screen for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Several criteria have been proposed to determine the decrease in lung function (fall index, FI) following EVH. We compared three published FI calculation methods to determine if they affect the diagnostic classification.MethodsThe three FIs were calculated for 126 EVH tests. Spirometry was performed in duplicate at baseline and repeated 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 min following 6 min of EVH. The higher of the two forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) measures at all time-points post-hyperpnoea was selected for the calculation of the FIs. The FIA was determined as the single lowest of the five postchallenge values, and a test was considered positive if FEV1 decreased ≥10 %. In FIB, a test was considered positive if FEV1 decreased ≥10% at two consecutive post-challenge time-points. The FIC was calculated identically to FIA, but was normalised to the achieved minute ventilation during the EVH challenge.ResultsCalculation method affected the raw FIs with FIB generating the smallest and FIC generating the highest values (p<0.001) and a within-subject range of 7%±10%. The number of positive tests differed between the calculation criteria: FIA: 62, FIB: 48 and FIC: 70, p<0.001. Nineteen participants (15%) tested positive in one or two FI methods only, indicating that the FI method used determined whether the test was positive or negative.DiscussionInconsistency in methodology of calculating the FI leads to differences in the diagnostic rate of the EVH test, with potential implications in both treatment and research outcomes.

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Galiero, Raffaele, Giuseppe Loffredo, Vittorio Simeon, Alfredo Caturano, Erica Vetrano, Giulia Medicamento, Maria Alfano, et al. "Impact of liver fibrosis on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality in Southern Italy." PLOS ONE 19, no. 5 (May 7, 2024): e0296495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296495.

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Background & aims SARS-Cov-2 infection manifests as a wide spectrum of clinical presentation and even now, despite the global spread of the vaccine, contagiousness is still elevated. The aim of the study was the evaluation of the impact of liver fibrosis assessed by FIB-4 and liver impairment, assessed by cytolysis indices, on intrahospital mortality in COVID-19 subjects. Methods This is a retrospective observational cohort study, which involved 23 COVID Hospital Units in Campania Region, Italy. Exposure variables were collected during hospital admission and at discharge. According to FIB-4 values, we subdivided the overall population in three groups (FIB-4<1.45; 1.45<FIB-4<3.25; FIB-4>3.25), respectively group 1,2,3. Results At the end of the study, 938 individuals had complete discharged/dead data. At admission, 428 patients were in group 1 (45.6%), 387 in group 2 (41.3%) and 123 in group 3 (13.1%). Among them, 758 (81%) subjects were discharged, while the remaining 180 (19%) individuals died. Multivariable Cox’s regression model showed a significant association between mortality risk and severity of FIB-4 stages (group 3 vs group 1, HR 2.12, 95%CI 1.38–3.28, p<0.001). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis described a progressive and statistically significant difference (p<0.001 Log-rank test) in mortality according to FIB-4 groups. Among discharged subjects, 507 showed a FIB-4<1.45 (66.9%, group 1), 182 a value 1.45<FIB-4<3.25 (24.1%, group 2) and 69 a FIB-4>3.25 (9.0%, group 3). Among dead subjects, 42 showed a FIB-4<1.45 (23.3%, group 1), 62 a value 1.45<FIB-4<3.25 (34.4%, group 2) and 76 a FIB-4>3.25 (42.3%, group 3). Conclusions FIB-4 value is significantly associated with intrahospital mortality of COVID-19 patients. During hospitalization, particularly in patients with worse outcomes, COVID-19 seems to increase the risk of acute progression of liver damage.

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Kwon, Hyeok Chan, Jason Jungsik Song, Yong-Beom Park, and Sang-Won Lee. "Fibrosis-5 predicts end-stage renal disease in patients with microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis without substantial liver diseases." Clinical and Experimental Medicine 21, no. 3 (February 20, 2021): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10238-021-00691-2.

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AbstractWe previously reported that fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) was associated with poor outcomes of microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granuloma with polyangiitis (GPA). We also investigated the potential of FIB-5, a novel index, in predicting all-cause mortality and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during follow-up in patients with MPA and GPA without substantial liver diseases. Clinical and laboratory data at diagnosis were collected by reviewing the medical records of 180 patients with MPA and GPA. FIB-5 was obtained by a following equation: FIB-5 = (serum albumin (g/L) × 0.3 + platelet count (109/L) × 0.05) − (alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) × 0.014 + aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase ratio × 6 + 14). The median age of the patients at diagnosis was 61.0 years. FIB-5 at diagnosis could not reflect the cross-sectional vasculitis activity. The cutoffs of FIB-5 for poor outcomes was set as 0.82 (the lowest tertile) and -0.42 (the lowest quartile) at diagnosis. In Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, patients with FIB-5 < 0.82 and those with FIB-5 < -0.42 exhibited lower ESRD-free survival rates than those without. However, it could not predict all-cause mortality. In multivariable Cox hazards analysis, both FFS (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.554) and FIB-5 < 0.82 (HR 2.096) as well as both FFS (HR 1.534) and FIB-5 < -0.42 (HR 2.073) at diagnosis independently predicted ESRD during follow-up. In conclusion, FIB-5 < 0.82 and FIB-5 < -0.42 at diagnosis could predict the occurrence of ESRD, but not all-cause mortality, during follow-up in patients with MPA and GPA without substantial liver diseases.

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Volkert, C. A., and A. M. Minor. "Focused Ion Beam Microscopy and Micromachining." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 5 (May 2007): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.62.

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AbstractThe fairly recent availability of commercial focused ion beam (FIB) microscopes has led to rapid development of their applications for materials science. FIB instruments have both imaging and micromachining capabilities at the nanometer–micrometer scale; thus, a broad range of fundamental studies and technological applications have been enhanced or made possible with FIB technology. This introductory article covers the basic FIB instrument and the fundamentals of ion–solid interactions that lead to the many unique FIB capabilities as well as some of the unwanted artifacts associated with FIB instruments. The four topical articles following this introduction give overviews of specific applications of the FIB in materials science, focusing on its particular strengths as a tool for characterization and transmission electron microscopy sample preparation, as well as its potential for ion beam fabrication and prototyping.

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Liu, Zhaoyue, Huifang Yan, Shanshan Jin, Jingzhang Wu, Zhanwu Zhang, and Qian Yu. "Expression and Significance of D-Dimer and Fibrinogen in Hyperfibrinolysis of Elderly Patients with Bleeding after BPH Operation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (July 20, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9387484.

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Objective. To explore the expression level and diagnostic efficacy of plasma D-dimer (DD) and fibrinogen (FIB) in hyperfibrinolysis of elderly patients with bleeding after benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) surgery. Methods. 70 elderly BPH patients with postoperative hemorrhage and hyperfibrinolysis in our hospital were included into the observation group, and 75 elderly BPH patients with postoperative hemorrhage without hyperfibrinolysis were included into the control group. The serum levels of DD and FIB in the two groups of patients were compared, and the correlation of DD and FIB with clinical features and the diagnostic value of DD and FIB. Results. Elderly BPH patients with hyperfibrinolysis showed significantly higher levels of DD and FIB than those without hyperfibrinolysis ( P < 0.01 ). The increase in DD and the decrease of FIB were significantly correlated with the prolonged hospital stay and intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring ( P < 0.05 ). The combination of DD and FIB showed high diagnostic value for postoperative hemorrhage with hyperfibrinolysis (AUC = 0.998). Conclusion. The combination of plasma DD and FIB effectively and accurately diagnoses postoperative hemorrhage with hyperfibrinolysis. High levels of DD and FIB indicate prolonged hospital stay and postoperative ICU monitoring of elderly BPH patients with hyperfibrinolysis.

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Jiang, Shuai, and Volkan Ortalan. "A Comparative Study of Gallium-, Xenon-, and Helium-Focused Ion Beams for the Milling of GaN." Nanomaterials 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2023): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13212898.

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The milling profiles of single-crystal gallium nitride (GaN) when subjected to focused ion beams (FIBs) using gallium (Ga), xenon (Xe), and helium (He) ion sources were investigated. An experimental analysis via annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) revealed that Ga-FIB milling yields trenches with higher aspect ratios compared to Xe-FIB milling for the selected ion beam parameters (30 kV, 42 pA), while He-FIB induces local lattice disorder. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to investigate the milling process, confirming that probe size critically influences trench aspect ratios. Interestingly, the MD simulations also showed that Xe-FIB generates higher aspect ratios than Ga-FIB with the same probe size, indicating that Xe-FIB could also be an effective option for nanoscale patterning. Atomic defects such as vacancies and interstitials in GaN from He-FIB milling were suggested by the MD simulations, supporting the lattice disorder observed via HRTEM. This combined experimental and simulation approach has enhanced our understanding of FIB milling dynamics and will benefit the fabrication of nanostructures via the FIB technique.

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Filuta, Alyssa, Peter K. Amezcua, Brandy Ruff, Hua He, Lisa J. Martin, Joseph S. Palumbo, Gurjit K. Khurana Hershey, and Michael G. Sherenian. "Fibrin(ogen) Mechanistically Contributes to Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis and Allergic Sensitization." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 2097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-153782.

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Abstract Adults with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an increased risk for thromboembolic events. While coagulation is critical for almost all healing responses, dysregulated clotting and fibrin(ogen) deposition lead to inflammation that exacerbates tissue damage and impairs tissue repair. While plasma fibrin(ogen) has been associated with established asthma, fibrin(ogen)'s mechanistic role in AD pathogenesis and allergic sensitization has not been investigated. Here we show that fibrinogen plays a critical role in a murine model atopic dermatitis pathogenesis by markedly attenuating disease severity, barrier dysfunction, and allergic sensitization. To determine if fibrinogen impacts AD pathogenesis, we used mice with complete fibrinogen deficiency (Fib -/-), partial deficiency (Fib +/-), and wildtype controls (Fib WT) in our established model of AD. This model uses repeated cutaneous allergen sensitization with heat-killed Aspergillus fumigatus (Asp) extract. Notably, Fib +/- mice produce approximately half as much fibrinogen as Fib WT mice. After each patch and at sacrifice each mouse underwent an objective disease severity assessment as well as transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements to assess skin barrier function. Our results show that complete and partial fibrinogen deficiency abrogated AD development. We found that Fib -/-and Fib +/- mice had markedly attenuated TEWL (P-value <0.0001) and disease severity (P-value <0.0001) compared with controls (Figure 1). In addition, we found that the TEWL and disease severity in Fib -/- and Fib +/- were comparable to unchallenged controls. There was also no difference in either outcome between Fib -/- and Fib +/- mice within the experimental group. Lastly, none of the Fib -/- and Fib +/- mice developed spontaneous bleeding. Next, to elucidate the impact of fibrinogen on allergic sensitization we measured plasma allergen specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to Asp in all mice in our AD model at sacrifice. We found that Fib -/- and Fib +/- mice had significantly lower Asp sIgE compared with controls (p-value <0.0001 and 0.0002, respectively; Figure 2). In addition, we found that the amount of sIgE to Asp produced was comparable between Fib -/- and Fib +/- mice as well as with unchallenged controls. Thus, our findings suggest that fibrin(ogen) plays a critical mechanistic role in driving AD development and allergic sensitization. While fibrinogen's role in established allergic disease has been shown, these novel findings suggest a critical role for fibrinogen in allergic disease pathogenesis which may allow for additional therapeutic targets to treat atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Tian, Yi-Bo, Hong Niu, Feng Xu, Peng-Wei Shang-Guan, and Wei-Wei Song. "ALBI score combined with FIB-4 index to predict post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58205-5.

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AbstractPost-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is a potentially life-threatening complication following liver resection. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often occurs in patients with chronic liver disease, which increases the risk of PHLF. This study aimed to investigate the ability of the combination of liver function and fibrosis markers (ALBI score and FIB-4 index) to predict PHLF in patients with HCC. Patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC between August 2012 and September 2022 were considered for inclusion. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with PHLF, and ALBI score and FIB-4 index were combined based on their regression coefficients. The performance of the combined ALBI-FIB4 score in predicting PHLF and postoperative mortality was compared with Child–Pugh score, MELD score, ALBI score, and FIB-4 index. A total of 215 patients were enrolled in this study. PHLF occurred in 35 patients (16.3%). The incidence of severe PHLF (grade B and grade C PHLF) was 9.3%. Postoperative 90‐d mortality was 2.8%. ALBI score, FIB-4 index, prothrombin time, and extent of liver resection were identified as independent factors for predicting PHLF. The AUC of the ALBI-FIB4 score in predicting PHLF was 0.783(95%CI: 0.694–0.872), higher than other models. The ALBI-FIB4 score could divide patients into two risk groups based on a cut-off value of − 1.82. High-risk patients had a high incidence of PHLF of 39.1%, while PHLF just occurred in 6.6% of low-risk patients. Similarly, the AUCs of the ALBI-FIB4 score in predicting severe PHLF and postoperative 90-d mortality were also higher than other models. Preoperative ALBI-FIB4 score showed good performance in predicting PHLF and postoperative mortality in patients undergoing hepatectomy for HCC, superior to the currently commonly used liver function and fibrosis scoring systems.

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Semmler, Georg, Lukas Hartl, Yuly Paulin Mendoza, Benedikt Simbrunner, Mathias Jachs, Lorenz Balcar, Michael Schwarz, et al. "Simple blood tests to diagnose compensated advanced chronic liver disease and stratify risk of clinically significant portal hypertension." Hepatology, March 6, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hep.0000000000000829.

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Background & Aims: Compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) identifies patients at risk for clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH), and thus, for liver-related complications. Limited availability of liver stiffness measurements (LSM) impedes the identification of patients at risk for cACLD/CSPH outside of specialized clinics. We aimed to develop a blood-based algorithm to identify cACLD by FIB-4 and CSPH by von Willebrand factor/platelet count ratio (VITRO). Approach & Results: Patients with (suspected) compensated chronic liver disease undergoing FIB4+LSM were included in the LSM/FIB-4-cohorts from Vienna&Salzburg. The HVPG/VITRO-cohorts included patients undergoing hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG)-measurement+VITRO from Vienna&Bern. LSM/FIB-4-derivation-cohort: We included 6143 patients of whom 211 (3.4%) developed hepatic decompensation. 1724 (28.1%) had LSM ≥10 kPa, which corresponded to FIB-4≥1.75. Importantly, both LSM (AUROC:0.897 [95%CI:0.865-0.929]) and FIB-4 (AUROC:0.914 [95%CI:0.885-0.944]) were similarly accurate in predicting hepatic decompensation within 3 years. FIB-4≥1.75 identified patients at risk for first hepatic decompensation (5y-cumulative incidence:7.6%), while in those <1.75, risk was negligible (0.3%). HVPG/VITRO-derivation-cohort: 247 patients of whom 202 had cACLD/FIB-4≥1.75 were included. VITRO exhibited an excellent diagnostic performance for CSPH (AUROC:0.889 [95%CI:0.844-0.934]), similar to LSM (AUROC:0.856 [95%CI:0.801-0.910], p=0.351) and the ANTICIPATE model (AUROC:0.910 [95%CI:0.869-0.952], p=0.498). VITRO<1.0/≥2.5 ruled-out (sensitivity:100.0%)/ruled-in (specificity:92.4%) CSPH. The diagnostic performance was comparable to Baveno-VII criteria. LSM/FIB-4-derivation-cohort findings were externally validated in n=1560 patients, while HVPG/VITRO-derivation-cohort findings were internally (n=133) and externally (n=55) validated. Conclusion: Simple, broadly available laboratory tests (FIB-4/VITRO) facilitate cACLD detection and CSPH risk stratification in patients with (suspected) liver disease. This blood-based approach is applicable outside of specialized clinics and may promote early intervention.

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Namakchian, Maryam, Soghra Rabizadeh, Sara Seifouri, Hassan Asadigandomani, Melika Arab Bafrani, Kiana Seifouri, Foroogh Alborzi Avanaki, Armin Rajab, Manouchehr Nakhjavani, and Alireza Esteghamati. "Fibrosis score 4 index has an independent relationship with coronary artery diseases in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease." Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-01031-y.

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Abstract Background Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), one of the most common liver diseases, is detected in patients with concomitant hepatic steatosis and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). We looked into the relationship between Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index and coronary artery diseases (CAD) in patients with MAFLD, to further look into the efficiency of FIB-4 in screening for CAD among patients with MAFLD. Method In this study, we included 1664 patients with MAFLD (T2D, who also had hepatic steatosis) during 2012–2022 and divided them into 2 groups; CAD and non-CAD. Demographic, Anthropometric indices, liver function tests, lipid profile and FIB-4 index of all patients were evaluated and compared. Result Among the 1644 patients (all have MAFLD), 364(21.4%) had CAD. Patients with MAFLD and CAD were more probable to be hypertensive, have longer duration of diabetes and be older (with p-values < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, in a multivariable logistic regression model, FIB4 showed a significant independent relationship with concomitant MAFLD and CAD. Upper Tertile FIB-4 had an odds ratio of 3.28 (P-value = 0.002) to predict CAD. Furthermore, in Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve analysis with the maximum Youden Index, a FIB-4 cut-off of 0.85 (AUC = 0.656, 95% CI 0.618–0.693, P < 0.001) noted to predict CAD in patients with MAFLD. Conclusion This study showed that the FIB-4 score independently correlates with CAD in patients with MAFLD.

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"fib ‐news." Structural Concrete 21, no. 6 (December 2020): 2869–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.202070061.

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"fib ‐news." Structural Concrete 22, no. 1 (February 2021): 576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.202070010.

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"fib ‐news." Structural Concrete 22, no. 2 (April 2021): 1245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.202070020.

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"fib ‐news." Structural Concrete 22, no. 4 (August 2021): 2493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.202170040.

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"fib ‐news." Structural Concrete 22, no. 3 (June 2021): 1245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.202170030.

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"fib–news." Structural Concrete 1, no. 2 (June 2000): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2000.1.2.107.

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"fib—news." Structural Concrete 2, no. 1 (March 2001): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2001.2.1.41.

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"fib—news,." Structural Concrete 2, no. 2 (June 2001): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2001.2.2.101.

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"fib-news." Structural Concrete 2, no. 3 (September 2001): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2001.2.3.175.

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"fib-news." Structural Concrete 2, no. 4 (December 2001): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2001.2.4.225.

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"fib-news." Structural Concrete 3, no. 1 (March 2002): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2002.3.1.35.

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"fib-news." Structural Concrete 3, no. 2 (June 2002): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2002.3.2.107.

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"fib-news." Structural Concrete 3, no. 3 (September 2002): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2002.3.3.155.

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"fib-news." Structural Concrete 3, no. 4 (December 2002): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2002.3.4.213.

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"fib–news." Structural Concrete 4, no. 1 (March 2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stco.2003.4.1.45.

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