Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Feux expérimentaux'
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Fayad, Jacky. "Études numériques des feux extrêmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Corte, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023CORT0015.
Full textExtreme fires are characterized by their high intensity and rate of spread, which overwhelm firefighting resources. These phenomena result in increased damage, civilian and operational fatalities and disruption to ecosystems, human life and the economy. There are several types of extreme fires, including high-intensity fires, which are the main subject of this thesis. This type of fire presents a real risk, given the increase in its frequency and scale throughout the world. Consequently, it is very useful to assess the conditions of propagation that can trigger a high- intensity fire in order to be able to anticipate these phenomena. In addition, studying the behavior of a high-intensity fire (rate of spread, intensity and impact) can provide information to operational staff during the firefighting phase. The main aim of this thesis is to study the propagation of high-intensity fires by means of experimental fires carried out on a field scale on Corsican shrub species named 'Genista salzmannii'. These experiments were carried out during two periods (winter and autumn), in two different regions: North-West and South-West of Corsica, using an experimental protocol and technologies that make it possible to assess the dynamic and impact of these fires. Following the experiments, numerical studies were carried out using fully physical fire models based on a multiphase formulation, FireStar2D and 3D, in order to test the relevance of these propagation models in predicting the behavior of these experimental fires. The different numerical results obtained for the three terrain configurations chosen were in agreement with the experimental results. This shows that these models can be used to study other configurations without necessarily having to resort to experiments. The fire campaigns carried out were representative of high-intensity fires that occurred despite marginal propagation conditions related to low wind speeds, high fuel moisture content and relative air humidity. These experiments can also provide detailed observations, as well as input data that can be used in modelling, given that carrying out such experiments is not easy and is always subject to difficulties and constraints. The second part of the research focused on a numerical study of a "critical case" of a high- intensity fire. This fire was studied using several empirical approaches, fully physical models found in the literature, in particular FireStar2D and 3D and the simplified physical Balbi model. Several parameters were evaluated using the different approaches, including the rate of spread, the intensity of the flame front, the geometry of the front and of the flame (length and tilting). The main aim of this study was to assess not only the behavior but also the impact of this high-intensity fire on two different targets: the human body and a four level building. This made it possible to establish correlations between the total heat fluxes received by the targets as a function of their position in front of the fire. The aim was to assess the safety distance around wildland urban interfaces by considering the maximum tolerable value of thermal heat flux that can be received by the target without causing damage. The safety distances assessed using this methodology, for a firefighter and a building, are less than 50 meters. This confirms, for this configuration, the effectiveness of the value of the safety distance around buildings, set by operational experts and assumed to be equal to a minimum of 50 m in France
Michaux, Ghislain. "Études sur la dynamique d'un panache massique en champ libre et en milieu confiné ventilé. Application à la simulation sur maquette des feux en tunnels." Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00377216.
Full textDans un premier temps, un modèle théorique de type intégral est développé pour décrire le comportement d'un panache massique se développant en champ libre, dans un fluide ambiant au repos et non stratifié. Ce développement théorique met en évidence que les évolutions avec l'altitude des caractéristiques du panache peuvent être déduites de celle d'un paramètre unique, la "fonction panache". Dans un second temps, des simulations numériques sont réalisées à l'aide du code de calcul Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) dans des situations de plus en plus complexes : panache massique d'hélium en champ libre puis en milieu confiné et ventilé (type tunnel). Les résultats de simulations numériques obtenus pour un milieu confiné et ventilé sont encourageants, en bon accord avec des données expérimentales. Les résultats numériques et expérimentaux, obtenus dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche national RGC&U, permettent de mettre en lumière les mécanismes à l'origine du caractère fortement tridimensionnel d'un panache d'incendie dans un tunnel ventilé longitudinalement. Enfin, dans le cadre des essais sur maquette, les règles de similitude pour la simulation d'un panache d'incendie réel par un panache massique sont établies à partir des équations physiques. Le foyer est modélisé par le rejet d'un mélange gazeux léger air-hélium dont les caractéristiques sont ajustées afin de correctement reproduire la masse volumique des fumées d'incendie.
Marcelli, Thierry. "Propagation de feux de forêt : Modélisation et étude expérimentale de la transition d'un feu de surface vers un feu de cime." Corte, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CORT0005.
Full textTihay, Virginie. "Contribution expérimentale et théorique pour la modélisation de la combustion dans les feux de forêt." Phd thesis, Corte, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00376628.
Full textBellin, Bruno. "Etude expérimentale et approche numérique de l'intéraction de deux feux de parois verticales opposées en espace semi-confiné." Poitiers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990POIT2253.
Full textNaville, Laetitia. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la propagation d'une flamme sur un combustible poreux : applications aux feux de végétation." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX22069.
Full textPalat, Blazej. "Études déclaratives et comportementales (simulateur) de la prise de décision aux feux tricolores : interactions entre facteurs socio-psychologiques et et contextuels." Paris 8, 2013. http://octaviana.fr/document/181611775#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full textYellow and red light running is an important cause of intersection crashes. These behaviors are more or less deliberate and influenced by different contexts. The aim of this PhD was to study factors involved in the decision making dealing with traffic lights. We examined how car drivers negotiate between safety, respect of the rules, and reducing waiting time. This thesis comprised an introduction followed by two main parts. The first part exposed theories of motivation, decision making, and time and space perception which gave the basis for the empirical research. It ended with a presentation of the problem section. The second part comprised four studies. The first one, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1985), examined the predictors of the intention to run the yellow light. Next studies, carried out on driving simulator, investigated the influence of (study 2) social and personal context on drivers’ behavior at traffic lights, and (study 3) of stopping at lights on the travel time perception as well as the consequences of this perception for drivers’ behavior at traffic lights and for the route choice. The fourth study focused on the use of the numerosity heuristic in the choice between two itineraries depending on the number of traffic lights and the probability of stopping at the lights. For finishing this work, the results obtained were discussed and limits of the studies carried out were commented before drawing a final conclusion
Duny, Mathieu. "Etudes numérique et expérimentale des phénomènes de propagation d'un incendie le long d'une façade." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESMA0020/document.
Full textIn order to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings, the facades are becoming more sophisticated in both their configurations and compositions. However, the amount of fuel of these new facades is much higher than that of traditional facades. Therefore, the risk of fire spread through the facade is more important. Thus, the objective of this work is to model the fire development inside and outside of a building, taking into account different configurations and facade compositions. This experimental and numerical research has identified the parameters that increase or decrease the risk of fire spread via the façade. First, after verifying the capacity of the FDS code to model the parietal flames, a numerical study that examines the influence of the geometry of a facade fire spread was completed. Indeed, the various phenomena related to openings dimensions and / or configurations of the façade have been identified. It was therefore possible to analyze their influence on the risk of fire spread along the façade using quantities such as the heat released outside the building, the flame height and thermal actions (temperature, fluxes). Among the configurations studied are contained more or less complex geometries that can be encountered on the buildings. For example, multiple openings or "U" configurations were investigated in order to study the influence of the chimney effect on the extension of flames. Indeed, this type of configuration has already been the cause of the rapid spread fire through walls regardless of their compositions. Subsequently, an experimental study on fire spread along a combustible wall was realized with two goals. First, a series of tests was performed in order to observe propagation phenomena on a combustible façade and to collect experimental data to validate propagation models and numerical simulations in this situation. Secondly, another experimental campaign was used to study the influence of the presence of a ventilation air gap between the cladding and the wall on the spread of fire. This latter is widely used in the construction of facades. This research, both academic and applicative, has provided new information on the fire development and fire behavior along a façade, combustible or not. The numerical results demonstrate the various parameters governing the development of a fire along a façade, which facilitates the understanding of phenomena related to this issue. In addition, various tests can be used as a database for the modeling of fire spread along a combustible wall. Thus, this work contributes to the development of models of fire development and spread on buildings via the façade
Parra, Figueroa Roberto. "Étude expérimentale de la fusion réductrice du Cu2O dans le système Cu2O-FeOx-SiO2." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0118.
Full textAntoine-Santoni, Thierry. "Vers une application des réseaux de capteurs sans fil dans la problématique des feux de forêt : modélisation, simulation et plate-forme expérimentale." Corte, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2006CORT4004.
Full textOne of the causes which supports large scale wildfires is the alarm precision lack. Indeed, firemen need tools able to detect fast and specify a sit of a fire. A new generation of tool is appeared : Wireless Sensor Network. In environemental monitoring, these sensors networks, having decentralized architecture and deployed in a zone, must to transmit their information, by a multi-hop communication, towards a base station. For this communication, the routing protocols attempt to carry out reliable data transmission, while testing to save the energy resources. In the problems of forest fires, the networks of sensors are able to help them firemen. However, we identify three axes for which it is necessary to provide answers : these networks, are they able to envisage, detect and follow a fire ? To answer these questions, the existing simulation tools are incomplete or unusable in our context study. In this essay, we introduce a new application, DEVS-WSN, based on a DEVS description. It allows to study performance and the deployment stratégies of the Wireless Sensor Networks. Moreover, we present a new algorithm of routing VOX, which improves the energy saving and increases lifetime of the network in the particular context of destroying phenomenons. We supplement this theoretical study by a test of Wireless Sensor Network on real fire. All these work advances the conditions of use of Wireless Sensor Network in the fire problems
Laplanche, Karine. "Etude du comportement au feu des assemblages de structures bois : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693999.
Full textMégret, Olivier. "Etude expérimentale de la propagation des fumées d'incendie en tunnel pour différents systèmes de ventilation." Valenciennes, 1999. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fb86c1f1-7023-45e4-bcff-ee7fc70080df.
Full textHot toxic smoke induced by a fire spreads on the tunnel ceiling as a layer with variable thickness depending on the heat release rate (HRR). Security of passengers lies in the management of the ventilation systems: clearing smoky zones while avoiding layer dilution. The accurate choice of ventilation flow rate remains a function of fire type but also of tunnel dimensions and ventilation network which differ for each tunnel. A 1:20th model of 10 m long has been developed in order to model smoke movement , for a wide range of HRR FROM 0. 2 TO 20 MW , for many tunnel configurations of rectangular cross section. The fire source is modelled by a densimetric jet (air-helium). Fire characteristics are derived from the results of a heptane poolfire model and the size of pool in the tunnel , depending on HRR, is reproduced at model scale. Both longitudinal and transverse ventilation systems are used on the test facilities. A global parametric study had been undertaken in longitudinal ventilation, describing the influence of tunnel dimensions (height ant width) and slope. The role of size, shape and height of the fire source is also analysed. The results are gathered in a global formulation in order to determine the critical ventilation velocity (non-existence of smoke layer upstream the source) and a semi-theorical model is developed, connecting ventilation velocity, HRR and smoke layer thickness. A methodology is defined to quantify stratification state of a hot smoke layer without ventilation. This is used to assess the influence of longitudinal flow on stratification downstream of the fire source. Transverse ventilation studies aim to evaluate extraction efficiency of a system composed of two exhaust traps located on each side of a fire source, as a function of extraction flow rate. A condition of smoke confinement is achieved. This study accounts for the influence of trap location, shape and size on the system efficiency. Standard anemometry and PIV techniques are used for profile and field velocity measurement whereas concentration profiles are obtained by sample analysis of oxygen rate. Many laser sheet visualizations have allowed the description of flow phenomena
Audebert, Maxime. "Approche expérimentale et modélisation du comportement au feu d'assemblages bois sous différents types de solliciations." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CLF22086.
Full textThe knowledge of the behavior of structures under fire conditions is essential to control the risks during a fire. As timber is a combustible material, fire safety is of main importance for the development of its use in buildings. Although experimental and numerical studies exist in the literature, their number still limited regarding the variety of the configurations and the complexity of the mechanical behavior of the connections. Among the various structural components, the joints are characterized by a complex thermomechanical behavior due mainly to the geometrical configuration combining various materials (steel and timber). They govern the load-carrying capacity of the structure and its safety, as well in normal conditions as in fire situation. Due to their complex geometrical, physical and material configurations, the behavior of the connections in fire is one of the more difficult to predict. The development of generalized models requires the combination of research based both on the experimental results given by full scale tests and the development of sophisticated numerical models validated on these tests.The experimental results of tests realized on timber-to-timber and steel-to-timber connections used as a basis for the validation of the numerical models are presented. They concern tests of longitudinal and transversal tension and flexion under normal conditions and under standardized thermal actions. The thermomechanical analysis of the connections is made from two different three-dimensional meshings for the thermal and mechanical calculations. The thermal model is continuous to take account of the thermal continuity between the joint components. The mechanical model is discontinuous to consider the contact evolution between the joint components. The thermal model isused to predict the evolution of the temperature field inside the joint depending on the gas temperature. It is validated on the basis of measured temperatures during fire tests. The mechanical model is validated by comparison with the experimental results of joints in normal conditions. It allows the analysis of the distribution of stresses within the joints. The influence of various criteria to represent the mechanical behavior of timber is also studied. Finally, the thermomechanical model, based on previous both models, allowed to predict the behaviorof the tested connections in fire situation. The thermo-mechanical model is validated considering the fire resistance duration of some joints. This duration is defined by means of displacement-time curves obtained by the numerical model. The models showed a good capacity to simulate the failure times of the timber joints in fire situations. The application of the model gave the possibility to analyse the load distribution among the fasteners of the studied joints.The model developed in this work represents well the thermomechanical behavior of the tested connections. These developed and tested models can be used as general tool to analyze the behavior of a large variety of joint configurations to constitute a data base that can be used in safe and economic practice of fire engineering of wood joints
Groult, Marie-Laure. "Pilea microphylla (l. ) Liebm. (Urticaceae) et taxons affins néotropicaux : aspects biogéographique, ethnobotanique et écologique : Application comme matériel expérimental." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0017.
Full textPearson, Anthony Edwin. "Etude expérimentale des régimes de combustion d'un feu de compartiment dans des conditions de sous-ventilation." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00259507.
Full textCremona, Pierre. "Caractérisation expérimentale et numérique des scenarii de feu impliquant un conduit de fumée d'appareils de combustion bois." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0023/document.
Full textThe structural evolution of residential buildings due to thermal, environmental regulations and roll out of the Construction Products Regulation generate major challenge for chimney manufacturers, in particular with regard to the safety of residents during a fire. Two fire resistance scenarios are eloquent in European Regulations: the one associated with the development of fire in the room where the chimney is located and the last reported on the development of fire in the chimney itself, by ignition of the deposits. In both cases, the chimney must not be a vector for propagating fire to adjacent rooms and combustible materials. In this context, the present study aims to characterize the main thermal transfers involved in the two scenarios and to better understand the kinetics of formation, decomposition, ignition and combustion of the deposits within the chimney. To do this, an experimental and numerical approach was adopted. The experimental part allows to determine the chemical characteristics (elemental and chemical analyzes) and thermo-physical characteristics (density, conductivity, effusivity and thermal capacity, porosity, calorific value) of 24 residues from real installations or created in laboratory under representative conditions of combustion. These residues are then studied in thermogravimetric analyzers (TGA) and Cone Calorimeters in order to determine the thermal decomposition steps as well as the flammability and combustibility properties, in cases of piloted and auto-ignition. A consequent database of the set of properties has then been generated. A fire-resistant furnace (according to EN 1366-13) allowed the study of the chimney participation in the propagation of fire from one room to another, through the measurement of temperature fields, above the ceiling. The tests allow the acquisition of data essential to the definition of the initial conditions and the limits necessary for the development and the validation of a numerical model developed under Fluent. This model describes heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It makes possible to estimate the temperature level on the outer wall of the chimney above the furnace, which is required in the EI performance declaration tests according to EN 1366-13, regardless of the configuration of the chimney (diameter, materials...). The results obtained correspond to the need for Poujoulat, whose challenge is to have an experimental and numerical tool for the development of fire-resistant chimney and a database relating to deposits in order to advise the habitants
Comuce, Maguy. "Caractérisation expérimentale et détermination des paramètres cinétiques de la décomposition thermique du polyméthracrylate de méthyle." Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ESMA0020.
Full textThe achieved work is part of the project "Compfeu" of the National Research Agency, which aims to provide models for simulating of the thermal decomposition of the main materials of the housing environment in case of fire. The present study aims to develop a pyrolysis model of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). Our working approach is innovative in the international community, because it relies on a multi-scale approach, taking into account the evolution of the thermal, physical and chemical properties during the decomposition of the material. Our work was to know the physicochemical properties of our material. The study of the thermal decomposition of the PMMA under inert and oxidizing atmospheres was performed on the scale of the particle by means of differential scanning calorimetry, through thermogravimetric analysis coupled with various analytical devices for different heating rates. The thermal decomposition of PMMA was completed by a study on the scale of the material using the cone calorimeter, coupled with an analytical chain. The study, on the scale of the particle, has allowed us to propose a mechanism of thermal decomposition of PMMA in an inert atmosphere and under oxidizing atmosphere. The rate of each reaction mechanism is described by the Arrhenius law. The determination of these kinetics parameters and stoichiometric coefficient was performed by the optimization method of genetic algorithms
Opdebeck, Frédéric. "Etude numérique et expérimentale du transfert d'énergie laser à l'interface d'un système d'allumage et d'une composition pyrotechnique." Orléans, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ORLE2045.
Full textZhang, Xing Long. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation théorique d'un feu de combustible liquide de petite dimension : influence d'un flux radiatif extérieur." Poitiers, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990POIT2259.
Full textTran, Hung. "Etude numérique et expérimentale du comportement au feu des éléments séparatifs en plaques de plâtre à ossature acier." Thesis, Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DENS0041.
Full textThe fire resistance of building elements (partition walls, door sets ...) by means of tests according to standard procedures is often expensive for manufacturers. In consequence, Efectis France is conducting a specific research project aiming to develop an efficient and economical tool in order to carry out the preliminary design of new products as well as their optimization and extend the application of experimental results to configurations different from those of the test (change of size, of component, of boundary conditions ...). This thesis presents a study in the scope of above research project, which led to the development of a numerical model capable of predicting the thermo-mechanical behavior of separating elements such as flexible partitions made with internal steel studs and plasterboard facings, when they are subjected to standard thermal action of EN 1363-1 on one side. This study is organized in three steps. The first one is an experimental investigation relative to the characterization of thermo-physical and of thermo-mechanical properties of plasterboards used in above mentioned partition walls. In the second step, a specific numerical model for the analysis of plasterboard partition fire behavior is developed. This model allows treating not only nonlinear heat transfer but also the nonlinear structural behavior of the partitions from thermal stresses taking into account the degradation of rigidities for the punctual screwing of plasterboards on the steel studs. In the third step, the prediction of the numerical model is compared with experimental results in terms of temperature and displacements of the partitions. The comparisons enable to show the validity of the numerical model to predict appropriately the fire behavior of plasterboard partitions
Jenft, Alexandre. "Étude des interactions entre phénomènes d'incendie et systèmes d'extinction à eau. Développement d'un module d'extinction dans le logiciel FDS." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0269/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the study of interactions between fuel, flame and water droplets generated by water mist systems. It is completed by an extinction model development in FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) software, which is a CFD code widely used by the scientific and engineering communities. Knowledge on physical phenomena induced by water application on fire is acquired thanks to an experimental campaign at real scale. 84 confined and ventilated fire tests have been carried out involving water mist and metrology allowing to study the influence on extinction of: fuel, combustion time before water mist application, pool diameter for liquid fuel fires, number of nozzles and fuel location. A post-processing in the form of mass and energy balances has been added to FDS, allowing to complete experimental observations and to quantify the different heat transfer modes before and during water application. Two complementary models allow extinction determination by fuel cooling and flame cooling / inerting effects. Their capability is analyzed for appropriate cases on the versions 5 and 6 of FDS. The capability of the complete modified code to predict extinction is finally evaluated
Coutin, Mickae͏̈l. "Etude expérimentale et théorique de l'influence de l'entraînement naturel de l'air sur le comportement d'une flamme représentative d'un incendie." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2321.
Full textNguyen, Thê-Duong. "Étude du comportement au feu des maçonneries de briques en terre-cuite : approche expérimentale et modélisation du risque d'écaillage." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00539872.
Full textNguyen, Thê Duong. "Étude du comportement au feu des maçonneries de briques en terre-cuite : approche expérimentale et modélisation du risque d'écaillage." Thesis, Paris Est, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PEST1059/document.
Full textUnderstanding the behaviour of masonry structures exposed to fire and prediction of their fire resistance, are nowadays one of the major needs, expressed by manufacturers of fire-clay, because of the lack of available studies. The objective of this work is to build numerical tools that are able to predict the behaviour and resistance to fire of walls made with hollow fire-clay brick. The walls may be loadbearing or unloadbearing, joined with thick traditional mortar or thin adhesive mortar. For this purpose, experimental investigations at material scale and structural scale are carried out to understand the thermo-hygro-mechanical phenomena controlling the fire resistance rate. These major phenomena are then taken into account for the construction of behaviour models, which allow to dispose a tool of simulation of fire behaviour of masonry. For the thermal problem, the three transfer modes : conduction, convection and radiation, with the adjustment of the water effect in the heat capacity, can simulate the thermo-hygric response of alveolar structure in the fire-clay. On the mechanical problem, the fire resistance of masonry walls is approached from the point of view of the risk of spalling. This rupture, local or diffuse, of the brick partitions can lead to a loss of integrity or of loadbearing capacity. To evaluate this risk, a three-dimensional thermoelastic modeling is proposed with the taking into account of the evolution of the properties with the temperature. This simplified modeling is completed with a criterion of spalling of type detachment-buckling. In parallel with the validated calculations, parametrical studies are conducted to identify the influence of thermal, mechanical on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the walls
Bensaad, Bourassia. "Étude expérimentale de l'évolution et de l'établissement de l'état de surface d'un matériau métallique en contact avec un plan de saphir : application à la modélisation des résistances thermiques de contact." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2037.
Full textPrimarily experimental, the present study aims at the observation of the evolution of the TCR and the geometrical characteristics of an interface according to the contact pressure; this in order to improve the models of TCR proposed by certain authors. Among these characteristics, those which interest us more particularly are the real rate of contact solid-solid S*, the density of points of contact N and the separation distance d. Our principal motivation is to establish the laws of evolution of these three parameters then to correlate them with the TCR obtained by thermal measurement. We developed an experimental methodology allowing to carry out thermal measurements of the TCR and measurements of the micro-geometry of the contact and its deformations. Micro-geometrical measurements are based on non-conventional techniques calling upon laser profilometry and the imagery. The test of micro-hardness can also be of great importance for the estimate of the parameters characterizing the micro-geometry of the interface solid-solid. We are interested in an interface of contact between a plate of transparent, smooth and infinitely rigid sapphire and a rough and deformable metallic material. The experimental study is based on an experimental design initially aiming at emphasizing the behaviour of the TCR according to the parameters S* N and d. This experimental design is also built with an aim of revealing the influence of the topography and the development of surface on these three parameters of contact by the means of the parameters of roughness and the Hv micro-hardness. The experiments are undertaken on two couple’s materials brass / sapphire and steel / sapphire and three different surface qualities: controlled, electro-eroded and turned. The tests of reproducibility of thermal measurement show the great reliability of the device carried out. The profilometric study shows that electro-eroded surfaces and rounds can be considered Gaussian then controlled surfaces are not it. The evolution of the real rate of contact S* according to the contact pressure is studied primarily on controlled surfaces (N constant). S* is considered of three way different: The first consists in analyzing the curves of Abbott raised after each loading, the second fact call to the model of Bowden and Tabor S*=P/H and with the concept of effective micro-hardness Hc and in the third we tried to determine it by a specific treatment of the photographs of the interfaces to metal /sapphire. The evolution of the density of points of contact N according to the load is observed for the couples surfaces magnet-eroded / sapphire and surfaces turned / sapphire. It is given primarily by the imagery. The evolution of the distance from separation of the average plans of surfaces d in contact is obtained by considering d equal to the parameter of roughness RP raised before loading and after each loading. The experimental results obtained show that the behaviour of the TCR according to the contact pressure, of the roughness and the nature of materials in contact, is in conformity with the literature. The results of the estimate of the TCR according to the parameters of contact S*, N and d are divided into two parts: the first relates to controlled surfaces and the second relates to "electro-eroded and turned random surfaces. For the studied samples, the distance from separation of the average plans of surfaces in contact d is considered equal to the parameter of roughness RP raised before loading and after each loading. The results of the estimate of the real rate of contact show that the profilometric technique suggested at the time of this study is more adaptable in the cases of stepladder of roughness (surfaces with strong roughness). With strong loads, this technique can give very satisfactory results. The comparison of the values of the TCR estimated according to S*=P/Hc with those obtained by thermal measurement shows a great relevance of the model Boden and Tabor, using the notion of the effective micro-hardness Hc. One notes that this model masks the presence of several scales of roughness. One also shows that the S*=P/Hv model over-estimates the real rate of contact, his use gives values of TCR lower than those obtained by thermal measurement. The comparison of the TCR estimated according to the parameters of contact with that of the TCR obtained by thermal measurement shows that it does not matter the curve of N used, the use of the model of CMY gives values of the of the same TCR order of magnitude as those measured. The model of Bardon gives values quite higher than those measured except for the very strong loadings. This result can be justified by the fact that the model of CMY is adapted for Gaussian surfaces whereas the model of Bardon is based on the assumption of the uniformity of all the points of contact
Sakji, Mohamed Seddik. "Modélisation probabiliste et validation expérimentale du transfert thermique et du comportement thermomécanique avec endommagement d'une plaque multicouche carton-plâtre-carton soumise au feu." Marne-la-Vallée, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MARN0286.
Full textErez, Giacomo. "Modélisation du terme source d'incendie : montée en échelle à partir d'essais de comportement au feu vers l'échelle réelle : approche "modèle", "numérique" et "expérimentale"." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0189.
Full textNumerical simulations can provide valuable information to fire investigators, but only if the fire source is precisely defined. This can be done through full- or small-scale testing. The latter is often preferred because these tests are easier to perform, but their results have to be extrapolated in order to represent full-scale fire behaviour. Various approaches have been proposed to perform this upscaling. An example is pyrolysis models, which involve a detailed description of condensed phase reactions. However, these models are not ready yet for investigation applications. This is why another approach was chosen for the work presented here, employing a heat transfer model: the prediction of mass loss rate for a material is determined based on a heat balance. This principle explains the two-part structure of this study: first, a detailed characterisation of heat transfers is performed; then, the influence of these heat transfers on thermal decomposition is studied. The first part focuses on thermal radiation because it is the leading mechanism of flame spread. Flame radiation was characterised for several fuels (kerosene, diesel, heptane, polyurethane foam and wood) and many fire sizes (from 0.3 m up to 3.5 m wide). Measurements included visible video recordings, multispectral opacimetry and infrared spectrometry, which allowed the determination of a simplified flame shape as well as its emissive power. These data were then used in a model (Monte-Carlo method) to predict incident heat fluxes at various locations. These values were compared to the measurements and showed a good agreement, thus proving that the main phenomena governing flame radiation were captured and reproduced, for all fire sizes. Because the final objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive fire simulation tool, a software already available, namely Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), was evaluated regarding its ability to model radiative heat transfers. This was done using the data and knowledge gathered before, and showed that the code could predict incident heat fluxes reasonably well. It was thus chosen to use FDS and its radiation model for the rest of this work. The second part aims at correlating thermal decomposition to thermal radiation. This was done by performing cone calorimeter tests on polyurethane foam and using the results to build a model which allows the prediction of MLR as a function of time and incident heat flux. Larger tests were also performed to study flame spread on top and inside foam samples, through various measurements: videos processing, temperatures analysis, photogrammetry. The results suggest that using small-scale data to predict full-scale fire behaviour is a reasonable approach for the scenarios being investigated. It was thus put into practice using FDS, by modifying the source code to allow for the use of a thermal model, in other words defining the fire source based on the model predicting MLR as a function of time and incident heat flux. The results of the first simulations are promising, and predictions for more complex geometries will be evaluated to validate this method
Bustamante, Valencia Lucas. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la décomposition thermique des matériaux à trois échelles : Application à une mousse polyéther polyuréthane utilisée dans les meubles rembourrés." Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aéronautique, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444898.
Full textJacques, Francis. "Méthodologie expérimentale pour la détermination des limites d'emploi des équipements de protection individuelle des sapeurs-pompiers - Application à la lutte contre le feu par des essais sur l'Homme en conditions opérationnelles." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786261.
Full textCoudoro, Kodjo. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation de la propagation de flammes en milieu confiné et semi confiné." Thesis, Orléans, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ORLE2005.
Full textThe context of the current study is the assessment of the occurrence of flame acceleration in accidental situations. The methodology developed for the assessment of hydrogen hazard in the nuclear industry led to the definition of a criterion for the prediction of the acceleration potential of a hydrogen/air/dilutant mixture based on its properties. This study aims to extend this methodology to gaseous mixtures that can be encountered in the classical industry. Therefore, three mixtures were chosen: the first two are representatives of a natural gas/air mixture: G27 (82%CH4/18%N2) and G222 (77%CH4/23%H2). The third one is a H2/CO (50%H2/50%CO) mixture and represents the Syngas. During this work, flammability limits were measured at 300 K and two initial pressures (1 and 2 bar) for each mixture. Fundamental flame speeds and Markstein lengths were also measured at three initial temperatures (300, 330, 360 K) and 2 initial pressures (1 and 2 bar) for each mixtures. A kinetic modeling was performed based on three detailed kinetic models and allowed the calculation of the global activation energy on the basis of the kinetic model which showed the best agreement with the experimental data. The acceleration potential for each mixture in presence of obstacles has then been investigated. It was found that different criteria were to be applied depending on whether the flame is stable or not. A predicting criterion was proposed in both case
Haouari, Harrak Samia. "Contributions à l'étude des écoulements de fumées dans un bâtiment en situation d'incendie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0014/document.
Full textThis work is devoted to the evaluation and improvement of zone models, used in fire safety engineering to simulate the smoke propagation in a building in a fire situation. It aims at improving the understanding of the smoke flow in a building. The PhD work is divided into two parts. The first part is essentially devoted to a bibliographical survey and an evaluation of the ability of a zone code CFAST, widely used in fire safety engineering, to simulate smoke flows in a building. Numerical results with CFAST are compared with the data of a real-scale experimental campaign carried out on a three-storey residential building. The second part, more academic, consists of studying the smoke flows in a building. Two phenomena are first studied, namely the smoke filling of a room, and the simultaneous filling and emptying of a naturally ventilated room. Zone models describing these phenomena are presented. Two experimental campaigns are conducted on reduced scale room models, in order to study the two phenomena and to evaluate and improve the zone models. Furthermore, numerical simulations with the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are performed to extend the study field of the smoke filling. Finally, improvements to the zone model are proposed. After studying the phenomena related to smoke flows in a single room, the smoke flows in a multi-compartment configuration, consisting of two rooms connected by a stairwell, are experimentally studied at the laboratory scale
Lejay, Mathieu. "Approche archéologique et expérimentale des structures de combustion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : analyse multiscalaire (micromorphologie et géochimie organique) appliquée aux sites de Régismont-le-Haut et des Bossats." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20005/document.
Full textThis study treats a selection of combustion structures from Régismont-le-Haut (Hérault, France) and les Bossats (Seine-et-Marne, France) using a multiscalar approach. These two open-air sites provide an extremely rich archaeological documentation of, respectively, a recent phase of the Aurignacian and an early phase of the Gravettian (among others). Methodologically the study entails treating three scales of analysis, beginning with field data (macroscopic scale), followed by micromorphological investigation (meso- and microscopic scales), and finishing with geochemical analyses (molecular scale). An experimental program was also developed in order to refine our tools for interpreting our archaeological datasets, as well as to propose novel avenues of reflexion. The concomitant application of these complementary approaches and subsequent cross-examination of their respective results underlines the important role of organic matter in the combustion structure sediments. The results obtained allow for a better understanding of fire structure operation and use, as well as the taphonomic evolution. For primary structures questions regarded additional construction of the structures, intensity of use, types of fuel, and their function, while secondary structures brought to the table information regarding maintenance activities. The contextualization of results obtained from these two particularly well-preserved sites allows us to reflect more widely upon the role of combustion structures in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, a period during which pyrotechnology remains a little explored sphere of human behaviour
Do, Thanh Trung. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation du comportement non linéaire thermomécanique de cloison en plaques carton-plâtre-carton, vissées et soumise à des charges thermiques et mécaniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00665543.
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