Academic literature on the topic 'Feu – Façades'
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Journal articles on the topic "Feu – Façades"
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Sousa and Sousa. "Durability of Stone Cladding in Buildings: A Case Study of Marble Slabs Affected by Bowing." Buildings 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9110229.
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Bowing is an uncommon pathology that can affect marble stone cladding of building façades, causing a large permanent deflection and the degradation of the flexural and anchoring strength of the stone slabs, which can lead to the cladding falling from the façades. Moreover, the combination of bowing with wind pressure effects on the building façades can increase the risk of fracture and collapse of the stone slabs, especially if this combination is not properly evaluated during design. Motivated by a case study, this work describes a stability evaluation of a 15-year-old building façade coated with marble stone cladding affected by bowing and subjected to wind pressures. This evaluation was focused on the stone slabs, and was performed through finite element model (FEM) numerical simulations of these slabs submitted to wind pressures and through lab tests using samples of stone slabs removed from the building façade. The results obtained demonstrated stability problems on the stone slabs caused by wind pressure-induced stresses combined with the loss of strength due to aging and bowing effects, especially for slabs with larger dimensions.
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Major, Izabela, Maciej Major, and Zbigniew Respondek. "Double-arm steel connector of glass façades." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199706012.
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This paper presents a numerical analysis of a steel double-arm connector, according to the authors’ solution, designed for fixation of glass façades. The analysis was carried out in order to obtain a distribution of stresses and displacements, on the basis of which global displacements and maximum stresses were determined. An additional element of the solution was the use of the M8 bolt, as a linking element of the steel walls of both arms. The numerical simulation was performed using the ADINA program, which is based on the finite element method (FEM). The dynamic effect of wind gusts on the glass façade was assumed, taking into account both wind pressure and suction. The adoption of a rectangular element of the glass façade causes an unfavorable load distribution at the connection point. The conducted research allowed to determine displacements and stresses in a steel connector made of S355JR steel. The applicability of the proposed solution for glass façades with a height of up to 100 m has been demonstrated.
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Ramírez-Balas, Cristina, Enrique Fernández-Nieto, Gladys Narbona-Reina, Juan Sendra, and Rafael Suárez. "Thermal 3D CFD Simulation with Active Transparent Façade in Buildings." Energies 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 2265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092265.
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In recent years active façades have acquired greater importance given their capacity to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. One such type is the so-called Active Transparent Façade (ATF). A 3D numerical model based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been generated to simulate the thermal performance of buildings equipped with this type of façade. This model is introduced for general application and allows the design parameters to be adapted for this system. The case study of Le Corbusier’s proposal for the City of Refuge in Paris, the clearest example of previous use of an ATF is examined. In addition, a proposal is presented for the energy improvement of Le Corbusier’s original solution. In order to do so, the conditions for the supply of air into the ATF cavity and in the mechanical ventilation system are assessed to guarantee comfort conditions.
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Duarte, D., F. Nex, N. Kerle, and G. Vosselman. "TOWARDS A MORE EFFICIENT DETECTION OF EARTHQUAKE INDUCED FAÇADE DAMAGES USING OBLIQUE UAV IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (August 23, 2017): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-93-2017.
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Urban search and rescue (USaR) teams require a fast and thorough building damage assessment, to focus their rescue efforts accordingly. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are able to capture relevant data in a short time frame and survey otherwise inaccessible areas after a disaster, and have thus been identified as useful when coupled with RGB cameras for façade damage detection. Existing literature focuses on the extraction of 3D and/or image features as cues for damage. However, little attention has been given to the efficiency of the proposed methods which hinders its use in an urban search and rescue context. The framework proposed in this paper aims at a more efficient façade damage detection using UAV multi-view imagery. This was achieved directing all damage classification computations only to the image regions containing the façades, hence discarding the irrelevant areas of the acquired images and consequently reducing the time needed for such task. To accomplish this, a three-step approach is proposed: i) building extraction from the sparse point cloud computed from the nadir images collected in an initial flight; ii) use of the latter as proxy for façade location in the oblique images captured in subsequent flights, and iii) selection of the façade image regions to be fed to a damage classification routine. The results show that the proposed framework successfully reduces the extracted façade image regions to be assessed for damage 6 fold, hence increasing the efficiency of subsequent damage detection routines. The framework was tested on a set of UAV multi-view images over a neighborhood of the city of L’Aquila, Italy, affected in 2009 by an earthquake.
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Ballardini, Augusto Luis, Simone Fontana, Daniele Cattaneo, Matteo Matteucci, and Domenico Giorgio Sorrenti. "Vehicle Localization Using 3D Building Models and Point Cloud Matching." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165356.
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Detecting buildings in the surroundings of an urban vehicle and matching them to building models available on map services is an emerging trend in robotics localization for urban vehicles. In this paper, we present a novel technique, which improves a previous work by detecting building façade, their positions, and finding the correspondences with their 3D models, available in OpenStreetMap. The proposed technique uses segmented point clouds produced using stereo images, processed by a convolutional neural network. The point clouds of the façades are then matched against a reference point cloud, produced extruding the buildings’ outlines, which are available on OpenStreetMap (OSM). In order to produce a lane-level localization of the vehicle, the resulting information is then fed into our probabilistic framework, called Road Layout Estimation (RLE). We prove the effectiveness of this proposal, testing it on sequences from the well-known KITTI dataset and comparing the results concerning a basic RLE version without the proposed pipeline.
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Drass, Micheal, and Michael A. Kraus. "Dimensioning of silicone adhesive joints: Eurocode-compliant, mesh-independent approach using the FEM." Glass Structures & Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 4, 2020): 349–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40940-020-00128-4.
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Abstract This paper deals with the application of the semi-probabilistic design concept (level I, DIN EN 1990) to structural silicone adhesives in order to calibrate partial material safety factors for a stretch-based limit state equation. Based on the current legal situation for the application of structural sealants in façades, a new Eurocode-compliant design concept is introduced and compared to existing design codes (ETAG 002). This is followed by some background information on semi-probabilistic reliability modeling and the general framework of the Eurocode for the derivation of partial material safety factors at Level I. Within this paper, a specific partial material safety factor is derived for DOWSIL 993 silicone on the basis of experimental data. The data were then further evaluated under a stretch-based limit state function to obtain a partial material safety factor for that specific limit state function. This safety factor is then extended to the application in finite element calculation programs in such a way that it is possible for the first time to perform mesh-independent static calculations of silicone adhesive joints. This procedure thus allows for great optimization of structural sealant design with potentially high economical as well as sustainability benefits. An example for the static verification of a bonded façade construction by means of finite element calculation shows (i) the application of EC 0 to silicone adhesives and (ii) the transfer of the EC 0 method to the finite element method with the result that mesh-independent ultimate loads can be determined.
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Di Renzo, Alessandro, and Luca Caneparo. "Deep renovation methodology for 20th-century masterpieces: the case of Palazzo Affari by Carlo Mollino." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 8 (2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2023010.
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This paper proposes a methodological approach to energy renovation in valuable buildings, encompassing architectural, historical, and energy analyses. The research tests its application on a case study: a retrofit proposal for Palazzo Affari in Turin, an office building designed by Carlo Mollino for the Chamber of Commerce (1964–1974). The building, still in use, has never been thermally renovated yet. Palazzo Affari gathers structural, technological, and spatial experimentation worth to be preserved. The core of Mollino's design is a versatile plan, clear from any structural encumbrances, which was made possible thanks to an innovative structural technique. Façades are cladded with finely designed concrete prefabricated panels. As a 20th-century masterpiece, it must be recognized as culturally valuable but also shows enormous energy improvement potential, as many buildings of its age. Based on a deep understanding of the building, the paper proposes a combination of traditional and innovative ad hoc solutions for its renovation, mediated by the need for material and iconic preservation. Both the substitution of the façade panels and the insulation from the outside are excluded. The opaque parts of the façade are insulated from the inside using high-performance Vacuum-Insulation-Panels, and cladded by a new counter-facade conceived to be produced in panels through digital fabrication. On the other hand, windows are fully replaced by choosing glass which is both high-performing and respectful of the original chromaticity and transparency. The new window frames with thermal break are specially designed to respect the original external thickness. The design is configured as an add-in intervention, coherent with the pre-existence. Substitutions are carefully weighted and respect the original architectural features. FEM analysis demonstrates the reduction of the thermal flux through the opaque walls by 80% and through the windows by 65%. The solar factor is reduced by 35%, thus improving the summer internal thermal comfort.
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Moelich, M., G. van Zijl, and W. de Villiers. "Thermal performance of cavities in 3DPC building façades." Journal of the South African Institution of Civil Engineering 65, no. 3 (October 4, 2023): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8775/2023/v65n3a4.
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In the quest for sufficient and comfortable housing in South Africa, attention to building orientation and thermal transmittance principles has significantly improved thermal performance in local houses. Thermal simulation and monitoring of houses in the Joe Slovo Phase Three development in Cape Town confirms improved performance by solar radiation blockage and shading. This paper simulates the thermal performance of a housing unit in this development. The house was instrumented with thermocouples, and monitored from March to December 2013 by Sustainable Energy Africa in collaboration with the National Department of Human Settlements. Sustainable Energy Africa reported significant improvement when compared to a nearby traditional Reconstruction and Development Programme house that had been monitored during the same period. With the benefit of the monitored thermal data, complete drawings, and specification details of the Joe Slovo Phase Three unit, the current research modelled and calibrated a simulation model in DesignBuilder. DesignBuilder was selected given its accreditation status for Green Star Rating of buildings in South Africa. An additional motivation for investigating this unit was the availability of recorded weather data from the nearby Cape Town International Airport, captured in the DesignBuilder climate data base for 2013, which was assumed relevant in lieu of complete weather station data measured at the location of the housing unit. The study aimed to simulate the monitored temperatures in the house with acceptable agreement, and to investigate further potential improvement in occupant thermal comfort by alternative 3D-printed concrete walling developed by the authors. Systematic finite element analysis (FEA) iteratively solved cavity radiation and convection in wall cavities to calibrate thermal transmittance parameters for DesignBuilder. The FEA results acceptably simulated temperatures monitored in this physical wall experiment. The calibrated DesignBuilder model simulated the indoor temperatures of the monitored house with acceptable agreement, and predicted significant improvement in occupant thermal comfort if the walls were 3D-printed with a particular cross-sectional design.
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Petresevics, Fanni, and Balázs Nagy. "FEM-Based Evaluation of the Point Thermal Transmittance of Various Types of Ventilated Façade Cladding Fastening Systems." Buildings 12, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12081153.
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The prevalence of ventilated façade systems is not only due to their aesthetic properties but also due to the fact they provide mechanical and acoustic protection for the façade and reduce the energy demand of the building. However, it is essential to mention that the point thermal bridges of the fastening system with brackets and anchors are often neglected during simplified energy performance calculations and practical design tasks. The reason practitioners do not consider the brackets in the calculation is the lack of standards for the simplified calculation of point thermal transmittances, or there being no comprehensive, manufacturer-independent thermal bridge catalogue available. This study aims to evaluate the point thermal transmittances created by the brackets and anchors of the ventilated façade claddings by using 3D numerical thermal modelling. A broad point thermal bridge catalogue was created, considering multiple factors of the ventilated facades. The FEM-based results show that thermal breaks/isolators could reduce the point thermal transmittances by only 2 to 28%, depending on the material of the brackets and the isolators. The brackets’ material and geometrical properties/parameters could cause up to 70% of difference between corrected and uncorrected thermal transmittance values, as well as significant differences between the results if the brackets were applied to different kinds of masonry walls or reinforced concrete walls.
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Liu, Jinyu, Naohisa Inoue, and Tetsuya Sakuma. "Theoretical and numerical analysis on low-frequency sound transmission from façades into room." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 268, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 4950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2023_0703.
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Regarding low-frequency sound transmission from building façades into room for outdoor noise, its mechanism is very complicated due to the combination of outer walls and windows, the vibration behavior of an entire building structure, and the acoustic coupling with an interior sound field. In particular, the installation of a double window system involves combined phenomena of its resonance transmission and normal modes of the room, which has not been fully understood. In order to investigate the phenomena, a theoretical examination is first conducted based on a one-dimension vibro-acoustic model assuming piston vibration of double windowpanes and air spring between them. Next, numerical simulations based on the vibro-acoustic FEM are performed for a house model that consists of outer walls and double windowpanes. The results are compared to clarify the effects of the thickness, stiffness and size of glazing and the air layer thickness for the double window, and also sound absorption of the room. Furthermore, the composite soundproofing effect of weight increasing of the outer walls and installation of the double window is examined to consider appropriate measures for low-frequency sound.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Feu – Façades"
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Duny, Mathieu. "Etudes numérique et expérimentale des phénomènes de propagation d'un incendie le long d'une façade." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESMA0020/document.
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Pour des raisons d'économie d'énergie, les façades des bâtiments deviennent de plus en plus sophistiquées à la fois par leurs configurations et leurs compositions. Mais la quantité de combustible de ces nouvelles façades est bien supérieure à celle des façades traditionnelles. Par conséquent, le risque de propagation du feu via la façade est plus important. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail est de modéliser le développement du feu à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur d'un bâtiment en prenant en compte différentes configurations et compositions de façade. Cette recherche expérimentale et numérique a permis d'identifier les paramètres qui augmentent ou diminuent le risque de propagation du feu via une façade. Dans un premier temps, après avoir vérifié la capacité du code de calcul à modéliser les flammes pariétales, une étude numérique qui étudie l’influence de la géométrie d’une façade sur la propagation du feu via la façade a été réalisée. En effet, les différents phénomènes liés aux dimensions des ouvertures et/ou à la configuration de la façade ont été identifiés. Il a donc été possible d’analyser leur influence sur le risque de propagation du feu en façade à travers des grandeurs telles que la puissance libérée à l’extérieur du bâtiment ou encore la hauteur de flamme et les actions thermiques engendrées. Parmi les configurations étudiées figurent des géométries plus ou moins complexes pouvant être rencontrées sur les bâtiments. Par exemple, les ouvertures multiples ou encore des configurations en « U » afin d’étudier l’influence de l’effet cheminée sur l’extension des flammes. En effet, ce type de configurations a déjà été la cause d’une propagation rapide d'incendies via des façades quelles que soient leurs compositions. Par la suite, une étude expérimentale sur la propagation du feu sur une paroi combustible a été réalisée avec deux objectifs. Tout d’abord afin d’étudier les phénomènes de propagation sur une façade combustible (température de flamme, hauteur de propagation, contribution énergétique de la façade), mais également pour récolter des données expérimentales permettant la validation de modèles de propagation et les simulations numériques dans cette situation. Dans un deuxième temps, une nouvelle campagne expérimentale a permis d’étudier l’influence de la présence d’une lame d’air de ventilation entre le bardage et le mur sur la propagation du feu. Cette dernière configuration est largement utilisée dans la construction des façades comportant généralement une couche d’isolation dans la lame d’air. Cette recherche, à la fois académique et applicative, a permis de fournir des informations originales sur le développement et le comportement du feu le long d’une façade, qu’elle soit combustible ou non. Les résultats numériques présentés mettent en évidence les différents paramètres gouvernant le développement d’un feu le long d’une façade, ce qui facilite la compréhension des phénomènes liés à cette problématique. De plus, les différents essais réalisés pourront servir de base de données à la modélisation de la propagation d’un incendie le long d’une paroi combustible, ainsi qu’à la mise au point des modèles de développement et de propagationIn order to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings, the facades are becoming more sophisticated in both their configurations and compositions. However, the amount of fuel of these new facades is much higher than that of traditional facades. Therefore, the risk of fire spread through the facade is more important. Thus, the objective of this work is to model the fire development inside and outside of a building, taking into account different configurations and facade compositions. This experimental and numerical research has identified the parameters that increase or decrease the risk of fire spread via the façade. First, after verifying the capacity of the FDS code to model the parietal flames, a numerical study that examines the influence of the geometry of a facade fire spread was completed. Indeed, the various phenomena related to openings dimensions and / or configurations of the façade have been identified. It was therefore possible to analyze their influence on the risk of fire spread along the façade using quantities such as the heat released outside the building, the flame height and thermal actions (temperature, fluxes). Among the configurations studied are contained more or less complex geometries that can be encountered on the buildings. For example, multiple openings or "U" configurations were investigated in order to study the influence of the chimney effect on the extension of flames. Indeed, this type of configuration has already been the cause of the rapid spread fire through walls regardless of their compositions. Subsequently, an experimental study on fire spread along a combustible wall was realized with two goals. First, a series of tests was performed in order to observe propagation phenomena on a combustible façade and to collect experimental data to validate propagation models and numerical simulations in this situation. Secondly, another experimental campaign was used to study the influence of the presence of a ventilation air gap between the cladding and the wall on the spread of fire. This latter is widely used in the construction of facades. This research, both academic and applicative, has provided new information on the fire development and fire behavior along a façade, combustible or not. The numerical results demonstrate the various parameters governing the development of a fire along a façade, which facilitates the understanding of phenomena related to this issue. In addition, various tests can be used as a database for the modeling of fire spread along a combustible wall. Thus, this work contributes to the development of models of fire development and spread on buildings via the façade
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Tang, Mingwei. "Étude expérimentale multi-échelle sur la performance au feu des systèmes ETICS en EPS et des peintures ignifugeantes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Centrale Lille Institut, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024CLIL0032.
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Cette étude évalue les performances au feu des Systèmes d'Isolation Thermique par l'Extérieur (ITE) à base de polystyrène expansé (PSE), avec et sans l'ajout de revêtements ignifuges. En raison de sa grande inflammabilité, le PSE présente des risques d'incendie significatifs pour les façades des bâtiments. Pour y remédier, divers traitements de surface, tels que des peintures ignifuges et des mortiers modifiés au graphite expansé (EG), ont été testés à différentes échelles, allant de la caractérisation des matériaux à petite échelle, aux essais à l’échelle intermédiaire et aux tests en grandeur réelle sur façade. Les essais multi-échelles ont permis une évaluation complète du comportement au feu, abordant les aspects spécifiques de la performance à chaque niveau et renforçant les capacités prédictives des tests à petite échelle. Un nouveau banc d'essai à petite échelle (0,05 m²) a été développé pour simuler la propagation des flammes vers le haut, mesurant des variables clés telles que la propagation des flammes et la répartition des températures à la surface de la façade. L'application des revêtements EG a considérablement amélioré la résistance au feu en réduisant le transfert de chaleur et la propagation des flammes, préservant jusqu'à 50 % de la mousse de PSE lors des essais à échelle intermédiaire. Malgré des défis tels que la dégradation du charbon lors des tests à grande échelle, les revêtements modifiés au EG ont démontré une meilleure stabilité thermique et un risque d'inflammation réduit, maintenant une différence de température allant jusqu'à 470 °C par rapport aux façades non traitées. Ces résultats soulignent le rôle essentiel des essais multi-échelles dans la validation des performances au feu des ITE à base de PSE et dans l'amélioration de la sécurité incendie des façadesThis study assesses the fire performance of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)-based External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS), both with and without flame-retardant coatings. Given its high flammability, EPS poses significant fire risks in building facades. To address this, various surface treatments, including flame-retardant paints and expandable graphite (EG)-modified mortars, were tested across multiple scales—ranging from small-scale material characterization to bench-scale experiments and full-scale facade tests. Multi-scale testing offered a thorough evaluation of fire behavior, addressing specific fire performance aspects at each scale and reinforcing the predictive capabilities of smaller-scale tests. A novel small-scale test bench (0.05 m²) was developed to simulate upward flame spread, measuring key variables such as flame propagation and temperature distribution on the facade surface. The application of EG coatings notably enhanced fire resistance by reducing heat transfer and flame propagation, preserving up to 50% of the EPS foam during bench-scale tests. Despite challenges such as char degradation during large-scale tests, EG-modified coatings demonstrated improved thermal stability and lowered ignition risks, maintaining a temperature difference of up to 470 °C compared to untreated facades. These findings highlight the critical role of multi-scale testing in validating the fire performance of EPS-based ETICS and advancing facade fire safety
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Valette, Romain. "La métallurgie du fer sur la façade atlantique de la France et de la péninsule Ibérique, du second âge du Fer à la fin du premier siècle de notre ère." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30045/document.
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Les objectifs de ce travail sont doubles. Le premier est la caractérisation de l’organisation technique, économique et sociale de la métallurgie du fer au sein d’un vaste ensemble géographique. Le second est de vérifier l’existence de permanences ou de ruptures chronologiques et géographiques dans ce système. Une chronologie large (450 a.C. – 100 p.C.) incluant la conquête romaine des territoires concernés permet de vérifier si les changements politiques influent sur les productions comme celle du fer. Dans un premier temps, l’étude des structures de production, ainsi que des outils et des déchets de travail du fer, fournit des éléments permettant de restituer les procédés techniques employés par les métallurgistes. Il a ainsi été possible de démontrer que certains forgerons étaient spécialisés dans la fabrication d’un panel réduit d’objets, tandis que d’autres avaient une activité beaucoup plus large. Dans un second temps, un travail sur l’organisation des espaces de production a permis de démontrer l’existence de plusieurs types d’arrangements des structures au sein des ateliers. Ces éléments, ajoutés à ceux sur les techniques de fabrication, conduisent à déterminer l’existence de lignées techniques : des personnes utilisant des structures similaires pour effectuer des productions similaires. Enfin, la réinsertion de ces données dans leur contexte social, en particulier en associant chaque production au statut du site sur laquelle elle est effectuée, démontre de fortes variations régionales et chronologiques de l’organisation du processus métallurgique sur la façade atlantique. Au début du second âge du Fer, la métallurgie est peu répandue. Elle ne produit que peu de déchets et s’effectue en contexte rural. Les quantités de métal les plus importantes sont travaillées au sein des domaines des élites. La fin de la Protohistoire est marquée par une augmentation de la quantité de fer produit et par la spécialisation toujours plus marquée des activités, démontrant une forte séparation des diverses phases de travail. De plus, la proportion de travaux de forge au sein des agglomérations augmente. Autour du changement d’ère, la quantité de fer produit croît encore, de même que le nombre d’espaces de travail spécialisés. Cela atteste de la prolongation des tendances amorcées des périodes antérieuresThe objectives of this work are twofold. First, to characterize the technical, economic and social organization of iron metallurgy within a vast geographical area. Secondly, to verify the existence of permanence or chronological and geographical breaks in this system. A broad chronology (450 BC - 100 p.c.) including the Roman conquest of the territories concerned, makes it possible to verify the influence of political changes in iron production. First, the study of production structures, as well as iron working tools and waste, provides elements for restoring the technical processes used by metallurgists. It was thus possible to demonstrate that some blacksmiths were specialized in the manufacture of a reduced panel of objects, while others had a much larger activity. In a second step, work on the organisation of production spaces made it possible to demonstrate the existence of several types of structural arrangements within the workshops. These elements, added to those on manufacturing techniques, lead to the determination of the existence of technical lines: people using similar structures to carry out similar productions. Finally, the reintegration of these data into their social context, in particular by associating each production with the status of the site on which it is carried out, shows strong regional and chronological variations in the organisation of the metallurgical process on the Atlantic coast. At the beginning of the second Iron Age, metallurgy was not very widespread. It produces little waste and is carried out in a rural context. The largest quantities of metal are processed in the elite domains. The end of Protohistory is marked by an increase in the quantity of iron produced and by the ever more marked specialisation of activities, demonstrating a strong separation of the various phases of work. In addition, the amount of smithing works increase in urban areas. Around the change of era, the quantity of iron produced increased further, as did the number of specialized workspaces. This reflects the continuing trends initiated in previous periods
Book chapters on the topic "Feu – Façades"
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Eid, Bana, and Nadia Mounajjed. "Facade Retrofits: Sustainable Living Architectural Facades. The Case Study of “Baynunah Hilton Tower” in Abu Dhabi." In BUiD Doctoral Research Conference 2023, 214–24. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56121-4_21.
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AbstractOver the last few years, the concept of a more sustainable/eco-responsive skin featured as alternative envelopes for buildings (sometimes termed “Living Architecture”), designed to achieve low energy consumption, cost efficiency, and user comfort. Until today, architects in the UAE tend to design projects with double skin façades more than providing living architecture façade to achieve energy efficiency and sustainability in an extremely hot climate. Since the 1990s buildings in Gulf cities were dressed in cladding, which ignores the importance of building orientation, passive design ideas, and implementation.Purpose – This paper examines the concept of living architecture in the context of the UAE and proposes a framework to retrofit existing unsustainable designs with more eco-responsive ones.Methodology – Energy analysis will be applied to the façade of Baynunah Hilton Tower in Abu Dhabi before and after providing a living architectural façade technique in order to test the energy efficiency of the facade between the two scenarios. The analysis will be applied using FormIt software.Findings – The new proposed façade design “Light-weight Aluminium with Arabesque pattern” have affected positively the energy performance of the building. The energy consumption has been reduced by almost 38% after applying the retrofitting design to the façade.Implications – Façade retrofit is important as it helps in providing sustainable design solutions for the building’s facade that plays an important role in achieving energy efficiency and saving the environment.Originality/value – All the scenarios and simulations were done by the authors using FormIt software.
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Altay, Coşkun. "Histoire par les noms in Ancient Galatia." In Personal Names in Ancient Anatolia. British Academy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265635.003.0006.
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For the two centuries following the Galatian occupation of central Anatolia after 278 BC, only a few nearly exclusively Celtic names of tribal or mercenary leaders have been transmitted. In the first century BC, the first examples of Anatolian names re-emerge in our evidence, and a few Greco-Macedonian ones alongside them. By the beginning of the second century AD, Roman names prevailed among Galatian aristocrats. This study also looks at the Phrygian and Celtic traditions that were sometimes hidden behind Greek or Roman façades: the extent of such complex naming practices reveals the compatibility of embracing Hellenism or Romanness with an awareness of the Galatian or Phrygian cultural heritage still in the second century. Such local peculiarities faded away in the third century with the universal extension of the Roman franchise and the spread of Christian names.
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Delrieu, Fabien, Philippe Gruat, Lionel Izac-Imbert, and Pierre-Yves Milcent. "Bilan des pratiques funéraires du Second Âge du fer sur la façade méridionale du massif Central : Haute-Auvergne, Causses du Rouergue et du Gévaudan, Cévennes." In L’âge du Fer en Basse-Normandie. Gestes funéraires en Gaule au Second-Âge du Fer. Volumes I et II, 253–68. Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.pufc.7167.
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Pugh, Tison. "The Queer Creatures of Oz and Elsewhere Eat One Another." In Queer Oz, 90–109. University Press of Mississippi, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496845313.003.0005.
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Even if L. Frank Baum intended for the word queer to refer exclusively to the odd and the eccentric with no relation to matters of sexuality, it is striking that Oz’s eccentricity undoes its façade as a utopian realm and demarcates the impossibility of normativity for its eclectic range of marvelous creatures. This dynamic appears frequently in the question of eating and consumption in Oz and Baum’s other fantasy worlds, where a range of magical creatures daily face the possibility of cannibalism. Most societies view cannibalism as a particularly abhorrent act, and thus it demarcates the lines between civilization and primitivism. In Baum’s fictions, however, queerness and other enactments of antinormativity so characterize the social order that every meal sparks a potential crisis over who is consuming what—or whom. These dynamics demarcate Baum’s fantasylands as inherently queer spaces, for few norms, even against cannibalism, can function there.
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Tran, Ben. "The Impact of the Model Minority Culture in Higher Education Institutions." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 285–326. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9850-5.ch012.
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Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) are one of the fastest growing ethnic communities in the United States. Often referred to as the model minority, first coined by William Peterson, in 1966, AAPIs in the U.S. number approximately 15 million and represent more than 100 languages and dialects. However, few studies have investigated psychological consequences of internalizing the model minority. The purpose of this chapter is delve into the other side of the model minority façade, the less glamorous side of model minority, one of the causes of Asian Americans' psychological and mental health issues: the history of model minority, the concept of stereotype, and the various psychological and mental health issues, the reputation of the concept of psychological issues, and mental health services. While there is sacred empirical evidence in the support of the claim that direct causality exists between model minority and psychological and mental health issues, validities and correlations can be established, through the shared classification of diagnosed symptoms.
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"Behind the façade of fee-free education: shadow education and its implications for social justice: Mark Bray and Ora Kwo." In Privatisation, Education and Social Justice, 70–87. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315666938-11.
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Longworth, Deborah. "The Sitwells and Sitwellism." In The Many Facades of Edith Sitwell. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813054421.003.0002.
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Few figures have been so renowned and yet so critically dismissed within the history of literary modernism as Edith, Osbert and Sacheverell Sitwell. For a time in the early 1920s they were the leading personalities of London’s immediately post-war modernist haut bohemia, and the embodiment of the modernist avant-garde as it was perceived in the popular imagination. One of the reasons for their disappearance from histories of the emergence of English modernism, is perhaps that the Sitwellian brand of avant-gardism was so distinct from the classicist aesthetic standard by which modernism would subsequently come to be defined. This chapter examines a cult of “ornamental modernism” in the 1920s, of which the Sitwells were the figureheads; an impulse that we find in works that embrace the extravagant, the theatrical, or the eccentric; that turn to the decadent, baroque, and rococo rather than the classical for their models, that foreground artistic celebrity rather than impersonality, and in which performance and façades dominate rather than formalist clean lines or the direct articulation of subjective consciousness. It is an alternative trend in experimental art that overtly positions itself in antagonism with the conservative artistic and cultural tendencies of the period, but that also sits awkwardly in relation to the standard and revisionary histories of avant-garde and modernist experiment, exemplifying instead an ornamental aesthetic that has been all but obliterated from subsequent literary and art history.
Conference papers on the topic "Feu – Façades"
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Rodríguez Casas, José Antonio. "“L’emploi du quatrième mur sur le pan de verre”. Apariciones del concepto de cuarta pared en los libros, textos y documentos de Le Corbusier." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.661.
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Resumen: La cuarta pared de Le Corbusier es un modelo teórico que ve por primera vez la luz en La Ville Radieuse en 1935. Su aparición, tras la fachada libre, abre el campo de posibilidades de diseño del cerramiento de los edificios tras la fachada libre. Desde su primer enunciado, la teoría tiene un carácter eminentemente práctico, ya que define con claridad un conjunto de instrucciones y una herramienta de proyecto. Esta herramienta permite el diseño de cerramientos de vidrio divididos de acuerdo a la geometría del Modulor, siendo capaz cada una de estas divisiones de asumir una función diferente (ventilación, iluminación, vistas). Además, mediante el aumento del espesor de la fachada, la herramienta de la cuarta pared posibilita alojar módulos de equipamiento en su interior, disponer el vidrio en distintas posiciones de protección o exposición e incluso colocar pantallas y capas de protección dentro del espesor del cerramiento. Aunque tuvo escasas apariciones en los escritos de Le Corbusier, la teoría fue en su vertiente práctica de uso frecuente en el estudio de Rue de Sèvres, 35 tanto en proyectos como en edificios construidos. El presente trabajo recorre la presencia de la cuarta pared en los escritos del arquitecto y analiza el contenido de la misma, intentando desentrañar el “manual de instrucciones” que supone. El artículo sintetiza además la deriva que sufrió la cuarta pared a lo largo de la carrera del arquitecto, poniendo de manifiesto su capacidad de adaptación al avance técnico constante en su arquitectura. Abstract: Le Corbusier’s fourth wall is a theoretical model that first appears in “La Ville Radieuse” in 1935, opening, after the free façade, a full range of possibilities to the design of the building’s envelope. It has mainly a practical character from its first wording, as the fourth wall clearly defines a set of instructions and a tool for projecting, The tool allows for the enclosures to be divided according the Modulor’s geometry, with each of these divisions being able to take on different functions (ventilation, illumination or views). In addition to this, the fourth wall’s tool is able to accommodate equipment modules inside the façade by increasing its thickness, place the glass in different protection or exposure positions or even placing screens or protection layers inside the building envelope’s thickness. While the theory seldom appeared in Le Corbusier’s writings, it was frequently used by the Rue de Sèvres 35 office due to its practical implications, either in projects or in completed buildings. The present work visits and analyses the fourth wall’s few appearances in the architect’s theoretical documents and attempts to untangle its “instruction manual. The article summarises as well the drift that the fourth wall theory experimented through the architect’s career, evidencing its ability to adapt to the constant technical development of his architecture. Palabras clave: quatrième mur, cuarta pared, façade libre, fachada libre, pan de verre. Keywords: quatrième mur, fourth wall, façade libre, free façade, pan de verre. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.661
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Anders, Selena Kathleen. "Medieval Porticoes of Rome: New Methods and Technologies for Revealing Rome’s Architectural and Urban Heritage." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.4505.
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At the moment there are few comprehensive texts or instruments that allow architects, designers, historians, planners or even students the ability to understand the complex layers of a city’s urban fabric. As a result, this paper was prepared in order to be uploaded to a digital tool that allows for such exploration of the built environment. The transformation of the city of Rome is documented in a number of sources and as a result makes it the ideal city for study of architectural and urban evolution. As a case study in digital documentation this paper examines the medieval façade porticoes of Rome at three scales: urban, architectural, and detail. The identification and mapping of these structures, are shown together allowing one to examine them in relation to historic and present day city maps. In addition, their location is analyzed in relation to ancient Roman streets and historic processional routes, to observe the connection amongst their location and that of major thoroughfares of antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance. At the architectural scale, the detailed documentation in plan and elevation reveal four distinct variations that existed in the use of the residential façade portico. At the scale of architectural detail, an inventory of reused architectural elements or spolia that make up the residential porticoes reveal the reuse of ancient Roman column shafts, bases and capitals as well as the medieval masons’ preference for the use of the Ionic capital in particular. This paper prepares a methodology for digital deployment of traditional scholarship focused on architecture and the built environment.
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Arias-Salazar, Pablo Santiago, Marina Vidaurre-Arbizu, José Antonio Sacristán-Fernández, César Martín-Gómez, José Ramón Couso-San Martín, Jorge Fernández-Heras, and Amaia Zuazua-Ros. "Active aluminum window-frame integrated prototype with a thermoelectric heat recovery system for ventilation and air conditioning." In 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture, VIBRArch. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vibrarch2022.2022.15248.
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Research interest in the integration of thermoelectric systems in the building envelope have increased during the last years. Studies show that regardless of a low COP compared to vapor compression systems; thermoelectric systems present other remarkable features for heating, cooling and ventilation on buildings. Among those studies, a few prototype experiences incorporate thermoelectric systems on windows.Alternatively, standard air conditioning systems often require additional equipment installed on façade or wall surfaces that compromise the use of space in the case of building refurbishment. Thus, the integration of thermoelectric systems on window framing is presented here as a decentralized alternative for air conditioning support, whose performance aims at balancing out the heat losses in windows. The purpose of this communication is to present the development of an active aluminum window-framing prototype with a thermoelectric heat recovery system for heating and cooling. In a typical single-floor house scenario, the active window-frame works in two different modes: pre heating/cooling mode applying forced convection through a mechanical fan and pre heating/cooling mode with natural convection. The impulsion airflow rate meets ventilation requirements according to Spanish Technical Building Code (CTE) for indoor air quality.
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Viar Fraile, Iñigo De. "Bajo la Luz. Buscando la luz." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.610.
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Resumen: Le Corbusier fue un gran buscador. Un buscador de luz. Tras un primer periodo de búsqueda halló su arquitectura cúbica y blanca y luego, después de la Guerra y quince años sin construir, Le Corbusier inició un nuevo camino, una nueva búsqueda de la luz en su arquitectura; mucho más plena. En este segundo periodo el trabajo con la luz y con la sombra, sobre todo con la sombra, como mecanismo plástico, escultural, es muy intenso. Trabajó con la luz por medio de dos sistemas: la” interposición” y la “captación” (captura). El sistema de la “interposición” lo realizó mediante los Brise-Soleil, en un principio y luego, con mucha mayor contundencia, mediante los “edificios parasol” construidos como fachadas interpuestas. El sistema de la “captación”, más reducido, lo realizó por medio de lucernarios y grietas, buscando la luz, siempre con diferentes orientaciones. Por último decir que un arquitecto tan material como Le Corbusier construyó con lo inmaterial, con la luz, tejido de sus obras. Los edificios tratados son unos pocos, los principales, todos ellos de su segunda época. Abstract: Le Corbusier was a great searcher. A light searcher. Afterwards a first period of searching he founded his cubic and white architecture and after the Word War II and fifteen years without erecting up a building, Le Corbusier restarted a new path, a new search for the light in his architecture, much broader. In this second age, the work with the light and with the shadow, mostly with the shadow, as plastic and sculptural mechanism is very deep. He worked with the light via two systems: “interposition” and “capture”. The mechanism of “interposition” was developed by Le Corbusier by means of the BriseSoleil, at the beginning, and later, much more strongly, by means of the “parasol-sun shade buildings”, erected like front façades. The “catching” system, done on a smaller scale, was made by the construction of several skylights and gaps, searching for the light and always with different orientations. Finally say that a material architect as Le Corbusier was, he constructed with the immaterial light, weave of his works. The buildings studied are a few, all of them part of second period and they are the core of Le Corbusier´s buildings. Palabras clave: Luz, Sombra, Buscar, Interposición, Captación, Silencio. Keywords: Light, Shadow, Search, Interposition, Capture, Silence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.610
Reports on the topic "Feu – Façades"
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Veloso, Rita Carvalho, Catarina Dias, Andrea Resende Souza, Joana Maia, Nuno M. M. Ramos, and João Ventura. Improving the optical properties of finishing coatings for façade systems. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541592743.
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The need to improve energy efficiency of the building stock has led to a continuous increase in the implementation of exterior thermal insulation systems, such as ETICS. Progressively, these systems are being applied with darker colours, increasing the concern for hygrothermal behaviour and durability. Despite the significant developed studies, very few reports regarding their optical properties are available. The optical and catalytic capacity turns nanomaterials into excellent candidates for use in finishing coatings with high solar reflectance with dark colours without affecting the aesthetic characteristics, thus improving the durability of such coatings. Our study targeted the development of innovative envelope systems by increasing their solar reflectance through new finishing coatings formulations with the inclusion of nanoparticles. For that, it is necessary to develop and optimize nanoparticles formulations to achieve a high near-infrared reflectance. Here, we studied how the incorporation of reflective nanomaterials influence the optical behaviour of a black colourant for a finishing coating, varying the concentration in the coating from 0 to 20%. Such optical performance was experimentally evaluated through spectral reflectance calculations using a modular spectrophotometer, which allowed an understanding of the relation between these properties and the morphological and structural characteristics of the nanoparticles. The results from such studies can help formulate new finishing coatings with increased near-infrared reflectance of buildings façades, using, for instance, more than one type of nanoparticle.