Journal articles: 'Fetus Movement'

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Sekulic, S., G. Kekovic, Danka Filipovic, M. Drapsin, Jelena Podgorac, Ljiljana Martac, and Aleksandra Novakov-Mikic. "Monitoring the progressive increase of the longest episode of spontaneous movements in Guinea pig fetus." Archives of Biological Sciences 65, no. 4 (2013): 1459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1304459s.

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The aim of this work was to determine the changes in the duration of spontaneous movements in the guinea pig fetus after the appearance of its first movements. Every day from the 25th to the 35th gestation day, one fetus from each of twenty pregnant animals was examined by ultrasound. Fetal movements were observed for 5 min. The episode with the longest period of movement was taken into consideration and was recorded as: <1 s, 1-3 s, and >3 s. Days 25 and 26 were characterized by episodes lasting <1 s; days 29 to 31 were dominated by episodes lasting 1-3 s, and days 34 and 35 by episodes lasting >3 s (?2 = 140.51 p <0.05). Tracking the dynamics of progressive increases in the longest episode of spontaneous movement could be a useful factor in estimating the maturity and condition of a fetus.

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Liu, Yuwei, Rongrong Xuan, Yuhuan He, Feng Ren, and Yaodong Gu. "Computation of Fetal Kicking in Various Fetal Health Examinations: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 5, 2022): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074366.

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Fetal movement has always been considered an essential indicator to evaluate the health of the unborn fetus. Many factors affect fetal movement. The frequency of fetal kicking is an important measurement of whether fetal development is progressing and healthy. Various instruments and methods of detecting fetal movement have been used and each method has its advantages and disadvantages. Although limited by the fetal environment in utero, the finite element method and musculoskeletal model can be used to calculate fetal lower limb movement. This review aims to summarize the current detection techniques for fetal movement, especially in the lower limbs. These will be outlined by describing the different measurements of fetal movement, and the related biomechanical analyses of fetal lower limb skeletogenesis and the associated muscular development to better evaluate and calculate the movements of the fetus in the womb.

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Zhao, Xiaoxue, Jan Awrejcewicz, Jianpeng Li, Yuhuan He, and Yaodong Gu. "The Lower Limb Movements of the Fetus in Uterus: A Narrative Review." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2023 (January 23, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4324889.

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The fetus movements play an important role in fetal well-being. With the continuous advancement of real-time scanning machines, it is feasible to observe the fetus movement in detail. The characteristics of fetal lower limb movements in prenatal examination have not been systematically investigated. This review proposes the patterns of fetal lower limb movements, the maternal influence on fetal lower limb movements, and the application of fetal lower limb movements for the diagnosis of prenatal diseases. A systematic search of literature on the lower limb movements of the fetus in uterus was performed in the databases, namely, Web of Science and Scopus. Thirty-four publications were selected. This review demonstrates that isolated fetal lower limb movements are rare and always accompanied with the movements of other body segments. Detection of the presence of fetal leg movements seems to be of no diagnostic value for fetuses with prenatal diseases. The isolated lower limb movement was statistically significant different between fetuses of low- and high-risk pregnant women. The coordinated movements of the fetal lower limbs and other parts should be considered when analyzing fetal movements in the future study.

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Lee, Liza, Yu-Hsin Chang, Wei-Ju Liang, and Yao-Cing Huang. "The Effect of Music Intervention on Fetal Education via Doppler Fetal Monitor." Children 9, no. 6 (June 18, 2022): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9060918.

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This study focused on the effects of music intervention on fetal education in pregnant women. The fetal heart rate of the fetus at 30–38 weeks of gestational age was monitored by an ultrasound Doppler fetal monitor, and differences in the frequency of fetal movement responses to familiar and unfamiliar music courses were recorded and analyzed. The analysis results showed that the fetuses had less fetal movement to fixed singing activities, with a mean of 0.7 and a standard deviation of 0.79. On the contrary, the fetuses had significant fetal movement responses to irregular singing, with a mean of 1.73 and a standard deviation of 1.37. The results showed that the fetus receives external sounds through hearing, and a pregnant woman singing fixed music to her fetus can stabilize the frequency of fetal movement, promote the health of herself and the fetus, and establish maternal-fetal bonding.

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DIVIETI, L., M. GALLI, and R. SALVI. "POSTURE AND MOVEMENT IN PREGNANCY." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 05, no. 02 (March 1995): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202595000097.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects caused by increasing weight of maternal abdomen on the vertebral column. We study this argument because women with typical pathologies of vertebral column as scoliosis present, after pregnancy, a worsening of pathology. The progression of scoliosis in pregnant patients presents one of the most debatable and not yet clarified topic for the inherent hazard for mother and fetus in the traditional X-ray examination. For this work, the posture and movement of six pregnant subjects, three females bearing an artificial abdomen and two men too, have been analyzed using a particular equipment (EL.I.TE) that is not dangerous for patients. We analyze also the effects on the abdominal skin (ladders) due to the abdomen extension for fetus development studying a function which gives an approximation of abdominal profile, using a hydrodynamic model, to calculate the volume and the weight of the abdomen in the different pregnancy periods and also to analyze the causes of ladders.

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Samutri, Erni, and Lia Endriyani. "Education of fetal movement counting: an effort to increase knowledge and compliance of pregnant women to do self-assessment of fetal wellbeing." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan Indonesia 9, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/jnki.2021.9(1).68-75.

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Background: Decreased movements of the fetus can indicate decrease supply of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and increase the risk of fetal compromised, even stillbirth. Providing accurate information on fetal movements will help mother to make right decision when dealing with decreased fetal movements. This study aims to determine the effect of fetal movement counting education on knowledge and compliance of pregnant women in performing fetal movement counting.Method: This pre-experimental study allocated 32 pregnant women at 28-37 weeks gestation to practice daily fetal movement counting for 3 weeks. The intervention was a package of fetal movement counting education and practice for 3 weeks. Knowledge on fetal movement counting was measured 4 times by a validated questionnaire and compliance was measured in the end of intervention. Friedman test was used to analyze the changes of women knowledge on fetal movement counting.Results: The results showed that there was an increase in women knowledge on fetal movement counting from 52.94% to 86.10% at the end of intervention, by the highest score in the technihue for fetal movement counting (93.67%). Comparison of 4 measurement periods showed significant changes in knowledge (p <0.000), with a tendency of rise in knowledge. The compliance in performing fetal movement counting was high about 96%.Conclusion: Education of fetal movement counting will increases the knowledge regarding fetal movement. Providing appropriate education and continuous follow-up will increase women’s awareness on the importance of fetal movement monitoring and rise up their compliance to do so.

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Sekulić, Slobodan, Damir Lukač, Minja Drapšin, Ivan Čapo, Dušan Lalošević, and Aleksandra Novakov-Mikić. "Ultrasonographic observations of the maturation of basic movements in guinea pig fetuses." Open Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-008-0054-1.

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AbstractUltrasonography has not previously been used for studying fetal movements in precocial rodents. The objective of this study was to ultrasonographically determine the sequence of the appearance of basic movements in a guinea pig fetus. The research included eight guinea pig females carrying one fetus each. Fetal movements were observed for 10 minutes each day, from the 25th to 38th day of gestation. The time and sequence of the appearance of movements was observed as follows: whole body flexion (mean 27.6 SD ± 1.68), whole body extension (mean 28.1 SD ± 1.12), head flexion (mean 28.1 SD ± 1.80), head extension (mean 30.5 SD ± 2.67) forelimbs flexion (mean 30.5 SD ± 2.32), forelimbs extension (mean 30.7 SD ± 1.84), trunk rotation (mean 31.9 SD ± 2.23), forelimbs alternating flexion and extension (mean 32.1 SD ± 2.1), hind limbs extension (mean 32.2 SD ± 3.2), hind limbs flexion (mean 32.4 SD ± 3.16), and hind limbs alternating flexion and extension (mean 33.5 SD ± 2.39). The identical sequences of basic movement appearances in guinea pigs, sheep, and rats suggest that the rostrocaudal gradient of basic movement appearance could be a general developmental pattern in mammalian species.

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VELAZQUEZ, MARIA D., and WILLIAM F. RAYBURN. "Antenatal Evaluation of the Fetus Using Fetal Movement Monitoring." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 45, no. 4 (December 2002): 993–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-200212000-00006.

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Kleven, Gale A., Maura S. Lane, and Scott R. Robinson. "Development of Interlimb Movement Synchrony in the Rat Fetus." Behavioral Neuroscience 118, no. 4 (2004): 835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.118.4.835.

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Cohen, S., N. Parvizi, E. J. H. Mulder, H. A. Van Oord, F. H. Jonker, G. C. Van Der Weijden, and M. A. M. Taverne. "Effects of morphine and naloxone on fetal heart rate and movement in the pig." Journal of Applied Physiology 90, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 1577–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.90.4.1577.

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To test the hypothesis that an increasing opioid tonus is involved in decreases in fetal heart rate (FHR) and movement (FM) during late gestation, we studied the effects of intravenous bolus injections of morphine (1 mg) and naloxone (1 mg) on FHR and FM in the fetal pig. Twenty-one fetuses (1 per sow) were catheterized at 90–104 days of gestation (median 100 days). Recordings of FHR (electrocardiograph or Doppler-derived signals) and FM (ultrasonography) were made from 15 min before to 45 min after treatment. Morphine administration significantly decreased FHR, but it increased FHR variation and forelimb movements (LM). LM were clustered, and this stereotyped behavior has never before been observed in any mammalian fetus. Naloxone administration increased gross body movements and FHR without significant changes in FHR variation. It is concluded that FHR and motility are under opioidergic control in the pig fetus. Both morphine and naloxone induce hypermotility, suggesting that naloxone does not act as a pure opioid antagonist in the fetal pig.

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Abeywardena, Chalani L., Frederique J. Vanheusden, Kate F. Walker, Richard Arm, and Qimei Zhang. "Fetal Movement Counting Using Optical Fibre Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010048.

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Daily fetal movement counting based on maternal perception is widely deployed to monitor fetal wellbeing. However, the counting performed by the mother is prone to errors for various reasons. There are limited devices on the market that can provide reliable and automatic counting. This paper presents a prototype of a novel fetal movement monitoring device based on fibre Bragg grating sensors. Deformation of the skin caused by a fetal movement can lead to a change of the strain and stress on the optical fibre sensors, therefore can induce distortions to the breathing pattern of the mother. In the study data was gathered by the sensors through strain measurement and was post-processed using independent component analysis (ICA) and high-pass filtering to show the instances of the fetal movements. Information gathered during user trials with the prototype suggests that the system detects significantly higher numbers of fetus movements than that observed based on the mother’s perception. Among the various techniques available for fetal movement monitoring, fibre optic sensing provides many advantages including multiplex capability, flexibility and minimal size, making the concept an attractive solution for reliable monitoring of antenatal fetal movements.

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Stulc, J., and B. Stulcova. "Effect of NaCl load administered to the fetus on the bidirectional movement of 51Cr-EDTA across rat placenta." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 270, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): R984—R989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1996.270.5.r984.

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A hypothesis that, in the rat, fluid circulates across the placenta, with circulation being maintained by active transport of Na+ from mother to fetus, has been tested. Transfer of 51Cr-EDTA from mother to fetus and from fetus to mother has been measured and the respective unidirectional transfer constants, Kmf and Kfm, have been calculated. Immediately before the transfer measurement, the fetuses were injected intravenously with 10 microliters of isotonic glucose (controls); with 30 or 300 microliters of isotonic saline; or with 10, 30, or 60 microliters of 9% NaCl. In controls, Kmf of 51Cr-EDTA was 2.0 +/- 0.6 microliters/min, and Kfm was 4.3 +/- 1.0 microliters/min. Injecting the fetus with NaCl had no effect on Kmf, whereas the Kfm was increased significantly in a dose-dependent way. In other experiments, 51Cr-EDTA was injected into nephrectomized maternal animals, and the radioactivity of maternal and fetal plasma was followed for 30 h. The time course of fetal plasma radioactivity supported the thesis that the transfer of 51Cr-EDTA across the rat placenta is highly asymmetrical.

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Jones, D. C., M. Reyes-Múgica, P. G. Gallagher, P. Fricks, R. J. Touloukian, and J. A. Copel. "Three-dimensional sonographic imaging of a highly developed fetus in fetu with spontaneous movement of the extremities." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 20, no. 12 (December 2001): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/jum.2001.20.12.1357.

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Khodakarami, Batoul, Marzieh Janesari Ladani, Farideh Kazemi, and Soudabeh Aghababaei. "The Effect of Music on Fetus Movement During Non-Stress Test." Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care 28, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30699/ajnmc.28.4.1.

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Mikhail, Magdy S., Margaret C. Freda, Ruth B. Merkatz, Regina Polizzotto, Evelyn Mazloom, and Irwin R. Merkatz. "The effect of fetal movement counting on maternal attachment to fetus." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 165, no. 4 (October 1991): 988–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(91)90455-z.

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Horimoto, Naoki, Takashi Koyanagi, Shin Nagata, Hiromasa Nakahara, and Hitoo Nakano. "Concurrence of mouthing movement and rapid eye movement/non-rapid eye movement phases with advance in gestation of the human fetus." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 161, no. 2 (August 1989): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(89)90517-6.

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Jafar Ali Ibrahim S, Hemalatha D, and Pavan Kalyan V. "Automated health monitoring system for premature fetus." South Asian Journal of Engineering and Technology 12, no. 3 (July 11, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/sajet.2022.12.50.

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Our research is about the premature infant Monitoring system based on wireless Technology. A prototype is developed which gives a reliable and efficient baby monitoring system that can play a significant role in providing higher kid care. This system monitor vital parameters such as body Temperature, Pulse rate, Cry Movement ,Blood oxygen level(spo2),heart rate and the physical activity of an infant and using GSM Network .GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHZ and 1900MHZ frequency bands. This information is transferred to their parents. Measurements of these vital parameters can be done and underneath risk, Scenario sent to the parents with SMS alert to intimate the proper control action. So that we can reduce the death of the premature fetus.

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Liang, Sensong, Jiansheng Peng, Yong Xu, and Hemin Ye. "Passive Fetal Movement Recognition Approaches Using Hyperparameter Tuned LightGBM Model and Bayesian Optimization." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (December 9, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6252362.

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Fetal movement is an important clinical indicator to assess fetus growth and development status in the uterus. In recent years, a noninvasive intelligent sensing fetal movement detection system that can monitor high-risk pregnancies at home has received a lot of attention in the field of wearable health monitoring. However, recovering fetal movement signals from a continuous low-amplitude background that is heavily contaminated with noise and recognizing real fetal movements is a challenging task. In this paper, fetal movement can be efficiently recognized by combining the strength of Kalman filtering, time and frequency domain and wavelet domain feature extraction, and hyperparameter tuned Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) model. Firstly, the Kalman filtering (KF) algorithm is used to recover the fetal movement signal in a continuous low-amplitude background contaminated by noise. Secondly, the time domain, frequency domain, and wavelet domain (TFWD) features of the preprocessed fetal movement signal are extracted. Finally, the Bayesian Optimization algorithm (BOA) is used to optimize the LightGBM model to obtain the optimal hyperparameters. Through this, the accurate prediction and recognition of fetal movement are successfully achieved. In the performance analysis of the Zenodo fetal movement dataset, the proposed KF + TFWD + BOA-LGBM approach’s recognition accuracy and F1-Score reached 94.06% and 96.85%, respectively. Compared with 8 existing advanced methods for fetal movement signal recognition, the proposed method has better accuracy and robustness, indicating its potential medical application in wearable smart sensing systems for fetal prenatal health monitoring.

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Khazan, S. Yu. "Ostermann. - Die Cardinalbewegung des Geburtsmechanismus. (Zeitschr. F. Geb. und Gyn., Bd. XXIX). Cardinal movement of the labor mechanism." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 9, no. 1 (September 20, 2020): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd9188-89.

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Trumpy, Alexa J. "Woman vs. Fetus: Frame Transformation and Intramovement Dynamics in the Pro-Life Movement." Sociological Spectrum 34, no. 2 (February 28, 2014): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2014.878624.

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Ardi Perdana, Andhika, Zeita Fauzia, Reza Deni Rohmansyah, Ivo kristina Dalimunthe, and Ryan Pramana Putra. "Predicting Factor of BOH: How to Diagnosed?" International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 6318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v9i11.04.

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Background: Bad obstetric history (BOH) a common complication pregnancy, defined as 3 consecutive pregnancy losses prior 20 weeks from last menstrual period. Case Presentation: A 33 years old woman, G4P1A3 hasn’t feel fetus movement since 2 weeks ago, didn’t experience blood coming out from her vagina or contraction on her stomach. Patient had miscarriage two times. In her first pregnancy, she experienced blood coming out of her vagina, bright red coloured. The ultrasound examination showed no vital signs in fetus and had to terminate her pregnancy with misoprostol. Conclusion: BOH affecting approximately 15% pregnancies. It is unknown whether miscarriage happened during pregnancy with a normal fetus or not. To diagnose recurrent miscarriage, several steps are taken, namely ensuring that all prerequisite conditions for pregnancy are met, ascertaining the type and cause of recurrent miscarriage, dealing with specific management, empirical therapy, and assisted reproductive technology.

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Declau, F., L. Moeneclaey, and J. Marquet. "Normal growth pattern of the middle ear cleft in the human fetus." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 103, no. 5 (May 1989): 461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215100156634.

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AbstractThe normal growth pattern of the middle ear cleft was studied on macro- and histological sections of the human fetus.When compared with adult temporal bones, the inclination of the tympanic ring remains unaltered throughout fetal development.Expansion of the middle ear cleft is caused by intrinsic growth and by lateral displacement of its constituent elements: tympanic ring, otic capsule and squamous bone. Not only are the two mutually different modes of growth movement quite dissimilar in magnitude and direction, but so is their resultant vector for each constituent; this dissimilarity in growth movement leads to a characteristic change in shape of the middle ear cleft and to the curvature of the tympanic membrane. The intrinsic growth of these elements is simultaneously accompanied by remodelling of their shape; lateral displacement of the squamous bone and tympanic ring is caused by the pressure of the enlarging brain. The consequences of developmental disturbances on the normal growth pattern are discussed.

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Chauhan, Rahul Dev, Ipsita Sahoo, and Yashvir Mathur. "Sirenomelia With Anhydramnios: A Clue From the Movements of Fetal Limbs." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 37, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756479320975441.

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Sirenomelia is a rare, lethal congenital malformation of the fetus, typically characterized by the fusion of lower limbs and additional malformations involving the lumbosacral spine and urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. We report a case of sirenomelia with anhydramnios detected during anomaly scan where the fetus had normal morphology of long bones of the lower limbs. There were associated abnormalities of the lumbosacral spine (caudal dysgenesis). The abortus had fused lower limbs, absent external genitalia and anal orifice, single umbilical artery, and Potter facies. We also highlight the interesting diagnostic challenges faced by us during this antenatal ultrasound. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of sirenomelia where the synchronous movement of lower limbs was a clue that led to the timely antenatal detection of this rare entity. This ultimately helped in perinatal counseling of parents to decide on termination of pregnancy.

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Horimoto, Naoki, Takashi Koyanagi, Takeshi Takashima, Kouhei Akazawa, and Hitoo Nakano. "Changes in pupillary diameter in relation to eye-movement and no-eye-movement periods in the human fetus at term." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 167, no. 5 (November 1992): 1465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(11)91734-7.

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Koyanagi, Takashi, Naoki Horimoto, Takeshi Takashima, Shoji Satoh, Hirotaka Maeda, and Hittoo Nakano. "Ontogenesis of ultradian rhythm in the human fetus, observed through the alternation of eye movement and no eye movement periods." Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology 11, no. 3 (July 1993): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646839308403207.

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Zalud, Ivica, Sejfulah Perva, Ulrich Honemeyer, Madeeha Al-Noobi, Ana Tikvica Luetic, Amira Talic, Sanja Tomasovic, and Sanja Zaputovic. "Further Experience in the Clinical Assessment of Fetal Neurobehavior." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 1 (2010): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1130.

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Abstract Recent development of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional ultrasound (4D) provided us with new possibilities to study fetal movements and behavior. Many studies have been conducted in order to provide information on specific movement pattern appearance in normal and high-risk fetus. This was the base for multicenter study on use of new scoring system for fetal neurobehavior which purpose is to recognize fetuses with increased risk for poor neurological outcome. The purpose of this paper is to give brief review on the use of 3D and 4D ultrasound in the assessment of fetal behavior. Objectives Define possibilities to study fetal movements and behavior by 3D and 4D ultrasound Decribe new scoring system for neurobehavior in fetuses with increased risk for poor neurological outcome Summarize behavioral perinatology research and potential clinical applications

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Einspieler, Christa, Peter B. Marschik, and Heinz F. R. Prechtl. "Human Motor Behavior." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 216, no. 3 (January 2008): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.216.3.147.

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The spontaneous movements of the newborn infant have a long prenatal history. From 8 weeks postmenstrual age onward the fetus moves in distinct motor patterns. There is no period of amorphic and random movements. The patterns are easily recognizable, as all of them can be seen after birth. The human neonate demonstrates a continuum of motor patterns from prenatal to early postnatal life. Around the 3rd month a major transformation of motor and sensory patterns occurs. This makes the infant more fit to meet the requirements of the extra-uterine environment. The developmental course of spontaneous movements during the first 20 weeks postterm age shows the emergence and disappearance of various movement patterns. The so-called general movements deserve special interest as they are in their altered quality a most reliable indicator of brain (dys)function with a specific prediction of later developing cerebral palsy.

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Robinson, Scott R., and William P. Smotherman. "Environmental determinants of behaviour in the rat fetus. II. The emergence of synchronous movement." Animal Behaviour 35, no. 6 (December 1987): 1652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(87)80058-1.

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Parncutt, Richard. "Prenatal and infant conditioning, the mother schema, and the origins of music and religion." Musicae Scientiae 13, no. 2_suppl (September 2009): 119–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864909013002071.

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Existing theories of the origins of music and religion fail to account directly and convincingly for their universal emotional power and behavioural costliness. The theory of prenatal origins is based on empirically observable phenomena and involves prenatal classical conditioning, postnatal operant conditioning and the adaptive value of mother-infant bonding. The human fetus can perceive sound and acceleration from gestational week 20. The most salient sounds for the fetus are internal to the mother's body and associated with vocalisation, blood circulation, impacts (footfalls), and digestion. The protomusical sensitivity of infants may be based on prenatal associations between the mother's changing physical and emotional state and concomitant changes in both hormone levels in the placental blood and prenatally audible sound/movement patterns. Protomusical aspects of motherese, play and ritual may have emerged during a multigenerational process of operational conditioning on the basis of prenatally established associations among sound, movement and emotion. The infant's multimodal cognitive representation of its mother (mother schema) begins to develop before birth and may underlie music's personal qualities, religion's supernatural agents, and the link between the two. Prenatal theory can contribute to an explanation of musical universal such as specific features of rhythm and melody and associations between music and body movement, as well as universal commonalities of musical and religious behaviour and experience such as meaning, fulfilment, and altered states of consciousness.

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Yani, Fitri, Dian Roza Adila, and Riau Roslita. "Tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang pemantauan gerakan janin pada ibu hamil dengan preeklampsia." Jurnal Cakrawala Promkes 3, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/promkes.v3i1.2848.

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Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication that can cause fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality. One way that pregnant women can reduce the risk of pregnancy complications is by monitoring the fetus's movement. The mother must know about monitoring fetal movements by analyzing fetal movements. The mother can detect the health of the fetus from an early stage. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge about monitoring fetal movement in pregnant women with preeclampsia. This quantitative research uses a simple descriptive design. The study's location is in the inpatient room of Teratai 1 and the Arifin Ahmad Hospital's obstetrics department, Riau Province. The population is 85 people. The selected sample amounted to 46 people with accidental techniques. The data was collected using a questionnaire and then analyzed univariately. The study found that 80.4% of pregnant women lacked knowledge about monitoring fetal movements. Pregnant with preeclampsia need to pay more attention to their fetal movements by seeking more information from health services and other sources, such as social media. Lack of monitoring of fetal movements and maternal knowledge about it causes fetal and maternal mortality rates to be challenging to reduce. Therefore, health workers must be more active in educating about pregnant women's health problems with preeclampsia to achieve the SDGs target in reducing infant and maternal mortality.

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Powell, T. L., and R. A. Brace. "Fetal fluid responses to long-term 5 M NaCl infusion: where does all the salt go?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): R412—R419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.2.r412.

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The fetus must obtain Na and Cl ions in order to grow. However, the regulation of electrolyte acquisition by the fetus is not well understood. To explore fetal electrolyte balance, we intravenously infused 5 M NaCl at a rate equal to 80% of the total fetal body Na+ and Cl- content per day (240 mM/day) for 3 days into late-gestation fetal sheep. We hypothesized that the increase in fetal osmolality resulting from the infusion would cause a transplacental water movement into the fetal compartment, leading to hydrops fetalis and/or polyhydramnios. The fetal-to-maternal osmotic gradient was initially -2.8 +/- 0.9 (SE) mosmol/kgH2O and rose by 4.8 +/- 1.8 mosmol/kgH2O during the infusion. Fetal plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] increased (3.0 +/- 0.4 and 5.5 +/- 0.5 meq/l, respectively), but the normal maternal-to-fetal transplacental concentration gradients for these ions were not reversed. Most of the infused Na+ (92 +/- 14%) and Cl- (82 +/- 12%) was excreted by the fetus in large volumes of hypotonic urine. Amniotic fluid osmolality and [Na+] were unchanged, but amniotic [Cl-] increased 5.7 +/- 2.4 meq/l. The amniotic plus allantoic fluid volume, as estimated by ultrasonography, was increased (43.5 +/- 14.5%) at day 2 and returned to control by day 3 of infusion. There was no fetal edema during the study or at autopsy. In light of these results, we propose a novel and somewhat complex mechanism for transplacental fluid and electrolyte movement in which placental capillary permeability increases along the length of the capillary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Rigatto, H., M. Moore, and D. Cates. "Fetal breathing and behavior measured through a double-wall Plexiglas window in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.160.

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The inability to see the fetus makes the assessment of fetal behavior difficult. To circumvent this problem we implanted a Plexiglas window in the left flank of the ewe. Fetuses were instrumented for measurements of sleep, breathing, and swallowing. Ten fetal sheep were studied on 32 occasions. Six fetuses were delivered through the window at term, and postnatal behavior was compared with intrauterine behavior. Fetuses observed during resting conditions alternated between periods of quiet sleep [high-voltage electrocortical activity (ECoG)] and active or rapid-eye-movement sleep (low-voltage ECoG). In quiet sleep, movements were absent except for periodic generalized electromyographic discharges. Eye and breathing movements were rare or absent. Swallowing was also absent. In active sleep, movements were increased with powerful breathing and swallowing activity. Fetal wakefulness defined by open eyes and purposeful movements of the head was never seen in utero but was clearly observed after delivery. We conclude that fetal wakefulness as defined postnatally was not able to be demonstrated in utero.

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Osipov, V. P. "A rare deformity of the brain, accompanied by incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres." Neurology Bulletin V, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/nb46639.

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The case, the description of which will be the subject of this article, belongs to the number of rare deformities of the central nervous system, presenting very sharp deviations from the normal type of brain development. The brain belongs to a stillborn premature fetus, which appeared in the light under the following conditions: In the fall of 1895, S.P. A pregnant woman came to the Burgsk Clinical Military Hospital, stating that she felt the approach of childbirth, although she still had about a month to go; at the same time, she explained that she was serving in a tobacco factory, where three days ago she was hit in the stomach by a heavy bale that had fallen on her; soon after that she stopped feeling the fetal movement, and then labor pains began. The objective examination of the woman in labor, carried out in the maternity ward, confirmed the death of the fetus, and a few hours later, the premature birth was followed by the dead fetus.

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Dipietro, Janet A., Kristin M. Voegtline, Heather A. Pater, and Kathleen A. Costigan. "Predicting child temperament and behavior from the fetus." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 3 (August 2018): 855–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579418000482.

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AbstractThere remains little debate that the period before birth sets the stage for subsequent development, yet scant evidence exists showing continuity from characteristics of the individual fetus to characteristics of the child. This report examines, in two studies, whether baseline and evoked fetal neurobehavioral functioning are predictive of features of child temperament and behavior as reported by mothers when offspring were between 7 and 14 years old (M = 10.1 years). Study 1 utilizes data generated from 333 maternal–fetal pairs collected during an undisturbed condition during the second half of gestation in relation to the child temperament dimensions of behavioral inhibition and exuberance. Associations at 32 weeks gestation were detected between all features of fetal neurobehavior and behavioral inhibition. In adjusted models, slower fetal heart rate and less fetal movement were associated with significant unique variance in predicting higher levels of childhood behavioral inhibition. No associations were detected for exuberance. Study 2 focuses on the association of evoked fetal reactivity and recovery to induced maternal arousal with subsequent child behavioral difficulties in a subset of the full sample (n = 130). Greater recovery in fetal heart rate following maternal stimulation was predictive of fewer behavioral difficulties and more prosocial behavior in childhood. Results from both studies provide support for gestational origins of core individual differences that portend childhood outcomes with foundational reactivity and regulatory components.

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Morokuma, Seiichi, Naoki Horimoto, Shoji Satoh, and Hitoo Nakano. "Diurnal variation of eye movement and heart rate variability in the human fetus at term." Early Human Development 63, no. 2 (July 2001): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3782(01)00154-2.

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Abrams, Robert M., Alastair A. Hutchison, Therese M. Jay, Louis Sokoloff, and Charles Kennedy. "Local cerebral glucose utilization non-selectively elevated in rapid eye movement sleep of the fetus." Developmental Brain Research 40, no. 1 (May 1988): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(88)90008-9.

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Ivanov, Dmitry O., Lyudmila V. Kozlova, and Vitaly V. Derevtsov. "Neuropsychiatric development of children in the first 6 months of life born with fetus growth delay." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8140-49.

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Features of the neurological status and neuropsychiatric development (NPD) in children at the age of 6 month of life born with fetus growth delay (G 1) in comparison with children born without fetus growth delay (G 2) are revealed in the article. Attention group was composed of 13 (22.41%) of children G 1. NPD delay was reported in 15.69% of children in G 1 and in 20.51% of children in G 2 at the age of 3 month of life. Thus, 13.73% of G 1 children (17.59% of G 2 children) were included in the attention group while 1.96% of G 1 children (2.56% of G 2 children) composed the control group. By the end of the first six months of life proper NPD was observed in the same percentage of cases (33.33% in G 1). Lower harmonious development dominated in all cases, but non-harmonious NRD was observed in children of G 2 born with fetus growth delay. Attention group was composed of 58.82% of G 1 children, risk group – of 5.88% and dispensary group – of 1.96%. Changes in the following lines of development were registered: general movement, active speech, skills and social behavior.

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Vidiastuti, Dian, Ahmad Fauzi, and Aldila Noviatri. "Feline extrauterine pregnancy (EUP) in Persian cat with fetal mummification: a case study." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 10, no. 3 (June 26, 2022): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2022.10(3).633.637.

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Extrauterine pregnancy (EUP) is caused by the implantation of the fetus outside the uterus. In this study, during a routine check-up of a 3-year-old non spayed female Persian cat, a mass on the abdomen was found on palpation, which later was diagnosed as an abdominal tumor. Clinical signs presented are pollakiuria and no lethargic. The radiographic examination revealed a well-defined circular mass with mineral opacity in the caudal abdomen. Ultrasound examination of this abdominal mass illustrated the presence of mummified fetus with an irregular arrangement of bones. Moreover, there was no heart movement, the fetal bones were hyperechoic. An exploratory laparotomy was performed for mass collection, and excised mass was dense. Histopathology investigation using HE staining results in bone, tongue, lung and pigmented skin. The fetal age was around 60 days old.

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Nardozza, Luciano Marcondes Machado, Edward Araujo, Ana Carolina Rabachini Caetano, and Antonio Fernandes Moron. "Prenatal Diagnosis of Amniotic Band Syndrome in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy using 3D Ultrasound." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 2 (April 28, 2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.95436.

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Amniotic band syndrome is characterized by a build-up of bands and strings of fibrous tissue that adhere to the fetus and can compress parts of the fetus, thus causing malformations and even limb amputation while the fetus is still in the uterus. The clinical manifestations are extremely variable and their extent may range from a single abnormality, like a constriction ring, to multiple abnormalities. Such abnormalities are generally diagnosed at the end of the first or the beginning of the second trimester using two-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS). Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in rendering mode allows spatial analysis of the fetus and amniotic band, thus enabling better comprehension of this pathological condition and better counseling for the parents. There has not previously been any evidence to show that 3DUS would be useful in cases of late diagnosis (third trimester) of amniotic band syndrome. In the present case, a primigravid woman underwent her second obstetric ultrasound scan in the 34th week, from which we observed two bands in contact with the right forearm, but with normal movement of this limb and its fingers. 3DUS made it possible to see the spatial relationship of these bands to the fetal body, thereby confirming their adherence to the limb. After the birth, the prenatal diagnosis of amniotic band syndrome without limb constriction was confirmed. A surgical procedure was carried out on the third day after birth to excise the bands, and the newborn was then discharged in a good general condition.

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Stanojevic, Milan. "Neonatal Aspects: Is There Continuity?" Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 2 (2012): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1242.

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ABSTRACT During the 9 months between conception and birth, the fetal brain is transformed from instructions in genes to a complex, highly differentiated organ. The human central nervous system (CNS) changes from a microscopic band of embryonic neuroblasts to a 350 gm mass with more than 109 interconnected highly differentiated neurons in the cortex alone. How this extraordinary growth results in sensomotor, cognitive, affective and behavioral development is still unexplored. The development of voluntary, cognitive and purposive activity from fetal to neonatal period is to analyze the developmental transformations of the brain expressed by development of movement patterns from prenatal through postnatal period. As the development of the brain is unique and continuing process throughout the gestation and after birth, it is expected that there is also continuity of fetal to neonatal movements which are the best functional indicator of developmental processes of the brain. Concerning the complexity, voluntary control and stereotype, there are at least four groups of movements: Reflexes, fixed action patterns, rhythmic motor patterns, and directed movements. Substantial indications suggest that spontaneous activity is a more sensitive indicator of brain dysfunction than reactivity to sensory stimuli in reflex testing. It was proved that assessment of general movements in high-risk newborns has significantly higher predictive value for later neurological development than neurological examination. Nutritional stress at critical times during fetal development can have persistent and potentially irreversible effects on organ function. Impaired intrauterine growth and development may antecede insufficient postnatal growth. Thus, it may be a marker of impaired central nervous system integrity because of adverse intrauterine conditions. Unfavorable intrauterine environment can affect adversely fetal growth. There is an association between postnatal growth and neurodevelopmental outcome. Concerning the continuity from fetus to neonate in terms of neurobehavior, it could be concluded that fetus and neonate are the same persons in different environment. While in the womb, fetus is protected from the gravity which is not so important for its neurodevelopment, postnatally the neonate is exposed to the gravity during the labor and from the first moments of autonomous life. Development of motor control is highly dependent on antigravity forces enabling erect posture of infant or young child. These environmental differences should be kept on mind during prenatal as well as postnatal assessment. How to cite this article Stanojevic M. Neonatal Aspects: Is There Continuity? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;6(2):189-196.

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Flack, Nicola J., and Nicholas M. Fisk. "Oligohydramnios and associated fetal complications." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 5, no. 3 (August 1993): 147–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539500000838.

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During intrauterine life the fetus is bathed in amniotic fluid which provides a low resistance space for free movement and a buffer against external trauma. This fluid is produced in early pregnancy largely as a maternal dialysate, then as a fetal transudate. Fetal urine is the most important source of amniotic fluid after 16 weeks gestation. The control of amniotic fluid is complex and poorly understood; it arises from secondary partitioning of water within the fetoplacental extracellular space and reflects fetal fluid balance.

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Kim, Wanseung, Jonghoon Jeon, Jeongkyu Hoh, and Junhong Park. "Non-invasive Fetal heartbeat detection using vibration sensing system." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 5528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-3134.

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Monitoring the fetal heartbeat is essential for obtaining information about fetal condition during pregnancy. By measuring the maternal uterine contractions, the movement of the fetus, and the fetal heart rate, the state of the fetus is detected and taking appropriate measures prevent fetal health abnormality. The NST method is used to obtain the fetal heart rate. The ECG method is useful to observe heart rhythm. In this study, a system that can detect fetal heartbeat signals using vibration sensors is proposed. For vibration measurement, a band-type device with a sensor was proposed. The band was wrapped around the mother's stomach to sensing signals generated by the mother's body. In order to extract the fetal heartbeat signal, appropriate signal processing for denoising is performed. Processed signal was divided into several IMFs using the CEEMD method. The maternal heartbeat signal and fetal heartbeat signal were separated from the IMF. Through frequency analysis, the characteristics of each signal make clear

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REEVES, M. J., E. H. WHITBY, M. N. J. PALEY, and P. D. GRIFFITHS. "THE CURRENT ROLE OF FETAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 19, no. 1 (February 2008): 33–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096553950800209x.

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The techniques currently used by most specialist centres for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the fetus were developed in the 1990s, when fast imaging sequences capable of good soft tissue contrast were introduced. Earlier pioneering work on fetal MR imaging in the early 1980s revealed some promise for this application, but at the time it was not generally considered of diagnostic quality or clinical practicality because of the long acquisition times and inevitable image degradation resulting from fetal movement, problems which were overcome only by means of maternal sedation or neuromuscular blockade of the fetus. As with the early development of MR imaging in general, it is the ability to image central nervous system (CNS) tissues with a clarity and contrast far exceeding X-ray computed tomography and ultrasound that has shown the most benefit to date. Subsequent development of techniques for specific problem solving in other areas of the body will undoubtedly follow.

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Azumendi, Guillermo, Ingrid Marton, Asim Kurjak, and Mislav Herman. "An Attempt to Discover Antenatal Etiological Factors for Cerebral Palsy: What does 3D and 4D Ultrasonography Add?" Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 4 (2007): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1117.

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Abstract Cerebral palsy (CP) is a nonprogressive condition affecting developing fetal or infant brain resulting in disorders of movement and posture which are sometimes accompanied by disturbances of cognition, sensation, perception, behavior and seizures. The incidence of CP being 2 to 2.5 per 1000 live births did not considerably change in the last decades. Improvement of perinatal care did not result in the decreasing prevalence of CP. Consensus Statement of International Cerebral Palsy Task Force and its modification presented the essential criteria to define an acute intrapartum event sufficient to cause CP. These criteria were not helpful in allocating the time of brain injury, proving that etiology of CP is difficult to investigate. Better markers of acute intrapartum injury should be defined, although much evidence exists that most causes of CP are prenatal. Advances in 3D and 4D ultrasound (US) give opportunities to investigate fetal morphology and behavior. By 4D US, head, body and limb movements can be visualized simultaneously. The earliest phase of development can be studied in detail, making 4D superior compared to 2D. Is applicable neurological test for fetus available? This question is complicated, because even postnatally several neurological methods of evaluation exist, while hardly accessible fetus has less mature brain. Inexistence of reliable neurobehavioral assessment method for the fetuses is discouraging. The scientific community should intensify efforts in finding out simple, clinically applicable, and reproducible fetal neurological test(s), with fair sensitivity and specificity.

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Tanaka, Hirokazu, Toshiyuki Hata, and Rina Uematsu. "HDlive Study of Fetal Development and Behavior." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 3 (2014): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1363.

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ABSTRACT We present the latest HDlive studies of fetal development and behavior during pregnancy. Marked changes of embryonic and fetal development and movement with advancing gestation were noted in the first trimester of pregnancy. Various realistic facial expressions (or facial movements) were recognized in the second and third trimesters. In particular, blinking, mouthing, swallowing, yawning, tongue expulsion, and sucking were clearly depicted. Moreover, various extraordinarily realistic features of fetal emotion-like behavior were identified. HDlive observation of fetal behavior and facial expressions may reflect the normal and abnormal neurological development of the fetus. HDlive may become an important modality in future research on fetal neurobehavioral development and assist in evaluation of the fetal brain function. How to cite this article Hata T, Kanenishi K, Hanaoka U, Uematsu R, Marumo G, Tanaka H. HDlive Study of Fetal Development and Behavior. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;8(3):250-265.

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Benjamin, Jessica. "Commentary on the struggle over abortion in the USA." Psychotherapy & Politics International 20, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/ppi.v20i3.13.

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This short paper considers the implications of the anti-abortion movement as part of a larger historical project of male domination, domination of nature, and exploitation of labor. It emphasizes how the attempt to control the mother and her body represents both denial of dependency and the split off defense of the vulnerable self projected into the symbol of the fetus. The refusal to accept the knowledge of one’s own harming, colonial-racist exploitation, is perversely bolstered by putting the onus of harming onto the other.

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Dhungana, Padma Raj, Rajesh Adhikari, Prem Raj Pageni, and Apsara Koirala. "Decreased fetal movement: Is it an alarm to Obstetrician and Pregnant Lady?" Medical Journal of Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjpahs.v1i2.23402.

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Introduction: Fetal activity serves as an indirect measure of the fetus central nervous system integrity and function. Regular fetal movement can be regarded as an expression of fetal wellbeing. Maternal perception of decreased fetal movement is associated with poor feto-maternal outcome. This study is to find out feto-maternal outcome in cases of decreased fetal movement, done by assessing fetal heart rate (FHR) correlating with cardiotocography (CTG) and USG (ultrasonography) findings, Apgar score and meconium in amniotic fluid. Materials and method: This was a hospital based, prospective comparative study done in Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal. The sample size was 200; 100 cases of decreased fetal movement versus 100 cases of good fetal movement at same gestational age in weeks. Data processing was done in SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) and calculated by chisquare test. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Significant difference was found in fetal kick chart counting. In the decreased fetal movement group, 16% had oligohydraminos, 3% had polyhydraminos and 5% had non reassuring CTG and 4% had abnormal heart rate detected clinically. There was statistically significant difference observed between the two groups in labor induction, cesarean section, meconium stain liquor, cord around the neck and different neonatal morbidities. Conclusion: Decreased fetal movement is associated with poor fetomaternal outcome. Improved vigilance, early identification, further evaluation with CTG, USG and proper management of these pregnancies have favourable pregnancy outcome.

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Dale, P. S., T. G. McNaughton, L. A. Power, R. D. Gilbert, and G. G. Power. "Transuterine ion movement and electrical potential difference in pregnant guinea pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): R889—R894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.4.r889.

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An investigation of the site and mechanism responsible for the maternal-fetal electrical potential difference (PD) was done in 11 anesthetized guinea pigs at 54-56 days gestation. We removed the most distal fetus and placenta from one uterine horn and secured a catheter, thermistor, and Ag-AgCl electrode in the resulting pouch. The pouch was filled with Earle's solution. We placed another thermistor and electrode in the maternal abdomen. The PD between electrodes was monitored continuously; periodic samples of maternal blood and intrauterine fluid were taken. Thirty minutes after the uterus was filled, the PD (uterine cavity negative) averaged 29.6 +/- 4.5 (95% confidence interval of the mean) mV. Over 4 h, intrauterine K+ concentration [( K+]) decreased from 4.9 to 2.6 +/- 0.5 meq/l, against a chemical and electrical gradient. In eight animals, we measured bidirectional Na+ flux using 22Na and 24Na. The flux ratio was not distinguishable from unity despite a significant PD. Our data indicate that the maternal-fetal PD is probably generated by the endometrial epithelium and that Na+ and K+ both move across the epithelium by active transport or cotransport rather than simple diffusion.

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Wlodek, M. E., R. Harding, and G. D. Thorburn. "Fetal-maternal fluid and electrolyte relations during chronic fetal urine loss in sheep." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 263, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): F671—F679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.263.4.f671.

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Our aim was to determine the effects of prolonged removal of fetal urine during late gestation on fetal-maternal fluid and electrolyte relationships. We measured the volume and composition of fetal urine and amniotic and allantoic fluids and the composition of fetal and maternal plasma in sheep before and during continuous urine drainage, which began at 130 days of gestation and continued until the onset of labor; a control group was also studied. The response to fetal urine drainage occurred in two phases. In the "acute" phase (1-3 days), amniotic and allantoic fluid volumes decreased significantly, presumably due to their reabsorption into the fetal chorionic circulation or swallowing of amniotic fluid by the fetus. During the "chronic" phase, starting 3-5 days after urine drainage, a significant reversal in the transplacental osmotic gradient occurred due to a decrease in maternal plasma osmolality. During the entire drainage period (14.1 +/- 1.1 days, mean +/- SE, n = 5) at least 542 ml/day of water and 24 mmol/day of electrolytes passed from the mother into the fetal circulation and fetal plasma osmolality was unchanged. We conclude that, despite the loss of substantial water and electrolytes, the fetus is able to maintain its growth and fluid and electrolyte homeostasis by obtaining water and electrolytes initially from the amniotic and allantoic fluids and subsequently from its mother. The movement of water and electrolytes to the fetus would have been facilitated by the reversed transplacental osmotic gradient.

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Sobustiansky, E. "To the casuistry of childbirth with fused twins." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 9, no. 6 (September 27, 2020): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd96558-562.

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On April 13, 1895, at 5 o'clock in the morning, a peasant woman, 23 years old, was admitted to the clinic with labor pains. When asked, it turned out that labor began at 2 am on April 13, that she was pregnant in the 4th section; the previous labor was completely normal; the last regulation was at the end of July. The study produced the following: The pelvis is almost normal: dis. sp. 24.5, dis. cr. 27, intertr. 31, conj. ext. 19. The uterus is ovoid. The heartbeat of the fetus is heard on the right below the navel, 132 beats per minute. Full throat opening. The bubble is intact. Head to be presented. The arrow-shaped suture in the right oblique size of the pelvis; a small fontanel is felt to the right posteriorly. The second position was established, the rear view. As soon as the women in labor had time to take a bath, the waters passed. The head, which was still in the entrance of the pelvis, began to descend little by little into the cavity. At 8 a.m. 40 m, that is, after 3 hours with more than a rupture of the bladder, the head began to press on the perineum, which lasted more than half an hour, and finally at 9 o'clock. 15 minutes. the head has erupted. The born head, having made a slight movement first to the left and then to the right, turned its face towards the symphysis. At this moment, the forward movement of the fetus stopped.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fetus Movement'

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