Relevant bibliographies by topics / Fetal size

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Fetal size'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Fetal size"

1

DeVore, Greggory R., Kareem Tabsh, Bardo Polanco, Gary Satou, and Mark Sklansky. "Fetal Heart Size." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 35, no. 12 (October 13, 2016): 2543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.02019.

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Ramaiah, Dr Pushpamala, Dr Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed, and Dr Grace Lindsey Dr Ayman Johargy. "Estimation of Fetal Size and Weight using Various Formulas." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23231.

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3

Wyldes, M. P. "Charts of fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 10 (October 1994): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13560.x.

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Hutchon, David J. R. "Charts of fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 10 (October 1994): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13561.x.

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Spencer, J. A. D., S. Gallivan, and S. C. Robson. "Charts of fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 10 (October 1994): 923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13562.x.

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Harrington, Kevin, and Stuart Campbell. "Fetal size and growth." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 186???194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199304000-00004.

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7

Kim, Youngwu, Kasey Hebert, Jessica Masiero, Katherine Leung, Tiffany A. Moore Simas, and Heidi Leftwich. "Fetal Maternal Size Disproportion." Obstetrics & Gynecology 129 (May 2017): 185S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000514152.40514.90.

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Chitty, Lyn, and Douglas Altman. "Charts of Fetal Size." BMUS Bulletin 2, no. 4 (November 1994): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742271x9400200404.

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Kirchengast, Sylvia, and Beda Hartmann. "Association patterns of fetal head dimensions, postcranial body growth and neonatal size." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 77, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1137.

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Altman, Douglas G., and Lyn S. Chitty. "Charts of fetal size: 1. Methodology." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 1 (January 1994): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13006.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fetal size"

1

Westerway, Susan Lyn Campbell. "Ultrasonic assessment of fetal size and growth." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2626.

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Doctor of Philosophy (Medicine)
This work investigates a number of issues. Firstly it examines ultrasonic fetal biometry, the parameters and techniques for accurate measuring and reviews the procedure adopted for graph formation and application of regression analysis for a mathematical model to describe the relationship between fetal size and weeks of gestation. Next it establishes new Australian fetal measurement charts for the crown rump length, head circumference and abdominal circumference, based on an Australian population, to replace the charts currently in use that are over 20 years old and relate to middle class white American and British women. The new graphs, along with previous work completed by the author in 1999 on the BPD, OFD femur and humerus length, were subsequently accepted by the Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine (ASUM) in 2001 as the new Australian standard for ultrasonic fetal measurements. The accuracy of first trimester ultrasound dating is also investigated, displaying the variations seen in the crown-rump length due to fetal flexion and the implications of inaccurate measuring. The third study examines inter- and intra-sonographer ultrasonic fetal measurement reproducibility in the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. The study highlights the importance of sonographer competence, standardised measuring protocols, image planes and reference charts, particularly for patients undergoing ultrasound examinations for fetal growth assessment at different practices. The fourth study looks at the incidence of fetal macrosomia and birth complications in Chinese women and Caucasian women in two time periods, 1992 and 1999/2000. The results showed a rise in macrosomic babies born to Chinese immigrants from 4% of total Chinese births in 1992 to 9.8% in 1999/2000. There was also a rise in the rate of macrosomia among Caucasian women with respective rates of 11 and 14% for the same periods. The incidence of post partum haemorrhage increased significantly over this time in both Chinese immigrant and Caucasian women. Interventions declined in all Caucasian birth-weight ranges whilst interventions for Chinese births remained stable except between 3500grams and 4000grams, where interventions rose from 35.7% to 60.5%. Fetal macrosomia is a complication of pregnancy that is increasing in incidence. One of the causes of fetal overgrowth is uncontrolled gestational diabetes mellitus and so if women thus diagnosed are closely monitored, the risks of a macrosomic baby and associated birth complications may be reduced. The final study examines the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal growth. GDM is a complication of mid to late pregnancy caused by glucose intolerance. In the Australian population up to 8% of all pregnancies can be affected. In the Australian Chinese community the GDM rate is as high as 15% compared with 4% in Caucasian women. The risks to the fetus as a result of GDM include increased perinatal mortality, large for gestational dates, macrosomia and prematurity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the fetuses of women diagnosed with GDM were significantly larger for dates for any of the commonly ultrasonically measured fetal parameters, than in the general pregnant population. The results show that if the glycaemic levels are properly controlled, fetal size should not be compromised. The abdominal circumference measurement appears to be the important marker for fetal macrosomia, particularly in the Chinese population. The study also assessed fetal weight gain from 36 weeks gestation to term in Caucasian women with GDM and Chinese pregnancies both with and without GDM. No statistically significant difference was seen in daily weight gain between the groups investigated.
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Westerway, Susan Lyn Campbell. "Ultrasonic assessment of fetal size and growth." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2626.

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This work investigates a number of issues. Firstly it examines ultrasonic fetal biometry, the parameters and techniques for accurate measuring and reviews the procedure adopted for graph formation and application of regression analysis for a mathematical model to describe the relationship between fetal size and weeks of gestation. Next it establishes new Australian fetal measurement charts for the crown rump length, head circumference and abdominal circumference, based on an Australian population, to replace the charts currently in use that are over 20 years old and relate to middle class white American and British women. The new graphs, along with previous work completed by the author in 1999 on the BPD, OFD femur and humerus length, were subsequently accepted by the Australasian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine (ASUM) in 2001 as the new Australian standard for ultrasonic fetal measurements. The accuracy of first trimester ultrasound dating is also investigated, displaying the variations seen in the crown-rump length due to fetal flexion and the implications of inaccurate measuring. The third study examines inter- and intra-sonographer ultrasonic fetal measurement reproducibility in the final 6 weeks of pregnancy. The study highlights the importance of sonographer competence, standardised measuring protocols, image planes and reference charts, particularly for patients undergoing ultrasound examinations for fetal growth assessment at different practices. The fourth study looks at the incidence of fetal macrosomia and birth complications in Chinese women and Caucasian women in two time periods, 1992 and 1999/2000. The results showed a rise in macrosomic babies born to Chinese immigrants from 4% of total Chinese births in 1992 to 9.8% in 1999/2000. There was also a rise in the rate of macrosomia among Caucasian women with respective rates of 11 and 14% for the same periods. The incidence of post partum haemorrhage increased significantly over this time in both Chinese immigrant and Caucasian women. Interventions declined in all Caucasian birth-weight ranges whilst interventions for Chinese births remained stable except between 3500grams and 4000grams, where interventions rose from 35.7% to 60.5%. Fetal macrosomia is a complication of pregnancy that is increasing in incidence. One of the causes of fetal overgrowth is uncontrolled gestational diabetes mellitus and so if women thus diagnosed are closely monitored, the risks of a macrosomic baby and associated birth complications may be reduced. The final study examines the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal growth. GDM is a complication of mid to late pregnancy caused by glucose intolerance. In the Australian population up to 8% of all pregnancies can be affected. In the Australian Chinese community the GDM rate is as high as 15% compared with 4% in Caucasian women. The risks to the fetus as a result of GDM include increased perinatal mortality, large for gestational dates, macrosomia and prematurity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the fetuses of women diagnosed with GDM were significantly larger for dates for any of the commonly ultrasonically measured fetal parameters, than in the general pregnant population. The results show that if the glycaemic levels are properly controlled, fetal size should not be compromised. The abdominal circumference measurement appears to be the important marker for fetal macrosomia, particularly in the Chinese population. The study also assessed fetal weight gain from 36 weeks gestation to term in Caucasian women with GDM and Chinese pregnancies both with and without GDM. No statistically significant difference was seen in daily weight gain between the groups investigated.
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3

Connor, Jillian. "Measurement of, and relationship between, placental size and fetal cardiac development." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2013. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/397649/.

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Introduction -Fetal programming is the concept by which a fetus adapts to the intrauterine environment by altering blood flow to various organs which may induce permanent structural and/or functional change in those organs, altering disease susceptibility in later life. We hypothesised that the heart is a susceptible organ and that alterations in blood flow from the placenta in relation to maternal factors may have different effects on each side of the heart. We therefore aimed to assess the feasibility of measuring placental volume and growth, cardiac structure and cardiac function and assess the relationships between these measurements and also to maternal characteristics. Methods - We undertook a prospective, cross-sectional cohort study of low-risk women. 144 scans were performed on 127 women, 89 in the first trimester (10+6-13+6 weeks gestation) and 55 in the second trimester (18+0-20+6 weeks gestation). 17 of these women were scanned in both trimesters. Measurements performed were the left and right myocardial performance index to assess cardiac function and 3D placental volume. Second trimester cardiac structure was assessed by 2D measurements of total cardiac circumference, total ventricular circumference and internal left and right ventricular circumferences. These measurements were then correlated with each other, standard fetal biometry, maternal body composition, and birth and placental weights. Results - We developed reliable and reproducible techniques for measuring placental volume in the first and second trimester and relative cardiac chamber sizes in the second trimester, but had difficulty reliably measuring cardiac function by means of the myocardial performance index. We did not find any significant relationships between maternal body composition and fetal cardiac function or structure within our small cohort. Conclusions - Assessment of fetal cardiac function and structure in relation to maternal nutritional status and stress has the potential for detecting fetuses adapting to an adverse intra-uterine environment. This could assist identification of the maternal factors which lead to increased risk of disease in adult life and facilitate the development of targeted diet and lifestyle interventions.
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Grant, Simon Richard. "Influences on the fetal heart rate in mid-pregnancy and the relationship between fetal heart rate and size at delivery." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302344.

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MOHAMED, Nahid. "Comparison of Fetal Thymus Size in Normal and Preeclamptic Pregnancies: Is Thymus Size Smaller in Fetuses of Women with Preeclampsia?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10003.

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Objective To determine whether the thymus is smaller in the fetuses of preeclamptic mothers than in those of normal controls. Methods This was a cross-sectional, prospective, comparative study of sonographically-determined fetal thymus measurements in 39 pregnancies with preeclampsia and 70 healthy pregnancies. Results Both the diameter and the perimeter of the fetal thymus were significantly smaller in pregnancies with preeclampsia than in healthy controls. The means of the thymus diameter were 28.6 ± 5.9 and 32.9 ± 4.5 mm and of the thymus perimeters 80.9 ± 16.5 and 93.1 ± 16.6 mm for preeclamptic and healthy pregnancies, respectively (P < 0.001). General linear models showed that smaller fetal thymuses in preeclamptic pregnancies were independent of gestational age, estimated fetal weight, small-for-gestational age status and antenatal steroid use. Conclusions Thymic involution appears to be a fetal response to preeclampsia, strengthening the evidence for the involvement of the immune system in the disease. Preeclampsia is associated with smaller fetal thymuses.
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Baird, Janis. "Birth size, blood pressure and glucose tolerance in twins : testing the fetal origins hypothesis." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341624.

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Adegoke, Korede K. "The Effects of Maternal Folate on Fetal Brain and Body Size among Smoking Mothers." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6793.

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The adverse effects of maternal smoking on infant mortality and morbidity has been well documented in the literature. Maternal tobacco use is causally associated with fetal growth restriction and correlates negatively with folate intake and metabolism. Studies have examined the association between smoking and folate levels during pregnancy, but very few have assessed this relationship using objective and accurate measures of both variables. Furthermore, despite evidence of a causal association between smoking in pregnancy and intrauterine growth restriction, and a plausible relationship between tobacco use and low maternal folate which is required for optimal fetal growth, no experimental study has investigated the potential benefit of folic acid in mitigating the adverse effects of maternal smoking on fetal outcomes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between maternal smoking and folate levels and examine the efficacy of higher-strength folic acid supplementation, in combination with enrollment in a smoking cessation program, in promoting fetal body and brain growth. Our hypothesis was that women who smoke during pregnancy have lower peri-conceptional folic acid reserves than non-smoker pregnant women and that folic acid reserves will decrease with increasing cotinine level. Additionally, smoker pregnant women on higher-strength folic acid (4mg daily) in combination with smoking cessation programs will experience faster fetal brain growth and have infants with larger body size at birth compared to smokers on the standard dose of folic acid (0.8mg daily). Participants were pregnant women (smokers and non-smokers) who received antenatal care between 2010-2014 at the Genesis Clinic of Tampa, a community health center affiliated with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the University of South Florida (USF). They were aged 18-44 years and had a gestational age of less than 21 weeks at study enrollment. To determine the peri-conceptional folic acid reserves in smoking versus nonsmoking women during pregnancy and associated sociodemographic factors, baseline (crosssectional) data from a double-blinded randomized controlled trial were analyzed using Tobit regression models (n=496). Smoking information was assessed using salivary cotinine, a sensitive and specific tobacco use biomarker. Folate reserve was measured using red blood cell folate. To investigate the efficacy of higher-strength folic acid on fetal body and brain size, baseline and follow-up data from pregnant smokers enrolled in the randomized controlled trial were utilized (n=345). All primary analyses of the clinical trial data were conducted on a modified intention-to-treat basis and included participants who completed the trial with an observed endpoint, irrespective of compliance to protocol. Multilevel modeling, linear regression, and log-binomial regression analyses were conducted. A significant inverse association between salivary cotinine level and periconceptional red blood cell folate concentration was found among pregnant women in the early to midpregnancy period. Smokers on high-dose folate during pregnancy had infants with a 140.38g higher birth weight than infants of their counterparts on standard dose folate (P =0.047). Mothers who received higher strength folate had a 31.0% lower risk of having babies with SGA compared to their mothers on the standard-dose (adjusted relative risk-ARR=0.69, 95% CI: 0.46–1.03; (P =0.073)). High-dose folate had no significant effect on the intrauterine rate of growth in head circumference, and head circumference and brain weight at birth in our trial sample. However, the brain-body ratio of infants of mothers who received high-dose treatment was 0.33 percentage-point lower than that for infants of mothers who received the standard dose of folate (P =0.044). Higher strength folic acid supplementation in pregnant women who smoke might be a cost-effective and safe option to improve birth outcomes and reduce low birth weight and SGA associated infant morbidity and mortality. Future studies with larger sample sizes and diverse populations are indicated to confirm or refute the results of this study. Randomized controlled trials starting during the preconception period and with follow-up until delivery are warranted, to identify the most folate-sensitive period of fetal growth and determine the optimal dose of folic acid supplement. Further research investigating several pathways through which the effects of prenatal smoking on adverse birth outcomes can be mitigated is needed.
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ISHIHARA, OSAMU, KENJI IKEBUCHI, CHIAKI SATO, ATSUO ITAKURA, MASAAKI HARA, and MACHIKO KIMURA. "FRAGMENT SIZE ANALYSIS OF FREE FETAL DNA IN MATERNAL PLASMA USING Y-STR LOCI AND SRY GENE AMPLIFICATION." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15355.

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Feldpausch, Julie Ann. "Effect of intralitter size on 60 and 95 day fetal myogenesis and development in the pig." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20587.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jim L. Nelssen
Piglet birth weight (BtW) is inextricably associated with preweaning survival. The non-linear antagonistic relationship between BtW and mortality risk is more severe in pigs <1.11 kg BtW than in pigs with BtW >1.11 kg. Thus, our research categorized fetal pigs as small (SM), median (MD), or large (LG) size depending on relative crown-rump length at d-60 gestation or BW within litter at d-95 gestation to evaluate differences in fetal myogenesis and development. At both d-60 and d-95, brain weights did not differ but brain weight:liver weight ratio was larger (P<0.05) for SM compared MD and LG. Cross-sectional area of the Longissimus muscle increased with increasing fetal size so that LG and MD had larger (P<0.05) whole muscle cross-sectional areas than SM although number of primary and relative secondary muscle fibers and their respective cross-sectional areas did not differ. Day-60 mRNA abundance of both IGF-1 and IGF-2 in SM was greater (P<0.05) than in MD and LG. Fetal size had a marginally significant effect (P=0.103) on gene expression of IGF-2 receptor with expression least in LG. Small fetuses had greater (P<0.05) d-60 MyoD gene expression and d-95 serum IGF-1 levels than MD and LG. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding low or high doses of chlortetracycline (CTC) and antibiotic alternatives (pharmacologic Zn, Cu, and essential oil), alone or in combination, on nursery pig growth performance. Pharmacologic Cu (125 ppm from CuSO[subscript]4), Zn (2,000-3,000 ppm from ZnO), or increasing CTC level (0-441 ppm) improved growth performance additively while Origanum essential oil (0.005%) elicited no benefits and decreased G:F. Interactive effects of supplemental Cu (125 ppm), Zn (150 ppm), and ractopamine HCl (10 ppm for 28 d) on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric bacteria was evaluated. Ractopamine increased (P<0.001) ADG, G:F, HCW, percentage carcass yield, loin depth, percent fat-free lean, and decreased (P=0.014) backfat. Copper and/or Zn did not improve ADG, ADFI, or carcass traits. Fecal E. coli and Enterococcus bacterial resistance to most antibiotics decreased (P<0.05) over time or was stable for those that had a low baseline percentage of resistance.
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Bennini, Junior João Renato 1978. "Estimativa do peso do recem-nascido por meio de medidas ultrassonograficas bidimensionais e do volume da coxa fetal." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313463.

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Orientadores: Cleisson Fabio Andrioli Peralta, Ricardo Barini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T11:44:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BenniniJunior_JoaoRenato_M.pdf: 1809698 bytes, checksum: 399e6ab502353af527e35953428d5e09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Introdução: Alguns estudos demonstram que a predição do peso fetal usando a volumetria dos membros fetais é mais precisa do que quando se usam medidas bidimensionais (2D). Até hoje, somente o método multiplanar foi utilizado para a volumetria dos membros fetais. Desta forma, a utilidade do método rotacional (VOCAL®) para este fim nunca foi testada. Objetivos: Avaliar as variabilidades intra e interobservadores e a concordância entre as medidas do volume da coxa fetal realizadas com os métodos multiplanar e VOCAL®. Comparar as acurácias das fórmulas com medidas do volume da coxa fetal com as acurácias das fórmulas com medidas 2D. Comparar as acurácias das fórmulas deste estudo com as acurácias das fórmulas já publicadas. Métodos: 210 pacientes foram avaliadas, formando um grupo para gerar as fórmulas (n = 150) e um grupo para validá-las (n = 60). Os pacientes utilizados para gerar as fórmulas também foram utilizados para avaliar as variabilidades intra e interobservadores e a concordância entre as medidas realizadas pelos métodos multiplanar e VOCAL®. Foram utilizadas análises de regressão polinomial para criar uma equação com medidas 2D, uma com o volume da coxa fetal medido pelo método multiplanar (CoxaM) e uma com o volume da coxa fetal medido pelo método VOCAL® (CoxaV). Utilizaram-se testes t de Student pareados para comparar as acurácias das equações deste estudo com as acurácias das fórmulas já publicadas. Foram utilizadas análises proporcionais de Bland e Altman para avaliar as variabilidades intra e interobservadores e a concordância entre as medidas realizadas pelos métodos multiplanar e VOCAL®. Resultados: A diferença média percentual entre as medidas pelos métodos multiplanar e VOCAL® foi de -0,04 com limites de concordância de 95% de -8,17 e 8,09. A diferença média percentual e os limites de concordância de 95% entre as medidas na avaliação das variabilidades intra e interobservadores foram -1,10 (-7,67 to 5,47) e 0,61 (-7,68 to 8,91) para o método VOCAL® e 1,03 (-6,35 to 8,41) e -0,68 (-11,42 to 10,06) para o multiplanar. As melhores fórmulas para cálculo do peso fetal estimado (PFE) foram: PFE = -562.824 + 11.962 x CA x CF + 0,009 x DBP² x CA² (CA: circunferência abdominal; CF: comprimento femoral; DBP: diâmetro biparietal); PFE = 1033.286 + 12.733 x CoxaM; PFE = 1025.383 + 12.775 x CoxaV. Tanto no grupo que gerou as fórmulas como no grupo utilizado para validá-las não houve diferença significativa entre as acurácias das fórmulas com medidas 2D ou tridimensionais (3D). Quando aplicadas nas pacientes deste estudo, as acurácias das fórmulas 2D e 3D já publicadas foram significativamente piores dos que as das novas fórmulas. Conclusões: Os métodos VOCAL® e multiplanar são intercambiáveis para a volumetria da coxa fetal. Possivelmente as maiores fontes de discrepâncias na estimativa do peso fetal são as diferenças fenotípicas entre as pacientes utilizadas para criar as fórmulas. Os dados deste estudo reforçam a necessidade de fórmulas específicas para cada população, independentemente do uso de medidas 2D ou 3D.
Abstract: Introduction: Some authors have demonstrated that the prediction of birth weight using fetal limb volumetry is more precise than with two-dimensional ultrasound (2DUS). To date, only the multiplanar method has been used for fetal limb volumetry, so the usefulness of the rotational technique (VOCALTM - Virtual Organ Computer- aided AnaLysis) for this purpose has never been tested. Objectives: To evaluate the repeatability, reproducibility and agreement of measurements performed with multiplanar and VOCALTM techniques for total fetal thigh volumetry. To compare the accuracies of birth-weight-predicting models with total fetal thigh volumetry with models derived from 2DUS parameters. To compare the performances of our new formulas with those of previously published equations. Methods: 210 patients were prospectively evaluated to compose a formula-generating group (n = 150) and a prospective-validation group (n = 60). The patients of the formula-generating group were also used to evaluate the repeatability, reproducibility and the agreement of the measurements of multiplanar and VOCALTM techiniques for fetal thigh volumetry. Polynomial regression analysis was performed in the formula-generating group to generate one equation with 2DUS measurements, one with fetal thigh volume measured by the multiplanar technique (ThiM) and one with fetal thigh volume obtained by the VOCALTM method (ThiV). Paired samples t-tests were used to compare the accuracies of our equations with those of previously published 2D and three-dimensional (3D) equations. Proportionate Bland and Altman analyses were performed to determine the agreement between the two methods and to evaluate intra- and inter-observer variability. Results: The mean percentage difference between measurements performed with the VOCALTM and multiplanar techniques was -0.04 and the 95% limits of agreement were -8.17 and 8.09. The mean percentage difference and 95% limits of agreement between paired measurements in the assessment of intra- and inter-observer variability were -1.10 (-7.67 to 5.47) and 0.61 (-7.68 to 8.91) for the VOCALTM technique and 1.03 (-6.35 to 8.41) and -0.68 (-11.42 to 10.06) for the multiplanar method. The formulas with the best fit for the prediction of birth weight (EFW) were: EFW = -562.824 + 11.962 x AC x FL + 0.009 x BPD² x AC² (AC: abdominal circumference; FL: femur length; BPD: biparietal diameter); EFW = 1033.286 + 12.733 x ThiM; EFW = 1025.383 + 12.775 x ThiV. For both the formula-generating and the rospective-validation groups, there was no significant difference between the accuracies of the new 2DUS and 3DUS models. When applied to our population, the accuracies of previously published 2DUS and 3DUS formulas were significantly worse than our models. Conclusions: The VOCALTM and multiplanar techniques can be used interchangeably for total fetal thigh volumetry. We believe that the greatest sources of discrepancies in estimation of birth weight are the phenotypic differences among patients used to create each of the formulas mentioned in this study. Our data reinforce the need for customized birth weight prediction formulas, regardless of whether 2DUS or 3DUS measurements are employed.
Mestrado
Tocoginecologia
Mestre em Tocoginecologia
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Books on the topic "Fetal size"

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Kautz, J. Edward. Effects of harvest on feral rock dove survival, nest success and population size. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990.

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Briggs, Gerald G. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1990.

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1935-, Freeman Roger K., and Yaffe Sumner J. 1923-, eds. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

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Briggs, Gerald G. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: A reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk on CD-ROM. [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.

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Ried, Sibylle. Epilepsy, pregnancy, and the child. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996.

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1939-, Scanlon John W., ed. Perinatal anesthesia. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.

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1935-, Freeman Roger K., and Yaffe Sumner J. 1923-, eds. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 7th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.

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P, Barker D. J., ed. Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. 1990.

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Anne, Dorita. The effect of colony size on fetal resorption and secondary sex ratio in domestic Chinchilla laniger. 1985.

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Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Nuchal translucency and the heart. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0019.

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Introduction 264The nuchal scan 266Management 268Nuchal translucency describes sonolucent tissue in the posterior aspect of the fetal neck; the size can be measured with accuracy during the 1st trimester of pregnancy and an increase in the measurement is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal abnormality. If fetal karyotype is normal: ...
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Book chapters on the topic "Fetal size"

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Snow, M. H. L. "Effect of genome on size at birth." In Fetal Growth, 3–12. London: Springer London, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1707-0_1.

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Ulrich, Magda M. W. "Fetal Wound Healing." In Textbook on Scar Management, 3–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_1.

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AbstractFirst- and second-trimester fetal skin wounds are known to heal without scarring.Research has excluded factors like the sterile uterine environment as the cause of scarless repair, and it is believed that scarless healing is an intrinsic property of early fetal skin. However, increasing wound size and induction of the inflammatory reaction can evoke a scar response in the fetus.For decades, research is performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for scarless healing in fetuses. Much research has been performed in animal studies, and several mechanisms have been proposed to be involved such as the microenvironment and the extracellular matrix, a reduced inflammatory response, differences in growth factor profile, and differences in fibroblast phenotype.It is clear that the wound healing process leading to scarless healing cannot be attributed to just one factor or mechanism but will be the result of a complex of interconnected processes.This chapter describes some of the possible mechanisms which may play a role in scarless healing.
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Hargitai, Beata. "Diagnostic Criteria of Fetal Growth Abnormalities and Interpretation of Postmortem Size and Weight Measurements." In Practical Manual of Fetal Pathology, 69–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42492-3_6.

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Patel, Ketan, Bodo Christ, and Frank E. Stockdale. "Control of Muscle Size During Embryonic, Fetal, and Adult Life." In Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation, 163–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45686-5_8.

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Snow, Michael H. L. "Control of Embryonic Growth Rate and Fetal Size in Mammals." In Human Growth, 67–82. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2101-9_4.

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Piles, Miriam, Maria Antonia Santacreu, Agustin Blasco, and Jun Pablo Sanchez. "Genetics of reproduction in the rabbit." In The genetics and genomics of the rabbit, 212–33. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780643342.0012.

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Abstract This chapter describes the genetic determinism of all traits involved in male and female reproductive performances in rabbits. All traits related to the underlying biological processes leading to the mating outcome, as well as some of its general features, such as the homogeneity of the reproductive performances, are considered (semen and ejaculate characteristics, ovulation rate, fertility, embryo survival, fetal survival and litter size). Different parameters of fertility and litter size are discussed, including the contribution of both sexes to each phase of the reproductive cycle.
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Li, Ying, Wolfgang Holzgreve, and Sinuhe Hahn. "Size Fractionation of Cell-Free DNA in Maternal Plasma and Its Application in Noninvasive Detection of Fetal Single Gene Point Mutations." In Prenatal Diagnosis, 239–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-066-9_19.

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Bhattacharya, Niranjan. "Experience with Human Fetal Thymus Transplantation In a Heterotopic Site in Patients with Advanced Lymphoma and Leukopenia." In Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation, 397–408. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4171-6_34.

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Bhattacharya, Niranjan. "Human Fetal Adrenal Transplant at Heterotopic Site as an Adjuvant for Treatment of Excruciating Pain in Cases of Arthritides." In Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation, 409–20. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4171-6_35.

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Bhattacharya, Niranjan. "Fetal Lung Tissue Transplant at a Heterotopic Site in Common Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Airways: A Study of 11 Cases." In Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation, 307–14. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4171-6_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Fetal size"

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Möllers, M., C. Porschen, K. Oelmeier, J. Braun, J. Steinhard, HA Köster, and R. Schmitz. "Second Trimester Fetal Thymus Size in Association to Preterm Birth." In 30. Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Perinatale Medizin – „Wandel als Herausforderung“. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1739768.

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Das, S., K. Roy, and C. K. Saha. "Determination of window size for baseline estimation of fetal heart rate using CTG." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Information Technology (C3IT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/c3it.2015.7060179.

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Singh, Amiti, and Veena N. Hegde. "Performance analysis of the variable step-size Griffiths' LMS algorithm for fetal electrocardiography." In 2021 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecet52533.2021.9698501.

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Vladimirova, V., S. Bhattacharya, S. Bhattacharya, and S. Turner. "G368(P) Does conception by in vitro fertilisation affect size in fetal life and early childhood?" In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the Annual Conference, 24–26 May 2017, ICC, Birmingham. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313087.361.

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Turner, Stephen, and Lorna Aucott. "Reduced first trimester fetal size and asthma outcomes to age 29 years – results from a “virtual” birth cohort." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa5012.

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Hassan, H. J., A. Leonardi, C. Chelucci, R. Guerriero, P. M. Mannucci, and C. Peschle. "EXPRESSION IN ONTOGENESIS OF HUMAN BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644610.

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We have analyzed the expression of several blood coagulation factors (IX, VIII, X, fibrinogen chains) and inhibitors (antithrombin III, protein C) in human embryonic and fetal livers, obtained from legal abortions at 6-11 week post-conception. The age was established by morphologic staging and particularly crown-rump lenght measurement.Total cellular RNA was isolated from partially purified hepatocytes or total liver homogenate using the guanidine isothiocyanate method. Poly(A)+ RNA was selected by oligodT cellulose chromatography. The size and the number of the embryonic and fetal transcripts are equivalent to those observed in adult liver, as evaluated by Northern blot analysis of total or poly(A)+ RNA hybridized to human cDNA probes.The level of coagulation factor transcripts in embryonic and fetal liver was evaluated by dot hybridization of total RNA (0.5-10 ug), as compared to RNA extracted from normal adult liver biopsies. The expression of blood coagulation factors in embryos is generally reduced for all factors, but at a different degree. In 5-11 wk liver, the level of factor IX is 5-10% of that observed in adults, while fibrinogen, protein C, antithrombin III RNA level rises from 25 to 50% and factor X is expressed at a level comparable to that observed in adult liver.We conclude that during these stages of development blood coagulation factors are expressed according to three different time, curves, possibly due to the effect of different types of regulatory mechanisms.
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Yalcin, Huseyin C., Huseyin E. Salman, and Reema Y. Kamal. "Assessment of Human Fetal Left Heart Hemodynamics during Prenatal Development." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0086.

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The hemodynamic forces and wall shear stresses (WSS) play an important role during the fetal heart development. Abnormal levels of flow-driven shear stress can deteriorate the proper functioning of the cells responsible for the growth and remodeling of the heart and lead to congenital heart defects (CHDs). Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a critical CHD with severely underdeveloped left ventricle and responsible for 25-40% of all neonatal cardiac deaths. To characterize the main differences between the healthy and HLHS fetal hearts in terms of morphology, flow behavior, and WSS levels, will help to understand the mechanobiological development of the human fetal hearts. The comparison of healthy and HLHS fetal hearts is important to understand the embryonic development of HLHS. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is performed to elucidate the flow behavior and WSS levels in the heart chambers. First, the model geometries are generated using the medical images. Then, the flow domain is discretized in spatial and time domains for solving the governing fluid flow equations. Inlet flow conditions are determined using the Doppler ultrasound velocity measurements. The analyses cover the range of gestational week 16 and week 34. HLHS hearts have higher peak flow rates at the valves compared to the control hearts. The turbulent activity in the left side of the heart is higher than the right side. For the control hearts, there is a balance between the left and right sides of the heart, which is preserved during the development. The ratio of the cross-sectional area between the left and right sides of the heart is about 57.5% to 42.5% for the control hearts. HLHS significantly reduces the cross-sectional area of the left side of the heart. For HLHS hearts, the ratio between the left and right sides becomes about 30% to 70%. The average WSS levels significantly increase at the left side of the HLHS hearts. This study indicates the critical importance of the altered inflow hemodynamics during the human fetal heart development. CFD analysis can be used to predict the initiation and growth of CHDs. The presence of CHDs significantly changes the biomechanical environment in the fetal hearts.
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Motosugue, Andressa, Isabella Ribeiro Santoro, Mariana Lopes Di Berardini, and Michelle Oliveira Kage. "BLOQUEIO INTERCOSTAL EM CADELA SUBMETIDA À CIRURGIA DE CORREÇÃO DE PERSISTÊNCIA DO DUCTO ARTERIOSO – RELATO DE CASO." In I Congresso On-line Nacional de Clínica Veterinária de Pequenos Animais. Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51161/rems/1925.

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Introdução: O ducto arterioso é um vaso comunicante entre a pequena e grande circulação na fase fetal, quando os pulmões ainda não têm funcionalidade. Ao nascimento, o ducto é induzido ao fechamento e se transforma em um ligamento. A persistência do ducto arterioso (PDA) é uma anormalidade congênita em consequência da falha no fechamento do ducto após o nascimento. O tratamento indicado para forma clássica normalmente é a correção cirúrgica ou fechamento do ducto por meio de cateterismo e o anestesista deve ter acesso a todos os exames realizados, bem como ao histórico do animal, para que o planejamento anestésico seja compatível com a necessidade, considerando todos os riscos. O bloqueio regional é realizado para garantir analgesia trans e pós operatória, uma vez que a toracotomia é um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos que possui maior potencial álgico. Para realização do bloqueio anestésico dos nervos intercostais, é necessário introduzir a agulha no espaço intercostal no sentido dorso-ventral até que encoste na borda caudal da costela, e então o anestésico local deve ser injetado, tal procedimento deve ser realizado de dois a três espaços intercostais craniais e caudais da região de incisão. Objetivos: Tem-se como objetivo orientar estudantes e profissionais da área quanto aos benefícios da anestesia locorregional e relatar o caso de uma cadela, castrada, raça yorkshire, 2 anos, comportamento dócil, a qual apresentou episódios de cianose, dispnéia, tosse e hipertermia, principalmente em momentos de excitabilidade, com suspeita de persistência de ducto arterioso (PDA). Material e Métodos: O material foi desenvolvido a partir de revisões bibliográficas e descrição de caso clínico, baseando-se no estudo do tipo observacional descritivo. Resultados: Paciente encaminhada ao cardiologista, solicitado ecodopplercardiograma e instituído um tratamento farmacológico temporário. Em laudo ecocardiográfico constou aumento de ventrículo esquerdo, escape de valva mitral sem repercussão hemodinâmica, e outros aspectos compatíveis com canal arterial do tipo small size. Indicada cirurgia para correção do PDA, adotando-se a técnica de anestesia parcial intravenosa associada ao bloqueio intercostal. Conclusão: A abordagem anestésica no caso relatado garantiu controle analgésico transoperatório e conforto no pós operatório para paciente em questão, portanto, conclui-se que foi adequada.
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Khatim, O., M. P. Planche, L. Dembinski, and C. Coddet. "Characterization of Atomized Metallic Powders Using De Laval Nozzle." In ITSC2009, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2009p0952.

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Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze the morphology and composition of iron-aluminide (FeAl) powders produced by liquid metal atomization using a de Laval nozzle. The variables studied are atomization gas pressure and melt nozzle diameter. Different sized powders were characterized via SEM, XRD, and EDS analysis and were found to be similar in composition and shape (spherical) regardless of their size. The paper provides a detailed description of how the powders were produced, classified, and tested, and presents and interprets the results.
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Wang, H. T., C. J. Li, G. C. Ji, and G. J. Yang. "Influence of Annealing Treatment on the Microstructure and Microhardness of Cold Sprayed Nanostructured FeAl Coating." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p1049.

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Abstract In the present study, a nanostructured FeAl coating was prepared by cold spraying of ball milled powder. Annealing treatment was applied to the coating to investigate its effect on the phase structure, grain size and microhardness of the cold-sprayed nanostructured FeAl coating. The results showed that the FeAl phase was kept unchangeable when the coating annealed at the temperature above 500°C. Annealing temperature significantly influenced the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed FeAl coating. With raising annealing temperature, the lamellar structure in the as-sprayed coating disappeared and a dense coating microstructure with fully bonding of deposited particles at their interfaces was achieved after annealing at 950°C. Nanograin growth of the FeAl phase occurred at an annealing temperature higher than 800°C. The microhardness of cold-sprayed FeAl coating remained about 400 Hv0.1 at the annealing temperature below 800°C and decreased to 300 Hv0.1 at 1100°C.
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Reports on the topic "Fetal size"

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Spencer, Thomas E., Elisha Gootwine, Arieh Gertler, and Fuller W. Bazer. Placental lactogen enhances production efficiency in sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586543.bard.

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The key objectives of this BARD project were to: (1) study long-term effects of immunization of prepubertal ewes against recombinant ovine placental lactogen (roPL) on subsequent birth weights of their lambs and their milk production; (2) optimize the anti-roPL immunization protocol using adjuvant preparations acceptable to producers and regulatory agencies; and (3) determine the physiological mechanism(s) whereby immunization against oPL increases fetal growth and development and mammogenesis. These objectives were based on key findings from a previous BARD project that: (a) immunization of ewes against roPL increased lamb birth weight and ewe milk production during lactation; (b) roPL and recombinant ovine growth hormone (roGH) increased the proliferation and differentiated function of endometrial glands that, in turn, would enhance uterine secretions necessary for fetal and placental growth; and (c) exogenous roPL and roGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk production during lactation. The BARD projects address central problems in sheep production, including reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality, low birth weight of lambs especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which affect neonatal survival. The sheep placenta secretes both lactogenic (oPL) and somatogenic (oGH) hormones. The receptors for those hormones are present in the fetus and placenta as well as maternal uterus, and mammary gland. Our research has focused on determining the biological role of these placental hormones in development and differentiation of the uterus during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Studies conducted in the current BARD project indicated that the effects of anti-roPL immunization were variable in ewes and that commercially available and widely acceptable adjuvant preparations were not effective to produce high anti-roPL titers in pre-pubertal ewes. In the non-prolific Rambouillet ewe in Texas and in the Awassi and the Assaf in Israel, anti-roPL immunization increased lamb birth weight; however, the magnitude of this effect and the inherent variability precluded our ability to determine the physiological mechanism of how the immunization increases fetal growth. Collectively, our findings suggest that anti-roPL immunization is not currently feasible as an easy and efficacious tool for the producer to increase flock reproductive and production efficiency. The variability in response of individual ewes to anti-roPL immunization likely includes modifying the recombinant hormone and the type of adjuvant used for the immunization. In particular, the oPL may need to be modified to ensure maximum antigenicity in a broad range of breed types. Nonetheless, the investigators continue to collaborate on identifying fundamental mechanisms that can be improved by genetics or management to enhance the efficiency of uteroplacental function and, in turn, fetal growth and development. High prolificacy is a desirable trait in intensive sheep production systems. One of the main limitations of using prolific breeds of sheep is that increased litter size is associated with low birth weights and increased mortality of lambs. Further, low birth weight is associated with an increased propensity for adult diseases and decreased production efficiency. Indeed, our recent studies find that the birth weights of lambs born in large litters can be improved by both genetics and management. Future cooperative research will continue to focus on reproductive efficiency of sheep that have broader implications for improving production efficiency in all types of ruminant livestock.
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.

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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Jayathilake, N., P. Drechsel, B. Keraita, S. Fernando, and M. A. Hanjra. Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2019.211.

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Burns, Ashley V. Determining Home Range and Preferred Habitat of Feral Horses on the Nevada National Security Site Using Geographic Information Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1178798.

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Sellgren, Katelyn, Christopher Gregory, Michael Hunt, Ashkay Raut, Brian Hawkins, Charles Parker, Ethan Klem, Jeffrey Piascik, and Brian Stoner. Development of an Electrochemical Process for Blackwater Disinfection in a Freestanding, Additive-Free Toilet. RTI Press, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2017.rr.0031.1704.

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Electrochemical disinfection has gained interest as an alternative to conventional wastewater treatment because of its high effectiveness and environmental compatibility. Two and a half billion people currently live without improved sanitation facilities. Our research efforts are focused on developing and implementing a freestanding, additive-free toilet system that treats and recycles blackwater on site. In this study, we sought to apply electrochemical disinfection to blackwater. We compared commercially available boron-doped diamond (BDD) and mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrodes for disinfection efficiency in E. coli–inoculated model wastewater. The MMO electrodes were found to be more efficient and thus selected for further study with blackwater. The energy required for disinfection by the MMO electrodes increased with the conductivity of the medium, decreased with increased temperature, and was independent of the applied voltage. Fecal contamination considerably increased the energy required for blackwater disinfection compared to model wastewater, demonstrating the need for testing in effluents representing the conditions of the final application.
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Lenz, Mark. RV POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS536/Leg 1. GEOMAR, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_56_2020.

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DIPLANOAGAP: Distribution of Plastics in the North Atlantic Garbage Patch Ponta Delgada (Portugal) – Malaga (Spain) 17.08. – 12.09.2019 The expedition POS 536 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative of GEOMAR investigating the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus will be on the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the surface and near-surface waters to the deep sea and on the processes that mediate this transport. The obtained data will help to develop quantitative models that provide information about the level of plastic pollution in the different compartments of the open ocean (surface, water column, seafloor). Furthermore, the effects of plastic debris on marine organisms in the open ocean will be assessed. The cruise will provide data about the: (1) abundance of plastic debris with a minimum size of 100 μm as well as the composition of polymer types in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (2) abundance and composition of plastic debris in organic aggregates (“marine snow”), (3) in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates and fish) and in fecal pellets, (4) abundance and the identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Huijser, M. P., Robert J. Ament, M. Bell, A. P. Clevenger, E. R. Fairbank, K. E. Gunson, and T. McGuire. Animal Vehicle Collision Reduction and Habitat Connectivity Pooled Fund Study – Literature Review. Nevada Department of Transportation, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/ndot2021.12.

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This report contains a summary of past research and new knowledge about the effectiveness of mitigation measures aimed at reducing animal-vehicle collisions and at providing safe crossing opportunities for wildlife. The measures are aimed at terrestrial large bodied wild mammal species, free roaming large livestock species (e.g. cattle, horses), free roaming large feral species (e.g. “wild” horses and burros), and small animal species (amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals). While mitigation is common, it is best to follow a three-step approach: avoidance, mitigation, and compensation or “off-site” mitigation. If reducing collisions with large wild mammals is the only objective, the most effective measures include roadside animal detection systems, wildlife culling, wildlife relocation, anti-fertility treatments, wildlife barriers (fences),and wildlife fences in combination with wildlife crossing structures. If the objectives also include maintaining or improving connectivity for large wild mammals, then wildlife barriers (fences) in combination with wildlife crossing structures are most effective. Measures for large domestic mammal species are largely similar, though for free roaming livestock there are legal, moral and ethical issues. For small animal species, temporary or permanent road closure and road removal are sometimes implemented, but barriers in combination with crossing structures are the most common.
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Gillor, Osnat, Stefan Wuertz, Karen Shapiro, Nirit Bernstein, Woutrina Miller, Patricia Conrad, and Moshe Herzberg. Science-Based Monitoring for Produce Safety: Comparing Indicators and Pathogens in Water, Soil, and Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7613884.bard.

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Using treated wastewater (TWW) for crop irrigation represents an important opportunity for ensuring adequate food production in light of growing freshwater scarcity worldwide. However, the environmentally sustainable approach of using TWW for irrigation can lead to contamination of produce with fecal pathogens that may remain in treated water. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the correlation between the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) and that of a suite of human pathogens in TWW, the irrigated soil, and crops. Field experiments were conducted to compare secondary and tertiary TWW with dechlorinated tap water for irrigation of tomatoes, a typical commercial crop, in Israel, a semi-arid country. Human pathogens including bacteria (Salmonella), protozoa (Cryptosporidiumand Giardia), and viruses (Adenovirus [AV Types A, B, C & 40/41] and Enterovirus [EV71 subtypes]) were monitored in two field trials using a combination of microscopic, cultivation-based, and molecular (qPCR) techniques. Results from the field trials indicate that microbial contamination on the surface of tomatoes did not appear to be associated with the source of irrigated waters; FIB contamination was not statistically different on tomatoes irrigated with TWW as compared to tomatoes irrigated with potable water. In fact, Indicator bacteria testing did not predict the presence of pathogens in any of the matrices tested. High concentrations of FIB were detected in water and on tomato surfaces from all irrigation treatment schemes, while pathogen contamination on tomato surfaces (Cryptosporidiumand Salmonella) was only detected on crops irrigated with TWW. These results suggest that regular monitoring for pathogens should take place to accurately detect presence of harmful microorganisms that could threaten consumer safety. A notable result from our study is that the large numbers of FIB in the water did not appear to lead to FIB accumulation in the soil. With the exception of two samples, E. coli that was present at 10³ to 10⁴ cells/100 mL in the water, was not detected in the soil. Other bacterial targets associated with the enteric environment (e. g., Proteusspp.) as well as protozoal pathogens were detected in the TWW, but not in the soil. These findings suggest that significant microbial transfer to the soil from TWW did not occur in this study. The pattern of FIB contamination on the surfaces of tomatoes was the same for all treatment types, and showed a temporal effect with more contamination detected as the duration of the field trial increased. An important observation revealed that water quality dramatically deteriorated between the time of its release from the wastewater treatment plant and the time it was utilized for irrigation, highlighting the importance of performing water quality testing throughout the growing season at the cultivation site.
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9

Boyle, M., and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cumberland Island National Seashore: 2020 data summary. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294287.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2020 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS). Fifty-six vegetation plots were established throughout the park from May through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cumberland Island National Seashore in 2020. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, including Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands, Maritime Open Upland Grasslands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 213 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 56 vegetation plots, including 12 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: longleaf + pond pine (Pinus palustris; P. serotina), redbay (Persea borbonia), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and hemlock rosette grass (Dichanthelium portoricense). Maritime Open Upland Grasslands: wax-myrtle, saw greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), sea oats (Uniola paniculata), and other forbs and graminoids. Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), redbay, saw palmetto, muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Two non-native species, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were encountered in four different Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. Six vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2022) were observed in these monitoring plots, including the state listed “Rare” Florida swampprivet (Forestiera segregata var. segregata) and sandywoods sedge (Carex dasycarpa) and the “Unusual” green fly orchid (Epidendrum conopseum). Longleaf and pond pine were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland habitat types; live oak was the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland types. Saw palmetto and rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) dominated the sapling stratum within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Of the 20 tree-sized redbay trees measured during this monitoring effort only three were living and these were observed with severely declining vigor, indicating the prevalence and recent historical impact of laurel wilt disease (LWD) across the island’s maritime forest ecosystems. There was an unexpectedly low abundance of sweet grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) within interdune swale plots of Maritime Open Upland habitats on the island, which could be a result of grazing activity by feral horses. Live oak is the dominant tree-sized species across...
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